{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b12-c1","title":{"source":"I. Роковой день","translated":"The Fatal Day"},"section":"Book XII — A Judicial Error","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c1","lines":127},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b11-c10","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c2","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b12-c1-s1","source":"На другой день после описанных мною событий, в десять часов утра, открылось заседание нашего окружного суда и начался суд над Дмитрием Карамазовым.","translation":"On the day after the events I have described, at ten in the morning, our district court opened its session, and the trial of Dmitri Karamazov began.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"описанных мною событий","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«Описанных» is the past passive participle of «описать» (to describe), declined in the genitive plural to agree with «событий». The agent — the one who did the describing — stands in the instrumental «мною» (a bookish variant of «мной»), exactly as Russian marks the doer in a passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"открылось заседание … и начался суд","title":"Reflexive -ся as inchoative middle","body":"Both «открылось» (the session opened) and «начался» (the trial began) carry the clitic «-ся», which here makes the verbs intransitive middles — the session opens and the trial begins of themselves, with no expressed agent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"суд над Дмитрием Карамазовым","title":"«над» + instrumental: a trial 'over' someone","body":"«Суд над кем-то» — 'a trial of/over someone' — uses the preposition «над», which governs the instrumental «Дмитрием Карамазовым». Russian frames standing trial as the court sitting in judgment 'over' the accused."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of открылось","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking событий","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"описанных","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying событий","gloss":"described"},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"agent of описанных","gloss":"by me"},{"surface":"событий","lemma":"событие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies день","gloss":"events"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часов","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часов","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of открылось","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies часов","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"открылось","lemma":"открыться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"заседание","lemma":"заседание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of открылось","gloss":"the session"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of суда","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"окружного","lemma":"окружный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суда","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies заседание","gloss":"court's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начался","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with открылось","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начался","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрием","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Дмитрием","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суд","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Карамазовым","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрием","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b12-c1-s2","source":"Скажу вперед, и скажу с настойчивостью: я далеко не считаю себя в силах передать всё то, что произошло на суде, и не только в надлежащей полноте, но даже и в надлежащем порядке.","translation":"Let me say in advance, and say it firmly: I am far from considering myself capable of conveying everything that happened at the trial — not only in its proper fullness, but even in its proper order.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Скажу … скажу","title":"Perfective present as simple future","body":"«Скажу» is the perfective «сказать» conjugated like a present, which in the perfective yields future meaning: 'I shall say'. The narrator uses it twice to promise a single, decisive utterance — note the contrast with imperfective «говорить» (to speak, ongoing)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не считаю себя в силах","title":"Reflexive себя as object","body":"«Считаю себя в силах» — 'I consider myself capable'. The reflexive pronoun «себя» is the full object pointing back to the subject «я»; it has no nominative and serves for any person. «В силах» is an idiom, literally 'in [one's] powers', i.e. up to the task."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё то, что произошло","title":"Correlative то…что","body":"«Всё то, что произошло» — 'everything that happened' — pairs the demonstrative «то» with the relative «что» in a correlative frame, the bookish way to say 'that which'. The relative «что» (not «который») is standard after a neuter «то»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вперед","title":"«вперёд» = 'in advance'","body":"Beyond its literal 'forward', «вперёд» here means 'beforehand, in advance' — 'let me say beforehand'. A common idiomatic extension of the spatial adverb into the temporal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I shall say"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Скажу","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Скажу","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking настойчивостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"настойчивостью","lemma":"настойчивость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скажу","gloss":"firmness"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of считаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies считаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"считаю","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to скажу","gloss":"consider"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of считаю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of считаю","gloss":"able"},{"surface":"передать","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies силах","gloss":"to convey"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies то","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of передать","gloss":"that which"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полноте, part of не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полноте, part of не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"надлежащей","lemma":"надлежащий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies полноте","gloss":"proper"},{"surface":"полноте","lemma":"полнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of передать","gloss":"fullness"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies порядке","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies порядке, reinforces даже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порядке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"надлежащем","lemma":"надлежащий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies порядке","gloss":"proper"},{"surface":"порядке","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with полноте","gloss":"order"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b12-c1-s3","source":"Мне всё кажется, что если бы всё припомнить и всё как следует разъяснить, то потребуется целая книга, и даже пребольшая.","translation":"It seems to me that if one were to recall it all and explain it all as it ought to be explained, it would take a whole book, and a very large one at that.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы всё припомнить … то потребуется","title":"Conditional «если бы» with an infinitive protasis","body":"«Если бы … припомнить … разъяснить» builds the irrealis with the particle «бы», but unusually the condition is carried by bare infinitives ('if one were to recall and explain') rather than a past-tense verb — a generalizing, subjectless 'one'. The «то» then introduces the consequence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне всё кажется","title":"Dative experiencer with «кажется»","body":"«Мне кажется» — 'it seems to me' — is a classic impersonal construction: no nominative subject, the experiencer in the dative «мне», the verb in invariable third-person «кажется». The «всё» here is an adverbial 'keep on' ('it keeps seeming to me')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пребольшая","title":"Intensifying prefix «пре-»","body":"«Пребольшая» = 'a very large one indeed'. The prefix «пре-» heaps emphasis onto an adjective ('exceedingly, most'), a slightly archaic, expressive intensifier here capping «целая книга» — a whole book, and a huge one at that."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of кажется","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кажется","gloss":"constantly"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of потребуется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of припомнить","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional, part of если бы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of припомнить","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"припомнить","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on потребуется","gloss":"to recall"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разъяснить","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the idiom как следует","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"следует","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies разъяснить, idiom как следует","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"разъяснить","lemma":"разъяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with припомнить","gloss":"to explain"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of потребуется","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"потребуется","lemma":"потребоваться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of кажется","gloss":"would be required"},{"surface":"целая","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies книга","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"книга","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of потребуется","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пребольшая","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пребольшая","lemma":"пребольшой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with книга","gloss":"a very large one"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b12-c1-s4","source":"А потому пусть не посетуют на меня, что я передам лишь то, что меня лично поразило и что я особенно запомнил.","translation":"And so let no one reproach me for relating only what struck me personally and what I particularly remember.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть не посетуют на меня","title":"Third-person imperative with «пусть»","body":"«Пусть не посетуют» — 'let [people] not reproach me' — forms a third-person command with the particle «пусть» plus the future-form verb. It is the standard way Russian expresses 'let him/them do', where English needs 'let'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что меня лично поразило","title":"Accusative object before its verb","body":"In «что меня … поразило», the animate object «меня» (me) precedes the verb «поразило» (struck), a freedom Russian case marking allows. Word order here foregrounds the speaker as the one acted upon by what 'struck' him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"посетуют","title":"«посетовать» — to reproach, complain","body":"«Посетовать на кого-то» is a somewhat bookish verb meaning to grumble at or reproach someone, governing «на» + accusative. Slightly elevated against the everyday «жаловаться»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посетуют","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посетуют","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посетуют","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посетуют","lemma":"посетовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reproach"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of посетуют","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of передам","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of передам","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"передам","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of посетуют","gloss":"relate"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of передам","gloss":"that which"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поразило","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поразило","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"лично","lemma":"лично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразило","gloss":"personally"},{"surface":"поразило","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of запомнил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of запомнил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запомнил","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"запомнил","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поразило","gloss":"remembered"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b12-c1-s5","source":"Я мог принять второстепенное за главнейшее, даже совсем упустить самые резкие необходимейшие черты…","translation":"I may have taken the secondary for the chief thing, may even have left out altogether the sharpest and most necessary features…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"второстепенное за главнейшее","title":"Substantivized adjectives + superlative «-ейш-»","body":"«Второстепенное» ('the secondary') and «главнейшее» ('the chief-most') are neuter adjectives used as nouns. «Главнейшее» carries the bookish superlative suffix «-ейш-», intensifying 'main' to 'most important of all' — a literary flourish over the plain «самое главное»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самые резкие необходимейшие черты","title":"Two superlatives stacked","body":"Two superlatives pile up: periphrastic «самые резкие» ('the sharpest', with «самый» declined to agree) and suffixal «необходимейшие» ('the most indispensable'). Both agree with «черты» in the accusative plural; the doubling is deliberate emphatic excess."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may have"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"mistaken"},{"surface":"второстепенное","lemma":"второстепенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принять","gloss":"the secondary"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking главнейшее","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"главнейшее","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of принять","gloss":"the chief thing"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упустить","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"упустить","lemma":"упустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with принять","gloss":"leave out"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies резкие","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"резкие","lemma":"резкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies черты","gloss":"striking"},{"surface":"необходимейшие","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies черты","gloss":"most necessary"},{"surface":"черты","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of упустить","gloss":"features"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b12-c1-s6","source":"А впрочем, вижу, что лучше не извиняться.","translation":"But then, I see it is better not to apologize.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лучше не извиняться","title":"Impersonal comparative «лучше» + infinitive","body":"«Лучше не извиняться» — 'it is better not to apologize' — is an impersonal predicate: the invariable comparative «лучше» plus a reflexive infinitive, with no subject. The «-ся» on «извиняться» makes it 'to excuse oneself'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"А впрочем","title":"«а впрочем» — 'but then again'","body":"«А впрочем» is a discourse hinge marking a sudden self-correction or change of mind — 'but then again, on second thoughts'. It is a hallmark of Dostoevsky's restless, self-interrupting narrator."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to вижу","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лучше","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies извиняться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"извиняться","lemma":"извиняться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on лучше","gloss":"to apologize"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b12-c1-s7","source":"Сделаю как умею, и читатели сами поймут, что я сделал лишь как умел.","translation":"I shall do as best I can, and the readers will understand for themselves that I did only what I could.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сделаю как умею … сделал лишь как умел","title":"Aspect across present and past of «уметь»","body":"The sentence pivots on perfective «сделаю» ('I shall do', simple future) against imperfective «умею/умел» ('I can / I could', an ability viewed as ongoing state). The shift from present «умею» to past «умел» is the only change carrying the time-frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"читатели сами поймут","title":"Intensifier «сами»","body":"«Сами» here is the emphatic intensifier «сам» ('-self'), agreeing with «читатели» in the nominative plural: 'the readers themselves will understand'. Distinct from reflexive «себя», «сам» underlines that they will grasp it on their own."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сделаю","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I shall do"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умею","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"умею","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"complement of Сделаю","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"читатели","lemma":"читатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of поймут","gloss":"the readers"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies читатели","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"поймут","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сделаю","gloss":"will understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of поймут","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умел","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умел","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"умел","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"oblique complement of сделал","gloss":"I could"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b12-c1-s8","source":"И во-первых, прежде чем мы войдем в залу суда, упомяну о том, что меня в этот день особенно удивило.","translation":"And, first of all, before we enter the courtroom, let me mention something that particularly astonished me on that day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прежде чем мы войдем в залу суда","title":"«прежде чем» + perfective; motion «войти»","body":"«Прежде чем» ('before') opens a temporal clause with perfective «войдём» ('we enter, will have entered'), a prefixed verb of motion (в- + идти) meaning to go in. The prefix turns the bare motion verb into an ordinary perfective of arrival."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"залу","title":"«зала» — the older feminine 'hall'","body":"Modern Russian says «зал» (masculine); Dostoevsky uses the 19th-century feminine «зала», hence the accusative «залу» and later prepositional «в зале». A period flavour, common in his courtroom scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"упомяну о том, что меня … удивило","title":"«упомянуть о» + prepositional, with «то, что»","body":"«Упомянуть о чём-то» governs «о» + the prepositional «о том», which is then unpacked by the relative «что». The verb «упомяну» is again a perfective present read as future ('I shall mention')."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase во-первых, modifies упомяну","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase во-первых, modifies упомяну","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of войдем, part of прежде чем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase прежде","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of войдем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"войдем","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on упомяну","gloss":"enter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войдем","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies залу","gloss":"of the court"},{"surface":"упомяну","lemma":"упомянуть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I shall mention"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of упомяну","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of удивило","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of удивило","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удивило","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивило","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"удивило","lemma":"удивить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"astonished"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b12-c1-s9","source":"Впрочем, удивило не одного меня, а, как оказалось впоследствии, и всех.","translation":"It astonished, however, not me alone, but, as turned out afterward, everyone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"удивило не одного меня, а … и всех","title":"Contrastive «а» with «не … а»","body":"The frame «не одного меня, а … всех» ('not me alone, but everyone') uses the contrastive conjunction «а» to correct and replace — not X but Y. «Одного меня» is the accusative of «один» agreeing with «меня», here 'me alone'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как оказалось впоследствии","title":"Reflexive «оказаться» — 'turn out'","body":"«Оказалось» (from «оказаться», -ся verb) is the impersonal 'it turned out', a parenthetical the narrator threads through the chapter to flag hindsight. The «-ся» here gives a middle 'prove to be' sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to удивило","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"удивило","lemma":"удивить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies меня","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of удивило","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оказалось","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказалось","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with меня","gloss":"everyone"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b12-c1-s10","source":"Именно: все знали, что дело это заинтересовало слишком многих, что все сгорали от нетерпения, когда начнется суд, что в обществе нашем много говорили, предполагали, восклицали, мечтали уже целые два месяца.","translation":"Namely this: everyone knew that the case had aroused too many people's interest, that all were burning with impatience for the trial to begin, that in our society there had been a great deal of talk, of conjecture, of exclaiming and dreaming for two whole months already.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"все сгорали от нетерпения","title":"Imperfective past for mounting state; «от» + genitive of cause","body":"«Сгорали от нетерпения» — 'were burning with impatience' — uses the imperfective past for an ongoing, swelling state. «От нетерпения» is «от» + genitive expressing cause ('from/out of impatience'), a standard way to name what a feeling springs from."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда начнется суд","title":"Perfective future in an embedded clause","body":"«Когда начнётся суд» — 'when the trial would begin'. «Начнётся» is the perfective future of reflexive «начаться»; embedded under a past main clause, Russian keeps the future tense where English shifts to 'would'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорили, предполагали, восклицали, мечтали","title":"Chain of imperfective pasts","body":"Four imperfective past verbs in a row paint two months of continuous, repeated activity — talking, conjecturing, exclaiming, dreaming. The imperfective is precisely the aspect for this habitual, durative background buzz."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заинтересовало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of заинтересовало","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"заинтересовало","lemma":"заинтересовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знали","gloss":"interested"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многих","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многие","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"direct object of заинтересовало","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сгорали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сгорали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"сгорали","lemma":"сгорать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знали","gloss":"were burning"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нетерпения","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нетерпения","lemma":"нетерпение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сгорали","gloss":"impatience"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начнется","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"начнется","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сгорали","gloss":"would begin"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начнется","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"обществе","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обществе","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знали","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"предполагали","lemma":"предполагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорили","gloss":"speculated"},{"surface":"восклицали","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорили","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"мечтали","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорили","gloss":"dreamed"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целые","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"целые","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies месяца","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on месяца","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of говорили","gloss":"months"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b12-c1-s11","source":"Все знали тоже, что дело это получило всероссийскую огласку, но все-таки не представляли себе, что оно до такой уже жгучей, до такой раздражительной степени потрясло всех и каждого, да и не у нас только, а повсеместно, как оказалось это на самом суде в этот день.","translation":"Everyone knew, too, that the case had gained nationwide notoriety, and yet none of them imagined that it had shaken every last person to such a burning, such an exasperating degree — and not among us alone, but everywhere — as it proved to have done at the trial itself on that day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не представляли себе","title":"«представить себе» — picture to oneself","body":"«Представлять себе» ('to imagine, picture to oneself') pairs the verb with the dative reflexive «себе» — literally 'to present to oneself'. The dative «себе» is the indirect object pointing back at the subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до такой … степени потрясло всех и каждого","title":"«до такой степени» + animate accusative","body":"«До такой степени» ('to such a degree', «до» + genitive) measures the intensity of «потрясло» (shook). The object «всех и каждого» is in the animate accusative (= genitive form) — 'everyone and each one', an emphatic totalizing pair."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всероссийскую огласку","title":"«всероссийский» / «огласка»","body":"«Всероссийский» = 'all-Russian, nationwide'; «огласка» = publicity, the becoming-known of something, often with a tinge of scandal ('notoriety'). Together they stress that the parricide case had become a national affair."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of получило","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of получило","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"получило","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знали","gloss":"had gained"},{"surface":"всероссийскую","lemma":"всероссийский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies огласку","gloss":"nationwide"},{"surface":"огласку","lemma":"огласка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of получило","gloss":"notoriety"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки; modifies представляли","gloss":"still","note":"«все-таки» (\"nevertheless\") is one idiom split across two tokens here."},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies представляли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"представляли","lemma":"представлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знали","gloss":"imagined"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представляли","gloss":"to themselves"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of потрясло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of потрясло","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жгучей","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жгучей","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жгучей","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"жгучей","lemma":"жгучий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies elided степени, parallel to раздражительной","gloss":"burning","note":"Elliptical: «до такой... жгучей [степени]» — степень is understood, echoed by the second до-phrase."},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of степени","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"раздражительной","lemma":"раздражительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"exasperating"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of потрясло","gloss":"a degree"},{"surface":"потрясло","lemma":"потрясти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of представляли","gloss":"had shaken"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of потрясло","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"каждого","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with всех","gloss":"each one"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of потрясло","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies у нас","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"повсеместно","lemma":"повсеместно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with у нас, as oblique complement of потрясло","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оказалось","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause confirming потрясло","gloss":"it proved"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of оказалось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суде","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оказалось","gloss":"trial"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оказалось","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b12-c1-s12","source":"К этому дню к нам съехались гости не только из нашего губернского города, но и из некоторых других городов России, а наконец, из Москвы и из Петербурга.","translation":"By that day guests had gathered to us not only from our provincial capital, but also from several other towns of Russia, and finally from Moscow and from Petersburg.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к нам съехались гости","title":"Prefixed «съехаться» + dative goal","body":"«Съехались» (from «съехаться», -ся reciprocal/collective) means 'gathered, converged from many directions'. The prefix «с-» gathers the motion to one point; «к нам» (к + dative) names that point — 'to us'."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дню","gloss":"By"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дню","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дню","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of съехались","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of съехались","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"съехались","lemma":"съехаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had gathered"},{"surface":"гости","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of съехались","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking города","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of города","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"губернского","lemma":"губернский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies города","gloss":"provincial"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of съехались","gloss":"capital"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"некоторых","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of городов","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies городов","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"городов","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with города","gloss":"towns"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies городов","gloss":"of Russia"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the coordination introducing Москвы","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москвы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Москвы","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with городов","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербурга","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Петербурга","lemma":"Петербург","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with городов","gloss":"Petersburg"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b12-c1-s13","source":"Приехали юристы, приехало даже несколько знатных лиц, а также и дамы.","translation":"Jurists arrived; even a number of distinguished persons arrived, and ladies as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приехали юристы, приехало … несколько знатных лиц","title":"Verb agreement with «несколько» + genitive","body":"Note the agreement split: «приехали юристы» (plural) but «приехало несколько лиц» (neuter singular). A quantifier like «несколько» takes the genitive plural «лиц» and pulls the verb into a default neuter singular — a regular quirk of counting words."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"знатных лиц","title":"«знатный» — of high birth","body":"«Знатный» means high-born, of noble rank or distinction (not merely 'famous'). «Лиц» here is 'persons' (gen. pl. of «лицо»), so «знатные лица» = persons of rank, the social elite drawn to the trial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приехали","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"юристы","lemma":"юрист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Приехали","gloss":"jurists"},{"surface":"приехало","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Приехали","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on лиц","gloss":"a number of"},{"surface":"знатных","lemma":"знатный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лиц","gloss":"distinguished"},{"surface":"лиц","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of приехало","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"также","lemma":"также","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase а также","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дамы","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with лиц","gloss":"ladies"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b12-c1-s14","source":"Все билеты были расхватаны.","translation":"Every ticket had been snapped up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Все билеты были расхватаны","title":"Periphrastic passive: «быть» + short past passive participle","body":"«Были расхватаны» is the analytic passive — «быть» in the past plus the short past passive participle of perfective «расхватать» ('to snatch up'). The short form «расхватаны» agrees with «билеты» in number and states a result: every ticket was gone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of билеты","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"билеты","lemma":"билет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive расхватаны","gloss":"ticket"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of расхватаны","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"расхватаны","lemma":"расхватать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"snapped up"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b12-c1-s15","source":"Для особенно почетных и знатных посетителей из мужчин отведены были даже совсем уже необыкновенные места сзади стола, за которым помещался суд: там появился целый ряд занятых разными особами кресел, чего никогда у нас прежде не допускалось.","translation":"For the especially honored and distinguished visitors among the men, quite extraordinary places had even been arranged behind the table at which the court was seated: there appeared a whole row of armchairs occupied by various personages, something that had never before been permitted with us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отведены были … места","title":"Passive with inverted word order","body":"«Отведены были … места» — 'places had been set aside' — is again a periphrastic passive (short participle «отведены» + «были»), but with the participle thrown to the front for rhetorical weight, the auxiliary trailing. This inversion is a stylistic, not grammatical, choice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за которым помещался суд","title":"Relative «который» in the instrumental","body":"«За которым помещался суд» — 'behind which the court was seated'. «Который» agrees with its antecedent «стола» (table) in masculine singular, but takes the instrumental case demanded by the preposition «за» ('behind') within its own clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего никогда у нас прежде не допускалось","title":"Genitive «чего» + negative concord; -ся passive","body":"«Чего … не допускалось» — 'something which had never been permitted'. The relative «что» appears as genitive «чего» under negation, «никогда … не» shows negative concord (two negatives, one meaning), and «допускалось» is an imperfective -ся passive ('was [being] allowed')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking посетителей","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почетных","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"почетных","lemma":"почётный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies посетителей","gloss":"honored"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знатных","lemma":"знатный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with почетных","gloss":"distinguished"},{"surface":"посетителей","lemma":"посетитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отведены","gloss":"visitors"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мужчин","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"мужчин","lemma":"мужчина","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies посетителей","gloss":"the men"},{"surface":"отведены","lemma":"отвести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arranged"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of отведены","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies необыкновенные","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies необыкновенные","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"необыкновенные","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies места","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of passive отведены","gloss":"places"},{"surface":"сзади","lemma":"сзади","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стола","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"стола","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сзади","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помещался","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"помещался","lemma":"помещаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on стола","gloss":"was seated"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помещался","gloss":"the court"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появился","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"появился","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to помещался","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ряд","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"ряд","lemma":"ряд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of появился","gloss":"row"},{"surface":"занятых","lemma":"занять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies кресел","gloss":"occupied"},{"surface":"разными","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies особами","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"особами","lemma":"особа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of занятых","gloss":"personages"},{"surface":"кресел","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies ряд","gloss":"of armchairs"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive допускалось","gloss":"something that"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies допускалось","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of допускалось","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies допускалось","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies допускалось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"допускалось","lemma":"допускаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on ряд","gloss":"permitted"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b12-c1-s16","source":"Особенно много оказалось дам — наших и приезжих, я думаю, даже не менее половины всей публики.","translation":"There turned out to be a particularly large number of ladies — our own and the visiting kind — I think no fewer, even, than half the entire audience.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не менее половины всей публики","title":"«не менее» + genitive of quantity","body":"«Не менее половины» — 'no fewer than half' — uses the comparative «менее» ('less/fewer') with the genitive «половины … публики» it quantifies. The whole phrase weighs the crowd: at least half were ladies."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оказалось дам","title":"Impersonal «оказалось» + genitive subject","body":"«Особенно много оказалось дам» reads literally 'there turned out [to be] especially many ladies': impersonal neuter «оказалось», with «много» governing the genitive plural «дам». Russian frequently frames existence and quantity this subjectless way."}],"words":[{"surface":"Особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказалось","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there turned out to be"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"complement of оказалось","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies дам, in apposition","gloss":"our own"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приезжих","lemma":"приезжий","morphology":"adjective (substantival), genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with наших","gloss":"visiting ones"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies менее","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies менее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies менее","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказалось","gloss":"fewer than"},{"surface":"половины","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of менее","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of публики","gloss":"the entire"},{"surface":"публики","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половины","gloss":"audience"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b12-c1-s17","source":"Одних только съехавшихся отовсюду юристов оказалось так много, что даже не знали уж, где их и поместить, так как все билеты давно уже были розданы, выпрошены и вымолены.","translation":"Of the jurists alone who had gathered from every quarter there proved to be so many that they no longer even knew where to seat them, since every ticket had long since been handed out, begged for, and wheedled away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"съехавшихся отовсюду юристов","title":"Past active participle as modifier","body":"«Съехавшихся» is the past active participle of «съехаться» ('who had gathered'), declined in the genitive plural to agree with «юристов» and retaining the reflexive «-ся». It compresses a whole «которые съехались» clause into one word — a literary economy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не знали уж, где их и поместить","title":"Infinitive of deliberation after «где»","body":"«Не знали, где их поместить» — 'they no longer knew where to seat them' — uses a bare infinitive after «где» to express deliberation ('where one should...'). The particle «и» before «поместить» adds an exasperated 'even where to put them'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"были розданы, выпрошены и вымолены","title":"Three short passive participles in series","body":"A triple passive: «розданы, выпрошены, вымолены» — tickets 'handed out, begged for, and wheedled away' — all short past passive participles sharing the one «были». The escalating verbs («выпросить», «вымолить» = to obtain by begging, by pleading) build a small crescendo of desperation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одних","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"subject of оказалось","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies съехавшихся","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"съехавшихся","lemma":"съехаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying юристов","gloss":"who had gathered"},{"surface":"отовсюду","lemma":"отовсюду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies съехавшихся","gloss":"from every quarter"},{"surface":"юристов","lemma":"юрист","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Одних","gloss":"jurists"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there proved to be"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of оказалось","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of много","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поместить","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of поместить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поместить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"поместить","lemma":"поместить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of знали","gloss":"to seat"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"так как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the adverbial clause of поместить","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of билеты","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"билеты","lemma":"билет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive розданы","gloss":"ticket"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies розданы","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies розданы","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of розданы","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"розданы","lemma":"раздать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поместить","gloss":"handed out"},{"surface":"выпрошены","lemma":"выпросить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with розданы","gloss":"begged for"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вымолены","lemma":"вымолить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with розданы","gloss":"wheedled away"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b12-c1-s18","source":"Я видел сам, как в конце залы, за эстрадой, была временно и наскоро устроена особая загородка, в которую впустили всех этих съехавшихся юристов, и они почли себя даже счастливыми, что могли тут хоть стоять, потому что стулья, чтобы выгадать место, были из этой загородки совсем вынесены, и вся набравшаяся толпа простояла всё «дело» густо сомкнувшеюся кучей, плечом к плечу.","translation":"I saw for myself how, at the back of the hall, behind the dais, a special enclosure had been knocked together temporarily and in haste, into which all these jurists who had gathered were let in, and they counted themselves fortunate even to be able to stand there, for the chairs had been carried entirely out of that enclosure to make room, and the whole assembled crowd stood through the whole \"case\" in a densely packed mass, shoulder to shoulder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была … устроена особая загородка, в которую впустили","title":"Passive setup + indefinite-personal verb","body":"The clause shifts from a passive ('an enclosure had been set up', «была устроена») to an indefinite-personal active 'they let in' («впустили», a bare 3rd-plural with no stated subject = 'people/someone let in'). Russian toggles fluidly between the two impersonal strategies."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почли себя … счастливыми","title":"«счесть себя» + instrumental predicate","body":"«Почли себя счастливыми» — 'counted themselves fortunate'. The predicate adjective «счастливыми» takes the instrumental, the case Russian uses for a state ascribed via verbs like «счесть/считать». «Почли» is the archaic perfective past of «почесть» (to deem)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы выгадать место","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«Чтобы выгадать место» — 'in order to make room' — is a purpose clause; «чтобы» plus an infinitive (one subject throughout) expresses the goal. «Выгадать» = to gain, save, contrive (here, space)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"густо сомкнувшеюся кучей","title":"Participle in the archaic instrumental «-ою»","body":"«Сомкнувшеюся кучей» — 'in a densely closed-up mass' — is the past active participle of «сомкнуться» modifying «кучей» (instrumental of manner). The ending «-ою» is the older, bookish instrumental feminine (modern «-ой»), lending period gravity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"плечом к плечу","title":"«плечом к плечу» — shoulder to shoulder","body":"A set idiom: instrumental «плечом» ('with shoulder') governed by «к плечу» (to shoulder), meaning packed tightly, shoulder to shoulder. The frozen case forms are part of its fixed shape."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Я, emphatic","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of устроена","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конце","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устроена","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"залы","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конце","gloss":"of the hall"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эстрадой","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"эстрадой","lemma":"эстрада","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with конце","gloss":"the dais"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of устроена","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"временно","lemma":"временно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроена","gloss":"temporarily"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наскоро","lemma":"наскоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроена","gloss":"in haste"},{"surface":"устроена","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видел","gloss":"knocked together"},{"surface":"особая","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies загородка","gloss":"a special"},{"surface":"загородка","lemma":"загородка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive устроена","gloss":"enclosure"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которую","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of впустили","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"впустили","lemma":"впустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on загородка","gloss":"were let in"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of юристов","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of юристов","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"съехавшихся","lemma":"съехаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies юристов","gloss":"who had gathered"},{"surface":"юристов","lemma":"юрист","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of впустили","gloss":"jurists"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of почли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"почли","lemma":"почесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with впустили","gloss":"counted"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of почли","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies счастливыми","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"счастливыми","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of почли","gloss":"fortunate"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of почли","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоять","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоять","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"стоять","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вынесены","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"стулья","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive вынесены","gloss":"the chairs"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выгадать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"выгадать","lemma":"выгадать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вынесены","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выгадать","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of вынесены","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking загородки","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of загородки","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"загородки","lemma":"загородка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынесены","gloss":"enclosure"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вынесены","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"вынесены","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the потому что clause","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of толпа","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"набравшаяся","lemma":"набраться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies толпа","gloss":"assembled"},{"surface":"толпа","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of простояла","gloss":"crowd"},{"surface":"простояла","lemma":"простоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"stood through"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of простояла","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"густо","lemma":"густо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сомкнувшеюся","gloss":"densely"},{"surface":"сомкнувшеюся","lemma":"сомкнуться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies толпа, adverbial to простояла","gloss":"packed"},{"surface":"кучей","lemma":"куча","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сомкнувшеюся","gloss":"mass"},{"surface":"плечом","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies простояла","gloss":"shoulder"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"плечу","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies плечом","gloss":"shoulder"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b12-c1-s19","source":"Некоторые из дам, особенно из приезжих, явились на хорах залы чрезвычайно разряженные, но большинство дам даже и о нарядах забыло.","translation":"Some of the ladies, especially the visiting ones, appeared in the gallery of the hall exceedingly decked out, but the majority of the ladies had even forgotten about their dress.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"большинство дам … забыло","title":"«большинство» takes a singular verb","body":"«Большинство дам … забыло» — 'the majority of the ladies had forgotten' — pairs the collective «большинство» (+ genitive «дам») with a neuter singular verb «забыло». The collective noun, not the plural «дам», governs agreement."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разряженные","title":"«разряженный» — decked out","body":"«Разряженные» means dressed up to the nines, gaudily adorned (from «разрядиться», to deck oneself out). Faintly ironic against the «но» that follows: the visiting ladies are overdressed, while the locals have forgotten dress entirely."}],"words":[{"surface":"Некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of явились","gloss":"Some"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дам","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies Некоторые","gloss":"the ladies"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приезжих","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приезжих","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"приезжих","lemma":"приезжий","morphology":"adjective (substantival), genitive, plural","role":"parallel clause to дам","gloss":"the visiting ones"},{"surface":"явились","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хорах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"хорах","lemma":"хоры","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of явились","gloss":"the gallery"},{"surface":"залы","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хорах","gloss":"of the hall"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разряженные","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"разряженные","lemma":"разряженный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"complement of явились","gloss":"decked out"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"большинство","lemma":"большинство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of забыло","gloss":"the majority"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies большинство","gloss":"of the ladies"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нарядах","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нарядах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нарядах","lemma":"наряд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of забыло","gloss":"their dress"},{"surface":"забыло","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with явились","gloss":"had forgotten"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b12-c1-s20","source":"На их лицах читалось истерическое, жадное, болезненное почти любопытство.","translation":"On their faces could be read a hysterical, greedy, almost morbid curiosity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На их лицах читалось … любопытство","title":"-ся passive «читалось» with fronted locative","body":"«На их лицах читалось … любопытство» — 'on their faces could be read … a curiosity'. «Читалось» is an imperfective -ся passive ('was [to be] read'); the subject «любопытство» sits at the very end, after a fronted prepositional «на их лицах», for atmospheric build-up."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"истерическое, жадное, болезненное почти любопытство","title":"Triple attributive agreement","body":"Three neuter adjectives — «истерическое, жадное, болезненное» — all agree with «любопытство» (neuter nominative), with «почти» ('almost') hedging the last. The accumulation of epithets is a signature of Dostoevsky's feverish description."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицах","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лицах","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"лицах","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of читалось","gloss":"faces"},{"surface":"читалось","lemma":"читаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could be read"},{"surface":"истерическое","lemma":"истерический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытство","gloss":"hysterical"},{"surface":"жадное","lemma":"жадный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with истерическое","gloss":"greedy"},{"surface":"болезненное","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with истерическое","gloss":"morbid"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies болезненное","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"любопытство","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of читалось","gloss":"curiosity"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b12-c1-s21","source":"Одна из характернейших особенностей всего этого собравшегося в зале общества и которую необходимо отметить, состояла в том, что, как и оправдалось потом по многим наблюдениям, почти все дамы, по крайней мере огромнейшее большинство их, стояли за Митю и за оправдание его.","translation":"One of the most characteristic features of this whole company assembled in the hall, and one that must be noted, consisted in the fact that — as was indeed borne out afterward by many observations — almost all the ladies, or at least the overwhelming majority of them, stood for Mitya and for his acquittal.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"собравшегося в зале общества","title":"Past active participle modifying «общества»","body":"«Собравшегося … общества» — 'of the company that had assembled' — is the past active participle of «собраться» in the genitive (after «особенностей … общества»). It packs a relative clause into one agreeing word, very much the literary register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"состояла в том, что … почти все дамы … стояли за Митю","title":"«состоять в том, что» — consist in the fact that","body":"«Состояла в том, что …» is the formal frame 'consisted in the fact that', with «в том» (prepositional) unpacked by a «что»-clause. «Стоять за кого-то» (+ accusative «за Митю») idiomatically means to take someone's side, to be 'for' them."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митю","title":"«Митя» — the diminutive of Дмитрий","body":"«Митя» (accusative «Митю») is the affectionate short form of Дмитрий — the same Dmitri Karamazov named formally in s1. The ladies' use of the warm diminutive already signals their partisanship toward the defendant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of состояла","gloss":"One"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking особенностей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"характернейших","lemma":"характерный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural, superlative","role":"modifies особенностей","gloss":"the most characteristic"},{"surface":"особенностей","lemma":"особенность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies Одна","gloss":"features"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of общества","gloss":"this whole"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of общества","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"собравшегося","lemma":"собраться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies общества","gloss":"assembled"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of собравшегося","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"общества","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies особенностей","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отметить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"необходимо","lemma":"необходимо","morphology":"predicative adverb (impersonal)","role":"governs отметить, coordinated with характернейших особенностей","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"отметить","lemma":"отметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on необходимо","gloss":"be noted"},{"surface":"состояла","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consisted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of состояла","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стояли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of оправдалось","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оправдалось","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"оправдалось","lemma":"оправдаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause confirming стояли","gloss":"was borne out"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оправдалось","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наблюдениям","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"многим","lemma":"многий","morphology":"numeral, dative, plural","role":"modifies наблюдениям","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"наблюдениям","lemma":"наблюдение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of оправдалось","gloss":"observations"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies все","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of дамы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of стояли","gloss":"the ladies"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по крайней мере","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"по крайней мере","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"по крайней мере","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"огромнейшее","lemma":"огромный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular, superlative","role":"modifies большинство","gloss":"overwhelming"},{"surface":"большинство","lemma":"большинство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to дамы, subject of стояли","gloss":"the majority"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies большинство","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"стояли","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митю","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояли","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оправдание","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"оправдание","lemma":"оправдание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Митю, oblique complement of стояли","gloss":"acquittal"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies оправдание","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b12-c1-s22","source":"Может быть, главное, потому, что о нем составилось представление как о покорителе женских сердец.","translation":"Chiefly, perhaps, because a notion had formed of him as a conqueror of women's hearts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о нем составилось представление","title":"-ся middle «составиться» — a notion 'formed itself'","body":"«Составилось представление» — 'a notion had formed'. The «-ся» makes «составиться» a middle/inchoative: the impression came together of itself, with no agent named. «О нём» (о + prepositional) marks the topic — 'about him'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"покорителе женских сердец","title":"«покоритель сердец» — conqueror of hearts","body":"«Покоритель женских сердец» — literally 'subduer of women's hearts', i.e. a lady-killer, a Don Juan. A slightly elevated, novelistic cliché the narrator deploys with light irony about Mitya's reputation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть","gloss":"perhaps","note":"'может быть' together = 'perhaps'."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective (used adverbially), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, modifies the whole clause","gloss":"chiefly"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of составилось","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of составилось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"составилось","lemma":"составиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"had formed"},{"surface":"представление","lemma":"представление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of составилось","gloss":"a notion"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking покорителе","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking покорителе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"покорителе","lemma":"покоритель","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies представление","gloss":"a conqueror"},{"surface":"женских","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies сердец","gloss":"women's"},{"surface":"сердец","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies покорителе","gloss":"hearts"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b12-c1-s23","source":"Знали, что явятся две женщины-соперницы.","translation":"It was known that two rival women would appear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знали, что явятся две женщины-соперницы","title":"Dropped subject + perfective future «явятся»","body":"«Знали» ('[people] knew') has no subject — an indefinite-personal 3rd-plural. The embedded «явятся» is the perfective future of «явиться» (to appear), kept in the future though governed by a past 'knew', where English needs 'would appear'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"impersonal main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was known"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of явятся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"явятся","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Знали","gloss":"would appear"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"quantifies женщины","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of явятся","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"соперницы","lemma":"соперница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to женщины (compound женщины-соперницы)","gloss":"rivals"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b12-c1-s24","source":"Одна из них, то есть Катерина Ивановна, особенно всех интересовала; про нее рассказывалось чрезвычайно много необыкновенного, про ее страсть к Мите, несмотря даже на его преступление, рассказывались удивительные анекдоты.","translation":"One of them, namely Katerina Ivanovna, interested everyone particularly; a great deal that was extraordinary was told about her, and astonishing anecdotes were related about her passion for Mitya, in spite even of his crime.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"про нее рассказывалось … рассказывались анекдоты","title":"-ся passive, impersonal vs. agreeing","body":"Two -ся passives: impersonal «рассказывалось» ('it was told', no subject) and agreeing «рассказывались анекдоты» ('anecdotes were told', plural subject). Russian uses the -ся passive freely for hearsay and rumour, foregrounding the talk over any teller."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря даже на его преступление","title":"«несмотря на» + accusative","body":"«Несмотря на» ('in spite of') governs the accusative «его преступление» — literally 'not looking at', a frozen gerundive preposition. The «даже» ('even') intensifies the concession: her passion held despite his crime."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"анекдоты","title":"«анекдот» — anecdote, not 'joke'","body":"A false friend: 19th-century «анекдот» means a striking little story or piece of gossip about a real person, not a 'joke' (its modern colloquial sense). Here: the remarkable tales circulating about Katerina Ivanovna."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral/pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of интересовала","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of из, modifies Одна","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, part of фixed phrase","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is","note":"'то есть' together = 'that is, namely'."},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Одна","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies интересовала","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of интересовала","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"интересовала","lemma":"интересовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"interested"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказывалось","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"рассказывалось","lemma":"рассказываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"was told"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"extremely"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb (quantifier)","role":"subject of рассказывалось","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"необыкновенного","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страсть","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of страсть","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"страсть","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказывались (via про)","gloss":"passion"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страсть","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb, part of fixed phrase","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на","gloss":"in spite"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несмотря","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступление, part of несмотря на","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of преступление","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"преступление","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of на (несмотря на)","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"рассказывались","lemma":"рассказываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the third clause, coordinated with рассказывалось","gloss":"were related"},{"surface":"удивительные","lemma":"удивительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies анекдоты","gloss":"astonishing"},{"surface":"анекдоты","lemma":"анекдот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of рассказывались","gloss":"anecdotes"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b12-c1-s25","source":"Особенно упоминалось об ее гордости (она почти никому в нашем городе не сделала визитов), об «аристократических связях».","translation":"Particular mention was made of her pride (she had paid calls on almost no one in our town) and of her \"aristocratic connections.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Особенно упоминалось об ее гордости","title":"Impersonal -ся passive «упоминалось»","body":"«Упоминалось об …» — 'mention was made of …' — is an impersonal -ся passive with no subject, the topic carried by «об» + prepositional «её гордости». «Об» (not «о») appears before the vowel of «её»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти никому … не сделала визитов","title":"Negative concord with «никому»","body":"«Никому … не сделала» — 'paid calls on no one' — shows Russian negative concord: the negative pronoun «никому» (dative) co-occurs obligatorily with «не» on the verb. «Визитов» is genitive plural, a partitive/negated object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упоминалось","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"упоминалось","lemma":"упоминаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was mentioned"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гордости","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of гордости","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"гордости","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упоминалось","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сделала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никому","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of сделала","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городе","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделала","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сделала","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"had paid"},{"surface":"визитов","lemma":"визит","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of сделала","gloss":"calls"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking связях","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"аристократических","lemma":"аристократический","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies связях","gloss":"aristocratic"},{"surface":"связях","lemma":"связь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of упоминалось","gloss":"connections"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b12-c1-s26","source":"Говорили, что она намерена просить правительство, чтоб ей позволили сопровождать преступника на каторгу и обвенчаться с ним где-нибудь в рудниках под землей.","translation":"It was said that she intended to petition the government for permission to accompany the convict to penal servitude and to be wed to him somewhere down in the mines, underground.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"просить правительство, чтоб ей позволили","title":"«чтобы» + dative + past-form: indirect request","body":"«Чтоб ей позволили» — 'that she be permitted'. After a verb of wishing/asking, «чтобы» (here colloquial «чтоб») takes a past-form verb in irrealis; «ей» is the dative recipient of permission, «позволили» an indefinite 3rd-plural ('they would allow her')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обвенчаться с ним где-нибудь в рудниках","title":"Reflexive «обвенчаться» + indefinite «-нибудь»","body":"«Обвенчаться» (to get married, in church) is reflexive/reciprocal in «-ся», taking «с ним» (instrumental of accompaniment). «Где-нибудь» is the non-specific indefinite 'somewhere or other', stressing the vague, desperate romanticism of the plan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"impersonal main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of намерена","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of намерена","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"намерена","lemma":"намерен","morphology":"adjective (short form), feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of Говорили","gloss":"intended"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of намерена","gloss":"to petition"},{"surface":"правительство","lemma":"правительство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of просить","gloss":"the government"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause on просить","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of позволили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"позволили","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"would allow"},{"surface":"сопровождать","lemma":"сопровождать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of позволили","gloss":"to accompany"},{"surface":"преступника","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сопровождать","gloss":"the convict"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каторгу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"каторгу","lemma":"каторга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сопровождать","gloss":"penal servitude"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обвенчаться","lemma":"обвенчаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with сопровождать","gloss":"to be wed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обвенчаться","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb, part of fixed phrase","role":"part of the phrase где-нибудь","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle, part of fixed phrase","role":"part of the phrase где-нибудь","gloss":"-ever (indefinite particle)","note":"'где-нибудь' together = 'somewhere'."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рудниках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"рудниках","lemma":"рудник","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обвенчаться","gloss":"the mines"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землей","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"землей","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рудниках","gloss":"the ground"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b12-c1-s27","source":"С не меньшим волнением ожидали появления на суде и Грушеньки, как соперницы Катерины Ивановны.","translation":"With no less agitation was awaited the appearance at the trial of Grushenka as well, as the rival of Katerina Ivanovna.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С не меньшим волнением ожидали появления … Грушеньки","title":"«ожидать» + genitive object","body":"«Ожидать» ('to await') governs the genitive: «ожидали появления … Грушеньки» — 'awaited the appearance of Grushenka'. The instrumental «с … волнением» ('with agitation') is fronted for emphasis; the negated comparative «не меньшим» means 'no less'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Грушеньки","title":"«Грушенька» — diminutive of Аграфена","body":"«Грушенька» is the tender diminutive (от «Груша», from Аграфена), with the affectionate «-енька» suffix. The narrator's use of it — versus Katerina's formal name-and-patronymic — quietly marks the warmer, more popular figure."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меньшим","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"меньшим","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective (comparative), instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies волнением","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"волнением","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ожидали","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"ожидали","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"impersonal main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was awaited"},{"surface":"появления","lemma":"появление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ожидали","gloss":"the appearance"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies появления","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies Грушеньки","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated genitive complement of появления","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the apposition of соперницы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"соперницы","lemma":"соперница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Грушеньки","gloss":"the rival"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies соперницы","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b12-c1-s28","source":"С мучительным любопытством ожидали встречи пред судом двух соперниц — аристократической гордой девушки и «гетеры»; Грушенька, впрочем, была известнее нашим дамам, чем Катерина Ивановна.","translation":"With tormenting curiosity people awaited the meeting before the court of the two rivals — the proud aristocratic girl and the \"hetaera\"; Grushenka, however, was better known to our ladies than Katerina Ivanovna.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С мучительным любопытством ожидали встречи … двух соперниц","title":"Genitive object «встречи» + genitive of '2'","body":"«Ожидали встречи … двух соперниц» — 'awaited the meeting of the two rivals'. «Встречи» is genitive after «ожидать»; «двух соперниц» pairs the numeral «два/две» in the genitive «двух» with the noun, the count phrase itself in the genitive of the larger frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"была известнее нашим дамам","title":"Comparative «известнее» + dative","body":"«Известнее нашим дамам» — 'better known to our ladies'. The predicative comparative «известнее» (from «известный») is invariable, and 'known to' takes the dative «нашим дамам», the case of the one to whom something is known."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мучительным","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"tormenting"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ожидали","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"ожидали","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"impersonal main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was awaited"},{"surface":"встречи","lemma":"встреча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ожидали","gloss":"the meeting"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"судом","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies встречи","gloss":"the court"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies соперниц","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"соперниц","lemma":"соперница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies встречи","gloss":"rivals"},{"surface":"аристократической","lemma":"аристократический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девушки","gloss":"aristocratic"},{"surface":"гордой","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девушки","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"девушки","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to соперниц","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гетеры","lemma":"гетера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with девушки","gloss":"hetaera"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была известнее","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies the clause","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to известнее","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"известнее","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of Грушенька","gloss":"better known"},{"surface":"нашим","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of дамам","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"дамам","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of известнее","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with Катерина Ивановна","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чем","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b12-c1-s29","source":"Ее, «погубительницу Федора Павловича и несчастного сына его», видали наши дамы и прежде, и все, почти до единой, удивлялись, как в такую «самую обыкновенную, совсем даже некрасивую собой русскую мещанку» могли до такой степени влюбиться отец и сын.","translation":"Her, \"the ruin of Fyodor Pavlovich and of his unhappy son,\" our ladies had seen before as well, and all of them, almost to a woman, marveled how a father and son could have fallen so deeply in love with such \"a perfectly ordinary, even quite plain Russian townswoman.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ее … видали наши дамы и прежде","title":"Fronted object + multidirectional «видать»","body":"«Её … видали … и прежде» throws the accusative object «её» to the front for topic emphasis ('Her … our ladies had seen before too'). «Видали» is the iterative/colloquial «видать», imperfective, fitting a repeated, habitual seeing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как … могли … влюбиться отец и сын","title":"«влюбиться в» + accusative; reflexive","body":"«Влюбиться в кого-то» ('to fall in love with') is reflexive in «-ся» and governs «в» + accusative — here the long noun phrase «такую … русскую мещанку». The verb «могли … влюбиться» splits modal past + perfective infinitive across the clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мещанку","title":"«мещанка» — townswoman of the petty-burgher estate","body":"«Мещанин/мещанка» named a member of the «мещанство», the legal estate of small townsfolk below the merchants — petty bourgeois. In the ladies' usage it is faintly contemptuous: a 'common' townswoman, no lady at all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"погубительницу","lemma":"погубительница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ее","gloss":"the ruin"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies погубительницу","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несчастного","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сына","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Федора Павловича, modifies погубительницу","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сына","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"видали","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of дамы","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of видали","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies прежде","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видали","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of удивлялись","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies единой","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking единой","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"единой","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies все, idiom до единой","gloss":"the last","note":"'почти до единой' = 'almost to a woman'."},{"surface":"удивлялись","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видали","gloss":"marveled"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могли","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мещанку, part of влюбиться в","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мещанку","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обыкновенную","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"обыкновенную","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мещанку","gloss":"ordinary"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies некрасивую","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"некрасивую","lemma":"некрасивый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with обыкновенную","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"modifies некрасивую, idiom некрасивая собой","gloss":"in appearance","note":"'некрасивая собой' = 'plain-looking'."},{"surface":"русскую","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мещанку","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"мещанку","lemma":"мещанка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of в (влюбиться в)","gloss":"townswoman"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of удивлялись","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of степени","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влюбиться","gloss":"a degree"},{"surface":"влюбиться","lemma":"влюбиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"fall in love"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of влюбиться","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отец","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b12-c1-s30","source":"Словом, толков было много.","translation":"In a word, there was a great deal of talk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"толков было много","title":"Genitive of quantity with «много»","body":"«Толков было много» — literally 'of talk there was much'. «Много» governs the genitive «толков» (gen. pl. of «толк», 'talk, rumour'), and the verb is impersonal neuter «было». Fronting «толков» gives the summary 'as for talk — there was plenty'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Словом","title":"«словом» — 'in a word'","body":"Instrumental «словом» ('with a word') functions as a summarizing discourse marker, 'in short, in a word'. A frozen case form turned conjunction, gathering up the foregoing rumours."}],"words":[{"surface":"Словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, idiom словом","gloss":"in a word"},{"surface":"толков","lemma":"толк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to много","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb (quantifier)","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"a great deal"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b12-c1-s31","source":"Мне положительно известно, что собственно в нашем городе произошло даже несколько серьезных семейных ссор из-за Мити.","translation":"I know for a positive fact that in our town itself several serious family quarrels even broke out on Mitya's account.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне положительно известно, что","title":"Dative + short adjective «известно»","body":"«Мне … известно, что …» — 'it is known to me that …' — is an impersonal predicate: the dative experiencer «мне» with the short neuter adjective «известно» ('known'), opening a «что»-clause. The short form is the predicative norm here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"произошло … несколько … ссор из-за Мити","title":"«из-за» + genitive of cause","body":"«Из-за Мити» — 'because of/on account of Mitya' — is «из-за» + genitive, marking a cause with a faintly negative tinge (it's his fault). «Несколько … ссор» again pulls a neuter singular verb «произошло»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"положительно","lemma":"положительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"know","note":"'мне известно' idiomatically = 'I know'."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of произошло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"собственно","lemma":"собственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городе","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of известно","gloss":"broke out"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies ссор","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"серьезных","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies ссор","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"семейных","lemma":"семейный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies ссор","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"ссор","lemma":"ссора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"quarrels"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition, part of fixed phrase","role":"part of the phrase из-за","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition, part of fixed phrase","role":"part of the phrase из-за, marking Мити","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло (via из-за)","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b12-c1-s32","source":"Многие дамы горячо поссорились со своими супругами за разность взглядов на всё это ужасное дело, и естественно после того, что все мужья этих дам явились в залу суда уже не только нерасположенными к подсудимому, но даже озлобленными против него.","translation":"Many ladies fell out hotly with their husbands over a difference of views on this whole dreadful affair, and naturally, after that, all the husbands of these ladies came into the courtroom not merely ill-disposed toward the defendant, but even embittered against him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поссорились со своими супругами","title":"Reciprocal «-ся» + свой + instrumental","body":"«Поссорились со своими супругами» — 'quarrelled with their husbands'. «Поссориться» is reciprocal in «-ся», governing «с» + instrumental «супругами»; «своими» is the reflexive possessive 'their own', referring back to the subject «дамы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нерасположенными … но даже озлобленными против него","title":"Instrumental predicate participles after «явились»","body":"After «явились» ('came/appeared'), the state is given in the instrumental: «нерасположенными … озлобленными» — 'ill-disposed … embittered'. These are past passive participles used predicatively in the instrumental, the case for a role or state taken on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies дамы","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of поссорились","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поссорились","gloss":"hotly"},{"surface":"поссорились","lemma":"поссориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"fell out"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking супругами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of супругами","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"супругами","lemma":"супруг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поссорились","gloss":"husbands"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разность","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"разность","lemma":"разность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поссорились","gloss":"a difference"},{"surface":"взглядов","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies разность","gloss":"of views"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дело","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"this whole"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ужасное","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of на, modifies взглядов","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"естественно","lemma":"естественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явились","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of явились (после того что)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of явились, part of после того что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мужья","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мужья","lemma":"муж","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of явились","gloss":"husbands"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of дам","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies мужья","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"явились","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the после того что clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явились","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies залу","gloss":"of the court"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нерасположенными","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"нерасположенными","lemma":"нерасположенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of явились","gloss":"ill-disposed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подсудимому","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"подсудимому","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нерасположенными","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies озлобленными","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"озлобленными","lemma":"озлобленный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with нерасположенными","gloss":"embittered"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of озлобленными","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b12-c1-s33","source":"И вообще положительно можно было сказать, что, в противоположность дамскому, весь мужской элемент был настроен против подсудимого.","translation":"In general one could positively say that, in contrast to the ladies, the entire male element was set against the defendant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь мужской элемент был настроен против подсудимого","title":"Short passive participle «настроен» + «против» + genitive","body":"«Был настроен против …» — 'was set/disposed against …' — uses the short past passive participle «настроен» with «был» (a stative passive), and «против» governs the genitive «подсудимого». «Подсудимый» itself is a substantivized adjective, 'the one on trial'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в противоположность дамскому","title":"«в противоположность» + dative","body":"«В противоположность дамскому» — 'in contrast to the ladies'' — is a compound preposition governing the dative «дамскому» (a substantivized adjective, 'the female [element]'). It explicitly sets the men against the women."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"in general"},{"surface":"положительно","lemma":"положительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of настроен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking противоположность","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"противоположность","lemma":"противоположность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"parenthetical, modifies настроен","gloss":"contrast"},{"surface":"дамскому","lemma":"дамский","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of противоположность","gloss":"the ladies'"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of элемент","gloss":"entire"},{"surface":"мужской","lemma":"мужской","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies элемент","gloss":"male"},{"surface":"элемент","lemma":"элемент","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of настроен","gloss":"element"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of настроен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"настроен","lemma":"настроить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подсудимого","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of настроен","gloss":"the defendant"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b12-c1-s34","source":"Виднелись строгие, нахмуренные лица, другие даже совсем злобные, и это во множестве.","translation":"One saw stern, frowning faces, others even downright malicious, and that in great number.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Виднелись строгие, нахмуренные лица","title":"-ся middle «виднеться» with delayed subject","body":"«Виднелись … лица» — 'there showed / one saw … faces'. «Виднеться» (-ся) is a middle 'to be visible, show'; the plural subject «лица» follows the verb, an existential-presentational order ('there were visible …')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нахмуренные","title":"«нахмуренный» — frowning, knit","body":"«Нахмуренные» (past passive participle of «нахмурить») describes brows drawn together — scowling, frowning faces. Used adjectivally before «лица», it adds to the grim catalogue of the hostile male crowd."}],"words":[{"surface":"Виднелись","lemma":"виднеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were seen"},{"surface":"строгие","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies лица","gloss":"stern"},{"surface":"нахмуренные","lemma":"нахмуренный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with строгие","gloss":"frowning"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of Виднелись","gloss":"faces"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (were)","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies злобные","gloss":"downright"},{"surface":"злобные","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of другие","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause, refers to the whole matter","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking множестве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"множестве","lemma":"множество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это, indicates quantity","gloss":"great number"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b12-c1-s35","source":"Правда и то, что Митя многих из них сумел оскорбить лично во время своего у нас пребывания.","translation":"It was also true that Mitya had managed to insult many of them personally during his time among us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митя многих из них сумел оскорбить","title":"«суметь» + perfective infinitive; partitive genitive","body":"«Сумел оскорбить» — 'managed to insult' — joins «суметь» (to succeed in) with the perfective infinitive «оскорбить». The object «многих из них» ('many of them') is the animate accusative «многих» (= genitive form) with partitive «из них»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"во время своего у нас пребывания","title":"Reflexive «своего» framing «пребывания»","body":"«Во время своего … пребывания» — 'during his stay'. «Своего» is the reflexive possessive (his own, = Mitya's), and the colloquial insertion «у нас» ('among us') splits the noun phrase — a spoken-style intrusion into the bookish frame «во время … пребывания»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun (used predicatively), nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of то","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies то","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Правда","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сумел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сумел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многие","morphology":"pronoun, genitive/accusative, plural","role":"direct object of оскорбить","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies многих","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"сумел","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"оскорбить","lemma":"оскорбить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумел","gloss":"to insult"},{"surface":"лично","lemma":"лично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оскорбить","gloss":"personally"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition, part of fixed phrase","role":"part of the phrase во время","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase во время, marking пребывания","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of пребывания","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of у, modifies пребывания","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"пребывания","lemma":"пребывание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оскорбить (во время его пребывания)","gloss":"stay"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b12-c1-s36","source":"Конечно, иные из посетителей были почти даже веселы и весьма безучастны собственно к судьбе Мити, но всё же опять-таки не к рассматривающемуся делу; все были заняты исходом его, и большинство мужчин решительно желало кары преступнику, кроме разве юристов, которым дорога была не нравственная сторона дела, а лишь, так сказать, современно-юридическая.","translation":"Of course, certain of the visitors were almost cheerful, even, and quite indifferent to Mitya's fate as such — though again, not to the case under examination; all were taken up with its outcome, and the majority of the men decidedly wished the criminal punished, save perhaps for the jurists, who cared not for the moral side of the case, but only, so to speak, for its modern-legal one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"желало кары преступнику","title":"«желать» + genitive object + dative recipient","body":"«Желать кары преступнику» — 'to wish punishment upon the criminal'. «Желать» governs the genitive «кары» (the thing wished), while the one it is wished for stands in the dative «преступнику». «Большинство … желало» again takes a neuter singular verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассматривающемуся делу","title":"Present participle of a -ся verb","body":"«Рассматривающемуся делу» — 'the case under examination' — is the present active participle of the -ся verb «рассматриваться» (to be examined), in the dative to agree with «делу». It keeps both the participial «-ющ-» and the reflexive «-ся»: a doubly marked, very bookish form."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кроме разве юристов","title":"«разве» as a hedging 'except perhaps'","body":"Here «разве» is not the interrogative 'really?' but a hedging particle 'perhaps, save maybe' — «кроме разве юристов» = 'except perhaps the jurists'. A subtle softening of the sweeping generalization."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb, sentential","role":"modifies были веселы (whole clause)","gloss":"Of course"},{"surface":"иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective used as noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of веселы","gloss":"certain ones"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking посетителей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"посетителей","lemma":"посетитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"partitive complement of иные","gloss":"the visitors"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to веселы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веселы","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веселы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"веселы","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with безучастны","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безучастны","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"безучастны","lemma":"безучастный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"coordinated with веселы","gloss":"indifferent"},{"surface":"собственно","lemma":"собственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies к судьбе (as such)","gloss":"as such"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судьбе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"судьбе","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of безучастны","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of судьбе","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё же (nevertheless)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies всё (idiom всё же)","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom опять-таки, modifies не к делу","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom опять-таки","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates elided безучастны, modifies к делу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"рассматривающемуся","lemma":"рассматриваться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"modifies делу","gloss":"under examination"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided безучастны, contrasted with судьбе","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive заняты","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of заняты","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"заняты","lemma":"занять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main predicate of a new clause, coordinated with желало","gloss":"taken up"},{"surface":"исходом","lemma":"исход","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заняты","gloss":"outcome"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive determiner of исходом","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"большинство","lemma":"большинство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of желало","gloss":"the majority"},{"surface":"мужчин","lemma":"мужчина","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"partitive modifier of большинство","gloss":"of the men"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желало","gloss":"decidedly"},{"surface":"желало","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with были заняты","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"кары","lemma":"кара","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive object of желало","gloss":"punishment"},{"surface":"преступнику","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of желало","gloss":"for the criminal"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking юристов","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies юристов","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"юристов","lemma":"юрист","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition кроме, excepted from желало","gloss":"the jurists"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative experiencer of дорога (indirect object)","gloss":"to whom","note":"Dative-experiencer construction: 'кому-то дорого что-то' = 'someone holds something dear.'"},{"surface":"дорога","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, short form, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, head of the clause","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking дорога and сторона","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нравственная","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нравственная","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сторона","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"сторона","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дорога","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сторона","gloss":"of the case"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies elided сторона (only the modern-legal side)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так сказать (so to speak)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical infinitive, идиом так сказать","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"современно","lemma":"современный","morphology":"adjective, indeclinable first part of compound","role":"part of compound современно-юридическая, modifies elided сторона","gloss":"modern"},{"surface":"юридическая","lemma":"юридический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of compound, contrasted with нравственная","gloss":"legal"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b12-c1-s37","source":"Всех волновал приезд знаменитого Фетюковича.","translation":"Everyone was stirred by the arrival of the celebrated Fetyukovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всех волновал приезд знаменитого Фетюковича","title":"Object-first order: «всех» before the subject","body":"«Всех волновал приезд …» — literally 'everyone, the arrival … stirred'. The animate accusative object «всех» leads, the nominative subject «приезд» comes last (the new information), a topic-comment inversion impossible without case marking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of волновал","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"волновал","lemma":"волновать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stirred"},{"surface":"приезд","lemma":"приезд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of волновал","gloss":"the arrival"},{"surface":"знаменитого","lemma":"знаменитый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Фетюковича","gloss":"of the celebrated"},{"surface":"Фетюковича","lemma":"Фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of приезд","gloss":"Fetyukovich"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b12-c1-s38","source":"Талант его был известен повсеместно, и это уже не в первый раз, что он являлся в провинции защищать громкие уголовные дела.","translation":"His talent was known far and wide, and this was by no means the first time that he had come down to the provinces to defend notorious criminal cases.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это уже не в первый раз, что он являлся","title":"Imperfective past for a repeated occasion","body":"«Являлся … защищать» — the imperfective past of «являться» marks this as a recurring event ('he had appeared more than once'), reinforced by «не в первый раз». The imperfective is precisely the aspect for an action repeated over time."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"громкие уголовные дела","title":"«громкое дело» — a sensational case","body":"«Громкий» literally 'loud', here means notorious, sensational, much-talked-of — «громкие уголовные дела» are high-profile criminal cases. «Уголовный» = criminal (penal), as opposed to civil."}],"words":[{"surface":"Талант","lemma":"талант","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of известен","gloss":"talent"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive determiner of Талант","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to известен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"известен","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"повсеместно","lemma":"повсеместно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известен","gloss":"far and wide"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate раз)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the clause (this was not the first time)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of являлся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of являлся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"являлся","lemma":"являться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"complement clause on раз","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking провинции","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"провинции","lemma":"провинция","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of являлся","gloss":"the provinces"},{"surface":"защищать","lemma":"защищать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of являлся","gloss":"to defend"},{"surface":"громкие","lemma":"громкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"notorious"},{"surface":"уголовные","lemma":"уголовный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"criminal"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of защищать","gloss":"cases"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b12-c1-s39","source":"И после его защиты таковые дела всегда становились знаменитыми на всю Россию и надолго памятными.","translation":"And after his defense such cases always became famous throughout the whole of Russia and long remembered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"становились знаменитыми … и … памятными","title":"«становиться» + instrumental predicate","body":"«Становились знаменитыми … памятными» — 'became famous … memorable'. The link verb «становиться» (to become) takes its predicate adjectives in the instrumental, the regular case after становиться/быть/стать for a state entered into."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"таковые дела","title":"«таковой» — bookish 'such, the said'","body":"«Таковые» is an elevated, official-sounding equivalent of «такие» ('such, the aforesaid'). It belongs to the chancery-literary register Dostoevsky lends his narrator's summarizing voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking защиты","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of защиты","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"защиты","lemma":"защита","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of становились","gloss":"defense"},{"surface":"таковые","lemma":"таковой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of становились","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies становились","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"становились","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"знаменитыми","lemma":"знаменитый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of становились","gloss":"famous"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Россию","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Россию","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of становились","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надолго","lemma":"надолго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies памятными","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"памятными","lemma":"памятный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with знаменитыми","gloss":"remembered"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b12-c1-s40","source":"Ходило несколько анекдотов и о нашем прокуроре, и о председателе суда.","translation":"Several anecdotes were also going around about our prosecutor and about the presiding judge.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ходило несколько анекдотов","title":"Idiomatic «ходить» — to circulate","body":"«Ходило … анекдотов» — anecdotes 'went around', i.e. circulated. The multidirectional motion verb «ходить» here is used figuratively of rumours making the rounds; «несколько анекдотов» (gen. pl.) pulls the neuter singular «ходило»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ходило","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"circulated"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifier of анекдотов, subject of Ходило","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"анекдотов","lemma":"анекдот","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of несколько","gloss":"anecdotes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прокуроре","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of прокуроре","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"прокуроре","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of анекдотов, paired with о председателе","gloss":"prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking председателе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"председателе","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of анекдотов, paired with о прокуроре","gloss":"presiding judge"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies председателе","gloss":"of the court"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b12-c1-s41","source":"Рассказывалось, что наш прокурор трепетал встречи с Фетюковичем, что это были старинные враги еще с Петербурга, еще с начала их карьеры, что самолюбивый наш Ипполит Кириллович, считавший себя постоянно кем-то обиженным еще с Петербурга, за то что не были надлежаще оценены его таланты, воскрес было духом над делом Карамазовых и мечтал даже воскресить этим делом свое увядшее поприще, но что пугал его лишь Фетюкович.","translation":"It was said that our prosecutor trembled at the prospect of meeting Fetyukovich, that they were old enemies from way back in Petersburg, from the very beginning of their careers; that our vain Ippolit Kirillovich, who had constantly considered himself slighted by someone ever since Petersburg, on the grounds that his talents had not been properly appreciated, had revived in spirit over the Karamazov case and even dreamed of resurrecting his withered career by means of this case — but that Fetyukovich alone frightened him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"считавший себя постоянно кем-то обиженным","title":"Past active participle + instrumental predicate + indefinite «кем-то»","body":"«Считавший себя … обиженным» — 'who considered himself wronged'. The past active participle «считавший» modifies «Ипполит Кириллович»; «себя» is the reflexive object; «обиженным» (passive participle) is the instrumental predicate; «кем-то» is the indefinite 'by someone or other' (specific but unknown agent)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не были надлежаще оценены его таланты","title":"Negated periphrastic passive","body":"«Не были … оценены … таланты» — 'his talents had not been appreciated'. A negated past passive: «не» + «были» + short participle «оценены», agreeing with «таланты». «Надлежаще» ('duly, properly') is a bookish adverb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"воскрес было духом … мечтал … воскресить","title":"The particle «было» of a thwarted action","body":"«Воскрес было духом» uses the rare past particle «было», which signals an action just begun or attempted, then arrested or reversed — 'he had revived in spirit (only for it to come to nothing)'. The repetition «воскрес … воскресить» ('revived … to resurrect') is a deliberate echo around his withered career."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рассказывалось","lemma":"рассказываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"It was said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of трепетал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of прокурор","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of трепетал","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"трепетал","lemma":"трепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Рассказывалось","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"встречи","lemma":"встреча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive object of трепетал","gloss":"the meeting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Фетюковичем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Фетюковичем","lemma":"Фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies встречи","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of враги","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of враги","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to враги","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"старинные","lemma":"старинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies враги","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"враги","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun, clause coordinated with трепетал (both complements of Рассказывалось)","gloss":"enemies"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Петербурга","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербурга","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Петербурга","lemma":"Петербург","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies враги","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начала","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Петербурга","gloss":"the beginning"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of карьеры","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"карьеры","lemma":"карьера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"career"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воскрес","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самолюбивый","lemma":"самолюбивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ипполит","gloss":"vain"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Ипполит","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскрес","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"Кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"patronymic, depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"считавший","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Ипполит","gloss":"who considered"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of считавший","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"постоянно","lemma":"постоянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies считавший","gloss":"constantly"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"first part of indefinite pronoun кем-то, modifies обиженным (agent)","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite-pronoun suffix on кем (кем-то)","gloss":"-someone","note":"кем-то = 'by someone,' an indefinite instrumental agent of обиженным."},{"surface":"обиженным","lemma":"обиженный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of считавший","gloss":"wronged"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Петербурга","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербурга","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Петербурга","lemma":"Петербург","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обиженным","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of за, reason clause modifying обиженным (anticipates что-clause)","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оценены","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оценены","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of оценены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"надлежаще","lemma":"надлежащий","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оценены","gloss":"properly"},{"surface":"оценены","lemma":"оценить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"appreciated"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of таланты","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"таланты","lemma":"талант","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive оценены","gloss":"talents"},{"surface":"воскрес","lemma":"воскреснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the third что-clause, coordinated with трепетал and были враги","gloss":"revived"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks a begun/tentative action, modifies воскрес","gloss":"as it were","note":"The particle 'было' after a past-tense verb marks an action begun (often undone); here: 'had, as it were, revived.'"},{"surface":"духом","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскрес","gloss":"in spirit"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делом","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"делом","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскрес (over the case)","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"Карамазовых","lemma":"Карамазовы","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies делом","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мечтал","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with воскрес","gloss":"dreamed"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies воскресить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"воскресить","lemma":"воскресить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мечтал","gloss":"to revive"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of делом","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"делом","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскресить","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of поприще","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"увядшее","lemma":"увянуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies поприще","gloss":"withered"},{"surface":"поприще","lemma":"поприще","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of воскресить","gloss":"career"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the fourth что-clause (complement of Рассказывалось)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пугал","lemma":"пугать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the fourth что-clause","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пугал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Фетюкович","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"Фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пугал","gloss":"Fetyukovich"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b12-c1-s42","source":"Но насчет трепета пред Фетюковичем суждения были не совсем справедливы.","translation":"But as for the trembling before Fetyukovich, these judgments were not altogether just.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"насчет трепета пред Фетюковичем","title":"«насчёт» + genitive; archaic «пред» + instrumental","body":"«Насчёт» ('as regards', + genitive «трепета») opens the topic. «Пред Фетюковичем» uses the archaic/poetic «пред» (modern «перед», 'before') governing the instrumental — a slightly elevated variant favoured in 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"суждения были не совсем справедливы","title":"Short adjective predicate «справедливы»","body":"«Были … справедливы» — 'were just/fair'. The short-form adjective «справедливы» (vs. long «справедливые») is the predicative norm, agreeing in number with «суждения». «Не совсем» hedges it: 'not altogether'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трепета","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"трепета","lemma":"трепет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"topic complement, related to справедливы","gloss":"the trembling"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Фетюковичем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Фетюковичем","lemma":"Фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies трепета","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"суждения","lemma":"суждение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of справедливы","gloss":"the judgments"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to справедливы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies справедливы","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"справедливы","lemma":"справедливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"just"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b12-c1-s43","source":"Прокурор наш был не из таких характеров, которые падают духом пред опасностью, а, напротив, из тех, чье самолюбие вырастает и окрыляется именно по мере возрастания опасности.","translation":"Our prosecutor was not of those characters who lose heart in the face of danger, but, on the contrary, of those whose self-regard grows and takes wing precisely in proportion to the mounting of the danger.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые падают духом пред опасностью","title":"Relative «который» + idiom «падать духом»","body":"«Которые падают духом» — 'who lose heart'. The relative «которые» agrees with «характеров» in number, here nominative as subject of its clause. «Падать духом» ('to fall in spirit') is the idiom for losing courage; «пред опасностью» = before danger (instrumental)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чье самолюбие вырастает … по мере возрастания опасности","title":"Relative «чьё» + «по мере» + genitive","body":"«Чьё самолюбие» — 'whose self-regard' — uses the possessive relative «чей», agreeing in gender/number with «самолюбие». «По мере возрастания опасности» ('in proportion to the growth of danger') is the correlative construction «по мере» + genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"окрыляется","title":"«окрыляться» — to be given wings","body":"«Окрыляться» (from «крыло», wing) literally 'to grow wings', figuratively to be inspired, elated, emboldened. A vivid metaphor for the prosecutor's vanity soaring precisely as the danger mounts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Прокурор","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula with predicate из характеров","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies из характеров","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking характеров","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of характеров","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"характеров","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"characters"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of падают","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"падают","lemma":"падать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on характеров","gloss":"lose heart","note":"падать духом is idiomatic for 'to lose heart/courage.'"},{"surface":"духом","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of падают (idiom падать духом)","gloss":"in spirit"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking опасностью","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"опасностью","lemma":"опасность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of падают","gloss":"danger"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to тех","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тех","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with характеров","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"чье","lemma":"чей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of самолюбие","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"самолюбие","lemma":"самолюбие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вырастает","gloss":"self-regard"},{"surface":"вырастает","lemma":"вырастать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тех","gloss":"grows"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"окрыляется","lemma":"окрыляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вырастает","gloss":"takes wing"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies по мере возрастания","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition по мере (in proportion to)","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по мере","gloss":"measure","note":"по мере + genitive = 'in proportion to / as X increases.'"},{"surface":"возрастания","lemma":"возрастание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of окрыляется","gloss":"the growth"},{"surface":"опасности","lemma":"опасность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies возрастания","gloss":"of danger"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b12-c1-s44","source":"Вообще же надо заметить, что прокурор наш был слишком горяч и болезненно восприимчив.","translation":"In general, it must be noted that our prosecutor was too ardent and morbidly sensitive.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо заметить, что","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive","body":"«Надо заметить» — 'it must be noted' — is a subjectless modal predicate: the invariable «надо» ('one must/should') plus a perfective infinitive. No nominative subject appears, the hallmark of Russian impersonal necessity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был слишком горяч и болезненно восприимчив","title":"Short adjectives in predicate","body":"«Горяч … восприимчив» are short-form adjectives ('ardent … sensitive') used predicatively after «был». The short form, more bookish, suits the narrator's clipped character-summary; «болезненно» is an adverb modifying «восприимчив»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"in general"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Вообще","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it must"},{"surface":"заметить","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"be noted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of горяч","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of горяч","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of прокурор","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to горяч","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies горяч","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"горяч","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of заметить","gloss":"ardent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"болезненно","lemma":"болезненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восприимчив","gloss":"morbidly"},{"surface":"восприимчив","lemma":"восприимчивый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with горяч","gloss":"sensitive"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b12-c1-s45","source":"В иное дело он клал всю свою душу и вел его так, как бы от решения его зависела вся его судьба и всё его достояние.","translation":"Into one case or another he would put his whole soul, and conduct it as though his entire fate and all his fortune hung upon its decision.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы … зависела вся его судьба","title":"Comparative irrealis «как бы … (past)»","body":"«Как бы … зависела» — 'as though … depended' — builds a hypothetical comparison with «как бы» + a past-tense verb, the irrealis mood. It frames his all-out conduct of a case as if his whole fate hung on it, though it did not."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"клал всю свою душу","title":"Imperfective «класть» + reflexive «свою»","body":"«Клал всю свою душу» — 'put his whole soul'. Imperfective «класть» (to put) marks the habitual 'he would put', and «свою» is the reflexive possessive 'his own', pointing back to the prosecutor. «В иное дело» ('into one case or another') sets the recurring frame."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дело","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"иное","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"one or another"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of клал","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of клал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"клал","lemma":"класть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would put"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of клал","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вел","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with клал","gloss":"conducted"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вел","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вел","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of зависела (idiom как бы)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the idiom как бы (as though)","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking решения","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"решения","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of зависела","gloss":"the decision"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"possessive determiner of решения","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"зависела","lemma":"зависеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on так (как бы)","gloss":"depended"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of судьба","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of судьба","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"судьба","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of зависела","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of достояние","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of достояние","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"достояние","lemma":"достояние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with судьба","gloss":"fortune"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b12-c1-s46","source":"В юридическом мире над этим несколько смеялись, ибо наш прокурор именно этим качеством своим заслужил даже некоторую известность, если далеко не повсеместно, то гораздо большую, чем можно было предположить ввиду его скромного места в нашем суде.","translation":"In the legal world this was rather laughed at, for it was precisely by this quality of his that our prosecutor had earned a certain renown — if far from everywhere, then a far greater one than might have been supposed in view of his modest post in our court.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо наш прокурор … заслужил даже некоторую известность","title":"Archaic causal conjunction «ибо»","body":"«Ибо» is the bookish, somewhat archaic conjunction 'for, because', loftier than «потому что» — a marker of elevated 19th-century literary prose, threaded through the narrator's more sententious passages."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"именно этим качеством своим","title":"Instrumental of means + reflexive «своим»","body":"«Этим качеством своим» — 'by this quality of his' — is the instrumental of means (the agent's instrument), with the reflexive possessive «своим» and the demonstrative «этим» both agreeing in the instrumental. «Именно» ('precisely') sharpens the focus."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем можно было предположить","title":"Comparative «чем» + impersonal modal past","body":"«Большую, чем можно было предположить» — 'greater than could have been supposed'. «Чем» introduces the standard of comparison; «можно было предположить» is an impersonal modal ('one could have supposed'), with «было» giving the past frame."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"юридическом","lemma":"юридический","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мире","gloss":"legal"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеялись","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этим","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеялись","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеялись","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"смеялись","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause of заслужил","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of прокурор","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заслужил","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этим","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of качеством","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"качеством","lemma":"качество","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заслужил","gloss":"quality"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of качеством","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"заслужил","lemma":"заслужить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause (reason)","gloss":"earned"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies некоторую","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"некоторую","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of известность","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"известность","lemma":"известность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заслужил","gloss":"renown"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the если...то conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повсеместно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"повсеместно","lemma":"повсеместно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the если-clause (elided известность)","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative of если, introduces the resulting clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies большую","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"большую","lemma":"больший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the то-clause (elided известность/заслужил)","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, compared with большую","gloss":"one might"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"предположить","lemma":"предположить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"have supposed"},{"surface":"ввиду","lemma":"ввиду","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of места","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"скромного","lemma":"скромный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies места","gloss":"modest"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of предположить","gloss":"position"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of суде","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of места","gloss":"court"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b12-c1-s47","source":"Особенно смеялись над его страстью к психологии.","translation":"His passion for psychology was laughed at especially.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смеялись над его страстью к психологии","title":"«смеяться над» + instrumental; «-ся» only verb","body":"«Смеяться над кем/чем» ('to laugh at') exists only in the reflexive «-ся» form and governs «над» + instrumental «его страстью». «Страсть к психологии» ('passion for psychology') takes «к» + dative for the object of the passion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеялись","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"смеялись","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was laughed at"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страстью","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of страстью","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"страстью","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеялись","gloss":"passion"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking психологии","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"психологии","lemma":"психология","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies страстью","gloss":"psychology"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b12-c1-s48","source":"По-моему, все ошибались: наш прокурор, как человек и характер, кажется мне, был гораздо серьезнее, чем многие о нем думали.","translation":"In my opinion, they were all mistaken: our prosecutor, as a man and a character, was, it seems to me, far more serious than many supposed him to be.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был гораздо серьезнее, чем многие о нем думали","title":"Comparative «серьёзнее» intensified by «гораздо»","body":"«Гораздо серьёзнее» — 'far more serious'. The predicative comparative «серьёзнее» is intensified by «гораздо» ('by far'); «чем … думали» supplies the standard of comparison ('than people thought'). «Многие» ('many') is a substantivized adjective subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кажется мне","title":"Parenthetical dative «кажется мне»","body":"«Кажется мне» — 'it seems to me' — is dropped in as a parenthetical, the impersonal verb with the dative experiencer «мне». Such interjected first-person hedges are central to the narrator's intimate, uncertain voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition (part of the fixed phrase по-моему)","role":"introduces parenthetical по-моему ('in my opinion')","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"completes по-моему, modifying ошибались","gloss":"my opinion"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ошибались","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ошибались","lemma":"ошибаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were mistaken"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of прокурор","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был (was ... serious)","gloss":"prosecutor"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative particle","role":"introduces the appositive phrase modifying прокурор","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive noun in the phrase headed by как, modifies прокурор","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with человек","gloss":"a character"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying был ... серьезнее","gloss":"it seems","note":"'кажется мне' is a parenthetical, like English 'it seems to me'."},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of кажется","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking прокурор to серьезнее","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies серьезнее","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"серьезнее","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"more serious"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думали","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"adjective (substantive), nominative, plural","role":"subject of думали","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"думали","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чем-clause, comparative to серьезнее","gloss":"supposed"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b12-c1-s49","source":"Но уж так не умел поставить себя этот болезненный человек с самых первых своих шагов еще в начале поприща, а затем и во всю свою жизнь.","translation":"But this sickly man simply could not manage to establish himself, from his very first steps at the outset of his career, and thereafter throughout his whole life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не умел поставить себя этот болезненный человек","title":"Verb-first emphasis + reflexive «себя»","body":"«Не умел поставить себя» — 'could not establish himself' — fronts the negated predicate before the subject «этот … человек», an emphatic inversion. «Поставить себя» ('to set oneself [up]', i.e. win a position/standing) uses reflexive «себя» as object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но уж так не умел","title":"Intensifying particle «уж»","body":"«Уж» (a clipped «уже») here is not temporal but an emphatic modal particle, lending a resigned, insistent colouring — 'he simply just could not'. It is one of the small particles that carry the texture of the spoken narrator's voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так, emphatic","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умел","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умел","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"поставить","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умел","gloss":"establish"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of поставить","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"болезненный","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"sickly"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умел","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шагов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies первых","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies шагов","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of шагов","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"шагов","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of с, modifies умел","gloss":"steps"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начале","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начале","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"начале","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of умел","gloss":"the outset"},{"surface":"поприща","lemma":"поприще","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начале","gloss":"of his career"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the coordinated adverbial (во всю жизнь)","gloss":"thereafter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies во всю ... жизнь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with начале, modifies умел","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b12-c1-s50","source":"Что же до председателя нашего суда, то о нем можно сказать лишь то, что это был человек образованный, гуманный, практически знающий дело и самых современных идей.","translation":"As for the presiding judge of our court, one can say only this of him: that he was an educated man, humane, with a practical grasp of his business, and of the most modern ideas.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же до председателя нашего суда, то","title":"Topic-shifting frame «что же до … то»","body":"«Что (же) до … то …» — 'as for …, [then] …' — is a fixed correlative that lifts a new topic to the front ('as for the presiding judge'). The particle «же» adds a shift-of-topic emphasis; «то» picks up the comment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"образованный, гуманный … самых современных идей","title":"Genitive of quality «самых современных идей»","body":"After the attributive adjectives, «самых современных идей» ('of the most modern ideas') is a genitive of description — a person characterized by the ideas he holds. The genitive of quality attaches a defining trait to «человек»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom что до (as for), modifies председателя","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies Что","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking председателя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"председателя","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of что до","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of суда","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies председателя","gloss":"court's"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause (можно сказать)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of можно","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"dummy subject of был (это был = he was)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to человек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"образованный","lemma":"образованный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"educated"},{"surface":"гуманный","lemma":"гуманный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with образованный","gloss":"humane"},{"surface":"практически","lemma":"практически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знающий","gloss":"practically"},{"surface":"знающий","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies человек, coordinated with образованный","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знающий","gloss":"his business"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies современных","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"современных","lemma":"современный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies идей","gloss":"modern"},{"surface":"идей","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"genitive of quality modifying человек, coordinated with образованный","gloss":"ideas"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b12-c1-s51","source":"Был он довольно самолюбив, но о карьере своей не очень заботился.","translation":"He was vain enough, but did not greatly trouble himself about his career.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Был он довольно самолюбив","title":"Verb-first order + short adjective «самолюбив»","body":"«Был он … самолюбив» fronts the verb «был» before the pronoun «он» — a topic-continuing inversion typical of character description. «Самолюбив» is the short predicative form of «самолюбивый» ('vain, proud')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о карьере своей не очень заботился","title":"«заботиться о» + prepositional; reflexive «своей»","body":"«Заботиться о чём-то» ('to be concerned about') is a «-ся» verb governing «о» + prepositional «карьере». «Своей» is the reflexive possessive ('his own'), and word order puts the topic «о карьере своей» before the negated verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to самолюбив","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of самолюбив","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies самолюбив","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"самолюбив","lemma":"самолюбивый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, head of the phrase","gloss":"vain"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карьере","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"карьере","lemma":"карьера","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заботился","gloss":"career"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies карьере","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заботился","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"заботился","lemma":"заботиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"second main verb, contrasted with был ... самолюбив via но","gloss":"troubled himself"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b12-c1-s52","source":"Главная цель его жизни заключалась в том, чтобы быть передовым человеком.","translation":"The chief aim of his life lay in being a progressive man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заключалась в том, чтобы быть передовым человеком","title":"«заключаться в том, чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«Цель … заключалась в том, чтобы быть …» — 'the aim consisted in being …'. The frame «в том, чтобы» + infinitive states the content of a goal. The predicate noun «передовым человеком» stands in the instrumental after «быть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главная","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies цель","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"цель","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заключалась","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies цель","gloss":"of his life"},{"surface":"заключалась","lemma":"заключаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключалась","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive clause explaining том","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to человеком","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"передовым","lemma":"передовой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"progressive"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть, explains том","gloss":"a man"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b12-c1-s53","source":"Притом имел связи и состояние.","translation":"Besides, he had connections and means.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Притом имел связи и состояние","title":"Dropped subject + transitive «иметь»","body":"«Имел связи и состояние» — 'he had connections and means' — drops the pronoun «он» (clear from context and the gendered «имел»). Note that here Dostoevsky uses transitive «иметь» rather than the usual «у него были» — a slightly bookish, terse construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"состояние","title":"«состояние» — fortune, means","body":"Among its senses, «состояние» here means a fortune, wealth, financial standing ('means'), not 'condition/state'. Paired with «связи» (connections), it sketches the judge's comfortable independence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Притом","lemma":"притом","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentential adverb modifying имел","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"связи","lemma":"связь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"connections"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"состояние","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with связи","gloss":"means"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b12-c1-s54","source":"На дело Карамазовых, как оказалось потом, он смотрел довольно горячо, но лишь в общем смысле.","translation":"On the Karamazov case, as turned out later, he looked rather ardently, but only in the general sense.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На дело … он смотрел довольно горячо","title":"Fronted «на дело» + «смотреть на» + accusative","body":"«Смотреть на дело» ('to look at / view the case') governs «на» + accusative «дело», here thrown to the front as topic. «Горячо» ('ardently') is an adverb of manner; «как оказалось потом» is the recurring hindsight aside."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дело","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"Карамазовых","lemma":"Карамазовы","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"the Karamazovs'"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оказалось","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause (as it turned out)","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказалось","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies горячо","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"ardently"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смысле","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смысле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"общем","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смысле","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"смысле","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел, contrasted with горячо","gloss":"sense"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b12-c1-s55","source":"Его занимало явление, классификация его, взгляд на него как на продукт наших социальных основ как на характеристику русского элемента, и проч., и проч.","translation":"What occupied him was the phenomenon, its classification, the view of it as a product of our social foundations, as a characteristic of the Russian element, and so on, and so on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его занимало явление, классификация его, взгляд на него","title":"Object-first impersonal «его занимало»","body":"«Его занимало явление …» — literally 'him there occupied the phenomenon …': the accusative «его» fronts, the nominative subjects («явление, классификация, взгляд») trail as the new information. Russian's verb «занимать» ('to occupy [someone's mind]') naturally yields this object-experiencer order."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и проч., и проч.","title":"«и прочее» — 'and so forth'","body":"«И проч.» abbreviates «и прочее» ('and the rest, etcetera'); doubled, «и проч., и проч.» = 'and so on, and so on'. The narrator's weary repetition gently mocks the judge's taste for abstract sociological generality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of занимало","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"занимало","lemma":"занимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"occupied"},{"surface":"явление","lemma":"явление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of занимало","gloss":"the phenomenon"},{"surface":"классификация","lemma":"классификация","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with явление","gloss":"the classification"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies классификация","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with явление","gloss":"the view"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative particle","role":"preposition marking продукт","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking продукт","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"продукт","lemma":"продукт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взгляд","gloss":"a product"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of основ","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"социальных","lemma":"социальный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies основ","gloss":"social"},{"surface":"основ","lemma":"основа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies продукт","gloss":"foundations"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative particle","role":"preposition marking характеристику","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking характеристику","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"характеристику","lemma":"характеристика","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взгляд","gloss":"a characteristic"},{"surface":"русского","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies элемента","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"элемента","lemma":"элемент","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характеристику","gloss":"element"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular (abbreviated)","role":"coordinated with явление","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular (abbreviated)","role":"coordinated with явление","gloss":"so on"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b12-c1-s56","source":"К личному же характеру дела, к трагедии его, равно как и к личностям участвующих лиц, начиная с подсудимого, он относился довольно безразлично и отвлеченно, как, впрочем, может быть, и следовало.","translation":"To the personal character of the case, to its tragedy, as also to the personalities of those taking part, beginning with the defendant, he related rather indifferently and abstractly — as, indeed, was perhaps as it should be.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"К личному … характеру дела … он относился … безразлично","title":"«относиться к» + dative","body":"«Относиться к чему-то» ('to relate to, regard') governs «к» + dative — here a long fronted series «к … характеру … к трагедии … к личностям». The verb «относился» plus adverbs «безразлично и отвлечённо» reports his detached attitude."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как … может быть, и следовало","title":"Impersonal «следовало» — 'as one ought'","body":"«Как … следовало» — 'as it ought to have been'. «Следовало» is the impersonal past of «следовать» ('to be fitting/proper'), subjectless, expressing what was appropriate. The hedges «впрочем, может быть» soften the narrator's concession."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking характеру","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"личному","lemma":"личный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характеру","gloss":"personal"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies личному","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"характеру","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of относился","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies характеру","gloss":"of the case"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трагедии","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"трагедии","lemma":"трагедия","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of относился","gloss":"tragedy"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies трагедии","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom равно как и (as well as), modifies личностям","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of idiom равно как и, preposition marking личностям","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom равно как и, modifies личностям","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking личностям","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"личностям","lemma":"личность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of относился","gloss":"the personalities"},{"surface":"участвующих","lemma":"участвовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies лиц","gloss":"taking part"},{"surface":"лиц","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies личностям","gloss":"of the persons"},{"surface":"начиная","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on относился","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подсудимого","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начиная","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of относился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"относился","lemma":"относиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"related"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безразлично","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"безразлично","lemma":"безразлично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies относился","gloss":"indifferently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отвлеченно","lemma":"отвлечённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with безразлично","gloss":"abstractly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of следовало","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies следовало","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть = perhaps), modifies следовало","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может (может быть = perhaps)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies следовало","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"следовало","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to относился","gloss":"was fitting"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b12-c1-s57","source":"Задолго до появления суда зала была уже набита битком.","translation":"Long before the court appeared, the hall was already packed to overflowing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зала была уже набита битком","title":"Short passive participle «набита» + intensifier","body":"«Была … набита битком» — 'was packed to overflowing'. «Набита» is the short past passive participle of «набить» agreeing with «зала», a stative passive with «была». «Битком» is a frozen instrumental intensifier ('chock-full'), used only in this idiom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Задолго до появления суда","title":"«задолго до» + genitive","body":"«Задолго до появления суда» — 'long before the court's appearance' — uses «до» (+ genitive «появления») reinforced by «задолго» ('long before'). A neat nominalization of 'before the court appeared'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Задолго","lemma":"задолго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies набита","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking появления","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"появления","lemma":"появление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Задолго","gloss":"the appearance"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies появления","gloss":"of the court"},{"surface":"зала","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of набита","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of набита","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies набита","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"набита","lemma":"набить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"packed"},{"surface":"битком","lemma":"битком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies набита","gloss":"to bursting"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b12-c1-s58","source":"У нас зала суда лучшая в городе, обширная, высокая, звучная.","translation":"Our courtroom is the best in town — spacious, high-ceilinged, resonant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зала суда лучшая в городе","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"«Зала … лучшая в городе» — 'the courtroom [is] the best in town'. The present 'is' is simply absent: Russian uses no copula in the present, juxtaposing subject and predicate directly. «Лучшая» is the suppletive superlative of «хороший»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обширная, высокая, звучная","title":"Asyndetic string of attributes","body":"Three nominative adjectives without conjunctions — «обширная, высокая, звучная» ('spacious, high, resonant') — agree with «зала» and tumble out asyndetically, a terse, almost appraising rhythm. «Звучная» = acoustically resonant, sound-carrying."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of у; possessive phrase modifying зала","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"зала","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лучшая (implied copula)","gloss":"the courtroom"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies зала","gloss":"of the court"},{"surface":"лучшая","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular, superlative/comparative","role":"predicate adjective of зала (implied is)","gloss":"the best"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лучшая","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"обширная","lemma":"обширный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with лучшая","gloss":"spacious"},{"surface":"высокая","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with лучшая","gloss":"high-ceilinged"},{"surface":"звучная","lemma":"звучный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with лучшая","gloss":"resonant"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b12-c1-s59","source":"Направо от членов суда, помещавшихся на некотором возвышении, был приготовлен стол и два ряда кресел для присяжных заседателей.","translation":"To the right of the members of the court, who were seated on a slight elevation, a table and two rows of armchairs had been made ready for the jurors.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"членов суда, помещавшихся на некотором возвышении","title":"Imperfective past active participle","body":"«Помещавшихся» — 'who were seated/situated' — is the imperfective past active participle of «-ся» verb «помещаться», in the genitive plural to agree with «членов». The imperfective stem gives an ongoing, durative state rather than a single act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был приготовлен стол и два ряда кресел","title":"Passive with delayed compound subject","body":"«Был приготовлен стол …» — 'a table … had been made ready' — is a periphrastic passive (short participle «приготовлен» + «был») whose subject «стол и два ряда кресел» follows, an existential-presentational order. The verb agrees with the nearest singular «стол»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Направо","lemma":"направо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приготовлен","gloss":"to the right"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking членов","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"членов","lemma":"член","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Направо","gloss":"the members"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies членов","gloss":"of the court"},{"surface":"помещавшихся","lemma":"помещаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"participle clause modifying членов","gloss":"seated"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возвышении","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"некотором","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of возвышении","gloss":"a slight"},{"surface":"возвышении","lemma":"возвышение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of помещавшихся","gloss":"elevation"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of приготовлен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"приготовлен","lemma":"приготовить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made ready"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive приготовлен","gloss":"a table"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on ряда","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"ряда","lemma":"ряд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with стол","gloss":"rows"},{"surface":"кресел","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies ряда","gloss":"of armchairs"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заседателей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"присяжных","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies заседателей","gloss":"jury"},{"surface":"заседателей","lemma":"заседатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies кресел","gloss":"jurors"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b12-c1-s60","source":"Налево было место подсудимого и его защитника.","translation":"To the left was the place for the defendant and his counsel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Налево было место подсудимого и его защитника","title":"Existential «было» + genitive of possession","body":"«Было место подсудимого и его защитника» — 'there was the place of the defendant and his counsel'. The fronted adverb «налево» sets the scene, «было» is the existential past, and «подсудимого … защитника» are genitives of belonging ('the place belonging to…')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"защитника","title":"«защитник» — defence counsel","body":"«Защитник» (from «защищать», to defend) is the defence advocate — here the great Fetyukovich. The reformed courts created this adversarial role of the sworn attorney for the defence, a profession that scarcely existed in Russia before 1864."}],"words":[{"surface":"Налево","lemma":"налево","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"to the left"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"the place"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"of the defendant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies защитника","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"защитника","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подсудимого","gloss":"counsel"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b12-c1-s61","source":"На средине залы, близ помещения суда стоял стол с «вещественными доказательствами».","translation":"In the middle of the hall, near the court's seats, stood a table with the \"material evidence.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вещественные доказательства","title":"\"Material evidence\"","body":"A legal term of art: «вещественные доказательства» are physical exhibits — the things produced in court as proof, as opposed to testimony. The narrator's scare-quotes lend the bureaucratic phrase a faint irony in the solemn setting."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоял стол","title":"Verb before subject","body":"Russian fronts the locative setting («На средине залы…») and places the verb «стоял» ahead of its subject «стол», so the new item — the table of evidence — lands last as the comment. The free word order, licensed by the case endings, is doing the work English does with \"there stood.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking средине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"средине","lemma":"средина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the middle"},{"surface":"залы","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies средине","gloss":"of the hall"},{"surface":"близ","lemma":"близ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помещения","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"помещения","lemma":"помещение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the quarters"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies помещения","gloss":"of the court"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"a table"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доказательствами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вещественными","lemma":"вещественный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies доказательствами","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"доказательствами","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"modifies стол","gloss":"evidence"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b12-c1-s62","source":"На нем лежали окровавленный шелковый белый халат Федора Павловича, роковой медный пестик, коим было совершено предполагаемое убийство, рубашка Мити с запачканным кровью рукавом, его сюртук весь в кровавых пятнах сзади на месте кармана, в который он сунул тогда свой весь мокрый от крови платок, самый платок, весь заскорузлый от крови, теперь уже совсем пожелтевший, пистолет, заряженный для самоубийства Митей у Перхотина и отобранный у него тихонько в Мокром Трифоном Борисовичем, конверт с надписью, в котором были приготовлены для Грушеньки три тысячи, и розовая тоненькая ленточка, которою он был обвязан, и прочие многие предметы, которых и не упомню.","translation":"On it lay Fyodor Pavlovich's bloodstained white silk dressing gown; the fatal brass pestle with which the supposed murder had been committed; Mitya's shirt with its blood-spattered sleeve; his frock coat, all stained with blood at the back over the pocket into which he had then thrust his handkerchief soaked through with blood; the very handkerchief, all stiff with blood and by now turned quite yellow; the pistol that Mitya had loaded for suicide at Perkhotin's and that Trifon Borisovich had quietly taken from him at Mokroye; the envelope, inscribed, in which the three thousand had been made ready for Grushenka, and the thin pink ribbon with which it had been tied; and many other objects besides, which I no longer recall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На нем лежали окровавленный шелковый белый халат…","title":"Existential inversion piling up a list","body":"The whole vast sentence hangs on one inverted frame: «На нем лежали…» (\"On it lay…\"), verb before a long chain of nominative subjects. Topic-first, comment-last word order lets Dostoevsky line up exhibit after exhibit as a single accumulating sweep."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коим","title":"Archaic «коим» for «которым»","body":"«коим» is the bookish/archaic instrumental of «кой» (\"which\"), equivalent to modern «которым» — \"with which.\" It belongs to the elevated 19th-century legal-narrative register that colours this whole inventory."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коим было совершено предполагаемое убийство","title":"Passive with the instrumental of means","body":"«было совершено» is a periphrastic passive — «быть» plus the short past passive participle «совершено» (\"was committed\"). The instrument «коим» (\"with which\") sits in the instrumental case, the natural case of the means by which something is done."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пестик","title":"«пестик» — the pestle","body":"«пестик» is the heavy pestle (of a mortar-and-pestle), here the murder weapon — «роковой медный пестик», \"the fatal brass pestle.\" The diminutive-looking ending is lexicalised; this is simply the ordinary word for the object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заскорузлый… пожелтевший… заряженный… отобранный","title":"A cascade of past participles","body":"The exhibits are described through stacked past participles — active «пожелтевший» (\"having turned yellow\") and passive «заряженный» (\"loaded\"), «отобранный» (\"taken away\") — each agreeing with its noun like an adjective and compressing a whole который-clause into a word. This participial density is a hallmark of literary Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которою он был обвязан","title":"Relative «которою» in the instrumental","body":"«которою» (archaic instrumental of «который», = modern «которой») takes the instrumental because the ribbon is the means by which the envelope «был обвязан» (\"was tied round\") — again a passive whose agent-or-instrument sits in the instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которых и не упомню","title":"Genitive of negation under «не»","body":"«не упомню» (\"I won't recall\") pulls its object «которых» into the genitive — the genitive of negation, the case a negated verb so often imposes on what would otherwise be its accusative object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"халат","title":"«халат» — dressing gown","body":"Here «халат» is Fyodor Pavlovich's dressing gown / house robe, the bloodstained garment he wore at home — not a hospital gown. The word covers any loose, untailored robe."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"нем","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежали","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"лежали","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"окровавленный","lemma":"окровавить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies халат","gloss":"bloodstained"},{"surface":"шелковый","lemma":"шёлковый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies халат","gloss":"silk"},{"surface":"белый","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies халат","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"халат","lemma":"халат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежали","gloss":"dressing gown"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to халат","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich's"},{"surface":"роковой","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пестик","gloss":"fatal"},{"surface":"медный","lemma":"медный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пестик","gloss":"brass"},{"surface":"пестик","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with халат","gloss":"pestle"},{"surface":"коим","lemma":"коим","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершено","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of совершено","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"совершено","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on пестик","gloss":"committed"},{"surface":"предполагаемое","lemma":"предполагать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies убийство","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"убийство","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive совершено","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"рубашка","lemma":"рубашка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with халат","gloss":"shirt"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to рубашка","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рукавом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"запачканным","lemma":"запачкать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies рукавом","gloss":"stained"},{"surface":"кровью","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запачканным","gloss":"with blood"},{"surface":"рукавом","lemma":"рукав","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"sleeve"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сюртук","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сюртук","lemma":"сюртук","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with халат","gloss":"frock coat"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сюртук","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пятнах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кровавых","lemma":"кровавый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies пятнах","gloss":"bloody"},{"surface":"пятнах","lemma":"пятно","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of сюртук","gloss":"stains"},{"surface":"сзади","lemma":"сзади","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пятнах","gloss":"at the back"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сюртук","gloss":"the place"},{"surface":"кармана","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"of the pocket"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking который","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сунул","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сунул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сунул","lemma":"сунуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on кармана","gloss":"had thrust"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сунул","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of платок","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of платок","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"мокрый","lemma":"мокрый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies платок","gloss":"wet"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мокрый","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сунул","gloss":"handkerchief"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies платок","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with халат","gloss":"handkerchief"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of заскорузлый","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"заскорузлый","lemma":"заскорузлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies платок","gloss":"stiff"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заскорузлый","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожелтевший","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожелтевший","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"пожелтевший","lemma":"пожелтеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with заскорузлый","gloss":"yellowed"},{"surface":"пистолет","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with халат","gloss":"pistol"},{"surface":"заряженный","lemma":"зарядить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying пистолет","gloss":"loaded"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking самоубийства","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"самоубийства","lemma":"самоубийство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заряженный","gloss":"suicide"},{"surface":"Митей","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of заряженный","gloss":"by Mitya"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Перхотина","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Перхотина","lemma":"перхотина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заряженный","gloss":"Perkhotin's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отобранный","lemma":"отобрать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with заряженный","gloss":"taken away"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отобранный","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тихонько","lemma":"тихонько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отобранный","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"мокрый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отобранный","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"Трифоном","lemma":"трифон","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of отобранный","gloss":"by Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисовичем","lemma":"борисович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифоном","gloss":"Borisovich"},{"surface":"конверт","lemma":"конверт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with халат","gloss":"the envelope"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking надписью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"надписью","lemma":"надпись","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies конверт","gloss":"an inscription"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"котором","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приготовлены","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"были","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of приготовлены","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"приготовлены","lemma":"приготовить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on конверт","gloss":"prepared"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньки","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приготовлены","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive приготовлены","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"розовая","lemma":"розовый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ленточка","gloss":"pink"},{"surface":"тоненькая","lemma":"тоненький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ленточка","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"ленточка","lemma":"ленточка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with халат","gloss":"ribbon"},{"surface":"которою","lemma":"которою","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обвязан","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive обвязан","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of обвязан","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"обвязан","lemma":"обвязать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on ленточка","gloss":"tied"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прочие","lemma":"прочие","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies предметы","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies предметы","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"предметы","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with халат","gloss":"objects"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"которых","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of упомню","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упомню","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упомню","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"упомню","lemma":"упомнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on предметы","gloss":"I recall"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b12-c1-s63","source":"На некотором расстоянии дальше, в глубь залы, начинались места для публики, но еще пред балюстрадой стояло несколько кресел для тех свидетелей, уже давших свое показание, которые будут оставлены в зале.","translation":"Some distance farther off, deeper into the hall, the places for the public began, but in front of the balustrade there still stood several chairs for those witnesses who, having already given their testimony, were to remain in the hall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начинались места","title":"Reflexive «-ся» for an intransitive 'began'","body":"«начинались» (\"began, came into being\") carries the clitic «-сь/-ся», here in its middle/intransitive sense: the public seating simply \"began\" at that point, with no one beginning it. The «-ся» turns a transitive verb into a subjectless change-of-state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"свидетелей, уже давших свое показание","title":"Past active participle replacing a clause","body":"«давших» is the past active participle of «дать» (\"who had given\"), in the genitive plural agreeing with «свидетелей». It packs \"witnesses who had already given their testimony\" into one modifier — the bookish alternative to a который-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будут оставлены","title":"Compound future passive","body":"«будут оставлены» = future of «быть» («будут») + short past passive participle «оставлены» (\"will be left/kept\"). The auxiliary supplies the future tense; the participle supplies the passive sense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"балюстрада","title":"«балюстрада» — the courtroom railing","body":"A «балюстрада» is the low balustrade or rail separating the working part of the courtroom from the public gallery — the \"bar\" in the literal architectural sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расстоянии","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"некотором","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of расстоянии","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"расстоянии","lemma":"расстояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of начинались","gloss":"distance"},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"далёкий","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расстоянии","gloss":"farther"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глубь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"глубь","lemma":"глубь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with расстоянии","gloss":"the depths"},{"surface":"залы","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies глубь","gloss":"of the hall"},{"surface":"начинались","lemma":"начинаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of начинались","gloss":"the places"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking публики","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"публики","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies места","gloss":"the public"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стояло","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking балюстрадой","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"балюстрадой","lemma":"балюстрада","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояло","gloss":"the balustrade"},{"surface":"стояло","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начинались","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on кресел","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"кресел","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"subject of стояло","gloss":"chairs"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидетелей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of свидетелей","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies кресел","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давших","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"давших","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying свидетелей","gloss":"having given"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of показание","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of давших","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive оставлены","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of оставлены","gloss":"were to"},{"surface":"оставлены","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on свидетелей","gloss":"remain"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставлены","gloss":"the hall"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b12-c1-s64","source":"В десять часов появился суд в составе председателя, одного члена и одного почетного мирового судьи.","translation":"At ten o'clock the court appeared, consisting of the presiding judge, one associate member, and one honorary justice of the peace.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"появился суд","title":"Perfective entrance, verb-first","body":"«появился» is the perfective past of «появиться» (\"to appear\"), an event that moves the narration forward at the stroke of ten. Placed before its subject «суд», it announces the court's entrance with the same flourish as English \"in came the court.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часов","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часов","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of появился","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"появился","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of появился","gloss":"the court"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking составе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"составе","lemma":"состав","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суд","gloss":"the composition of"},{"surface":"председателя","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies составе","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"одного","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies члена","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"члена","lemma":"член","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with председателя","gloss":"associate member"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"одного","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies судьи","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"почетного","lemma":"почётный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies судьи","gloss":"honorary"},{"surface":"мирового","lemma":"мировой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies судьи","gloss":"justice-of-the-peace"},{"surface":"судьи","lemma":"судья","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with председателя","gloss":"justice"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b12-c1-s65","source":"Разумеется, тотчас же появился и прокурор.","translation":"Naturally, the prosecutor appeared at once as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тотчас же появился и прокурор","title":"«и» as 'also' plus emphatic «же»","body":"Here «и» before «прокурор» means \"also/too\" rather than \"and,\" and the particle «же» reinforces «тотчас» (\"at once\") — \"the prosecutor, too, appeared the very moment.\" The little particle adds the insistent, conversational shrug the narrator gives with «Разумеется» (\"Naturally\")."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разумеется","lemma":"разумеется","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to появился","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появился","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"появился","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прокурор","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of появился","gloss":"the prosecutor"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b12-c1-s66","source":"Председатель был плотный, коренастый человек, ниже среднего роста, с геморроидальным лицом, лет пятидесяти, с темными с проседью волосами, коротко обстриженными, и в красной ленте — не помню уж какого ордена.","translation":"The presiding judge was a thickset, stocky man, below average height, with a hemorrhoidal complexion, about fifty years old, with dark hair shot through with gray, cropped short, and wearing a red ribbon — of what order I no longer recall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лет пятидесяти","title":"Approximate age by inversion","body":"«лет пятидесяти» inverts the usual numeral order — putting «лет» (genitive plural of «год») before the number signals approximation, \"about fifty years (old).\" The genitive throughout («среднего роста», «лет пятидесяти») is the genitive of description and of numerals."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коротко обстриженными","title":"Past passive participle in the instrumental","body":"«обстриженными» is the past passive participle of «обстричь» (\"cropped\"), agreeing with «волосами» in the instrumental — the case governed here by the «с» (\"with\") construction describing his appearance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с проседью","title":"«проседь» — gray streaked through","body":"«проседь» is hair just beginning to gray, dark shot through with gray strands — \"с темными с проседью волосами.\" The prefix «про-» here conveys the gray showing through the dark."}],"words":[{"surface":"Председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to плотный","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"плотный","lemma":"плотный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"thickset"},{"surface":"коренастый","lemma":"коренастый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"stocky"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"ниже","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with человек","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"среднего","lemma":"средний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роста","gloss":"average"},{"surface":"роста","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ниже","gloss":"height"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"геморроидальным","lemma":"геморроидальный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"sallow"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"hemorrhoidal"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with человек","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"пятидесяти","lemma":"пятьдесят","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темными","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"темными","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies волосами","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking проседью","gloss":"touched with"},{"surface":"проседью","lemma":"проседь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies волосами","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"волосами","lemma":"волос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"коротко","lemma":"коротко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обстриженными","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"обстриженными","lemma":"обстричь","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies волосами","gloss":"cropped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ленте","gloss":"wearing"},{"surface":"красной","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ленте","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"ленте","lemma":"лента","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with человек","gloss":"a ribbon"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I recall"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какого","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ордена","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"ордена","lemma":"орден","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of помню","gloss":"order"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b12-c1-s67","source":"Прокурор же показался мне, да и не мне, а всем, очень уж как-то бледным, почти с зеленым лицом, почему-то как бы внезапно похудевшим в одну, может быть, ночь, потому что я всего только третьего дня видел его совсем еще в своем виде.","translation":"The prosecutor, however, struck me — and not me alone, but everyone — as somehow very pale, almost with a greenish face, having for some reason grown thin, as it were, all of a sudden, perhaps in a single night, for only the day before yesterday I had seen him still looking quite himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прокурор же показался мне","title":"Contrastive «же» and dative experiencer","body":"The particle «же» after «Прокурор» sets him in contrast to the presiding judge just described (\"the prosecutor, for his part…\"). «показался мне» puts the perceiver in the dative — «мне» is the one to whom he \"seemed/struck,\" a dative-experiencer pattern."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы внезапно похудевшим","title":"Past active participle in the instrumental predicate","body":"«похудевшим» (\"having grown thin\") is the past active participle of «похудеть», in the instrumental as a predicate complement after «показался» (\"seemed [to be]…\"). The hedging «как бы» (\"as it were\") softens the observation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"третьего дня","title":"«третьего дня» — the day before yesterday","body":"A fixed time expression in the genitive: «третьего дня» literally \"of the third day,\" meaning \"two days ago / the day before yesterday.\" Slightly archaic and bookish to a modern ear."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of показался","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Прокурор","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"показался","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of показался","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"coordinated with мне","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"coordinated with мне","gloss":"to everyone"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бледным","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бледным","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"бледным","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of показался","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зеленым","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"зеленым","lemma":"зелёный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"greenish"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of показался","gloss":"a face"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похудевшим","gloss":"for some reason"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase почему","gloss":"for some reason"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похудевшим","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похудевшим","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"похудевшим","lemma":"похудеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"predicate complement of показался","gloss":"grown thin"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying похудевшим","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"a night"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of видел","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всего","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"the day before"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on показался","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of виде","gloss":"his usual"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"state"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b12-c1-s68","source":"Председатель начал с вопроса судебному приставу: все ли явились присяжные заседатели?..","translation":"The presiding judge began with a question to the bailiff: had all the jurors appeared?..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"все ли явились присяжные заседатели","title":"Indirect yes/no question with «ли»","body":"The enclitic «ли» after the fronted, focused word «все» (\"all\") turns the embedded clause into a \"whether\"-question: \"[asking] whether all the jurors had appeared.\" «ли» is the formal, literary way to mark a yes/no question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопроса","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вопроса","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начал","gloss":"a question"},{"surface":"судебному","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приставу","gloss":"the court"},{"surface":"приставу","lemma":"пристав","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of начал","gloss":"bailiff"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of заседатели","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"явились","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"content clause of вопроса","gloss":"had appeared"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies заседатели","gloss":"sworn"},{"surface":"заседатели","lemma":"заседатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of явились","gloss":"jurors"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b12-c1-s69","source":"Вижу, однако, что так более продолжать не могу, уже потому даже, что многого не расслышал, в другое пропустил вникнуть, третье забыл упомнить, а главное, потому, что, как уже и сказал я выше, если всё припоминать, что было сказано и что произошло, то буквально недостанет у меня ни времени, ни места.","translation":"I see, however, that I cannot go on like this any longer — if only because there was much I did not catch, much else I failed to grasp, and a third thing I forgot to set down; and chiefly because, as I have already said above, if I were to recall everything that was said and that happened, I should literally have neither the time nor the room for it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"более продолжать не могу","title":"Negated modal 'cannot go on'","body":"«не могу» negates the modal «мочь» (\"to be able\"), with the infinitive «продолжать» (\"to continue\"). Note the bookish placement of «не могу» after «более продолжать» — \"continue thus any longer I cannot.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"многого не расслышал","title":"Genitive of negation with «много»","body":"Under negation «не расслышал», the partitive object appears as genitive «многого» (\"much [of it]\"), echoed by «в другое… третье». The genitive of negation is especially natural with vague, non-specific quantities like this."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если всё припоминать… то буквально недостанет","title":"«если… то» with a negated existential","body":"The conditional «если… то» (\"if… then\") frames a hypothetical; its result «недостанет у меня ни времени, ни места» is an impersonal negated existential, so \"neither time nor room\" stands in the genitive «ни времени, ни места» after the negative «недостанет»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни времени, ни места","title":"«ни… ни…» negative concord","body":"«ни… ни…» (\"neither… nor…\") is the intensifying negator that pairs with the verb's own negation («недостанет» = \"there will not suffice\"). Russian negative concord requires both the «ни»-coordination and a negated predicate together."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to Вижу","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжать","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"continue"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Вижу","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of расслышал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"многого","lemma":"многое","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of расслышал","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расслышал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"расслышал","lemma":"расслышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of потому","gloss":"I caught"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другое","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другое","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пропустил","gloss":"another thing"},{"surface":"пропустил","lemma":"пропустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расслышал","gloss":"I failed"},{"surface":"вникнуть","lemma":"вникнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пропустил","gloss":"to grasp"},{"surface":"третье","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of упомнить","gloss":"a third thing"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пропустил","gloss":"I forgot"},{"surface":"упомнить","lemma":"упомнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of забыл","gloss":"to note down"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with потому","gloss":"chiefly"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical dependent of главное","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying недостанет","gloss":"I said"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"выше","lemma":"высоко","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of припоминать","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of припоминать","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"припоминать","lemma":"припоминать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on недостанет","gloss":"to recall"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказано","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of сказано","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сказано","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of припоминать","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказано","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of недостанет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"буквально","lemma":"буквально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недостанет","gloss":"literally"},{"surface":"недостанет","lemma":"недостать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"there will not be enough"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of недостанет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of недостанет","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with времени","gloss":"room"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b12-c1-s70","source":"Знаю только, что присяжных заседателей, тою и другою стороной, то есть защитником и прокурором, отведено было не очень много.","translation":"I know only that not very many of the jurors were challenged off by either side — that is, by the defense and the prosecution.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отведено было не очень много","title":"Impersonal passive with the agent in the instrumental","body":"«отведено было» is a short past passive participle plus «быть» (\"were challenged/struck off\"), used impersonally. The challenging parties — «тою и другою стороной… защитником и прокурором» — stand in the instrumental, the case of the agent of a passive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отведено","title":"«отвести» — to challenge (a juror)","body":"«отвести присяжного» is the legal idiom for peremptorily challenging or striking a juror — each side could \"challenge off\" («отвести») a number of candidates. The narrator notes that few were so removed here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тою и другою стороной","title":"Archaic instrumental «тою / другою»","body":"«тою» and «другою» are the older, fuller feminine instrumental endings (-ою) for modern «той / другой» — \"by the one and the other side.\" The -ою forms are a literary, period-flavoured variant kept by 19th-century prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Знаю","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отведено","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"присяжных","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies заседателей","gloss":"sworn"},{"surface":"заседателей","lemma":"заседатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"quantified by много","gloss":"jurors"},{"surface":"тою","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороной","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другою","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тою","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"стороной","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отведено","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the phrase есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"защитником","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to стороной","gloss":"the defense"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прокурором","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with защитником","gloss":"the prosecution"},{"surface":"отведено","lemma":"отвести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"were challenged off"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of отведено","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отведено","gloss":"many"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b12-c1-s71","source":"Состав же двенадцати присяжных запомнил: четыре наших чиновника, два купца и шесть крестьян и мещан нашего города.","translation":"The makeup of the twelve jurors, though, I do remember: four of our officials, two merchants, and six peasants and townsmen of our town.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Состав же двенадцати присяжных запомнил","title":"Topicalising «же» and a dropped subject","body":"«же» again marks a contrastive turn (\"the composition, on the other hand, I do remember\"), and the object «состав» is fronted ahead of the verb «запомнил», whose subject \"I\" is dropped because the ending carries it. Topic-comment ordering at work."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"четыре наших чиновника, два купца","title":"Genitive singular after 2–4","body":"After «четыре» and «два» the counted noun takes the genitive singular — «четыре… чиновника», «два купца» — while after «шесть» it shifts to genitive plural «крестьян и мещан». This is the numeral-case rule of Russian in miniature."}],"words":[{"surface":"Состав","lemma":"состав","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of запомнил (implied subject я)","gloss":"the makeup"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"contrastive particle, modifies Состав","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"двенадцати","lemma":"двенадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies присяжных","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"присяжных","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Состав","gloss":"of the jurors"},{"surface":"запомнил","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject я, implied)","gloss":"I remember"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on чиновника","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of чиновника","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"чиновника","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Состав, enumerating it","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on купца","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"купца","lemma":"купец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with чиновника","gloss":"merchants"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on крестьян","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"крестьян","lemma":"крестьянин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with чиновника","gloss":"peasants"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мещан","lemma":"мещанин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with крестьян","gloss":"townsmen"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of города","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крестьян and мещан","gloss":"town"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b12-c1-s72","source":"У нас в обществе, я помню, еще задолго до суда, с некоторым удивлением спрашивали, особенно дамы: «Неужели такое тонкое, сложное и психологическое дело будет отдано на роковое решение каким-то чиновникам и, наконец, мужикам, и что-де поймет тут какой-нибудь такой чиновник, тем более мужик?»","translation":"In our society, I remember, even long before the trial, people would ask with a certain wonder, especially the ladies: \"Can it really be that so subtle, so complicated and psychological a case is to be handed over for fateful decision to some officials and, in the end, to peasants — and what on earth will some such official, let alone a peasant, make of it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Неужели… будет отдано на роковое решение","title":"«неужели» — incredulous question particle","body":"«Неужели» opens a rhetorical, almost scandalised question — \"Can it really be that…?\" — colouring the ladies' disbelief. «будет отдано» is a compound future passive (future of «быть» + short participle «отдано»), \"is to be handed over.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каким-то чиновникам… какой-нибудь такой чиновник","title":"«-то» vs «-нибудь» indefinites","body":"«каким-то» marks specific-but-dismissive \"some (particular) officials,\" while «какой-нибудь» is the fully non-specific \"any such official at all\" — the two indefinite series the ladies use to belittle the jurors. The contrast between «-то» (some definite one) and «-нибудь» (any one whatever) is a classic reading point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-де поймет тут","title":"Reportative particle «-де»","body":"The clitic «-де» (here «что-де») flags reported speech with a tinge of the speaker's distance or skepticism — \"and what, [they say], will such an official make of it.\" It is an old colloquial marker that the narrator slips in to ventriloquise the ladies."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мужикам","title":"«мужик» — peasant (with a class edge)","body":"«мужик» is the plain word for a peasant man, but in genteel mouths like these ladies' it carries condescension — the simple muzhik set against the \"subtle, psychological\" case. The shift from neutral «крестьянин» to «мужик» is itself characterisation."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"idiom у нас, modifies обществе","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"обществе","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивали","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause, coordinated with спрашивали","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задолго","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"задолго","lemma":"задолго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрашивали","gloss":"long before"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суда","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of задолго","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"некоторым","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of удивлением","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивали","gloss":"wonder"},{"surface":"спрашивали","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"people would ask"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дамы","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of спрашивали","gloss":"the ladies"},{"surface":"Неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the rhetorical question, modifies отдано","gloss":"can it really be"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"тонкое","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"subtle"},{"surface":"сложное","lemma":"сложный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with тонкое","gloss":"complicated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"психологическое","lemma":"психологический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with тонкое","gloss":"psychological"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive отдано","gloss":"a case"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of отдано","gloss":"is to be"},{"surface":"отдано","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"handed over"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking решение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"роковое","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies решение","gloss":"fateful"},{"surface":"решение","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдано","gloss":"decision"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of чиновникам","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun каким-то","gloss":"-some"},{"surface":"чиновникам","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of отдано","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мужикам","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"мужикам","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with чиновникам","gloss":"peasants"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of поймет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"hearsay particle, modifies поймет","gloss":"they say","note":"Archaic reported-speech particle marking that this is someone else's supposed reasoning, not the narrator's own claim."},{"surface":"поймет","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"second verb of the rhetorical question, contrasted with отдано","gloss":"will understand"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поймет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of чиновник","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of какой-нибудь, determiner of чиновник","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of чиновник","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"чиновник","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поймет","gloss":"an official"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom тем более, modifies мужик","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom тем более, modifies мужик","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"elliptical, contrasted with чиновник","gloss":"a peasant"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b12-c1-s73","source":"В самом деле, все эти четыре чиновника, попавшие в состав присяжных, были люди мелкие, малочиновные, седые — один только из них был несколько помоложе, — в обществе нашем малоизвестные, прозябавшие на мелком жалованье, имевшие, должно быть, старых жен, которых никуда нельзя показать, и по куче детей, может быть даже босоногих, много-много что развлекавшие свой досуг где-нибудь картишками и уж, разумеется, никогда не прочитавшие ни одной книги.","translation":"Indeed, all four of these officials who had ended up on the jury were petty people, of the lower ranks, gray-haired — only one of them was somewhat younger — little known in our society, eking out a living on meager salaries, having, no doubt, old wives whom they could not show anywhere and a heap of children, perhaps even barefoot ones, at most beguiling their leisure somewhere over a hand of cards, and, needless to say, never in their lives having read a single book.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"попавшие… прозябавшие… имевшие… развлекавшие… не прочитавшие","title":"A chain of past active participles","body":"The four officials are characterised by a long string of past active participles in the nominative plural — «попавшие» (who had ended up), «прозябавшие» (vegetating), «имевшие» (having), «развлекавшие» (amusing), «не прочитавшие» (never having read). This dense participial chaining is quintessential 19th-century literary syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда не прочитавшие ни одной книги","title":"Triple negation, single meaning","body":"«никогда… не… ни одной» stacks three negatives — \"never not a single\" — yet means simply \"never read a single book.\" Russian negative concord requires the «не» on the verb even alongside «никогда» and «ни одной»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прозябавшие","title":"«прозябать» — to vegetate, eke out a dreary existence","body":"«прозябать» means to drag out a stagnant, dim existence — literally close to \"to vegetate.\" «прозябавшие на мелком жалованье» paints the officials languishing on their meager pay."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"картишками","title":"Pejorative diminutive «картишки»","body":"«картишки» is a dismissive diminutive of «карты» (cards) — \"a little hand of cards,\" the petty card-play with which these dreary men «развлекали свой досуг». The -ишк- suffix here belittles the pastime as cheap and trivial."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom в самом деле, modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"idiom в самом деле, modifies были","gloss":"fact (indeed)"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of чиновника","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of чиновника","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies чиновника","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"чиновника","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of были","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"попавшие","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying чиновника","gloss":"who had ended up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состав","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"состав","lemma":"состав","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попавшие","gloss":"the makeup"},{"surface":"присяжных","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies состав","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb (copula) of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement, describes чиновника","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"мелкие","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"petty"},{"surface":"малочиновные","lemma":"малочиновный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with мелкие","gloss":"of low rank"},{"surface":"седые","lemma":"седой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with мелкие","gloss":"gray-haired"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies из них","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"partitive complement of один","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to помоложе","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помоложе","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"помоложе","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of один","gloss":"younger"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"обществе","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of малоизвестные","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обществе","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"малоизвестные","lemma":"малоизвестный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with мелкие, modifies люди","gloss":"little known"},{"surface":"прозябавшие","lemma":"прозябать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying люди","gloss":"eking out a living"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жалованье","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"мелком","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies жалованье","gloss":"meager"},{"surface":"жалованье","lemma":"жалованье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прозябавшие","gloss":"salary"},{"surface":"имевшие","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying люди","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom должно быть, modifies жен","gloss":"no doubt"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно (idiom должно быть)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"старых","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies жен","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"жен","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of имевшие","gloss":"wives"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of показать","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"никуда","lemma":"никуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показать","gloss":"nowhere"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"relative-clause predicate on жен, governs показать","gloss":"could not"},{"surface":"показать","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of нельзя","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking куче","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"куче","lemma":"куча","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"second object of имевшие, coordinated with жен","gloss":"a heap"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies куче","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom может быть, modifies босоногих","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может (idiom может быть)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies босоногих","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"босоногих","lemma":"босоногий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies детей","gloss":"barefoot"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom много-много что, modifies развлекавшие","gloss":"at most"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom много-много что","gloss":"at most"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom много-много что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"развлекавшие","lemma":"развлекать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying люди","gloss":"beguiling"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of досуг","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"досуг","lemma":"досуг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of развлекавшие","gloss":"leisure"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of где-нибудь, modifies картишками","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of где-нибудь, modifies картишками","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"картишками","lemma":"картишки","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of развлекавшие","gloss":"a hand of cards"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разумеется","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"modifies прочитавшие","gloss":"needless to say"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочитавшие","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прочитавшие","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прочитавшие","lemma":"прочитать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying люди","gloss":"having read"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одной","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies книги","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"книги","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прочитавшие","gloss":"book"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b12-c1-s74","source":"Два же купца имели хоть и степенный вид, но были как-то странно молчаливы и неподвижны; один из них брил бороду и был одет по-немецки; другой, с седенькою бородкой, имел на шее, на красной ленте, какую-то медаль.","translation":"The two merchants did have a sedate enough air, but were somehow strangely silent and motionless; one of them shaved his beard and was dressed in the German fashion; the other, with a little gray beard, wore on his neck, on a red ribbon, some sort of medal.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"имели хоть и степенный вид, но…","title":"Concessive «хоть и… но…»","body":"«хоть и… но…» sets up a concession: \"though they did have a sedate air, yet they were…\" The pattern lets the narrator grant the merchants their dignity before undercutting it with their strange silence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с седенькою бородкой","title":"Affectionate diminutives «седенькая бородка»","body":"Both words carry softening diminutive suffixes: «седенькая» (from «седой», gray) with -еньк-, and «бородка» (from «борода») — \"a dear little gray beard.\" The diminutives lend the second merchant a faintly fond, homely touch. Note the archaic instrumental ending «-ою»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"одет по-немецки","title":"«по-немецки» — in the German (Western) fashion","body":"The adverb «по-немецки» means dressed in Western European style rather than traditional Russian dress (kaftan, beard). For a merchant to shave and dress \"German\" signals modernity; keeping the beard and old dress signals traditional Old-Russian piety. The contrast is socially loaded."}],"words":[{"surface":"Два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"quantifies купца","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Два","gloss":"for their part"},{"surface":"купца","lemma":"купец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имели","gloss":"merchants"},{"surface":"имели","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom хоть и, modifies степенный","gloss":"albeit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom хоть и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"степенный","lemma":"степенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"sedate"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имели","gloss":"an air"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to молчаливы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom как-то, modifies странно","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom как-то","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчаливы","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"молчаливы","lemma":"молчаливый","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"predicate complement of купца","gloss":"silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неподвижны","lemma":"неподвижный","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"coordinated with молчаливы","gloss":"motionless"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of брил","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"partitive complement of один","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"брил","lemma":"брить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"shaved"},{"surface":"бороду","lemma":"борода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of брил","gloss":"his beard"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of одет","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"одет","lemma":"одеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with брил","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of по-немецки, modifies одет","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"немецки","lemma":"немецки","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of по-немецки, modifies одет","gloss":"German fashion"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бородкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"седенькою","lemma":"седенький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бородкой","gloss":"little gray"},{"surface":"бородкой","lemma":"бородка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имел","gloss":"beard"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"wore"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"шее","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имел","gloss":"his neck"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ленте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"красной","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ленте","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"ленте","lemma":"лента","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"second oblique complement of имел, coordinated with шее","gloss":"a ribbon"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of медаль","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of какую-то","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"медаль","lemma":"медаль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"medal"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b12-c1-s75","source":"Про мещан и крестьян и говорить нечего.","translation":"Of the townsmen and peasants there is nothing to say.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и говорить нечего","title":"Negative pronoun «нечего» + infinitive","body":"«нечего» is the negative \"there is nothing to,\" governing an infinitive: «и говорить нечего» = \"there's nothing even to say.\" These «не-» pronouns (нечего, некого, негде) form impersonal constructions where the logical subject, if present, would be dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мещан","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"мещан","lemma":"мещанин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"object of Про, complement of говорить","gloss":"the townsmen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крестьян","lemma":"крестьянин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with мещан","gloss":"peasants"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies говорить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of нечего","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative pronoun","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"there is nothing"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b12-c1-s76","source":"Наши скотопригоньевские мещане почти те же крестьяне, даже пашут.","translation":"Our Skotoprigonyevsk townsmen are almost the same as peasants; they even plow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти те же крестьяне, даже пашут","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"\"Our townsmen are almost the same peasants\" needs no verb \"to be\" — Russian uses no present-tense copula, so «мещане почти те же крестьяне» links subject and predicate directly. «даже пашут» (\"they even plow\") then adds the clinching present-tense detail."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мещане","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"скотопригоньевские","lemma":"скотопригоньевский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мещане","gloss":"Skotoprigonyevsk"},{"surface":"мещане","lemma":"мещанин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of the sentence (predicate крестьяне)","gloss":"townsmen"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крестьяне","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"part of те же, modifies крестьяне","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom те же (same)","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"крестьяне","lemma":"крестьянин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of мещане","gloss":"peasants"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пашут","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пашут","lemma":"пахать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"second predicate, coordinated with мещане","gloss":"they plow"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b12-c1-s77","source":"Двое из них были тоже в немецком платье и оттого-то, может быть, грязнее и непригляднее на вид, чем остальные четверо.","translation":"Two of them were likewise in German dress, and on that account, perhaps, dirtier and less prepossessing in appearance than the other four.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"грязнее и непригляднее на вид, чем остальные","title":"Comparatives in «-ее» with «чем»","body":"«грязнее» and «непригляднее» are predicative comparatives in «-ее» (\"dirtier,\" \"less prepossessing\"), completed by «чем остальные четверо» (\"than the other four\"). The invariable «-ее» comparative is the standard predicative form."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"непригляднее","title":"«неприглядный» — unsightly, unprepossessing","body":"«неприглядный» means unattractive, unsightly, unprepossessing — literally \"not nice to look at.\" Its comparative «непригляднее» here ranks two of the peasants as even less presentable than their fellows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Двое","lemma":"двое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of были","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"partitive complement of Двое","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb (copula) of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies платье","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking платье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"немецком","lemma":"немецкий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies платье","gloss":"German"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of Двое","gloss":"dress"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оттого","lemma":"оттого","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of оттого-то, modifies грязнее","gloss":"for that reason"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom оттого-то","gloss":"(emphatic marker)"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom может быть, modifies грязнее","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может (idiom может быть)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"грязнее","lemma":"грязный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of Двое, coordinated with были","gloss":"dirtier"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"непригляднее","lemma":"неприглядный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with грязнее","gloss":"less prepossessing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вид","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of непригляднее","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with четверо","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"остальные","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies четверо","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"четверо","lemma":"четверо","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"complement of чем, compared with Двое","gloss":"four"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b12-c1-s78","source":"Так что действительно могла зайти мысль, как зашла и мне, например, только что я их рассмотрел: «Что могут такие постичь в таком деле?»","translation":"So that one might really be visited by the thought — as it visited me, for instance, the moment I had looked them over: \"What can such men grasp in a case like this?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"могла зайти мысль, как зашла и мне","title":"Dative experiencer of an arriving thought","body":"The thought \"could come\" («могла зайти мысль») and \"came\" («зашла»); the one to whom it came stands in the dative — «мне» (\"to me\"). Russian frames a thought striking someone as the thought coming to them, an impersonal-leaning, dative-experiencer pattern."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что могут такие постичь","title":"Fronted object «Что» and bookish «постичь»","body":"The interrogative object «Что» is fronted for emphasis (\"What can such men grasp?\"), with the subject «такие» (\"such [men]\") and verb «могут постичь» following. «постичь» (\"to comprehend, fathom\") is an elevated, bookish verb fitting the lofty doubt being voiced."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of idiom так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, governs зайти (subject мысль)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"зайти","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"occur"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла зайти","gloss":"the thought"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of зашла","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"зашла","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the comparative clause, parallel to могла зайти","gloss":"it occurred"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer dative of зашла","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"modifies зашла","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom только что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of idiom только что, introduces temporal clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассмотрел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of рассмотрел","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"рассмотрел","lemma":"рассмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"had looked over"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of постичь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural (used as pronoun)","role":"subject of могут","gloss":"such men"},{"surface":"постичь","lemma":"постичь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"grasp"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of деле","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of постичь","gloss":"a case"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b12-c1-s79","source":"Тем не менее лица их производили какое-то странно внушительное и почти грозящее впечатление, были строги и нахмурены.","translation":"Nonetheless their faces produced a somehow strangely imposing and almost menacing impression; they were stern and frowning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"были строги и нахмурены","title":"Short-form predicate adjectives/participles","body":"«строги» (short form of «строгий», \"stern\") and «нахмурены» (short past passive participle of «нахмурить», \"frowning\") are predicative short forms after «были», naming a present state of their faces. The short form is the bookish, properly predicative choice here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"странно внушительное и почти грозящее впечатление","title":"Present active participle as modifier","body":"«грозящее» is the present active participle of «грозить» (\"threatening, menacing\"), used adjectivally with «впечатление». It agrees in neuter singular and stacks with «внушительное» to make the jurors' faces seem alive with menace."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom тем не менее","gloss":"none"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom тем не менее","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom тем не менее","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of производили","gloss":"faces"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural (possessive)","role":"determiner of лица","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"производили","lemma":"производить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"produced"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of впечатление","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of какое-то","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies внушительное","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"внушительное","lemma":"внушительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"imposing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грозящее","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"грозящее","lemma":"грозящий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with внушительное","gloss":"menacing"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of производили","gloss":"an impression"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to строги","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"строги","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"predicate complement of лица","gloss":"stern"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нахмурены","lemma":"нахмурить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with строги","gloss":"frowning"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b12-c1-s80","source":"Наконец председатель объявил к слушанию дело об убийстве отставного титулярного советника Федора Павловича Карамазова — не помню вполне, как он тогда выразился.","translation":"At last the presiding judge declared open for hearing the case of the murder of the retired titular councillor Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov — I do not quite remember how he put it then.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"объявил к слушанию дело об убийстве","title":"Genitive chains and case after «о/об»","body":"A stack of genitives links the nouns — «дело об убийстве… советника… Карамазова» (\"the case of the murder of the councillor Karamazov\") — while «об убийстве» itself sits in the prepositional after «об» (\"concerning\"). The genitive-of chain is how Russian builds such legal phrases."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объявил","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слушанию","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"слушанию","lemma":"слушание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of объявил","gloss":"hearing"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of объявил","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убийстве","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"убийстве","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"the murder"},{"surface":"отставного","lemma":"отставной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies советника","gloss":"retired"},{"surface":"титулярного","lemma":"титулярный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies советника","gloss":"titular"},{"surface":"советника","lemma":"советник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убийстве","gloss":"councillor"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to советника","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"second main verb, parenthetical aside","gloss":"I do remember"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выразился","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выразился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"выразился","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of помню","gloss":"put it"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b12-c1-s81","source":"Судебному приставу велено было ввести подсудимого, и вот появился Митя.","translation":"The bailiff was ordered to bring in the defendant, and now Mitya appeared.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Судебному приставу велено было ввести подсудимого","title":"Impersonal passive with a dative recipient","body":"«велено было» is an impersonal short passive participle (\"it was ordered\"), and the one ordered stands in the dative — «судебному приставу» (\"to the bailiff\"). The construction has no nominative subject at all; the order is simply \"given to\" the bailiff."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митя","title":"«Митя» — the intimate form of Dmitri","body":"«Митя» is the affectionate diminutive of «Дмитрий», the name the warm narrator uses throughout — against the cold official «подсудимый» (defendant) and the formal «Дмитрий Карамазов» Mitya gives himself. The choice of name is itself a stance toward him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Судебному","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приставу","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"приставу","lemma":"пристав","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of велено","gloss":"the bailiff"},{"surface":"велено","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was ordered"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to велено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ввести","lemma":"ввести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велено","gloss":"to bring in"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ввести","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies появился","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"появился","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with велено","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of появился","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b12-c1-s82","source":"Всё затихло в зале, муху можно было услышать.","translation":"Everything in the hall fell silent; you could have heard a fly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё затихло","title":"Perfective «затихнуть» with inceptive «за-»","body":"«затихло» is the perfective past of «затихнуть» — the prefix «за-» gives an inceptive, \"fell quiet / hushed\" sense, a single completed event. Against the imperfective background, this perfective snaps the hall into sudden silence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"муху можно было услышать","title":"Impersonal «можно было» of possibility","body":"«можно было услышать» is an impersonal modal — «можно» (\"it was possible\") + infinitive — with no nominative subject; \"one could have heard a fly.\" The thing heard, «муху», is the accusative object of «услышать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of затихло","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"затихло","lemma":"затихнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of затихло","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"муху","lemma":"муха","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of услышать","gloss":"a fly"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"second main verb, coordinated with затихло","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"услышать","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можно","gloss":"hear"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b12-c1-s83","source":"Не знаю как на других, но вид Мити произвел на меня самое неприятное впечатление.","translation":"I do not know how it was for others, but the sight of Mitya made a most unpleasant impression on me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вид Мити произвел на меня самое неприятное впечатление","title":"Idiom «произвести впечатление на кого»","body":"«произвести впечатление на + accusative» is the set phrase \"to make an impression on (someone)\" — here «на меня», accusative after «на». «произвёл» is the perfective past, registering the impression as a single, decisive event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the indirect question","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking других","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of как (idiom как на других)","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произвел","gloss":"the sight"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"of Mitya"},{"surface":"произвел","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of произвел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies неприятное","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"неприятное","lemma":"неприятный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"unpleasant"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвел","gloss":"an impression"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b12-c1-s84","source":"Главное, он явился ужасным франтом, в новом с иголочки сюртуке.","translation":"Above all, he turned up a dreadful dandy, in a brand-new, fresh-off-the-tailor frock coat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он явился ужасным франтом","title":"Instrumental predicate after «явиться»","body":"«явился… франтом» — \"he appeared [as] a dreadful dandy\" — puts the predicate noun «франтом» in the instrumental, the case predicate nouns take after «явиться», «быть», «стать». It frames \"dandy\" as the role he showed up in."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"франт… с иголочки","title":"«франт» and «с иголочки»","body":"«франт» is a dandy, a man overdressed and vain about his clothes. «с иголочки» (lit. \"straight from the needle\") is the idiom for brand-new, freshly tailored — \"a frock coat fresh off the tailor's needle.\" Together they sketch Mitya's disastrously showy turnout."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, modifies явился","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"явился","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned up"},{"surface":"ужасным","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies франтом","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"франтом","lemma":"франт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of явился","gloss":"dandy"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сюртуке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"новом","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сюртуке","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom с иголочки","gloss":"fresh from"},{"surface":"иголочки","lemma":"иголочка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"part of idiom с иголочки, modifies новом","gloss":"the needle","note":"с иголочки is an idiom for brand-new, fresh from the tailor's needle."},{"surface":"сюртуке","lemma":"сюртук","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies франтом","gloss":"frock coat"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b12-c1-s85","source":"Я узнал потом, что он нарочно заказал к этому дню себе сюртук в Москве, прежнему портному, у которого сохранилась его мерка.","translation":"I learned afterward that he had deliberately ordered a frock coat made for himself for that day, in Moscow, from his former tailor, who still had his measurements on file.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у которого сохранилась его мерка","title":"Relative «у которого» of possession","body":"The relative «который» takes the form its own clause demands: here genitive after «у» in the possessive «у которого… сохранилась мерка» (\"with whom his measurements had been kept\"). «сохранилась» is a «-ся» middle — the measurements \"survived/were kept on file\" intransitively."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мерка","title":"«мерка» — tailor's measurements","body":"«мерка» here is the set of measurements a tailor takes and keeps for a client — the \"pattern\" on file. That his former Moscow tailor still had Mitya's «мерка» lets him order a coat without a fitting, sharpening the absurd vanity of the gesture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заказал","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"заказал","lemma":"заказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of узнал","gloss":"had ordered"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дню","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дню","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дню","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заказал","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of заказал","gloss":"for himself"},{"surface":"сюртук","lemma":"сюртук","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заказал","gloss":"a frock coat"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заказал","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies портному","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"портному","lemma":"портной","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel dative to Москве, oblique complement of заказал","gloss":"tailor"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сохранилась","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"сохранилась","lemma":"сохраниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on портному","gloss":"had been kept"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of мерка","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мерка","lemma":"мерка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сохранилась","gloss":"measurements"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b12-c1-s86","source":"Был он в новешеньких черных лайковых перчатках и в щегольском белье.","translation":"He was in brand-new black kid gloves and dapper linen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"новешеньких","title":"Intensive diminutive «новешенький»","body":"«новёшенький» is an expressive form of «новый» — the «-ёшеньк-» suffix intensifies rather than shrinks, \"brand-spanking-new.\" It loads the gloves with the same overdone freshness as Mitya's whole dandy's outfit."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лайковых перчатках","title":"«лайковые перчатки» — kid gloves","body":"«лайка» is fine, soft kidskin leather; «лайковые перчатки» are kid gloves, a marker of fashionable gentility. The detail underlines Mitya dressing for the dock as if for a society occasion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking перчатках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"новешеньких","lemma":"новёшенький","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies перчатках","gloss":"brand-new"},{"surface":"черных","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies перчатках","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"лайковых","lemma":"лайковый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies перчатках","gloss":"kid"},{"surface":"перчатках","lemma":"перчатка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Был","gloss":"gloves"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking белье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"щегольском","lemma":"щегольский","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies белье","gloss":"dapper"},{"surface":"белье","lemma":"бельё","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with перчатках","gloss":"linen"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b12-c1-s87","source":"Он прошел своими длинными аршинными шагами, прямо до неподвижности смотря пред собою, и сел на свое место с самым бестрепетным видом.","translation":"He walked in with his long, yard-wide strides, staring straight ahead to the point of immobility, and sat down in his place with the most undaunted air.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прямо до неподвижности смотря пред собою","title":"Imperfective gerund «смотря»","body":"«смотря» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») of «смотреть» — \"(while) gazing\" — an adverbial of attendant circumstance running alongside the main verbs «прошёл… и сел». It must share Mitya as subject, and it is a signature of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аршинными шагами","title":"«аршинными» — strides of an arshin","body":"«аршин» is an old Russian unit of length, about 71 cm (28 inches). «аршинными шагами» — \"with arshin-long strides\" — measures Mitya's exaggerated, theatrical gait by the archaic yardstick, a period-flavoured way of saying \"yard-wide steps.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред собою","title":"Reflexive «себя» after a preposition","body":"«пред собою» (\"before himself\") uses the instrumental «собою» of the reflexive pronoun «себя», which always refers back to the clause's subject (Mitya) and never appears in the nominative. «пред» is the bookish form of «перед»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked in"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of шагами","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"длинными","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies шагами","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"аршинными","lemma":"аршинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies шагами","gloss":"yard-wide"},{"surface":"шагами","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"strides"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неподвижности","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"неподвижности","lemma":"неподвижность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of до, modifies смотря","gloss":"immobility"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прошел","gloss":"staring"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"object of preposition пред","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошел","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of место","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бестрепетным","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"бестрепетным","lemma":"бестрепетный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"undaunted"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"air"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b12-c1-s88","source":"Тут же сейчас же явился и защитник, знаменитый Фетюкович, и как бы какой-то подавленный гул пронесся в зале.","translation":"At that very instant the counsel for the defense appeared as well — the celebrated Fetyukovich — and a kind of suppressed murmur ran through the hall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы какой-то подавленный гул пронесся","title":"Hedging «как бы» and perfective «пронёсся»","body":"«как бы» (\"as it were, a kind of\") softens the narrator's claim, while «пронёсся» — perfective past of «пронестись», with «-ся» — captures the murmur sweeping through the hall as one swift completed event. «подавленный» is a past passive participle, \"suppressed.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явился","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"явился","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies защитник","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"защитник","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явился","gloss":"the counsel for the defense"},{"surface":"знаменитый","lemma":"знаменитый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Фетюкович","gloss":"celebrated"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"Фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to защитник","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies гул","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of какой-то, determiner of гул","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of какой-то, determiner of гул","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"подавленный","lemma":"подавленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гул","gloss":"suppressed"},{"surface":"гул","lemma":"гул","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пронесся","gloss":"murmur"},{"surface":"пронесся","lemma":"пронестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with явился","gloss":"ran through"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пронесся","gloss":"hall"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b12-c1-s89","source":"Это был длинный, сухой человек, с длинными, тонкими ногами, с чрезвычайно длинными, бледными, тонкими пальцами, с обритым лицом, со скромно причесанными, довольно короткими волосами, с тонкими, изредка кривившимися не то насмешкой, не.то улыбкой губами.","translation":"He was a tall, lean man, with long, thin legs, with exceedingly long, pale, thin fingers, a clean-shaven face, modestly combed and rather short hair, and thin lips that now and then curled into something between a sneer and a smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с длинными, тонкими ногами… с обритым лицом","title":"Stacked «с» + instrumental description","body":"The portrait is built from a chain of «с» (\"with\") phrases, each governing the instrumental — «с… ногами… с… пальцами… с обритым лицом…». «с» (with) takes the instrumental, the case here used to itemise the man's features."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"изредка кривившимися… губами","title":"Past active participle in the instrumental","body":"«кривившимися» is the past active participle of «кривиться» (with «-ся»), agreeing with «губами» in the instrumental — \"lips that now and then curled.\" A whole который-clause (\"lips which kept curling\") is folded into one participle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то насмешкой, не то улыбкой","title":"«не то… не то…» — 'either… or…' uncertain","body":"«не то… не то…» expresses the narrator's inability to decide between two options — \"something between a sneer and a smile.\" The nouns «насмешкой, улыбкой» stand in the instrumental as the manner of the curling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to человек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"длинный","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"сухой","lemma":"сухой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with длинный","gloss":"lean"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominative of был","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"длинными","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies ногами","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"тонкими","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with длинными","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"ногами","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальцами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies длинными","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"длинными","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies пальцами","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"бледными","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with длинными","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"тонкими","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with длинными","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"пальцами","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"обритым","lemma":"обритый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"clean-shaven"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking причесанными","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"скромно","lemma":"скромно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies причесанными","gloss":"modestly"},{"surface":"причесанными","lemma":"причёсанный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies волосами","gloss":"combed"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies короткими","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"короткими","lemma":"короткий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies волосами","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"волосами","lemma":"волос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тонкими","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies губами","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"изредка","lemma":"изредка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кривившимися","gloss":"now and then"},{"surface":"кривившимися","lemma":"кривившийся","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies губами","gloss":"curling"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom не то...не то, negates то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom не то...не то, modifies насмешкой","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"насмешкой","lemma":"насмешка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кривившимися","gloss":"a sneer"},{"surface":"не.то","lemma":"не то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom не то...не то, modifies улыбкой","gloss":"or quite"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with насмешкой, oblique complement of кривившимися","gloss":"a smile"},{"surface":"губами","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"lips"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b12-c1-s90","source":"На вид ему было лет сорок.","translation":"He looked to be about forty.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На вид ему было лет сорок","title":"Dative of age in an impersonal frame","body":"Russian states age impersonally with the dative: «ему было лет сорок» = literally \"to him there was about forty years.\" The person whose age it is stands in the dative «ему», with no nominative subject — and «лет сорок» (inverted) marks the approximation."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom на вид","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom на вид, modifies было","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of было","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of было","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"сорок","lemma":"сорок","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"forty"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b12-c1-s91","source":"Лицо его было бы и приятным, если бы не глаза его, сами по себе небольшие и невыразительные, но до редкости близко один от другого поставленные, так что их разделяла всего только одна тонкая косточка его продолговатого тонкого носа.","translation":"His face would have been pleasant, were it not for his eyes, which in themselves were small and inexpressive, but set rarely close to each other, so that they were divided only by the single thin little bone of his long, narrow nose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лицо его было бы и приятным, если бы не глаза","title":"Conditional with «бы… если бы не…»","body":"This is the irrealis: «было бы… приятным» (past form + «бы» = \"would have been pleasant\") with the counterfactual condition «если бы не глаза» (\"were it not for his eyes\"). The predicate «приятным» sits in the instrumental after «было»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"их разделяла всего только одна тонкая косточка","title":"Object-first word order","body":"The object «их» (\"them,\" the eyes) is fronted before the verb «разделяла» and its subject «косточка» — \"them there divided only a single thin little bone.\" Cases keep roles clear, so the topic (the eyes) can lead and the new detail (the nose-bone) land last."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"косточка","title":"Diminutive «косточка»","body":"«косточка» is the diminutive of «кость» (bone) — \"a little bone,\" here the thin ridge of nasal bone between Fetyukovich's too-close eyes. The diminutive sharpens the fastidious, almost squeamish precision of the portrait."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to приятным","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"forms conditional with было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приятным","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"приятным","lemma":"приятный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of idiom если бы не","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of idiom если бы не","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom если бы не, negates глаза","gloss":"not for"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of небольшие","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies небольшие","gloss":"in themselves"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"part of idiom сами по себе, modifies сами","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"небольшие","lemma":"небольшой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"невыразительные","lemma":"невыразительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with небольшие","gloss":"inexpressive"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom до редкости","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"редкости","lemma":"редкость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"part of idiom до редкости, intensifies близко","gloss":"a rare degree"},{"surface":"близко","lemma":"близко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поставленные","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom один от другого, modifies поставленные","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of один","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"поставленные","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with небольшие, modifies глаза","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of разделяла","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of разделяла","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"разделяла","lemma":"разделять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the так что clause","gloss":"divided"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одна","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одна","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies косточка","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"тонкая","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies косточка","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"косточка","lemma":"косточка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of разделяла","gloss":"little bone"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of носа","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"продолговатого","lemma":"продолговатый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies носа","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"тонкого","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies носа","gloss":"narrow"},{"surface":"носа","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies косточка","gloss":"nose"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b12-c1-s92","source":"Словом, физиономия эта имела в себе что-то резко птичье, что поражало.","translation":"In a word, this physiognomy had in it something sharply birdlike, which struck one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то резко птичье, что поражало","title":"Correlative «что-то… что»","body":"«что-то… что» pairs an indefinite \"something\" with a relative \"which\": \"something sharply birdlike, which struck one.\" The relative «что» (rather than «которое») picks up the whole indefinite «что-то» as its antecedent — a bookish correlative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"физиономия","title":"«физиономия» — physiognomy, cast of face","body":"«физиономия» means the face as a revealing physiognomy — its overall \"look\" or cast, with a slightly ironic, appraising tone. Calling Fetyukovich's face a «физиономия» fits the era's interest in reading character from features."}],"words":[{"surface":"Словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, modifies имела","gloss":"in a word"},{"surface":"физиономия","lemma":"физиономия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of имела","gloss":"physiognomy"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of физиономия","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"имела","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of имела","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of что-то, direct object of имела","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"резко","lemma":"резко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies птичье","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"птичье","lemma":"птичий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то, complement of имела","gloss":"birdlike"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поражало","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"поражало","lemma":"поражать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying что-то","gloss":"struck one"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b12-c1-s93","source":"Он был во фраке и в белом галстуке.","translation":"He was in a dress coat and a white cravat.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to фраке","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фраке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"фраке","lemma":"фрак","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a dress coat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking галстуке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"белом","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies галстуке","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"галстуке","lemma":"галстук","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with фраке","gloss":"cravat"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b12-c1-s94","source":"Помню первый опрос Мити председателем, то есть об имени, звании и проч.","translation":"I remember the presiding judge's first questioning of Mitya — that is, about his name, rank, and so forth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"опрос Мити председателем","title":"Agent in the instrumental within a noun phrase","body":"In the verbal noun phrase «опрос Мити председателем» (\"the questioning of Mitya by the presiding judge\"), the patient «Мити» is genitive and the agent «председателем» is instrumental — the same agent-marking the instrumental does in a full passive, here packed into a noun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"звании","title":"«звание» — rank, estate, standing","body":"«звание» here is one's official rank or social standing — the formal datum (\"name, rank, and so forth\") the judge asks at the opening of any trial. For Mitya, a nobleman by birth, this is a loaded question about who and what he is."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I remember"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies опрос","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"опрос","lemma":"опрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Помню","gloss":"questioning"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies опрос","gloss":"of Mitya"},{"surface":"председателем","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies опрос","gloss":"by the presiding judge"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имени","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"имени","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to опрос","gloss":"his name"},{"surface":"звании","lemma":"звание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with имени","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with имени","gloss":"so forth"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b12-c1-s95","source":"Митя ответил резко, но как-то неожиданно громко, так что председатель встряхнул даже головой и почти с удивлением посмотрел на него.","translation":"Mitya answered sharply, but somehow unexpectedly loudly, so that the presiding judge even gave a start, jerking his head, and looked at him almost with surprise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встряхнул даже головой","title":"Perfective jolt with emphatic «даже»","body":"«встряхнул» is a perfective single jerk of the head, with «даже» (\"even\") emphasising how startling Mitya's loudness was. The result clause «так что…» (\"so that…\") draws the consequence, a subordinating link of result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"резко","lemma":"резко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of как-то, modifies неожиданно","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies громко","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with ответил","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of встряхнул","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встряхнул","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"встряхнул","lemma":"встряхнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the так что clause","gloss":"gave a start"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies встряхнул","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встряхнул","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивлением","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"surprise"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встряхнул","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b12-c1-s96","source":"Затем был прочитан список лиц, вызванных к судебному следствию, то есть свидетелей и экспертов.","translation":"Then the list was read of the persons summoned to the judicial inquiry — that is, the witnesses and the experts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был прочитан список лиц, вызванных к судебному следствию","title":"Passive plus an embedded past passive participle","body":"«был прочитан» is a periphrastic passive (\"the list was read out\"), and within it «вызванных» is a past passive participle in the genitive plural — \"of the persons summoned.\" Two layers of passive participle in one clause, typical of bureaucratic-legal narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочитан","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of прочитан","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"прочитан","lemma":"прочитать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"список","lemma":"список","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive прочитан","gloss":"the list"},{"surface":"лиц","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies список","gloss":"of persons"},{"surface":"вызванных","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying лиц","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking следствию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"судебному","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies следствию","gloss":"judicial"},{"surface":"следствию","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вызванных","gloss":"inquiry"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to лиц","gloss":"the witnesses"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"экспертов","lemma":"эксперт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with свидетелей","gloss":"the experts"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b12-c1-s97","source":"Список был длинный; четверо из свидетелей не явились: Миусов, бывший в настоящее время уже в Париже, но показание которого имелось еще в предварительном следствии, госпожа Хохлакова и помещик Максимов по болезни и Смердяков за внезапною смертью, причем было представлено свидетельство от полиции.","translation":"The list was a long one; four of the witnesses had not appeared: Miusov, by this time already in Paris, but whose deposition had been taken back in the preliminary inquiry; Madame Khokhlakova and the landowner Maximov, on account of illness; and Smerdyakov, on account of his sudden death, for which a certificate from the police had been submitted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Миусов, бывший в настоящее время уже в Париже","title":"Past active participle of «быть» — «бывший»","body":"«бывший» is the past active participle of «быть» (\"being / who was\"), here \"Miusov, by this time already in Paris.\" It introduces a participial relative clause naming his whereabouts without a finite verb — compact literary syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за внезапною смертью… по болезни","title":"Cause expressed by «за» + instr. and «по» + dat.","body":"Both phrases give a reason but with different prepositions: «за внезапною смертью» (\"on account of [his] sudden death,\" «за» + instrumental, archaic «-ою» ending) and «по болезни» (\"on account of illness,\" «по» + dative). Each preposition fixes its own case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Список","lemma":"список","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the list"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to длинный","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"длинный","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a long one"},{"surface":"четверо","lemma":"четверо","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of явились","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидетелей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies четверо","gloss":"the witnesses"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies явились","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"явились","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"had appeared"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"names one of the absent свидетелей","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"бывший","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying Миусов","gloss":"who was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"настоящее","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"the present"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of preposition в, modifies бывший","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывший","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Париже","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Париже","lemma":"Париж","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывший","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of имелось","gloss":"whose deposition"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"имелось","lemma":"иметься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the но clause","gloss":"had been taken"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имелось","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking следствии","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"предварительном","lemma":"предварительный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies следствии","gloss":"preliminary"},{"surface":"следствии","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of имелось","gloss":"inquiry"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Миусов, names another свидетель","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помещик","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with госпожа, names another свидетель","gloss":"the landowner"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to помещик","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"gives reason for Хохлакова's and Максимов's absence","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Максимов, names another свидетель","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смертью","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"внезапною","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смертью","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"смертью","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"gives reason for Смердяков's absence","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"причем","lemma":"причём","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"whereupon"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of представлено","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"представлено","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the причем clause","gloss":"submitted"},{"surface":"свидетельство","lemma":"свидетельство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive представлено","gloss":"a certificate"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полиции","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"полиции","lemma":"полиция","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies свидетельство","gloss":"the police"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b12-c1-s98","source":"Известие о Смердякове вызвало сильное шевеление и шепот в зале.","translation":"The news about Smerdyakov set off a strong stir and whispering in the hall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Известие о Смердякове вызвало","title":"«о» + prepositional for 'news about'","body":"«Известие о Смердякове» (\"news about Smerdyakov\") uses «о» governing the prepositional case «Смердякове» — the case of the topic one speaks or hears about. «вызвало» is the perfective \"provoked/set off.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Известие","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вызвало","gloss":"the news"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякове","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Смердякове","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Известие","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"вызвало","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"сильное","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies шевеление","gloss":"a strong"},{"surface":"шевеление","lemma":"шевеление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вызвало","gloss":"stir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шепот","lemma":"шёпот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with шевеление","gloss":"whispering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шепот","gloss":"the hall"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b12-c1-s99","source":"Конечно, в публике многие еще вовсе не знали об этом внезапном эпизоде самоубийства.","translation":"Of course, many in the public had as yet had no idea at all of this sudden episode of suicide.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"многие еще вовсе не знали об этом","title":"Emphatic «вовсе не» — 'not at all'","body":"«вовсе не» strengthens the negation of «знали» to \"did not know at all / had no idea whatever.\" Russian piles up such intensifiers («еще вовсе не») before a negated verb, all resolving to a single emphatic 'not'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking публике","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"публике","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знали","gloss":"the public"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вовсе","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had known"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эпизоде","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of эпизоде","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"внезапном","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies эпизоде","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"эпизоде","lemma":"эпизод","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знали","gloss":"episode"},{"surface":"самоубийства","lemma":"самоубийство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies эпизоде","gloss":"of suicide"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b12-c1-s100","source":"Но что особенно поразило, это — внезапная выходка Мити: только что донесли о Смердякове, как вдруг он со своего места воскликнул на всю залу:","translation":"But what especially struck everyone was Mitya's sudden outburst: the moment Smerdyakov was reported on, he suddenly cried out from his place for the whole hall to hear:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что донесли о Смердякове, как вдруг он… воскликнул","title":"«только что… как вдруг…» — 'no sooner… than…'","body":"The pair «только что… как (вдруг)…» means \"the moment X happened, suddenly Y\" — the report of Smerdyakov and Mitya's cry collide instantly. «донесли» is an impersonal perfective (\"they reported\"), subject unstated."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выходка","title":"«выходка» — a sally, an outburst","body":"«выходка» is an unexpected, often unseemly outburst or stunt — a sudden act that breaks decorum. Used twice here for Mitya's eruptions, it casts them as impulsive escapades that damage him in the eyes of the court."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поразило","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразило","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"поразило","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause (subject что)","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive subject, predicate is выходка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"внезапная","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies выходка","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"выходка","lemma":"выходка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"outburst"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of выходка","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"no sooner"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"донесли","lemma":"донести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the только что clause","gloss":"it was reported"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякове","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Смердякове","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of донесли","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative with только что, introduces main clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of места","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of залу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"hall"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b12-c1-s101","source":"— Собаке собачья смерть!","translation":"\"A dog's death for a dog!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Собаке собачья смерть","title":"Dative «собаке» without a verb","body":"The proverb has no verb: the dative «собаке» (\"to/for a dog\") names the one to whom the «собачья смерть» (\"dog's death\") is fitting — a bare dative-of-the-affected construction frozen into a saying. «собачья» is the possessive adjective from «собака»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Собаке","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative of the one deserving; predicate смерть","gloss":"a dog"},{"surface":"собачья","lemma":"собачий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смерть","gloss":"a dog's"},{"surface":"смерть","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject/predicate noun of the sentence","gloss":"death"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b12-c1-s102","source":"Помню, как бросился к нему его защитник и как председатель обратился к нему с угрозой принять строгие меры, если еще раз повторится подобная этой выходка.","translation":"I remember how his counsel rushed to him, and how the presiding judge turned to him with a threat to take stern measures should any such outburst be repeated even once more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если еще раз повторится подобная этой выходка","title":"Conditional «если» with reflexive «повторится»","body":"«если… повторится» is an open conditional (\"if such an outburst is repeated\"); «повторится» carries «-ся» in its intransitive sense — the outburst \"repeats itself\" with no agent. It is a perfective future inside the threat."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подобная этой","title":"Dative of comparison after «подобный»","body":"«подобный» (\"similar to\") governs the dative: «подобная этой выходка» = \"an outburst like this one\" — «этой» is dative. The adjective «подобная» itself agrees with «выходка» in nominative feminine."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I remember"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Помню","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies защитник","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"защитник","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"counsel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обратился","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"the judge"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросился","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угрозой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"угрозой","lemma":"угроза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"a threat"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of угрозой","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"строгие","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies меры","gloss":"stern"},{"surface":"меры","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of принять","gloss":"measures"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of повторится","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторится","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"повторится","lemma":"повториться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on принять","gloss":"should be repeated"},{"surface":"подобная","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies выходка","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of подобная","gloss":"as this"},{"surface":"выходка","lemma":"выходка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of повторится","gloss":"outburst"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b12-c1-s103","source":"Митя отрывисто и кивая головой, но как будто совсем не раскаиваясь, несколько раз повторил вполголоса защитнику:","translation":"Mitya, abruptly and nodding his head, but as though not in the least repentant, repeated several times to his counsel under his breath:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кивая головой… как будто совсем не раскаиваясь","title":"Two imperfective gerunds, one negated","body":"«кивая» and «раскаиваясь» are imperfective present gerunds («деепричастия») describing how Mitya repeats his words — \"nodding… as though not in the least repenting.\" «не раскаиваясь» shows a gerund taking the negative «не», and «раскаиваться» is a «-ся»-only verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вполголоса","title":"«вполголоса» — under one's breath","body":"The adverb «вполголоса» (lit. \"at half-voice\") means in an undertone, in a low voice. Mitya mutters his apology «вполголоса» to his counsel — half-chastened, half-defiant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"отрывисто","lemma":"отрывисто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторил","gloss":"abruptly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кивая","lemma":"кивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb, coordinated with отрывисто, modifies повторил","gloss":"nodding"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кивая","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раскаиваясь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раскаиваясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"раскаиваясь","lemma":"раскаиваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on повторил","gloss":"repentant"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of повторил","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"повторил","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"вполголоса","lemma":"вполголоса","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторил","gloss":"under his breath"},{"surface":"защитнику","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of повторил","gloss":"to his counsel"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b12-c1-s104","source":"— Не буду, не буду! Сорвалось! Больше не буду!","translation":"\"I won't, I won't! It slipped out! I won't do it again!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не буду","title":"\"I won't\" with the future of быть","body":"«Не буду» literally means \"I will not be (doing it)\" — «буду» is the first-person future of «быть» (to be), normally used to build the imperfective future. Here the main verb is simply dropped because it is obvious from context (\"I won't [do it]\"). «Сорвалось» (\"it broke loose / slipped out\") is an impersonal past, conveying that the outburst escaped him against his will."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сорвалось","title":"Impersonal «сорвалось» — 'it slipped out'","body":"«Сорвалось» is the neuter perfective past of «сорваться» (with «-ся»), used impersonally with no subject — \"it broke loose / it slipped out.\" The «-ся» makes the words seem to escape Mitya of their own accord, absolving him of intent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I won't"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with буду","gloss":"I won't"},{"surface":"Сорвалось","lemma":"сорваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it slipped out"},{"surface":"Больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Больше","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I won't"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b12-c1-s105","source":"И уж, конечно, этот коротенький эпизод послужил не в его пользу во мнении присяжных и публики.","translation":"And, of course, this brief little episode did not serve him well in the opinion of the jurors and the public.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"этот коротенький эпизод","title":"Diminutive «коротенький»","body":"«коротенький» is the diminutive of «короткий» (short), with the affectionate-belittling «-еньк-» — \"this brief little episode.\" The diminutive lends the narrator's verdict a wry, almost pitying tone toward Mitya's self-damage."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"послужил не в его пользу","title":"Idiom «послужить в пользу» negated","body":"«послужить в пользу» (\"to serve in [someone's] favour\") is here negated — «не в его пользу», \"not in his favour.\" «в… пользу» takes «в» + accusative, the idiom of working for or against someone's interest."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies послужил","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to послужил","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of эпизод","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"коротенький","lemma":"коротенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies эпизод","gloss":"brief little"},{"surface":"эпизод","lemma":"эпизод","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послужил","gloss":"episode"},{"surface":"послужил","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пользу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пользу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of пользу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пользу","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послужил","gloss":"favor"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мнении","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of послужил","gloss":"the opinion"},{"surface":"присяжных","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies мнении","gloss":"the jurors"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"публики","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with присяжных","gloss":"the public"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b12-c1-s106","source":"Объявлялся характер и рекомендовал себя сам.","translation":"A character was declaring itself and recommending its own self.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Объявлялся характер и рекомендовал себя сам","title":"Imperfective «-ся» middle and reflexive «себя сам»","body":"«Объявлялся» (\"was declaring itself\") is an imperfective «-ся» middle: the character announced itself, intransitively. Then «рекомендовал себя сам» uses the full reflexive object «себя» plus intensifier «сам» — \"recommended its very own self\" — a pointed contrast to the verbal «-ся»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Объявлялся","lemma":"объявляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was declaring itself"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Объявлялся","gloss":"a character"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рекомендовал","lemma":"рекомендовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Объявлялся","gloss":"recommending"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of рекомендовал","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying subject характер","gloss":"on its own"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b12-c1-s107","source":"Под этим-то впечатлением был прочитан секретарем суда обвинительный акт","translation":"It was under this impression that the bill of indictment was read out by the clerk of the court.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был прочитан секретарем суда обвинительный акт","title":"Passive with the reader in the instrumental","body":"«был прочитан… секретарём» — periphrastic passive (\"was read out\") with the agent «секретарём» (\"by the clerk\") in the instrumental. The subject «обвинительный акт» comes last, the new information the inverted passive builds toward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking впечатлением","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of впечатлением","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to этим","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"впечатлением","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прочитан","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of прочитан","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"прочитан","lemma":"прочитать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read out"},{"surface":"секретарем","lemma":"секретарь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of прочитан","gloss":"by the clerk"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies секретарем","gloss":"of the court"},{"surface":"обвинительный","lemma":"обвинительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies акт","gloss":"the indictment"},{"surface":"акт","lemma":"акт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive прочитан","gloss":"act"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b12-c1-s108","source":"Он был довольно краток, но обстоятелен.","translation":"It was rather brief, but circumstantial.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был довольно краток, но обстоятелен","title":"Short-form predicate adjectives","body":"«краток» and «обстоятелен» are short forms of «краткий» (\"brief\") and «обстоятельный» (\"detailed, circumstantial\"), used predicatively after «был». The bookish short form is the natural choice for stating these qualities of the document."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of краток","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to краток","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies краток","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"краток","lemma":"краткий","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"brief"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"обстоятелен","lemma":"обстоятельный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with краток","gloss":"circumstantial"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b12-c1-s109","source":"Излагались лишь главнейшие причины, почему привлечен такой-то, почему его должно было предать суду, и так далее.","translation":"Only the chief reasons were set forth — why this man had been charged, why he had had to be committed for trial, and so on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Излагались лишь главнейшие причины","title":"Imperfective «-ся» passive","body":"«Излагались» (\"were set forth\") is an imperfective passive in «-ся» — the reasons \"were being laid out,\" with no named agent. Imperfective passives in Russian are regularly built this way rather than with a participle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"главнейшие… его должно было предать суду","title":"Superlative «-ейш-» and modal «должно было»","body":"«главнейшие» is the bookish superlative of «главный» in «-ейш-» (\"the very chief\"). «должно было предать» is an impersonal modal of obligation in the past — \"he had to be committed [to trial],\" with «суду» in the dative governed by «предать»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"такой-то","title":"«такой-то» — 'so-and-so'","body":"«такой-то» is the placeholder \"such-and-such / so-and-so,\" standing in for a name the narrator declines to repeat — \"why this man (so-and-so) had been charged.\" It mimics the impersonal formula-language of the indictment itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Излагались","lemma":"излагаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were set forth"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies главнейшие","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"главнейшие","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies причины","gloss":"the chief"},{"surface":"причины","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of Излагались","gloss":"reasons"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привлечен","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"привлечен","lemma":"привлечь","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Излагались","gloss":"had been charged"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive привлечен; part of the phrase такой-то","gloss":"so-and-so"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"такой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase такой-то","gloss":"so-and-so"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должно","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предать (logical patient of the impersonal должно было construction)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the impersonal construction, complement предать","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"предать","lemma":"предать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"be committed"},{"surface":"суду","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of предать","gloss":"for trial"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinated with привлечен","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase и так далее","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase и так далее","gloss":"on"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b12-c1-s110","source":"Тем не менее он произвел на меня сильное впечатление.","translation":"Nonetheless it produced a strong impression on me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тем не менее он произвел на меня сильное впечатление","title":"Concessive «тем не менее»","body":"«Тем не менее» (\"nonetheless, none the less\") is a fixed concessive adverbial linking back against the previous clause — the indictment was dry, yet it moved him. «произвёл… впечатление на меня» repeats the perfective idiom of making an impression."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"discourse marker, part of the phrase тем не менее","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Тем не менее","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Тем не менее","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произвел","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"произвел","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"produced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of произвел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сильное","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"a strong"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвел","gloss":"impression"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b12-c1-s111","source":"Секретарь прочел четко, звучно, отчетливо.","translation":"The clerk read it out clearly, sonorously, distinctly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прочел четко, звучно, отчетливо","title":"Perfective «прочёл» with a triad of adverbs","body":"«прочёл» is the perfective past of «прочесть/прочитать» — the clerk read the whole thing through, a completed act. The asyndetic triad «четко, звучно, отчетливо» (clearly, sonorously, distinctly) gives the reading its measured, ringing quality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Секретарь","lemma":"секретарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прочел","gloss":"the clerk"},{"surface":"прочел","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"четко","lemma":"четко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочел","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"звучно","lemma":"звучно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with четко","gloss":"sonorously"},{"surface":"отчетливо","lemma":"отчетливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with четко","gloss":"distinctly"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b12-c1-s112","source":"Вся эта трагедия как бы вновь появилась пред всеми выпукло, концентрично, освещенная роковым, неумолимым светом.","translation":"This whole tragedy seemed to rise up anew before everyone, in bold relief, concentrated, lit by a fateful, inexorable light.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы вновь появилась пред всеми… освещенная роковым… светом","title":"Past passive participle in the instrumental","body":"«освещённая» is a past passive participle (\"lit, illuminated\") agreeing with «трагедия», and its means «роковым, неумолимым светом» (\"by a fateful, inexorable light\") stands in the instrumental — the case of the means by which the tragedy is lit."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выпукло, концентрично","title":"«выпукло» — in bold relief","body":"«выпукло» means \"in relief, three-dimensionally, vividly\" (from «выпуклый», convex/protruding); «концентрично» — \"concentrated, drawn to a center.\" The pair makes the indictment seem to project the whole tragedy into sharp, gathered relief before the courtroom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of трагедия","gloss":"this whole"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of трагедия","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"трагедия","lemma":"трагедия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of появилась","gloss":"tragedy"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вновь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появилась","gloss":"anew"},{"surface":"появилась","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed to rise"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всеми","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"выпукло","lemma":"выпукло","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появилась","gloss":"in bold relief"},{"surface":"концентрично","lemma":"концентрично","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with выпукло","gloss":"concentrated"},{"surface":"освещенная","lemma":"осветить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, nominative, singular, perfective","role":"participle modifying трагедия","gloss":"lit"},{"surface":"роковым","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies светом","gloss":"a fateful"},{"surface":"неумолимым","lemma":"неумолимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with роковым","gloss":"inexorable"},{"surface":"светом","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of освещенная","gloss":"light"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b12-c1-s113","source":"Помню, как сейчас же по прочтении председатель громко и внушительно спросил Митю:","translation":"I remember how, immediately after the reading, the presiding judge asked Mitya loudly and imposingly:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сейчас же по прочтении","title":"«по» + prepositional of 'right after'","body":"«по прочтении» uses «по» with the prepositional «прочтении» (a verbal noun) in its temporal sense \"upon / right after the reading.\" This «по + prepositional = after» is a bookish, formal construction, reinforced here by «сейчас же» (\"immediately\")."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I remember"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спросил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прочтении","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"прочтении","lemma":"прочтение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросил","gloss":"the reading"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"the judge"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"внушительно","lemma":"внушительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with громко","gloss":"imposingly"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Помню","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спросил","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b12-c1-s114","source":"— Подсудимый, признаете ли вы себя виновным?","translation":"\"Defendant, do you acknowledge yourself guilty?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"признаете ли вы себя виновным","title":"Formal yes/no question with «ли» and reflexive «себя»","body":"«признаёте ли вы…» fronts the focused verb and follows it with «ли», the formal yes/no marker — \"do you acknowledge…?\" The object is the reflexive «себя» (\"yourself\"), with the predicate «виновным» in the instrumental: \"acknowledge yourself [to be] guilty.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Подсудимый","title":"«подсудимый» — the defendant","body":"«подсудимый» (lit. \"the one under judgment\") is the formal courtroom word for the accused on trial — the cold official designation the bench gives Mitya, set against the narrator's warm «Митя». It is grammatically a substantivised adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of the phrase","gloss":"Defendant"},{"surface":"признаете","lemma":"признавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"do you acknowledge"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies признаете","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of признаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of признаете","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"виновным","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of признаете","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b12-c1-s115","source":"Митя вдруг встал с места:","translation":"Mitya suddenly rose from his place:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митя вдруг встал с места","title":"Perfective «встал» with «вдруг»","body":"«встал» is the perfective past of «встать» (\"rose, stood up\"), a single decisive movement, intensified by «вдруг» (\"suddenly\"). «с места» (\"from his place\") uses «с» + genitive of motion away from."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of встал","gloss":"his place"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b12-c1-s116","source":"— Признаю себя виновным в пьянстве и разврате, — воскликнул он каким-то опять-таки неожиданным, почти исступленным голосом, — в лени и в дебоширстве.","translation":"\"I acknowledge myself guilty of drunkenness and dissipation,\" he cried out in some sort of, again, unexpected, almost frenzied voice, \"of idleness and debauchery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Признаю себя виновным в пьянстве и разврате","title":"«виновным в» + prepositional","body":"«виновным в пьянстве и разврате» — \"guilty of drunkenness and debauchery\" — takes «в» plus the prepositional case for the thing one is guilty of. The predicate «виновным» is instrumental (the role assigned to «себя»), while the offences sit in the prepositional."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разврате… дебоширстве","title":"«разврат» and «дебоширство»","body":"«разврат» is debauchery, moral dissipation; «дебоширство» is rowdy, brawling carousing — drunken disorder. Mitya itemises his vices in escalating, self-lacerating terms, owning the lesser sins to throw the denial of murder into relief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Признаю","lemma":"признавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I acknowledge"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of Признаю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"виновным","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of Признаю","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пьянстве","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"пьянстве","lemma":"пьянство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновным","gloss":"drunkenness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разврате","lemma":"разврат","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with пьянстве","gloss":"dissipation"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Признаю","gloss":"he cried out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of неожиданным, part of the phrase каким-то","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каким-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданным","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"неожиданным","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исступленным","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"исступленным","lemma":"исступлённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of воскликнул","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лени","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"лени","lemma":"лень","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with пьянстве, complement of виновным (continuing the list)","gloss":"idleness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дебоширстве","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"дебоширстве","lemma":"дебоширство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with лени","gloss":"debauchery"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b12-c1-s117","source":"Хотел стать навеки честным человеком именно в ту секунду, когда подсекла судьба!","translation":"I meant to become an honest man forever, at the very second when fate cut me down!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хотел стать навеки честным человеком","title":"Instrumental predicate after «стать»","body":"«стать честным человеком» — \"to become an honest man\" — puts the predicate noun phrase in the instrumental after «стать», the case for what one turns into. The subject \"I\" is dropped, carried by «хотел»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в ту секунду, когда подсекла судьба","title":"Temporal «когда»-clause with perfective «подсекла»","body":"«когда подсекла судьба» (\"when fate cut [me] down\") is a temporal subordinate clause; «подсекла» is the perfective past of «подсечь» — a single, sudden severing blow — with the subject «судьба» placed after the verb for dramatic weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I meant"},{"surface":"стать","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Хотел","gloss":"to become"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стать","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"честным","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"an honest"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стать","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies секунду","gloss":"at the very"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking секунду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of секунду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"секунду","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стать","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подсекла","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"подсекла","lemma":"подсечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стать","gloss":"cut me down"},{"surface":"судьба","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подсекла","gloss":"fate"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b12-c1-s118","source":"Но в смерти старика, врага моего и отца, — не виновен!","translation":"But of the death of the old man, my enemy and my father — I am not guilty!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в смерти старика… не виновен","title":"Short adjective «виновен» negated","body":"«не виновен» uses the short predicative form of «виновный» — the legally exact \"[I am] not guilty,\" with «в смерти» (\"of the death,\" «в» + prepositional) naming the charge. The short form is the proper predicative verdict-word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"старика, врага моего и отца","title":"Appositive genitives","body":"«старика, врага моего и отца» are three genitives in apposition — \"of the old man, my enemy and my father\" — all governed by «в смерти». The genitive of the dead man's identity stacks the terrible double bond (enemy and father) into one phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновен","gloss":"the death"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"врага","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старика","gloss":"my enemy"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of врага","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with врага","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виновен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b12-c1-s119","source":"Но в ограблении его — нет, нет, не виновен, да и не могу быть виновным: Дмитрий Карамазов подлец, но не вор!","translation":"But of robbing him — no, no, I am not guilty, and I cannot be guilty: Dmitri Karamazov is a scoundrel, but not a thief!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да и не могу быть виновным","title":"Connective «да и» plus negated modal","body":"«да и» here means \"and indeed / and what's more,\" adding emphatic weight (\"and I cannot even be guilty\"). «не могу быть виновным» negates the modal «мочь» + infinitive, with the predicate «виновным» in the instrumental after «быть»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дмитрий Карамазов подлец, но не вор","title":"Zero copula and the full name as self-naming","body":"\"Dmitri Karamazov is a scoundrel, but not a thief\" needs no «есть» — the zero present copula links subject and nominative predicates «подлец… вор» directly. Mitya speaking of himself by his full formal name «Дмитрий Карамазов», in the third person, is a theatrical self-distancing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлец","title":"«подлец» — scoundrel","body":"«подлец» is a strong, scornful word — a base, contemptible scoundrel, a man capable of mean and dishonourable acts. Mitya hurls it at himself to concede his moral squalor while fiercely refusing the specific charge of theft."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ограблении","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ограблении","lemma":"ограбление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновен","gloss":"robbing"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ограблении","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виновен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with виновен","gloss":"can I"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to виновным","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"виновным","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подлец","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий, subject of подлец","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (elided copula), subject Дмитрий Карамазов","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вор","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вор","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подлец","gloss":"a thief"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b12-c1-s120","source":"Прокричав это, он сел на место, видимо весь дрожа.","translation":"Having shouted this out, he sat down in his place, visibly trembling all over.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прокричав это, он сел на место","title":"Perfective past gerund «прокричав»","body":"«Прокричав» is the perfective past gerund («деепричастие») of «прокричать» — \"having shouted this out\" — naming the completed action that precedes «он сел» (\"he sat down\"). It shares Mitya as subject and sequences the two acts in one breath."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"видимо весь дрожа","title":"Imperfective gerund «дрожа» of ongoing state","body":"«дрожа» is the imperfective present gerund of «дрожать» (\"trembling\"), giving the simultaneous, ongoing condition as he sits — \"visibly trembling all over.\" Set against the perfective «прокричав/сел», it shows the two gerund aspects in immediate contrast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прокричав","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сел","gloss":"having shouted"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Прокричав","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"his place"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дрожа","gloss":"visibly"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic determiner modifying дрожа, agrees with он","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"дрожа","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb, modifies сел","gloss":"trembling"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b12-c1-s121","source":"Председатель снова обратился к нему с кратким, но назидательным увещанием отвечать лишь на вопросы, а не вдаваться в посторонние и исступленные восклицания.","translation":"The presiding judge turned to him once more with a brief but admonishing reminder to answer only the questions put to him, and not to lapse into irrelevant and frenzied outbursts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"увещанием","title":"«увещание» — an admonition","body":"«увещание» is a bookish, slightly solemn word for an exhortation or admonishment — a moral urging rather than a mere order. It belongs to the elevated courtroom-and-church register of this scene; the same root returns in «увещание священника» in s126."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с кратким, но назидательным увещанием","title":"Instrumental after «с»","body":"The preposition «с» here governs the instrumental case («с... увещанием»), expressing the manner in which the judge addressed him — \"with an admonition.\" The adjectives «кратким» and «назидательным» agree in the instrumental, making the case visible even before the noun's own ending."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не вдаваться","title":"Negated imperfective infinitive","body":"«отвечать... а не вдаваться» pairs two imperfective infinitives governed by the admonition: to keep answering, and not to keep lapsing into outbursts. The imperfective frames the conduct as an ongoing manner of behaving, and «а» marks the contrastive hinge — \"answer, but not lapse.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступленные","title":"«исступлённый» — frenzied","body":"«исступлённый» means frenzied, raving, beside oneself — a favourite Dostoevskian word for a soul in extremity. Here, applied to Mitya's «восклицания» (outbursts), it carries the charge of a man who has lost self-possession in the dock."}],"words":[{"surface":"Председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"the judge"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратился","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кратким","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кратким","lemma":"краткий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies увещанием","gloss":"a brief"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"назидательным","lemma":"назидательный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies увещанием","gloss":"admonishing"},{"surface":"увещанием","lemma":"увещание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"reminder"},{"surface":"отвечать","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitival complement of увещанием","gloss":"to answer"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отвечать","gloss":"the questions"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вдаваться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вдаваться","lemma":"вдаваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отвечать","gloss":"to lapse"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восклицания","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"посторонние","lemma":"посторонний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies восклицания","gloss":"irrelevant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"исступленные","lemma":"исступлённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with посторонние","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"восклицания","lemma":"восклицание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of вдаваться","gloss":"outbursts"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b12-c1-s122","source":"Затем велел приступить к судебному следствию.","translation":"He then ordered that the examination of the evidence begin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"велел приступить","title":"«велел» + infinitive: he ordered","body":"«велеть» (here perfective past «велел») governs a bare infinitive to express a command issued to others — \"he ordered [them] to proceed.\" The subject is dropped, recoverable from the preceding sentence; the chain «велел приступить» shows a finite verb steering a dependent infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies велел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"приступить","lemma":"приступить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to begin"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking следствию","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"судебному","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies следствию","gloss":"the judicial"},{"surface":"следствию","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приступить","gloss":"examination"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b12-c1-s123","source":"Ввели всех свидетелей для присяги.","translation":"All the witnesses were brought in to be sworn.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ввели всех свидетелей","title":"Subjectless «они»-passive","body":"«Ввели» is a third-person-plural past with no stated subject — an indefinite-personal construction (\"they brought in\" = \"were brought in\"). Russian uses this bare plural verb where English reaches for a passive; the deed matters, the agent does not."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всех свидетелей","title":"Animate accusative = genitive","body":"«свидетелей» is the accusative of the animate plural «свидетели», which borrows the genitive ending — hence «всех свидетелей», not «все свидетели». The determiner «всех» agrees in the same animate-accusative form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ввели","lemma":"ввести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought in"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of свидетелей","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Ввели","gloss":"the witnesses"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking присяги","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"присяги","lemma":"присяга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Ввели","gloss":"the oath"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b12-c1-s124","source":"Тут я увидел их всех разом.","translation":"It was then that I caught sight of them all at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"их всех разом","title":"«разом» — all at one stroke","body":"«разом» is an adverb meaning \"all at once, in a single moment.\" Paired with «их всех» (them, all of them — animate accusative), it compresses the narrator's sudden, total view of the assembled cast into one beat."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тут я увидел","title":"«увидел» — perfective of sudden perception","body":"«увидел» is the perfective of «видеть», naming the single, punctual event of catching sight — not the ongoing state «видел» (was seeing). The narrator's «я» surfaces here, a rare first-person intrusion that marks him as an eyewitness reporter of the trial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of увидел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"увидел","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught sight of"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of увидел","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies их (them all), not разом","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидел","gloss":"at once"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b12-c1-s125","source":"Впрочем, братья подсудимого были допущены к свидетельству без присяги.","translation":"The defendant's brothers, however, were permitted to give their testimony without taking the oath.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Впрочем","title":"«впрочем» — however, then again","body":"«впрочем» is a discourse hinge meaning \"however / be that as it may / then again\" — it qualifies or partly retracts what came before. It is one of the narrator's signature connectives, constantly nuancing his report."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"были допущены","title":"Periphrastic passive «были допущены»","body":"«были допущены» is a true passive: past tense of «быть» plus the short-form past passive participle of «допустить» (to permit) — \"were permitted.\" The short participle agrees in plural with «братья», and the construction states a result, contrasting with the agentless «ввели» of s123."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies допущены","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"братья","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive допущены","gloss":"brothers"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies братья","gloss":"of the defendant"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of допущены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"допущены","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"permitted"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидетельству","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"свидетельству","lemma":"свидетельство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of допущены","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking присяги","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"присяги","lemma":"присяга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of допущены","gloss":"the oath"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b12-c1-s126","source":"После увещания священника и председателя свидетелей увели и рассадили, по возможности, порознь.","translation":"After the exhortation by the priest and the presiding judge, the witnesses were led away and seated, so far as was possible, apart from one another.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"увели и рассадили","title":"Paired perfectives, subjectless","body":"Two perfective past verbs in another indefinite-personal chain — \"[they] led away and seated.\" Each names a completed step that moves the narrative forward; the prefix «рас-» in «рассадили» adds the sense of distributing them apart, picked up by «порознь»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"порознь","title":"«порознь» — separately, apart","body":"«порознь» is a somewhat bookish adverb meaning \"separately, each apart from the others.\" The hedge «по возможности» (\"as far as possible\") tucked before it gives the courtroom a faintly bureaucratic, makeshift air."}],"words":[{"surface":"После","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking увещания","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"увещания","lemma":"увещание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of увели","gloss":"the exhortation"},{"surface":"священника","lemma":"священник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies увещания","gloss":"by the priest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"председателя","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with священника, modifies увещания","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of увели","gloss":"the witnesses"},{"surface":"увели","lemma":"увести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"led away"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассадили","lemma":"рассадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with увели","gloss":"seated"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom по возможности","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"возможности","lemma":"возможность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of idiom по возможности, modifies рассадили","gloss":"far as possible","note":"idiom 'по возможности' = 'as far as possible'"},{"surface":"порознь","lemma":"порознь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассадили","gloss":"apart"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b12-c1-s127","source":"Затем стали вызывать их по одному.","translation":"They then began to call them in one by one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стали вызывать","title":"«стали» + imperfective: began to call","body":"«стать» (perfective «стали») plus an imperfective infinitive («вызывать») is the standard way to say \"began to do\" — the inception of a repeated, ongoing process. The imperfective «вызывать» fits the iterative sense reinforced by «по одному», one after another."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"их по одному","title":"«по одному» — one by one","body":"The distributive «по» here means \"one at a time,\" governing «одному» to spread the calling out over each witness in turn. «их» is the animate accusative object of «вызывать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стали","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"вызывать","lemma":"вызывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to call"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вызывать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom по одному","gloss":"one by","note":"idiom 'по одному' = 'one by one, one at a time'"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom по одному","gloss":"one"}]}]}