{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b12-c10","title":{"source":"X. Речь защитника. Палка о двух концах","translated":"The Speech for the Defence. An Argument that Cuts Both Ways"},"section":"Book XII — A Judicial Error","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c10","lines":67},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c9","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c11","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b12-c10-s1","source":"Всё затихло, когда раздались первые слова знаменитого оратора.","translation":"Everything fell silent the moment the first words of the celebrated orator rang out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"затихло… раздались","title":"Two perfectives mark two events","body":"Both verbs are perfective past: «затихло» (everything grew still) and «раздались» (rang out). The perfective frames each as a single completed event rather than a process, and the «когда» clause pins them as simultaneous — the silence falls at the instant the words sound."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знаменитого оратора","title":"Genitive of 'of'","body":"«первые слова знаменитого оратора» — the words OF the famous orator. The phrase «знаменитого оратора» is genitive, marking possession/source; the adjective «знаменитого» agrees with its noun in the genitive masculine singular."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of затихло","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"затихло","lemma":"затихнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of раздались","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"раздались","lemma":"раздаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on затихло","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"первые","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of раздались","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"знаменитого","lemma":"знаменитый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies оратора","gloss":"celebrated"},{"surface":"оратора","lemma":"оратор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"orator"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b12-c10-s2","source":"Вся зала впилась в него глазами.","translation":"The whole courtroom fastened its eyes upon him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"впилась в него глазами","title":"\"Fastened its eyes\" — a vivid idiom","body":"«впиться» means to dig or bore in, like a thorn or a leech; «впиться глазами в кого-то» is to fix one's eyes on someone hungrily, to stare them down. The reflexive «-ся» here is intransitive-middle. We render the bodily intensity as the courtroom \"fastened its eyes upon him.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"глазами","title":"Instrumental of means","body":"«глазами» (with the eyes) is instrumental plural, naming the instrument with which the hall fixes on him. The bare instrumental, with no preposition, is the workhorse \"by means of\" case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of зала","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"зала","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of впилась","gloss":"courtroom"},{"surface":"впилась","lemma":"впиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fastened"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of впилась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of впилась","gloss":"with its eyes"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b12-c10-s3","source":"Начал он чрезвычайно прямо, просто и убежденно, но без малейшей заносчивости.","translation":"He began with the utmost directness, plainly and with conviction, yet without the least trace of conceit.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прямо, просто и убежденно","title":"A chain of manner adverbs","body":"«прямо, просто, убежденно» are short adverbs in -о describing HOW he began — directly, simply, with conviction. «убежденно» is built on the past passive participle «убеждённый» (convinced), the adverb of a settled inner state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"без малейшей заносчивости","title":"Genitive after «без»","body":"«без» (without) always governs the genitive, so «малейшей заносчивости» is genitive feminine — \"without the least arrogance.\" «малейшей» is a superlative (\"the very least\"), agreeing in case with its noun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заносчивости","title":"«заносчивость» — conceit, arrogance","body":"«заносчивость» is haughtiness or cockiness, the air of someone who carries himself above others (root «занос-», to be carried up/away). Its absence is the point: the famous lawyer disarms by seeming plain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he began"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прямо","gloss":"extremely"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Начал","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with прямо","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убежденно","lemma":"убежденно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with просто","gloss":"with conviction"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заносчивости","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"малейшей","lemma":"малейший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies заносчивости","gloss":"the least"},{"surface":"заносчивости","lemma":"заносчивость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of без","gloss":"conceit"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b12-c10-s4","source":"Ни малейшей попытки на красноречие, на патетические нотки, на звенящие чувством словечки.","translation":"Not the slightest bid for eloquence, for pathetic notes, for little words that ring with feeling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ни малейшей попытки","title":"A verbless genitive of absence","body":"The sentence has no verb: an implied «не было» (there was none) governs the genitive «ни малейшей попытки» — \"not the slightest attempt.\" «ни» intensifies the negation (not even the least), and the negated-existential subject stands obligatorily in the genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"словечки","title":"«словечки» — little words, with a sneer","body":"«словечко» is the diminutive of «слово» (word), but here the affectionate suffix turns slightly contemptuous — \"cute little words,\" the cheap verbal trinkets of an orator angling for effect. The diminutive carries the narrator's irony toward stagey eloquence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies малейшей","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"малейшей","lemma":"малейший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies попытки","gloss":"the slightest"},{"surface":"попытки","lemma":"попытка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"bid"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking красноречие","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"красноречие","lemma":"красноречие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies попытки","gloss":"eloquence"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нотки","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"патетические","lemma":"патетический","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies нотки","gloss":"pathetic"},{"surface":"нотки","lemma":"нотка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with красноречие","gloss":"notes"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словечки","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"звенящие","lemma":"звенеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying словечки","gloss":"ringing"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of звенящие","gloss":"with feeling"},{"surface":"словечки","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with красноречие","gloss":"little words"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b12-c10-s5","source":"Это был человек, заговоривший в интимном кругу сочувствующих людей.","translation":"This was a man who had begun to speak within an intimate circle of sympathetic listeners.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заговоривший","title":"Past active participle: \"who had begun to speak\"","body":"«заговоривший» is a past active participle (suffix -вш-) from perfective «заговорить» (to start speaking). It compresses a whole relative clause — \"a man who had begun to speak\" — into one adjective agreeing with «человек»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сочувствующих","title":"Present active participle of «сочувствовать»","body":"«сочувствующих» is a present active participle (suffix -ющ-) meaning \"sympathizing,\" here genitive plural agreeing with «людей» — an intimate circle of people who feel WITH him. Such participial chains are a hallmark of literary register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to человек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"заговоривший","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying человек","gloss":"who had begun to speak"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кругу","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"интимном","lemma":"интимный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кругу","gloss":"intimate"},{"surface":"кругу","lemma":"круг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговоривший","gloss":"circle"},{"surface":"сочувствующих","lemma":"сочувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"sympathetic"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies кругу","gloss":"listeners"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b12-c10-s6","source":"Голос у него был прекрасный, громкий и симпатичный, и даже в самом голосе этом как будто заслышалось уже нечто искреннее и простодушное.","translation":"His voice was a fine one, loud and engaging, and even in that very voice there seemed already to be audible something sincere and guileless.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Голос у него был прекрасный","title":"Possession with «у» + genitive","body":"Russian says \"the voice by him was excellent\": «у него» (by/at him, genitive) is the standard way to express \"he has.\" The thing possessed, «голос», stays nominative as the grammatical subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заслышалось","title":"Impersonal reflexive: \"there seemed to be heard\"","body":"«заслышалось» is a reflexive perfective used impersonally — there is no nominative agent; something \"made itself heard.\" The «-ся» here gives a passive/middle sense, and the neuter form matches the impersonal frame."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"простодушное","title":"«простодушный» — guileless, simple-hearted","body":"A transparent compound: «прост-» (simple) + «душа» (soul) — literally \"simple-souled,\" hence open, ingenuous, without cunning. It pairs here with «искреннее» (sincere) to set the lawyer's studied air of plain honesty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"his voice"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"him","note":"у него = literally \"with him\", i.e. \"his (voice)\"."},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"прекрасный","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"громкий","lemma":"громкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прекрасный","gloss":"loud"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"симпатичный","lemma":"симпатичный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прекрасный","gloss":"engaging"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies голосе","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голосе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосе","gloss":"that very"},{"surface":"голосе","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of the preposition в","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies голосе","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies заслышалось","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"заслышалось","lemma":"заслышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated via и","gloss":"there seemed to be heard"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of заслышалось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"искреннее","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"sincere"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"простодушное","lemma":"простодушный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with искреннее","gloss":"guileless"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b12-c10-s7","source":"Но всем тотчас же стало понятно, что оратор может вдруг подняться до истинно патетического — и «ударить по сердцам с неведомою силой».","translation":"But everyone understood at once that the orator might suddenly rise to the truly pathetic — and \"strike hearts with a power unknown\".","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всем тотчас же стало понятно","title":"Dative-experiencer impersonal","body":"\"It became clear TO everyone\": «всем» is dative (the experiencers), and «стало понятно» is an impersonal predicate with no nominative subject — the «что»-clause supplies the content. This dative-first framing is everywhere in Dostoevsky's reporting of collective feeling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"неведомою силой","title":"Archaic instrumental ending -ою","body":"«неведомою силой» is instrumental (\"with an unknown power\"), but the feminine adjective takes the old long ending -ою instead of modern -ой. This -ою is a poetic/19th-century variant, fitting because the line is lifted from Pushkin's verse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of стало","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"понятно","lemma":"понятный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оратор","lemma":"оратор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"the orator"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of стало","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подняться","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"подняться","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"rise"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking патетического","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"истинно","lemma":"истинно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies патетического","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"патетического","lemma":"патетический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of the preposition до","gloss":"the pathetic"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ударить","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with подняться, complement of может","gloss":"strike"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердцам","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"сердцам","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of ударить","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"неведомою","lemma":"неведомый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силой","gloss":"unknown"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of the preposition с","gloss":"power"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b12-c10-s8","source":"Говорил он, может быть, неправильнее Ипполита Кирилловича, но без длинных фраз и даже точнее.","translation":"He spoke, perhaps, less correctly than Ippolit Kirillovitch, but without long phrases, and even more precisely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"неправильнее… точнее","title":"Comparatives in -ее","body":"«неправильнее» (less correctly) and «точнее» (more precisely) are predicative comparatives in -ее, the invariable form that simply replaces \"more/less\" + adverb. The genitive of comparison is implied: less correctly THAN Ippolit Kirillovitch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"неправильнее","lemma":"неправильный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies Говорил (comparative)","gloss":"less correctly"},{"surface":"Ипполита","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison with неправильнее","gloss":"than Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кирилловича","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ипполита","gloss":"Kirillovitch"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фраз","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"длинных","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies фраз","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"фраз","lemma":"фраза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of the preposition без","gloss":"phrases"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies точнее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"точнее","lemma":"точнее","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with неправильнее, modifies Говорил","gloss":"more precisely"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b12-c10-s9","source":"Одно не понравилось было дамам: он всё как-то изгибался спиной, особенно в начале речи, не то что кланяясь, а как бы стремясь и летя к своим слушателям, причем нагибался именно как бы половиной своей длинной спины, как будто в середине этой длинной и тонкой спины его был устроен такой шалнер, так что она могла сгибаться чуть не под прямым углом.","translation":"One thing alone had not pleased the ladies: he kept somehow arching his back, especially at the start of his speech — not exactly bowing, but as if straining and flying toward his listeners, and bending precisely as though by one half of his long back, as if a sort of hinge had been fitted into the middle of that long, thin spine, so that it could fold nearly at a right angle.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Одно не понравилось было дамам","title":"Dative + the rare \"superpluperfect\" «было»","body":"«дамам» is dative — the ladies are the ones to whom something was displeasing («не понравилось»). The detached particle «было» after a perfective past marks an action that took hold but was then qualified or undone — an archaic nuance, roughly \"had [at first] displeased.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то что кланяясь, а как бы стремясь и летя","title":"A trio of gerunds","body":"«кланяясь», «стремясь», «летя» are imperfective present gerunds (деепричастия) describing the manner of his bending — not bowing, but as if straining and flying toward his hearers. All share the subject of the main clause and run simultaneously with it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шалнер","title":"An old spelling of \"hinge\"","body":"«шалнер» is an archaic, French-derived spelling of what is now «шарнир» (hinge or pivot). Dostoevsky keeps the period spelling, and the image is mechanical: the lawyer's spine bends as if jointed in the middle. We render it as a literal «hinge» that lets him fold at a right angle, preserving that machine-like image."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"могла сгибаться","title":"Reflexive intransitive «сгибаться»","body":"«сгибаться» (to bend, of itself) is the intransitive «-ся» partner of transitive «сгибать» (to bend something). The clitic turns the verb inward: the spine bends, with no external object — the same machine bending at the hinge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of понравилось","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates понравилось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понравилось","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, neuter singular, marking pluperfect","role":"pluperfect auxiliary of понравилось","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"дамам","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of понравилось","gloss":"the ladies"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изгибался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изгибался (constantly)","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle (part of как-то)","role":"first half of как-то, modifies изгибался","gloss":"somehow","note":"как-то is a single idiom, 'somehow' — split across two tokens here."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle (part of как-то)","role":"second half of как-то, modifies изгибался","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"изгибался","lemma":"изгибаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause after the colon","gloss":"arched"},{"surface":"спиной","lemma":"спина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of изгибался","gloss":"his back"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начале","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начале","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"начале","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of изгибался","gloss":"the start"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies начале","gloss":"of his speech"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of не то что (idiom)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of не то что, contrasts with а стремясь","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of не то что, introduces кланяясь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кланяясь","lemma":"кланяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause, contrasted by а стремясь","gloss":"bowing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто/как бы","morphology":"particle (part of как бы)","role":"part of как бы (as if), modifies стремясь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы (as if)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"стремясь","lemma":"стремиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause, coordinated with кланяясь","gloss":"straining"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links стремясь and летя","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"летя","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стремясь","gloss":"flying"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слушателям","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of слушателям","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"слушателям","lemma":"слушатель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стремясь и летя","gloss":"listeners"},{"surface":"причем","lemma":"причём","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and moreover"},{"surface":"нагибался","lemma":"нагибаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with изгибался","gloss":"bent"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies половиной","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part of как бы)","role":"part of как бы (as though), modifies половиной","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"половиной","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нагибался","gloss":"one half"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of спины","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"длинной","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies спины","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"спины","lemma":"спина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половиной","gloss":"of his back"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle (part of как будто)","role":"part of как будто (as if)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как будто, introduces the clause of устроен","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking середине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"середине","lemma":"середина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устроен","gloss":"the middle"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of спины","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"длинной","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies спины","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тонкой","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with длинной","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"спины","lemma":"спина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies середине","gloss":"spine"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of спины (possessive)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, masculine singular","role":"passive auxiliary of устроен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"устроен","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как будто clause","gloss":"fitted"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of шалнер","gloss":"a sort of"},{"surface":"шалнер","lemma":"шарнир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive устроен","gloss":"hinge","note":"шалнер is a colloquial/archaic spelling of шарнир, 'hinge'."},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так что","morphology":"adverb (part of так что)","role":"part of так что (so that)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of так что, introduces the clause of могла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the так что clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"сгибаться","lemma":"сгибаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"fold"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть не","morphology":"adverb (part of чуть не)","role":"part of чуть не (nearly), modifies углом","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of чуть не (nearly)","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"прямым","lemma":"прямой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies углом","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"углом","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сгибаться","gloss":"angle"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b12-c10-s10","source":"В начале речи говорил как-то раскидчиво, как будто без системы, схватывая факты наразбив, а в конце концов вышло целое.","translation":"At the beginning of his speech he spoke in a somehow scattered way, as if without system, snatching up facts at random — yet in the end the whole came together.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"раскидчиво… наразбив","title":"Two rare \"scattered\" words","body":"«раскидчиво» (sprawlingly, loosely, as if throwing things about) and «наразбив» (helter-skelter, every-which-way) are colloquial, expressive adverbs picturing speech without order — facts \"snatched up at random.\" Both are uncommon, period-flavoured coinages."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватывая","title":"Gerund of attendant action","body":"«схватывая» (snatching up) is an imperfective present gerund, attaching the manner of grabbing facts to the main verb «говорил». It runs alongside the speaking, painting how he talked rather than narrating a separate event."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начале","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"начале","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"the beginning"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies начале","gloss":"of his speech"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle (part of как-то)","role":"first half of как-то, modifies раскидчиво","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle (part of как-то)","role":"second half of как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"раскидчиво","lemma":"раскидчивый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"scatteredly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle (part of как будто)","role":"part of как будто (as if)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как будто, introduces без системы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking системы","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"системы","lemma":"система","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of без","gloss":"system"},{"surface":"схватывая","lemma":"схватывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорил","gloss":"snatching up"},{"surface":"факты","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of схватывая","gloss":"facts"},{"surface":"наразбив","lemma":"наразбив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватывая","gloss":"at random"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в конце концов","morphology":"preposition (part of idiom)","role":"part of в конце концов (in the end)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of в конце концов","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"концов","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"part of в конце концов","gloss":"of ends"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"came together"},{"surface":"целое","lemma":"целое","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вышло","gloss":"a whole"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b12-c10-s11","source":"Речь его можно было бы разделить на две половины: первая половина — это критика, это опровержение обвинения, иногда злое и саркастическое.","translation":"His speech might be divided into two halves: the first half was criticism, a refutation of the charge, at times malicious and sarcastic.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно было бы разделить","title":"Conditional «бы» — \"might be divided\"","body":"«можно было бы разделить» pairs the impersonal modal «можно» (one can/may) with the past «было» + the irrealis particle «бы»: a hypothetical, \"one might divide.\" The particle bleeds the statement from fact into possibility."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"опровержение обвинения","title":"Legal lexis: «опровержение», «обвинение»","body":"«опровержение» is a refutation/rebuttal and «обвинение» the charge or prosecution case; both are abstract -ение nouns built from verbs («опровергнуть», «обвинить»). Such bookish verbal nouns thicken the courtroom register of this whole chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"topic/object of разделить","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Речь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"head of the impersonal predicate","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, neuter singular","role":"marks past tense of можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with можно","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"разделить","lemma":"разделить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можно","gloss":"divide"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking половины","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"modifies половины","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"половины","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of разделить","gloss":"halves"},{"surface":"первая","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половина","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"половина","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the copular clause (это критика)","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle (copular)","role":"links половина to критика","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"критика","lemma":"критика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, coordinated with половина","gloss":"criticism"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle (copular)","role":"links половина to опровержение","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"опровержение","lemma":"опровержение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominal, coordinated with критика","gloss":"a refutation"},{"surface":"обвинения","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies опровержение","gloss":"of the charge"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies злое","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"злое","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with критика","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"саркастическое","lemma":"саркастический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with злое","gloss":"sarcastic"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b12-c10-s12","source":"Но во второй половине речи как бы вдруг изменил и тон и даже прием свой и разом возвысился до патетического, а зала как будто ждала того и вся затрепетала от восторга.","translation":"But in the second half of the speech he seemed all at once to change both his tone and even his method, and in a single stroke rose to the pathetic — and the courtroom, as if it had been waiting for just this, all quivered with delight.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"изменил… возвысился","title":"Perfectives drive the turn","body":"The two perfectives «изменил» (changed) and «возвысился» (rose) move the narrative forward as sudden, single events — the abrupt shift to the pathetic. «возвыситься» is reflexive-intransitive: he raised himself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зала… вся затрепетала от восторга","title":"«от» + genitive for cause","body":"«от восторга» — \"from/out of rapture\" — uses «от» + genitive to give the cause of the trembling. The whole hall «затрепетала» (perfective, began to quiver) because of, not merely with, delight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking половине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"второй","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половине","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"половине","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изменил","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половине","gloss":"of the speech"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part of как бы)","role":"part of как бы (seemingly), modifies изменил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"изменил","lemma":"изменить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he changed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative with second и, modifies тон (both)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"тон","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of изменил","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links тон and прием","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прием","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прием","lemma":"приём","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with тон (direct object of изменил)","gloss":"method"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of прием","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"разом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвысился","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"возвысился","lemma":"возвыситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with изменил","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking патетического","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"патетического","lemma":"патетический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular (substantive)","role":"oblique complement of возвысился","gloss":"the pathetic"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зала","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ждала","gloss":"the courtroom"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle (part of как будто)","role":"part of как будто, modifies ждала","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как будто","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ждала","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with изменил/возвысился","gloss":"had been waiting"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive object of ждала","gloss":"for this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies зала (subject of затрепетала)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"затрепетала","lemma":"затрепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ждала","gloss":"quivered"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторга","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"восторга","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of затрепетала","gloss":"delight"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b12-c10-s13","source":"Он прямо подошел к делу и начал с того, что хотя поприще его и в Петербурге, но он уже не первый раз посещает города России для защиты подсудимых, но таких, в невинности которых он или убежден, или предчувствует ее заранее.","translation":"He went straight to the matter and began by saying that, although his field of work was in Petersburg, it was not the first time he had travelled to the towns of Russia to defend the accused — but only such accused as he was either convinced were innocent, or whose innocence he sensed beforehand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поприще","title":"«поприще» — one's field, arena of work","body":"«поприще» is an elevated, slightly bookish word for one's sphere of activity, walk of life, or arena (originally a measure of distance, then the racecourse). The lawyer means his professional field lies in Petersburg."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в невинности которых","title":"Relative «который» in the genitive","body":"«в невинности которых он… убежден» — \"in whose innocence he is convinced.\" «которых» agrees with its antecedent (\"the accused\") in number but takes the case its own clause demands — here genitive after «невинность», all governed by «в». A textbook split of agreement vs. clause-internal case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подошел","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с того, что","morphology":"preposition (part of idiom)","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of с того, что (idiom)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of посещает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause (поприще его... Петербурге)","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"поприще","lemma":"поприще","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical хотя clause","gloss":"field of work"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поприще","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes в Петербурге","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербурге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Петербурге","lemma":"Петербург","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement in the хотя clause","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посещает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies первый","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies первый","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of посещает","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"посещает","lemma":"посещать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"he visits"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of посещает","gloss":"the towns"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies города","gloss":"of Russia"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking защиты","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"защиты","lemma":"защита","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посещает","gloss":"defending"},{"surface":"подсудимых","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies защиты","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies подсудимых, contrastive apposition","gloss":"only such"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking невинности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"невинности","lemma":"невинность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убежден","gloss":"the innocence"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies невинности","gloss":"of whom"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убежден/предчувствует","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"убежден","lemma":"убеждённый","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with предчувствует","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"предчувствует","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with убежден","gloss":"senses beforehand"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предчувствует","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предчувствует","gloss":"in advance"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b12-c10-s14","source":"«То же самое произошло со мной и в настоящем случае, — объяснил он. — Даже только из одних первоначальных газетных корреспонденции мне уже мелькнуло нечто, чрезвычайно меня поразившее в пользу подсудимого.","translation":"\"The very same thing has happened to me in the present case,\" he explained. \"From the earliest newspaper reports alone something already flashed before me that struck me extraordinarily in the prisoner's favour.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне уже мелькнуло нечто","title":"Dative + impersonal \"flashed\"","body":"\"Something flashed TO me\": «мне» is dative-experiencer, «нечто» (something) the subject, and «мелькнуло» neuter to agree with it. The dative frames the lawyer as the one to whom an impression occurred, not its active maker."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поразившее","title":"Past active participle modifying «нечто»","body":"«поразившее» (which struck) is a past active participle from perfective «поразить», neuter to agree with «нечто». It folds \"that struck me extraordinarily\" into a single modifier — the dense, clause-packing style of formal speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"тот же самый","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes То...самое","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies То","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes в настоящем случае","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае,","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"настоящем","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае,","gloss":"the present"},{"surface":"случае,","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"объяснил","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical, attributes the quotation","gloss":"he explained"},{"surface":"он.","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объяснил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies корреспонденции","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking корреспонденции","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одних","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies корреспонденции","gloss":"mere"},{"surface":"первоначальных","lemma":"первоначальный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies корреспонденции","gloss":"earliest"},{"surface":"газетных","lemma":"газетный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies корреспонденции","gloss":"newspaper"},{"surface":"корреспонденции","lemma":"корреспонденция","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of мелькнуло","gloss":"reports"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of мелькнуло","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мелькнуло","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"мелькнуло","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of мелькнуло","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразившее","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поразившее","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"поразившее","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying нечто","gloss":"that struck"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пользу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пользу","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поразившее","gloss":"favor"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пользу","gloss":"of the defendant"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b12-c10-s15","source":"Одним словом, меня прежде всего заинтересовал некоторый юридический факт, хотя и часто повторяющийся в судебной практике, но никогда, мне кажется, в такой полноте и с такими характерными особенностями, как в настоящем деле.","translation":"In a word, what first of all engaged my interest was a certain juridical fact — one that, though often recurring in court practice, has never, it seems to me, appeared in such completeness and with such characteristic peculiarities as in the present case.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня… заинтересовал некоторый юридический факт","title":"Object-first word order","body":"The object «меня» (me) opens the sentence ahead of its subject «факт», throwing the weight onto what is new — \"what engaged ME was a certain fact.\" Case endings keep roles clear, so word order is free to manage focus."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повторяющийся","title":"Present active participle: \"recurring\"","body":"«повторяющийся» is a present active participle of reflexive «повторяться» (to recur), agreeing with «факт». Note the participle keeps the verb's «-ся» — a recurring fact, one that repeats itself in practice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of одним словом (idiom)","gloss":"in a"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial phrase (idiom одним словом), modifies the whole sentence","gloss":"word","note":"одним словом = 'in a word'."},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of заинтересовал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде всего","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom)","role":"part of прежде всего (first of all)","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of прежде всего","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"заинтересовал","lemma":"заинтересовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"interested"},{"surface":"некоторый","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of факт","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"юридический","lemma":"юридический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies факт","gloss":"juridical"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заинтересовал","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of повторяющийся","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes часто (хотя и)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторяющийся","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"повторяющийся","lemma":"повторяться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying факт","gloss":"recurring"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking практике","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"судебной","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies практике","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"практике","lemma":"практика","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторяющийся","gloss":"practice"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the implied verb (never has it appeared)","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of кажется","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies никогда...полноте","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of полноте","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"полноте","lemma":"полнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with повторяющийся, complement of никогда","gloss":"completeness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking особенностями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такими","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of особенностями","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"характерными","lemma":"характерный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies особенностями","gloss":"characteristic"},{"surface":"особенностями","lemma":"особенность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with полноте","gloss":"peculiarities"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison as в настоящем деле","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"настоящем","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"the present"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of как","gloss":"case"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b12-c10-s16","source":"Факт этот надо бы мне формулировать лишь в финале моей речи, когда я закончу мое слово, но, однако, я выскажу мою мысль и в самом начале, ибо имею слабость приступать прямо к предмету, не припрятывая эффектов и не экономизируя впечатлений.","translation":"I ought really to formulate this fact only in the finale of my speech, when I bring my address to a close, yet I will state my thought even at the very beginning, for I have the weakness of going straight to the point, without hoarding my effects and economizing my impressions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо бы мне формулировать","title":"Dative obligation softened by «бы»","body":"«надо… мне» is the impersonal-necessity pattern (\"I ought\"), with «мне» dative. The added «бы» softens the obligation into a polite, contrary-to-fact \"I really ought to…\" before he overrides it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — bookish \"for, because\"","body":"«ибо» is an archaic, elevated causal conjunction (\"for, inasmuch as\") that a 19th-century speaker reaches for in solemn or rhetorical registers where modern Russian would say «потому что». It flavours the lawyer's address as deliberately literary."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не припрятывая… не экономизируя","title":"Negated gerunds, one a fancy loanword","body":"Both are imperfective gerunds under negation: «не припрятывая» (not hoarding/stashing) and «не экономизируя» (not economizing). «экономизировать» is a self-consciously learned Gallicism — the lawyer's polish showing through even as he claims plain directness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of надо","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Факт","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with надо","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of надо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"формулировать","lemma":"формулировать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to formulate"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies финале","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking финале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"финале","lemma":"финал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of формулировать","gloss":"the finale"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речи","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies финале","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of закончу","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of закончу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"закончу","lemma":"закончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on формулировать","gloss":"I finish"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of закончу","gloss":"address"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выскажу","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выскажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"выскажу","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закончу","gloss":"I will state"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выскажу","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes в самом начале","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начале","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начале","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"начале","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выскажу","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имею","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on выскажу","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"слабость","lemma":"слабость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"a weakness"},{"surface":"приступать","lemma":"приступать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies слабость","gloss":"to go straight"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предмету","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предмету","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"предмету","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приступать","gloss":"the point"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies припрятывая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"припрятывая","lemma":"припрятывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on приступать","gloss":"hoarding"},{"surface":"эффектов","lemma":"эффект","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of припрятывая","gloss":"effects"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies экономизируя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"экономизируя","lemma":"экономизировать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with припрятывая","gloss":"economizing"},{"surface":"впечатлений","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of экономизируя","gloss":"impressions"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b12-c10-s17","source":"Это, может быть, с моей стороны нерасчетливо, но зато искренно.","translation":"This may be imprudent on my part, but at least it is sincere.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нерасчетливо, но зато искренно","title":"Short-form predicate adverbs and «зато»","body":"«нерасчетливо» (imprudent) and «искренно» (sincere) are predicative -о forms balanced by «зато» (\"but on the other hand, to make up for it\"). «зато» concedes a drawback only to claim a compensating virtue — a favourite rhetorical hinge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нерасчетливо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of может быть, modifies нерасчетливо","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нерасчетливо","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"нерасчетливо","lemma":"нерасчётливый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular (predicate)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"imprudent"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies искренно (contrastive, at least)","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"coordinated with нерасчетливо","gloss":"sincere"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b12-c10-s18","source":"Эта мысль моя, формула моя — следующая: подавляющая совокупность фактов против подсудимого и в то же время ни одного факта, выдерживающего критику, если рассматривать его единично, самого по себе!","translation":"This thought of mine, my formula, is as follows: an overwhelming aggregate of facts against the prisoner, and at the same time not a single fact that withstands criticism if it is examined singly, in itself!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни одного факта, выдерживающего критику","title":"«ни» + genitive of absence","body":"\"Not a single fact that withstands criticism\": «ни одного факта» is genitive after the intensifying negator «ни» (not one), and the participle «выдерживающего» agrees with it in the genitive. The whole rests on an implied \"there is none.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выдерживающего","title":"Participle in the genitive","body":"«выдерживающего» is a present active participle (\"withstanding\") from «выдерживать», declined into the genitive to match «факта». It is the participle's case-agreement, not the verb meaning, that ties it to the negated noun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"самого по себе","title":"«сам по себе» — in itself, on its own","body":"«сам по себе» is a fixed phrase meaning \"by itself, taken alone, in isolation\" — here each fact \"examined singly, in itself.\" «сам» is the intensifier \"itself,\" declined to match the fact under scrutiny."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of следующая","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"формула","lemma":"формула","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мысль","gloss":"formula"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of формула","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"следующая","lemma":"следующий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of мысль","gloss":"as follows"},{"surface":"подавляющая","lemma":"подавляющий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies совокупность","gloss":"overwhelming"},{"surface":"совокупность","lemma":"совокупность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of следующая","gloss":"aggregate"},{"surface":"фактов","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies совокупность","gloss":"of facts"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подсудимого","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фактов","gloss":"the prisoner"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies факта","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"факта","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with совокупность","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"выдерживающего","lemma":"выдерживать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies факта","gloss":"that withstands"},{"surface":"критику","lemma":"критика","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выдерживающего","gloss":"criticism"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассматривать","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"рассматривать","lemma":"рассматривать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause modifying выдерживающего","gloss":"it is examined"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of рассматривать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"единично","lemma":"единично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассматривать","gloss":"singly"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies его","gloss":"itself","note":"Idiom 'сам(ого) по себе' = 'in itself, taken alone.'"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of самого","gloss":"itself"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b12-c10-s19","source":"Следя далее по слухам и по газетам, я утверждался в моей мысли всё более и более, и вдруг я получил от родных подсудимого приглашение защищать его.","translation":"Following the matter further by hearsay and by the papers, I grew more and more confirmed in my thought, and suddenly I received from the prisoner's relatives an invitation to defend him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Следя далее","title":"Opening gerund «следя»","body":"«следя» (following, tracking) is an imperfective present gerund from «следить», setting the attendant circumstance for the main clause: as he kept following the case, he grew more convinced. It shares the subject \"I.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё более и более","title":"«всё» + comparative = progressive intensification","body":"«всё более и более» literally \"ever more and more\" — the adverb «всё» before a comparative signals a steadily increasing degree. He grew \"more and more\" confirmed; the doubling heightens the build."}],"words":[{"surface":"Следя","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on утверждался","gloss":"following","note":"Present converb (деепричастие) of the imperfective следить."},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Следя","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слухам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"слухам","lemma":"слух","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Следя","gloss":"hearsay"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking газетам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"газетам","lemma":"газета","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with слухам","gloss":"the papers"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of утверждался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"утверждался","lemma":"утверждаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew confirmed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мысли","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of утверждался","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"increasingly"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утверждался","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with более","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of получил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"получил","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with утверждался","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родных","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"родных","lemma":"родной","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of получил","gloss":"the relatives"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies родных","gloss":"of the prisoner"},{"surface":"приглашение","lemma":"приглашение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of получил","gloss":"an invitation"},{"surface":"защищать","lemma":"защищать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies приглашение","gloss":"to defend"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of защищать","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b12-c10-s20","source":"Я тотчас же поспешил сюда и здесь уже окончательно убедился.","translation":"I hastened here at once, and here I became finally and conclusively convinced.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поспешил… убедился","title":"Reflexive perfectives of resolve","body":"«поспешил» (hastened) and «убедился» (became convinced) are perfective, the second reflexive — «убедиться» is the intransitive \"convince oneself / become sure,\" against transitive «убедить» (to convince someone). The «-ся» turns the persuading inward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поспешил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поспешил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"поспешил","lemma":"поспешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hastened"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поспешил","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убедился","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окончательно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убедился","gloss":"conclusively"},{"surface":"убедился","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поспешил","gloss":"became convinced"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b12-c10-s21","source":"Вот чтобы разбить эту страшную совокупность фактов и выставить недоказанность и фантастичность каждого обвиняющего факта в отдельности, я и взялся защищать это дело».","translation":"It was in order to shatter this terrible aggregate of facts, and to expose the unproven and fantastic nature of each accusing fact taken separately, that I undertook to defend this case.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы разбить… и выставить","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«чтобы» introduces purpose — \"in order to shatter… and expose\" — taking bare infinitives «разбить» and «выставить» because the subject is the same as the main clause (\"I undertook…\"). When subjects differ, «чтобы» instead takes a past-form verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я и взялся","title":"Emphatic «и» before the verb","body":"In «я и взялся», the «и» is not \"and\" but an emphatic particle picking out the verb: \"it was for this that I DID undertake.\" Russian uses «и» this way to underscore the very action the preceding purpose clause was building toward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes the purpose clause","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разбить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"разбить","lemma":"разбить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on взялся","gloss":"shatter"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of совокупность","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"страшную","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies совокупность","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"совокупность","lemma":"совокупность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of разбить","gloss":"aggregate"},{"surface":"фактов","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies совокупность","gloss":"of facts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выставить","lemma":"выставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with разбить","gloss":"expose"},{"surface":"недоказанность","lemma":"недоказанность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выставить","gloss":"the unproven nature"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"фантастичность","lemma":"фантастичность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with недоказанность","gloss":"fantastic nature"},{"surface":"каждого","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of факта","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"обвиняющего","lemma":"обвиняющий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies факта","gloss":"accusing"},{"surface":"факта","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies недоказанность и фантастичность","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отдельности","gloss":"separately"},{"surface":"отдельности","lemma":"отдельность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выставить","gloss":"separateness"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of взялся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взялся","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"взялся","lemma":"взяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"undertook"},{"surface":"защищать","lemma":"защищать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of взялся","gloss":"to defend"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of защищать","gloss":"case"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b12-c10-s22","source":"Так начал защитник и вдруг возгласил:","translation":"So the counsel for the defence began, and suddenly he proclaimed:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возгласил","title":"«возгласить» — to proclaim, exclaim","body":"«возгласить» is a solemn, elevated verb for crying out or proclaiming aloud, with a churchly ring (the «возглас» is a priest's liturgical exclamation). Its loftiness colours the lawyer's pivot into oratory with faint pomp."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"защитник","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"the counsel for the defence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возгласил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"возгласил","lemma":"возгласить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"proclaimed"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b12-c10-s23","source":"«Господа присяжные заседатели, я здесь человек свежий.","translation":"\"Gentlemen of the jury, I am a fresh man here.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я здесь человек свежий","title":"Zero copula: \"I am a fresh man\"","body":"\"I [am] here a fresh man\" — present-tense \"to be\" is simply absent; «я» (nominative) and the predicate noun «человек свежий» (also nominative) stand side by side with no verb. The bare nominative complement is the rule in the present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the address phrase","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies заседатели","gloss":"jury"},{"surface":"заседатели","lemma":"заседатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition with Господа","gloss":"jurors"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"свежий","lemma":"свежий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"fresh"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b12-c10-s24","source":"Все впечатления легли на меня непредвзято.","translation":"All my impressions came upon me free of prejudice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"легли на меня непредвзято","title":"Perfective «легли» — impressions \"settled\"","body":"«легли» is the perfective past of «лечь» (to lie down), here figurative: the impressions \"came to rest\" upon him as a single settling. The image is physical — impressions laid on him cleanly, without bias."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of впечатления","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"впечатления","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of легли","gloss":"impressions"},{"surface":"легли","lemma":"лечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of легли","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"непредвзято","lemma":"непредвзято","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легли","gloss":"without prejudice"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b12-c10-s25","source":"Подсудимый, буйный характером и разнузданный, не обидел меня предварительно, как сотню, может быть, лиц в этом городе, отчего многие и предупреждены против него заранее.","translation":"The prisoner, turbulent in character and unbridled, had not offended me beforehand, as he had offended, perhaps, a hundred persons in this town, which is why many are prejudiced against him in advance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не обидел меня предварительно","title":"Negated perfective + accusative object","body":"«не обидел меня» — \"did not offend me.\" The object «меня» stays accusative even under negation (it is a definite, specific person), so the genitive-of-negation shift does NOT apply here; with concrete personal pronouns the accusative typically holds."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"буйный… разнузданный","title":"\"Turbulent and unbridled\"","body":"«буйный» is wild, unruly, violent-tempered; «разнузданный» (from «узда», a bridle — literally \"un-bridled\") is unrestrained, dissolute. The pair brands Mitya's character with the imagery of an animal off its rein — a charge the lawyer will concede only to neutralize."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обидел","gloss":"The prisoner"},{"surface":"буйный","lemma":"буйный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying Подсудимый","gloss":"turbulent"},{"surface":"характером","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of буйный","gloss":"in character"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разнузданный","lemma":"разнузданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with буйный","gloss":"unbridled"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обидел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обидел","lemma":"обидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"offended"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обидел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"предварительно","lemma":"предварительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обидел","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause (verb elided)","gloss":"as","note":"Elliptical comparison: the verb обидел is understood before сотню... лиц."},{"surface":"сотню","lemma":"сотня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies лиц","gloss":"a hundred"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of может быть","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"лиц","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"quantified by сотню","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городе","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лиц","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of предупреждены","gloss":"which is why"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive предупреждены","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предупреждены","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"предупреждены","lemma":"предупредить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the отчего-clause","gloss":"are prejudiced"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предупреждены","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предупреждены","gloss":"in advance"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b12-c10-s26","source":"Конечно, и я сознаюсь, что нравственное чувство здешнего общества возбуждено справедливо: подсудимый буен и необуздан.","translation":"Of course, I too admit that the moral feeling of local society has been aroused with justice: the prisoner is turbulent and unrestrained.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подсудимый буен и необуздан","title":"Short-form adjectives as predicate","body":"«буен» and «необуздан» are short (predicative) adjectives — the bookish form that can only follow the subject as a predicate, here stating his nature flatly: \"the prisoner is turbulent and unrestrained.\" The short form lends a categorical, formal ring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сознаюсь","title":"Reflexive-only «сознаться»","body":"«сознаюсь» (I confess/admit) is a verb that lives only in the «-ся» form — there is no «сознать». Such inherently reflexive verbs must be learned as units; here it marks the lawyer's tactical concession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to сознаюсь","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сознаюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сознаюсь","lemma":"сознаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"admit"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возбуждено","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нравственное","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive возбуждено","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"здешнего","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общества","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"общества","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"of society"},{"surface":"возбуждено","lemma":"возбудить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сознаюсь","gloss":"has been aroused"},{"surface":"справедливо","lemma":"справедливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возбуждено","gloss":"justly"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of буен","gloss":"the prisoner"},{"surface":"буен","lemma":"буйный","morphology":"adjective, short-form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of подсудимый","gloss":"turbulent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"необуздан","lemma":"необузданный","morphology":"adjective, short-form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with буен","gloss":"unrestrained"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b12-c10-s27","source":"В здешнем обществе его, однако же, принимали, даже в семействе высокоталантливого обвинителя он был обласкан.","translation":"Nonetheless he was received in local society — even in the family of the highly talented prosecutor he was made much of.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его… принимали","title":"Subjectless \"they received him\"","body":"«принимали» is an imperfective past with no stated subject — an indefinite-personal \"they received / one received him.\" Russian often drops the agent this way to mean \"people in general\": he was received in society."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обласкан","title":"«обласкать» — to make much of, treat kindly","body":"«обласкать» (root «ласка», caress/affection) means to treat someone warmly, fuss over, make a pet of. The short passive participle «обласкан» here states the result: even in the prosecutor's own household Mitya was made much of — a barbed point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он был обласкан","title":"Periphrastic passive: «был» + short participle","body":"«был обласкан» is the analytic passive — past «был» plus the short past passive participle «обласкан». It states a result done TO him; if named, the agent would stand in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"здешнем","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обществе","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"обществе","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимали","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимали","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"принимали","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies семействе","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семействе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"семействе","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обласкан","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"высокоталантливого","lemma":"высокоталантливый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обвинителя","gloss":"highly talented"},{"surface":"обвинителя","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies семействе","gloss":"of the prosecutor"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive обласкан","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of обласкан","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"обласкан","lemma":"обласкать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of он","gloss":"made much of"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b12-c10-s28","source":"(Nota bene. При этих словах в публике раздались два-три смешка, хотя и быстро подавленные, но всеми замеченные.","translation":"(Nota bene. At these words two or three laughs ran through the audience — quickly suppressed, but noticed by all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и быстро подавленные, но всеми замеченные","title":"Concessive «хотя… но» with participles","body":"«хотя и… но» frames a concession (\"though quickly suppressed, yet noticed by all\"), and both predicates are past passive participles — «подавленные» (suppressed) and «замеченные» (noticed) — agreeing with «смешки». «всеми» is the instrumental agent: noticed BY everyone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nota","lemma":"nota","morphology":"proper noun","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Nota"},{"surface":"bene","lemma":"bene","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Nota","gloss":"bene"},{"surface":"При","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of словах","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of раздались","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking публике","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"публике","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздались","gloss":"the audience"},{"surface":"раздались","lemma":"раздаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on смешка","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on смешка","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"смешка","lemma":"смешок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздались","gloss":"laughs"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подавленные","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies быстро","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подавленные","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"подавленные","lemma":"подавленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies смешка","gloss":"suppressed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of замеченные","gloss":"by all"},{"surface":"замеченные","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with подавленные","gloss":"noticed"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b12-c10-s29","source":"Всем у нас было известно, что прокурор допускал к себе Митю против воли, потому единственно, что его почему-то находила любопытным прокурорша — дама в высшей степени добродетельная и почтенная, но фантастическая и своенравная и любившая в некоторых случаях, преимущественно в мелочах, оппонировать своему супругу.","translation":"We all knew that the prosecutor admitted Mitya to his house against his own will, solely because his wife — the prosecutor's lady, a person in the highest degree virtuous and respectable, yet fanciful and self-willed, and fond in certain cases, chiefly in trifles, of opposing her husband — found him for some reason interesting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прокурорша","title":"«прокурорша» — the prosecutor's wife","body":"The suffix «-ша» forms \"the wife of\" (or, in some words, a female practitioner) — «прокурорша» is the prosecutor's lady. The suffix is colloquial and faintly dismissive, fitting the gossipy register of this parenthetical aside."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"любившая… оппонировать своему супругу","title":"Past participle + dative-governing verb","body":"«любившая» is a past active participle (\"who was fond of\") agreeing with the wife; the verb it governs, «оппонировать» (to oppose), takes the dative «своему супругу» — opposing TO her husband. «свой» marks the husband as her own."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"своенравная","title":"«своенравный» — self-willed, wayward","body":"A transparent compound: «своё» (one's own) + «нрав» (disposition, temper) — \"of one's own temper,\" hence headstrong, capricious, self-willed. It pairs with «фантастическая» to sketch the prosecutor's wife as a woman who contradicts for sport."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of известно","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to известно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, short-form, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of допускал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of допускал","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"допускал","lemma":"допускать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of известно","gloss":"admitted"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of допускал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of допускал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воли","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"воли","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of допускал","gloss":"his will"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with что-clause (потому... что = 'because', reversed from the head-modifier direction assigned to единственно)","gloss":"for the reason"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of находила","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of находила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of почему-то)","role":"modifies находила","gloss":"for some","note":"'почему-то' = 'for some reason' — the indefinite particle -то is split here as a separate token."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"particle (part 2 of почему-то)","role":"modifies находила","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"находила","lemma":"находить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"любопытным","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of находила","gloss":"interesting"},{"surface":"прокурорша","lemma":"прокурорша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of находила","gloss":"the prosecutor's wife"},{"surface":"дама","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition with прокурорша","gloss":"a lady"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"высшей","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies добродетельная","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"добродетельная","lemma":"добродетельный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дама","gloss":"virtuous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почтенная","lemma":"почтенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with добродетельная","gloss":"respectable"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"фантастическая","lemma":"фантастический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with добродетельная","gloss":"fanciful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"своенравная","lemma":"своенравный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with добродетельная","gloss":"self-willed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"любившая","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with добродетельная","gloss":"fond of"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"некоторых","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of случаях","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of любившая","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"преимущественно","lemma":"преимущественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мелочах","gloss":"chiefly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мелочах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мелочах","lemma":"мелочь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition with случаях","gloss":"trifles"},{"surface":"оппонировать","lemma":"оппонировать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любившая","gloss":"opposing"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of супругу","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"супругу","lemma":"супруг","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of оппонировать","gloss":"husband"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b12-c10-s30","source":"Митя, впрочем, посещал их дом довольно редко).","translation":"Mitya, however, visited their house rather seldom.)","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"впрочем","title":"«впрочем» — \"however, then again\"","body":"«впрочем» is a discourse particle that walks back or qualifies what was just said — \"though, mind you / then again.\" Here it deflates the implication of the previous sentence: Mitya was admitted, then again he rarely came."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посещал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to посещал","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"посещал","lemma":"посещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"visited"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of дом","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посещал","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies редко","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"редко","lemma":"редко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посещал","gloss":"seldom"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b12-c10-s31","source":"Тем не менее я осмелюсь допустить, — продолжал защитник, — что даже и в таком независимом уме и справедливом характере, как у моего оппонента, могло составиться против моего несчастного клиента некоторое ошибочное предубеждение.","translation":"Nevertheless, I shall venture to suppose,\" the counsel went on, \"that even in a mind as independent and a character as just as my opponent's, a certain mistaken prejudice against my unhappy client may have formed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"осмелюсь допустить","title":"Perfective future of «осмелиться»","body":"«осмелюсь» is the perfective future (\"I shall venture / dare\") of reflexive-only «осмелиться», conjugated with present-tense endings to give future meaning. It is a polite formula for floating a bold suggestion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"могло составиться… предубеждение","title":"Reflexive «составиться» — a prejudice \"forms itself\"","body":"«составиться» is the intransitive «-ся» of «составить» (to compose): a prejudice that \"forms itself\" with no stated agent — softening the charge, since nobody is said to have done it deliberately. «могло» is neuter to agree with «предубеждение»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom тем не менее","gloss":"nevertheless","note":"'тем не менее' is a fixed idiom = 'nevertheless.'"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom тем не менее","gloss":"the less"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom тем не менее","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of осмелюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"осмелюсь","lemma":"осмелиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall venture"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel to осмелюсь","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"защитник,","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"the counsel"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уме","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"независимом","lemma":"независимый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"independent"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of составиться","gloss":"a mind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"справедливом","lemma":"справедливый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характере","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"характере","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with уме","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with оппонента","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оппонента","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of оппонента","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"оппонента","lemma":"оппонент","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уме и характере","gloss":"opponent"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"may have"},{"surface":"составиться","lemma":"составиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"formed"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking клиента","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of клиента","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"несчастного","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies клиента","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"клиента","lemma":"клиент","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of составиться","gloss":"client"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of предубеждение","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"ошибочное","lemma":"ошибочный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies предубеждение","gloss":"mistaken"},{"surface":"предубеждение","lemma":"предубеждение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of составиться","gloss":"prejudice"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b12-c10-s32","source":"О, это так натурально: несчастный слишком заслужил, чтобы к нему относились даже с предубеждением.","translation":"Oh, that is so natural: the unfortunate man has done all too much to be regarded even with prejudice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы к нему относились даже с предубеждением","title":"«чтобы» + past form for warranted result","body":"After «заслужил» (deserved), «чтобы относились» takes the past-form verb «относились» — the irrealis/willed construction with «чтобы»: he has done enough \"that he should be regarded\" thus. The past form, not an infinitive, appears because the subject shifts."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"несчастный","title":"«несчастный» — the unfortunate man","body":"Here the adjective «несчастный» (unhappy, wretched) is used as a noun — \"the unfortunate one.\" Russian freely nominalizes adjectives, and this one becomes the lawyer's pitying epithet for his client throughout the plea."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to натурально","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of натурально","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies натурально","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"натурально","lemma":"натуральный","morphology":"adjective, short-form, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"несчастный","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заслужил","gloss":"the unfortunate man"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заслужил","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"заслужил","lemma":"заслужить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to натурально","gloss":"has deserved"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of относились","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of относились","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"относились","lemma":"относиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заслужил","gloss":"be regarded"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предубеждением","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предубеждением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"предубеждением","lemma":"предубеждение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of относились","gloss":"prejudice"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b12-c10-s33","source":"Оскорбленное же нравственное и, еще пуще того, эстетическое чувство иногда бывает неумолимо.","translation":"An offended moral feeling — and, still more, an offended aesthetic one — can at times be implacable.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Оскорбленное же нравственное… чувство","title":"Emphatic «же» on a fronted phrase","body":"The particle «же» here leans on the fronted subject «оскорблённое… чувство», nudging it as the contrastive topic — \"as for offended feeling…\" It adds insistence and a slight turn against the prior thought, untranslatable except by stress."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неумолимо","title":"«неумолимый» — implacable, that cannot be entreated","body":"«неумолимый» is \"un-pray-able\": «не-» + the root of «молить» (to beseech) — admitting no entreaty, relentless. Used predicatively («бывает неумолимо»), it says offended feeling can at times be impossible to soften."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оскорбленное","lemma":"оскорбленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"offended"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Оскорбленное","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"нравственное","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пуще","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies эстетическое","gloss":"even more","note":"'ещё пуще того' = archaic comparative idiom 'still more than that.'"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пуще","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"эстетическое","lemma":"эстетический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"aesthetic"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бывает","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывает","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"бывает","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can be"},{"surface":"неумолимо","lemma":"неумолимый","morphology":"adjective, short-form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of бывает","gloss":"implacable"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b12-c10-s34","source":"Конечно, в высокоталантливой обвинительной речи мы услышали все строгий анализ характера и поступков подсудимого, строгое критическое отношение к делу, а главное, выставлены были такие психологические глубины для объяснения нам сути дела, что проникновение в эти глубины не могло бы вовсе состояться при сколько-нибудь намеренно и злостно предубежденном отношении к личности подсудимого.","translation":"Of course, in that highly talented speech for the prosecution we all heard a rigorous analysis of the prisoner's character and conduct, a stern critical attitude toward the case, and, above all, such psychological depths were displayed in explaining the heart of the matter to us that no penetration into those depths could possibly have occurred had there been even the slightest deliberately and maliciously prejudiced attitude toward the person of the prisoner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выставлены были такие психологические глубины","title":"Periphrastic passive, words inverted","body":"«выставлены были» is the short passive participle «выставлены» + «были» — \"were displayed\" — with the participle thrown to the front for rhetorical weight. The subject «глубины» follows, so the case-marked passive lets the order serve emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могло бы вовсе состояться","title":"Counterfactual with «бы»","body":"«не могло бы… состояться» — \"could not possibly have occurred\" — is a past-form verb plus «бы», the conditional/counterfactual: penetration into such depths could NOT have happened HAD there been any prejudice. It sets up the lawyer's compliment-as-trap."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies услышали","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking речи","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"высокоталантливой","lemma":"высокоталантливый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies речи","gloss":"highly talented"},{"surface":"обвинительной","lemma":"обвинительный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies речи","gloss":"for the prosecution"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of услышали","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of услышали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"услышали","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner summarizing анализ/отношение","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"строгий","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies анализ","gloss":"rigorous"},{"surface":"анализ","lemma":"анализ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of услышали","gloss":"analysis"},{"surface":"характера","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies анализ","gloss":"of character"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поступков","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with характера","gloss":"conduct"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поступков","gloss":"of the prisoner"},{"surface":"строгое","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отношение","gloss":"stern"},{"surface":"критическое","lemma":"критический","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отношение","gloss":"critical"},{"surface":"отношение","lemma":"отношение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with анализ","gloss":"attitude"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отношение","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical modifying выставлены","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"выставлены","lemma":"выставить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with услышали","gloss":"were displayed"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of выставлены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of глубины","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"психологические","lemma":"психологический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies глубины","gloss":"psychological"},{"surface":"глубины","lemma":"глубина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of passive выставлены","gloss":"depths"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking объяснения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"объяснения","lemma":"объяснение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выставлены","gloss":"explaining"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of объяснения","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"сути","lemma":"суть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies объяснения","gloss":"the essence"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сути","gloss":"of the matter"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"проникновение","lemma":"проникновение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"penetration"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глубины","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of глубины","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"глубины","lemma":"глубина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies проникновение","gloss":"depths"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional marker with могло","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies состояться","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"состояться","lemma":"состояться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"have occurred"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отношении","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько-нибудь","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of compound)","role":"modifies предубежденном","gloss":"to any degree"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"сколько-нибудь","morphology":"adverb (part 2 of compound)","role":"part of the phrase сколько","gloss":"-ever (indefinite)"},{"surface":"намеренно","lemma":"намеренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предубежденном","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"злостно","lemma":"злостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with намеренно","gloss":"maliciously"},{"surface":"предубежденном","lemma":"предубеждённый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отношении","gloss":"prejudiced"},{"surface":"отношении","lemma":"отношение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of состояться","gloss":"attitude"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking личности","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"личности","lemma":"личность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отношении","gloss":"the person"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies личности","gloss":"of the prisoner"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b12-c10-s35","source":"Но ведь есть вещи, которые даже хуже, даже гибельнее в подобных случаях, чем самое злостное и преднамеренное отношение к делу.","translation":"But then there are things that are even worse, even more ruinous in such cases, than the most malicious and premeditated attitude toward the matter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но ведь есть вещи","title":"«ведь» appeals to shared sense","body":"«ведь» invokes common knowledge — \"but after all there are things…\" — drawing the jury into agreement before the argument is even made. It is the conversational glue of persuasion, rendered in English only by tone or \"you know.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хуже… гибельнее","title":"Comparatives, one suppletive","body":"«хуже» is the suppletive comparative of «плохой» (bad → worse), and «гибельнее» the regular -ее comparative of «гибельный» (ruinous → more ruinous). Together they escalate: even worse, even more ruinous than open malice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, existential, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"вещи","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хуже","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хуже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"relative clause on вещи","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гибельнее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"гибельнее","lemma":"гибельный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with хуже","gloss":"more ruinous"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подобных","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies случаях","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of гибельнее","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, superlative marker, neuter, singular","role":"modifies злостное","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"злостное","lemma":"злостный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отношение","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"преднамеренное","lemma":"преднамеренный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with злостное","gloss":"premeditated"},{"surface":"отношение","lemma":"отношение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"compared with вещи","gloss":"attitude"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отношение","gloss":"the matter"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b12-c10-s36","source":"Именно, если нас, например, обуяет некоторая, так сказать, художественная игра, потребность художественного творчества, так сказать, создания романа, особенно при богатстве психологических даров, которыми бог оделил наши способности.","translation":"Namely, if we are seized, for instance, by a certain, so to speak, artistic play, the need for artistic creation — so to speak, the composing of a novel — especially given the wealth of psychological gifts with which God has endowed our faculties.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если… обуяет некоторая… художественная игра","title":"Perfective future in an «если» clause","body":"«обуяет» is the perfective future of «обуять» (to seize, grip) — \"if a certain artistic play SEIZES us.\" In conditions about the future, Russian uses the perfective future where English keeps a present \"if we are seized.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которыми бог оделил наши способности","title":"Relative «которыми» in the instrumental","body":"«которыми… оделил» — \"with which God endowed.\" «оделить кого чем» governs the instrumental for the thing bestowed, so «которыми» takes the instrumental plural while still agreeing in number with its antecedent «даров» (gifts)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обуяет","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обуяет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of обуяет","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying обуяет","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"обуяет","lemma":"обуять","morphology":"verb, present/future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seizes"},{"surface":"некоторая","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of игра","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical modifying игра","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"художественная","lemma":"художественный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies игра","gloss":"artistic"},{"surface":"игра","lemma":"игра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of обуяет","gloss":"play"},{"surface":"потребность","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with игра","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"художественного","lemma":"художественный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies творчества","gloss":"artistic"},{"surface":"творчества","lemma":"творчество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies потребность","gloss":"of creation"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical modifying создания","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"создания","lemma":"создание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to творчества","gloss":"the creating"},{"surface":"романа","lemma":"роман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies создания","gloss":"of a novel"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies богатстве","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богатстве","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"богатстве","lemma":"богатство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обуяет","gloss":"the wealth"},{"surface":"психологических","lemma":"психологический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies даров","gloss":"psychological"},{"surface":"даров","lemma":"дар","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies богатстве","gloss":"gifts"},{"surface":"которыми","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of оделил","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оделил","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"оделил","lemma":"оделить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on даров","gloss":"endowed"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of способности","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"способности","lemma":"способность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of оделил","gloss":"faculties"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b12-c10-s37","source":"Еще в Петербурге, еще только собираясь сюда, я был предварен — да и сам знал безо всякого предварения, что встречу здесь оппонентом глубокого и тончайшего психолога, давно уже заслужившего этим качеством своим некоторую особливую славу в нашем молодом еще юридическом мире.","translation":"Even in Petersburg, even while only preparing to come here, I had been forewarned — and indeed I knew it without any forewarning — that I should meet here, as my opponent, a profound and most subtle psychologist, who has long since earned by this very quality a particular and singular renown in our still-young juridical world.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я был предварен","title":"Passive with an archaic participle","body":"«был предварен» is the periphrastic passive — «был» + short past passive participle «предварен» (\"was forewarned\"), from the bookish «предварить» (to warn beforehand). The flourish, then disowned in the same breath, is pure orator's modesty-display."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"собираясь сюда","title":"Gerund «собираясь» — \"while preparing\"","body":"«собираясь» is an imperfective present gerund from «собираться» (to be about to, to get ready), giving simultaneous background: \"even while only getting ready to come here.\" It shares the subject \"I.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"особливую","title":"«особливый» — archaic \"особенный\"","body":"«особливый» is an older, bookish variant of «особенный» (special, particular). Dostoevsky's lawyer reaches for the dated form to gild his praise of the prosecutor's \"singular renown,\" tinting the speech with period elevation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Петербурге","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербурге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Петербурге","lemma":"петербург","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies только","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies собираясь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"собираясь","lemma":"собираться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on предварен","gloss":"preparing"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies собираясь","gloss":"to come here"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предварен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to предварен","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"предварен","lemma":"предварённый","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"forewarned"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предварен","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предварения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of предварения","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"предварения","lemma":"предварение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of безо","gloss":"forewarning"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встречу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"встречу","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"I would meet"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встречу","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"оппонентом","lemma":"оппонент","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of встречу","gloss":"as opponent"},{"surface":"глубокого","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies психолога","gloss":"profound"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тончайшего","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with глубокого","gloss":"most subtle"},{"surface":"психолога","lemma":"психолог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встречу","gloss":"a psychologist"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заслужившего","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заслужившего","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"заслужившего","lemma":"заслужить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying психолога","gloss":"having earned"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of качеством","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"качеством","lemma":"качество","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заслужившего","gloss":"quality"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of качеством","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"некоторую","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of славу","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"особливую","lemma":"особливый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies славу","gloss":"singular"},{"surface":"славу","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заслужившего","gloss":"renown"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мире","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"молодом","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мире","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies юридическом","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"юридическом","lemma":"юридический","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мире","gloss":"juridical"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заслужившего","gloss":"world"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b12-c10-s38","source":"Но ведь психология, господа, хоть и глубокая вещь, а все-таки похожа на палку о двух концах (смешок в публике).","translation":"But psychology, gentlemen, though a profound thing, is all the same like a stick with two ends (a laugh from the audience).","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и глубокая вещь, а все-таки похожа","title":"Concessive «хоть… а» with a short adjective","body":"«хоть и… а всё-таки» frames \"though a deep thing, still it is like…\" — «а» here is the concessive-contrastive hinge. The predicate «похожа» is a short-form adjective agreeing with «психология» (feminine): \"is similar to.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"палка о двух концах","title":"\"A stick with two ends\"","body":"«палка о двух концах» literally means \"a stick with two ends\" — a double-edged thing that can wound the one who wields it. It is the idiom that gives the chapter its title. We keep the Russian object intact and render it «a stick with two ends» rather than swapping it for the familiar English \"knife that cuts both ways,\" so the image stays as Dostoevsky wrote it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies психология","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"психология","lemma":"психология","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of похожа","gloss":"psychology"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative direct address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глубокая","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"глубокая","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вещь","gloss":"profound"},{"surface":"вещь","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"concessive clause modifying психология","gloss":"a thing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle (part 1 of compound)","role":"modifies похожа","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle (part 2 of compound)","role":"modifies похожа","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"похожа","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"is like"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking палку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"палку","lemma":"палка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похожа","gloss":"a stick"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking концах","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies концах","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"концах","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies палку","gloss":"ends"},{"surface":"смешок","lemma":"смешок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parenthetical stage direction","gloss":"a laugh"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking публике","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"публике","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смешок","gloss":"the audience"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b12-c10-s39","source":"О, вы, конечно, простите мне тривиальное сравнение мое; я слишком красноречиво говорить не мастер.","translation":"Oh, you will of course forgive me my trivial comparison; I am no great master at speaking too eloquently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тривиальное сравнение мое","title":"Possessive after the noun","body":"«сравнение мое» places the possessive «мое» AFTER its noun — \"comparison of mine.\" Russian allows the possessive either side; trailing it slightly de-emphasizes ownership and gives a more casual, spoken rhythm."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не мастер","title":"«не мастер» — \"no great hand at\"","body":"«мастер» (master, craftsman) in «я… говорить не мастер» becomes an idiom for skill: \"I'm no master at speaking too eloquently,\" i.e. not good at it. The mock-humility is itself a rhetorical move."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation modifying простите","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of простите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying простите","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of простите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тривиальное","lemma":"тривиальный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сравнение","gloss":"trivial"},{"surface":"сравнение","lemma":"сравнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of простите","gloss":"comparison"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сравнение","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мастер","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies красноречиво","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"красноречиво","lemma":"красноречиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"eloquently"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мастер","gloss":"at speaking"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мастер","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"мастер","lemma":"мастер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the second clause","gloss":"master"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b12-c10-s40","source":"Но вот, однако же, пример — беру первый попавшийся из речи обвинителя.","translation":"But here, then, is an example — I take the first that comes to hand from the prosecutor's speech.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"первый попавшийся","title":"«первый попавшийся» — \"the first that comes to hand\"","body":"«попавшийся» is a past active participle of «попасться» (to turn up, get caught), and «первый попавшийся» is a set phrase: the first one to crop up, any random instance. The lawyer affects to grab his example at random."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пример","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying пример","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"пример","lemma":"пример","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of вот","gloss":"an example"},{"surface":"беру","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I take"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies попавшийся","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"попавшийся","lemma":"попасться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"direct object of беру","gloss":"that comes to hand"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking речи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попавшийся","gloss":"the speech"},{"surface":"обвинителя","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies речи","gloss":"of the prosecutor"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b12-c10-s41","source":"Подсудимый, ночью, в саду, убегая перелезает через забор и повергает медным пестом вцепившегося в его ногу лакея.","translation":"The prisoner, at night, in the garden, climbs over the fence as he flees, and with a brass pestle strikes down the servant who has clutched at his leg.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"убегая перелезает… и повергает","title":"Present tense for vivid narration","body":"The verbs «перелезает» and «повергает» are imperfective present, used as a \"historical present\" to dramatize the reconstructed crime as if unfolding now. The gerund «убегая» (fleeing) layers a simultaneous action onto the climbing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вцепившегося в его ногу лакея","title":"Participle embracing its object","body":"«вцепившегося… лакея» is a past active participle (\"the servant who had clutched\") in the accusative, with its own complement «в его ногу» tucked before the head noun — a dense, distinctively Russian word-bracket. «вцепиться в» (to clutch at) governs «в» + accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перелезает","gloss":"The prisoner"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of перелезает","gloss":"at night"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of перелезает","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"убегая","lemma":"убегать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on перелезает","gloss":"fleeing"},{"surface":"перелезает","lemma":"перелезать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"climbs over"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забор","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"забор","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перелезает","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"повергает","lemma":"повергать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with перелезает","gloss":"strikes down"},{"surface":"медным","lemma":"медный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пестом","gloss":"brass"},{"surface":"пестом","lemma":"пест","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повергает","gloss":"with a pestle"},{"surface":"вцепившегося","lemma":"вцепиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying лакея","gloss":"who clutched"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ногу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вцепившегося","gloss":"leg"},{"surface":"лакея","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of повергает","gloss":"the servant"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b12-c10-s42","source":"Затем тотчас же соскакивает обратно в сад и целых пять минут хлопочет над поверженным, стараясь угадать: убил он его или нет?","translation":"Then at once he jumps back down into the garden and busies himself over the fallen man for a full five minutes, trying to make out whether he has killed him or not.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"соскакивает… хлопочет… стараясь угадать","title":"Present-tense narration with a gerund","body":"The historical present continues — «соскакивает» (jumps), «хлопочет» (fusses) — with the gerund «стараясь» (trying) attaching aim to the fussing. The whole reconstruction is staged in the present for immediacy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"целых пять минут","title":"«пять» governs the genitive plural","body":"«пять минут» — five and above take the genitive plural of the counted noun, hence «минут» (gen. pl. of «минута»). «целых» (whole) also goes genitive plural to agree: \"a full five minutes.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соскакивает","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соскакивает","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"соскакивает","lemma":"соскакивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"jumps down"},{"surface":"обратно","lemma":"обратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соскакивает","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскакивает","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"целых","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies пять","gloss":"a full"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies минут","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"adverbial time complement of хлопочет","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"хлопочет","lemma":"хлопотать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with соскакивает","gloss":"busies himself"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поверженным","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"поверженным","lemma":"поверженный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хлопочет","gloss":"the fallen man"},{"surface":"стараясь","lemma":"стараться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on хлопочет","gloss":"trying"},{"surface":"угадать","lemma":"угадать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of стараясь","gloss":"to guess"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of угадать","gloss":"he killed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b12-c10-s43","source":"И вот обвинитель ни за что не хочет поверить в справедливость показания подсудимого, что соскочил он к старику Григорию из жалости.","translation":"And yet the prosecutor will on no account believe in the truth of the prisoner's testimony — that he jumped down to old Grigory out of pity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни за что не хочет поверить","title":"Emphatic «ни за что» + negation","body":"«ни за что не…» is \"on no account, not for anything,\" an «ни»-phrase that reinforces the verbal negation «не хочет» — negative concord, where both «ни» and «не» stack to one emphatic refusal: he will by no means believe."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обвинитель","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"обвинитель","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom ни за что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хочет","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"поверить","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking справедливость","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"справедливость","lemma":"справедливость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поверить","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"показания","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies справедливость","gloss":"of the testimony"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies показания","gloss":"of the prisoner"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining показания","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"соскочил","lemma":"соскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"he jumped down"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of соскочил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"старику","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскочил","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Григорию","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старику","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жалости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"жалости","lemma":"жалость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскочил","gloss":"pity"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b12-c10-s44","source":"„Нет, дескать, может ли быть такая чувствительность в такую минуту; это-де неестественно, а соскочил он именно для того, чтоб убедиться: жив или убит единственный свидетель его злодеяния, а стало быть, тем и засвидетельствовал, что он совершил это злодеяние, так как не мог соскочить в сад по какому-нибудь другому поводу, влечению или чувству“.","translation":"\"No,\" says he, \"how can there be such tenderness at such a moment; this is unnatural, and he jumped down precisely in order to make sure whether the sole witness to his crime was alive or killed, and so by this very act he bore witness that he had committed that crime, since he could have had no other motive, impulse, or feeling for jumping into the garden.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать… -де","title":"Reportative particles «дескать» and «-де»","body":"«дескать» and the enclitic «-де» (as in «это-де») are quotative particles flagging reported speech — \"he says, supposedly, so they claim.\" The lawyer uses them to voice the prosecutor's reasoning with audible irony, distancing himself from it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"может ли быть такая чувствительность","title":"Interrogative «ли»","body":"«может ли быть» fronts the verb and adds «ли» to form a rhetorical yes/no question — \"can there be such tenderness?\" The «ли» is more literary and pointed than mere question intonation, sharpening the prosecutor's incredulity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"злодеяния","title":"«злодеяние» — an evil deed, villainy","body":"«злодеяние» («зло», evil + «деяние», deed) is a heavy, bookish word for a wicked act, a crime of villainy — far weightier than plain «преступление». Its solemnity belongs to the prosecutor's moralizing voice the lawyer is mimicking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"reported-speech interjection","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, reported-speech marker","role":"reported-speech marker","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of чувствительность","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"чувствительность","lemma":"чувствительность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of быть","gloss":"tenderness"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal complement of быть","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неестественно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle, reported-speech marker","role":"reported-speech marker","gloss":"(they say)"},{"surface":"неестественно","lemma":"неестественно","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"unnatural"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"соскочил","lemma":"соскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"he jumped down"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of соскочил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскочил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убедиться","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"убедиться","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of того","gloss":"make sure"},{"surface":"жив","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the subordinate clause","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"убит","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with жив","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"единственный","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свидетель","gloss":"the sole"},{"surface":"свидетель","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жив/убит","gloss":"witness"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of злодеяния","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"злодеяния","lemma":"злодеяние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies свидетель","gloss":"of the crime"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стало быть","morphology":"verb, past (part 1 of idiom), perfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"стало быть","morphology":"verb, infinitive (part 2 of idiom), imperfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"consequently"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of засвидетельствовал","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies засвидетельствовал","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"засвидетельствовал","lemma":"засвидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with соскочил","gloss":"bore witness"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of совершил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of совершил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"совершил","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of засвидетельствовал","gloss":"had committed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of злодеяние","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"злодеяние","lemma":"злодеяние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of совершил","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так как","morphology":"conjunction (part 1 of idiom)","role":"part of the idiom так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"так как","morphology":"conjunction (part 2 of idiom)","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the так как-clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"соскочить","lemma":"соскочить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have jumped"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскочить","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поводу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"какому","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular (part 1 of compound)","role":"determiner of поводу","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular (part 2 of compound)","role":"determiner of поводу","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"другому","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поводу","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"поводу","lemma":"повод","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскочить","gloss":"motive"},{"surface":"влечению","lemma":"влечение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with поводу","gloss":"impulse"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"чувству","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with поводу","gloss":"feeling"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b12-c10-s45","source":"Вот психология; но возьмем ту же самую психологию и приложим ее к делу, но только с другого конца, и выйдет совсем не менее правдоподобно.","translation":"There is psychology for you; but let us take that very same psychology and apply it to the case, only from the other end, and it will come out no less plausible.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"возьмем… и приложим… и выйдет","title":"Exhortative perfective futures","body":"«возьмём» and «приложим» are first-person-plural perfective futures used as exhortations — \"let us take… and apply…\" — and «выйдет» (it will come out) is another perfective future stating the result. No «давайте» is needed; the bare form invites along."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ту же самую психологию","title":"«тот же самый» — \"the very same\"","body":"«ту же самую» is the demonstrative «тот» reinforced by «же» and «самый» to mean \"that very same\" — all three declined to accusative feminine to match «психологию». The piling-up insists it is identical psychology, merely turned around."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies психология","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"психология","lemma":"психология","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"psychology"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"возьмем","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with приложим","gloss":"let us take"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of психологию","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies психологию","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"психологию","lemma":"психология","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возьмем","gloss":"psychology"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приложим","lemma":"приложить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьмем","gloss":"let us apply"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of приложим","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приложим","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies с другого конца","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конца","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"конца","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of final clause, coordinated with приложим","gloss":"will come out"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies менее","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies правдоподобно","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"правдоподобно","lemma":"правдоподобный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выйдет","gloss":"plausible"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b12-c10-s46","source":"Убийца соскакивает вниз из предосторожности, чтоб убедиться, жив или нет свидетель, а между тем только что оставил в кабинете убитого им отца своего, по свидетельству самого же обвинителя, колоссальную на себя улику в виде разорванного пакета, на котором было написано, что в нем лежали три тысячи.","translation":"The murderer jumps down out of caution, to make sure whether the witness is alive or not — and yet at that very moment he has just left, in the study of the father he had murdered, by the prosecutor's own testimony, a colossal piece of evidence against himself, in the form of a torn-open packet on which was written that three thousand had lain inside it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"убитого им отца своего","title":"Participle + instrumental agent + «свой»","body":"«убитого им отца своего» packs three points: «убитого» is a past passive participle (the murdered father), «им» the instrumental agent (\"by him\"), and «своего» the reflexive possessive marking the father as the subject's own. \"His own father, murdered by him.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of соскакивает","gloss":"the murderer"},{"surface":"соскакивает","lemma":"соскакивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"jumps down"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соскакивает","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предосторожности","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"предосторожности","lemma":"предосторожность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскакивает","gloss":"caution"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убедиться","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"убедиться","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on соскакивает","gloss":"make sure"},{"surface":"жив","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of убедиться","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with жив","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"свидетель","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жив","gloss":"the witness"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем, part of idiom между тем","gloss":"meanwhile","note":"между тем is a fixed two-word idiom meaning 'meanwhile, at that very moment'."},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom между тем, modifies оставил","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom только что, modifies оставил","gloss":"just","note":"только что together = 'just now, just this moment'."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom только что","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"оставил","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with соскакивает","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кабинете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кабинете","lemma":"кабинет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставил","gloss":"the study"},{"surface":"убитого","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying отца","gloss":"murdered"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of убитого","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кабинете","gloss":"of his father"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидетельству","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"свидетельству","lemma":"свидетельство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставил","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обвинителя","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самого","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"обвинителя","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свидетельству","gloss":"prosecutor's"},{"surface":"колоссальную","lemma":"колоссальный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улику","gloss":"colossal"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of улику","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"улику","lemma":"улика","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оставил","gloss":"piece of evidence"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom в виде, modifies улику","gloss":"the form"},{"surface":"разорванного","lemma":"разорванный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пакета","gloss":"torn-open"},{"surface":"пакета","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of виде","gloss":"packet"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написано","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of написано","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"написано","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on пакета","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лежали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежали","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"лежали","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"had lain"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лежали","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b12-c10-s47","source":"„Ведь унеси он этот пакет с собою, то никто бы и не узнал в целом мире, что был и существовал пакет, а в нем деньги, и что, стало быть, деньги были ограблены подсудимым“.","translation":"\"For had he carried off this packet with him, then no one in the whole world would have known that the packet had existed at all, with money inside it, and that, consequently, the money had been robbed by the prisoner.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь унеси он этот пакет","title":"Imperative-form conditional: \"had he carried off\"","body":"«унеси он» uses an imperative form («унеси») with a non-imperative meaning — a vivid colloquial conditional, \"had he but carried it off.\" Russian can borrow the bare imperative to stage a hypothetical past condition, heightened here by «ведь» (after all)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто бы и не узнал","title":"Counterfactual with negative concord","body":"«никто бы… не узнал» — \"no one would have known.\" «бы» + past makes it counterfactual, while «никто… не» stacks the negators in obligatory concord. The result clause completes the «унеси он» condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies унеси","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"унеси","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying узнал","gloss":"had he carried off","note":"unesi + subject is a Russian counterfactual construction ('had he X'), not a real imperative here."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of унеси","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пакет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of унеси","gloss":"packet"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of унеси","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"resumptive, introduces the main clause узнал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of узнал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have known"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"целом","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мире","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of узнал","gloss":"had existed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies существовал","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"существовал","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был and существовал","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided был, modifies деньги","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of elided был","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ограблены","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of idiom стало быть","gloss":"consequently","note":"стало быть is a fixed idiom meaning 'consequently, that is to say'."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom стало быть","gloss":"consequently"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of ограблены","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of ограблены","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"ограблены","lemma":"ограбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"robbed"},{"surface":"подсудимым","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of ограблены","gloss":"by the prisoner"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b12-c10-s48","source":"Это изречение самого обвинителя.","translation":"These are the prosecutor's own words.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изречение","title":"«изречение» — a dictum, pronouncement","body":"«изречение» is a weighty, slightly archaic word for a saying, maxim, or solemn pronouncement (root «речь», speech). Calling the prosecutor's sentence an «изречение» is faintly mocking — dressing a plain claim as an oracle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of изречение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"изречение","lemma":"изречение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"statement"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обвинителя","gloss":"very own"},{"surface":"обвинителя","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies изречение","gloss":"prosecutor's"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b12-c10-s49","source":"Ну так на одно, видите ли, не хватило предосторожности, потерялся человек, испугался и убежал, оставив на полу улику, а как вот минуты две спустя ударил и убил другого человека, то тут сейчас же является самое бессердечное и расчетливое чувство предосторожности к нашим услугам.","translation":"So, you see, in the one thing his caution failed him — the man lost his head, took fright, and ran off, leaving the evidence on the floor; yet some two minutes later, when he has struck and killed another man, the most heartless and calculating feeling of caution at once presents itself for our service.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потерялся… испугался и убежал","title":"Chain of perfectives, two reflexive","body":"Three perfective past events drive the action: «потерялся» (lost his head — reflexive «теряться»), «испугался» (took fright — reflexive «испугаться»), «убежал» (ran off). The «-ся» verbs are middle/intransitive states of panic; the run paints a single flustered flight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"видите ли","title":"«видите ли» — \"you see\"","body":"«видите ли» fuses the verb «видеть» with the particle «ли» into a softening parenthetical address to the jury — \"you see, mind you.\" It is a conversational buttonhole, drawing the listener into the speaker's reasoning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse modifier of the clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одно","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies хватило","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause, part of idiom видите ли","gloss":"you see","note":"видите ли = 'you see, you know', a common filler."},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom видите ли","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хватило","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хватило","lemma":"хватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was lacking"},{"surface":"предосторожности","lemma":"предосторожность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хватило","gloss":"caution"},{"surface":"потерялся","lemma":"потеряться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хватило","gloss":"lost his head"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of потерялся","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"испугался","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with потерялся","gloss":"took fright"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убежал","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with испугался","gloss":"ran off"},{"surface":"оставив","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on убежал","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставив","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"улику","lemma":"улика","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оставив","gloss":"the evidence"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ударил","gloss":"when","note":"как here means 'when', not 'how'."},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударил","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on минуты","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"preposition","role":"postposition following минуты две, modifies ударил","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"ударил","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ударил","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of является","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies является","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies является","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"является","lemma":"являться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the resultant clause introduced by то","gloss":"presents itself"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бессердечное","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"бессердечное","lemma":"бессердечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"heartless"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"расчетливое","lemma":"расчётливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with бессердечное","gloss":"calculating"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of является","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"предосторожности","lemma":"предосторожность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"of caution"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking услугам","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нашим","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of услугам","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"услугам","lemma":"услуга","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of является","gloss":"service"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b12-c10-s50","source":"Но пусть, пусть это так и было: в том-то де и тонкость психологии, что при таких обстоятельствах я сейчас же кровожаден и зорок, как кавказский орел, а в следующую минуту слеп и робок, как ничтожный крот.","translation":"But let it be, let it be so: this, they say, is the very subtlety of psychology — that under such circumstances I am at one moment bloodthirsty and keen-sighted as a Caucasian eagle, and the next blind and timid as a wretched mole.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в том-то де и тонкость","title":"Stacked particles «-то… де… и»","body":"«в том-то… и» is the correlative \"that is the very thing wherein…\", with emphatic «-то» on «том» and «и» pointing to the noun, while «де» flags the whole as the prosecutor's reported claim. A thicket of tiny particles doing the work English does with stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of тонкость","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes том","gloss":"precisely","note":"-то here is an emphatic clitic attached to том, not a separate word 'то'."},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"reportative discourse marker, modifies было","gloss":"they say","note":"де marks reported/quoted speech, roughly 'so they say'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes тонкость","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"тонкость","lemma":"тонкость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, in construction with том","gloss":"subtlety"},{"surface":"психологии","lemma":"психология","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тонкость","gloss":"of psychology"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кровожаден","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обстоятельствах","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of обстоятельствах","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"обстоятельствах","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of кровожаден","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of кровожаден","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кровожаден","gloss":"right then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"right then"},{"surface":"кровожаден","lemma":"кровожадный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"bloodthirsty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зорок","lemma":"зоркий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with кровожаден","gloss":"keen-sighted"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking орел","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"кавказский","lemma":"кавказский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies орел","gloss":"Caucasian"},{"surface":"орел","lemma":"орёл","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кровожаден","gloss":"eagle"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"следующую","lemma":"следующий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слеп","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"слеп","lemma":"слепой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with кровожаден","gloss":"blind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"робок","lemma":"робкий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with слеп","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking крот","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ничтожный","lemma":"ничтожный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крот","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"крот","lemma":"крот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слеп","gloss":"mole"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b12-c10-s51","source":"Но если уж я так кровожаден и жестоко расчетлив, что, убив, соскочил лишь для того, чтобы посмотреть, жив ли на меня свидетель или нет, то к чему бы, кажется, возиться над этою новою жертвою моей целых пять минут, да еще нажить, пожалуй, новых свидетелей?","translation":"But if I am so bloodthirsty and so cruelly calculating that, having killed, I jumped down only to see whether the witness was still alive to testify against me or not, then why, it would seem, should I fuss over this new victim of mine for a full five minutes, and risk acquiring, perhaps, fresh witnesses besides?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к чему бы… возиться","title":"Dative-purpose question with «бы»","body":"«к чему бы… возиться» — \"why on earth would one fuss?\" «к чему» (to what end, dative of «что») plus «бы» frames a rhetorical, hypothetical purpose-question. The verb stays an infinitive: why bother to fuss."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"убив","title":"Perfective gerund «убив» — \"having killed\"","body":"«убив» is a perfective past gerund (suffix -в) of «убить» — a prior, completed action: \"having killed.\" It sequences before the main verb, unlike the imperfective gerunds of simultaneity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кровожаден","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кровожаден","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of кровожаден","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кровожаден","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"кровожаден","lemma":"кровожадный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"bloodthirsty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жестоко","lemma":"жестоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расчетлив","gloss":"cruelly"},{"surface":"расчетлив","lemma":"расчётливый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with кровожаден","gloss":"calculating"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of соскочил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убив","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on соскочил","gloss":"having killed"},{"surface":"соскочил","lemma":"соскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of расчетлив","gloss":"jumped down"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскочил","gloss":"the purpose"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of посмотреть","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"посмотреть","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on того","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"жив","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of посмотреть","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жив","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of жив","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"свидетель","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жив","gloss":"the witness"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with жив","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возиться","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of возиться","gloss":"what","note":"к чему idiomatically means 'why'."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of возиться","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies возиться","gloss":"it would seem"},{"surface":"возиться","lemma":"возиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with соскочил","gloss":"fuss"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этою","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"этою","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жертвою","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"новою","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жертвою","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"жертвою","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возиться (object of над)","gloss":"victim"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жертвою","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"целых","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies пять","gloss":"a full"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on минут","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of возиться","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нажить","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"нажить","lemma":"нажить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with возиться","gloss":"acquire"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies нажить","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"новых","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies свидетелей","gloss":"fresh"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of нажить","gloss":"witnesses"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b12-c10-s52","source":"К чему мочить платок, обтирая кровь с головы поверженного, с тем чтобы платок этот послужил потом против меня же уликой?","translation":"Why moisten my handkerchief, wiping the blood from the fallen man's head, so that this very handkerchief should afterward serve as evidence against me?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обтирая кровь","title":"Gerund «обтирая» — manner of the fussing","body":"«обтирая» (wiping) is an imperfective present gerund attaching the wiping to the infinitive «мочить» — why moisten the handkerchief, wiping the blood. It expresses an accompanying action sharing the implied subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"против меня же","title":"Emphatic «же» on the pronoun","body":"«против меня же» — \"against me, of all people.\" The particle «же» fastens to «меня» to underline the self-defeating irony: evidence turned against the very man who made it. The reflexive logic is the heart of the \"two-ended stick.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мочить","gloss":"what","note":"к чему idiomatically means 'why'."},{"surface":"мочить","lemma":"мочить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"moisten"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мочить","gloss":"the handkerchief"},{"surface":"обтирая","lemma":"обтирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on мочить","gloss":"wiping"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обтирая","gloss":"the blood"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking головы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"головы","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обтирая","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"поверженного","lemma":"поверженный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies головы","gloss":"of the fallen man"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom с тем чтобы, modifies мочить","gloss":"so","note":"с тем чтобы is a fixed idiom meaning 'so that, in order that'."},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom с тем чтобы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of послужил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послужил","gloss":"handkerchief"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of платок","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"послужил","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"should serve"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послужил","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of preposition против","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"уликой","lemma":"улика","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послужил","gloss":"as evidence"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b12-c10-s53","source":"Нет, если мы уж так расчетливы и жестокосерды, то не лучше ли бы было, соскочив, просто огорошить поверженного слугу тем же самым пестом еще и еще раз по голове, чтоб уж убить его окончательно и, искоренив свидетеля, снять с сердца всякую заботу?","translation":"No — if we are so calculating and hard-hearted, then would it not have been better, having jumped down, simply to stun the fallen servant with that same pestle once and again over the head, so as to kill him outright and, by rooting out the witness, lift every care from our heart?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не лучше ли бы было… огорошить","title":"«ли» + «бы» — a hypothetical question","body":"«не лучше ли бы было… огорошить» stacks the question particle «ли» with the conditional «бы»: \"would it not have been better to stun…?\" The infinitive «огорошить» supplies the action; the doubled particles cast it as both query and counterfactual."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"огорошить","title":"«огорошить» — to stun, catch off guard","body":"«огорошить» colloquially means to dumbfound or take aback, but here it leans on its blunt physical edge — to lay someone out with a blow. The word's everyday lightness makes the murderous suggestion grimly ironic in the lawyer's mouth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"искоренив свидетеля","title":"Perfective gerund «искоренив»","body":"«искоренив» (having rooted out, from «искоренить» — to extirpate, lit. \"un-root\") is a perfective past gerund marking a completed prior act: by first eliminating the witness, one could then lift every care. It shares the subject of «снять»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of расчетливы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of расчетливы","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расчетливы","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"расчетливы","lemma":"расчётливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of мы","gloss":"calculating"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жестокосерды","lemma":"жестокосердый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"coordinated with расчетливы","gloss":"hard-hearted"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лучше","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of было","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"really","note":"ли marks the rhetorical question 'wouldn't it be better'."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of лучше","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to лучше","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"соскочив","lemma":"соскочить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on огорошить","gloss":"having jumped down"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies огорошить","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"огорошить","lemma":"огорошить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"clausal complement of лучше","gloss":"stun"},{"surface":"поверженного","lemma":"поверженный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слугу","gloss":"the fallen"},{"surface":"слугу","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of огорошить","gloss":"the servant"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пестом","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пестом","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"пестом","lemma":"пест","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement (instrument) of огорошить","gloss":"pestle"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of огорошить","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of огорошить (location)","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убить","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убить","gloss":"once and for all"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on огорошить","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убить","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"искоренив","lemma":"искоренить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on снять","gloss":"rooting out"},{"surface":"свидетеля","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of искоренив","gloss":"the witness"},{"surface":"снять","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with убить","gloss":"lift"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of снять","gloss":"the heart"},{"surface":"всякую","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of заботу","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"заботу","lemma":"забота","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of снять","gloss":"care"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b12-c10-s54","source":"И наконец, я соскакиваю, чтобы проверить, жив или нет на меня свидетель, и тут же на дорожке оставляю другого свидетеля, именно этот самый пестик, который я захватил у двух женщин и которые обе всегда могут признать потом этот пестик за свой и засвидетельствовать, что это я у них его захватил.","translation":"And finally, I jump down to verify whether the witness against me is alive or not, and there on the path I leave behind another witness — namely this very pestle, which I had snatched from two women, both of whom can always afterward recognize this pestle as theirs and testify that it was from them I snatched it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у двух женщин","title":"«два/две» governs the genitive singular","body":"«у двух женщин» — note that the numeral «два/две» (and 2–4) takes the genitive SINGULAR of the noun in the base, but here «у» (genitive) re-declines the whole phrase: «двух женщин» is the genitive of «две женщины». Numerals control case, then re-bend under a preposition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пестик","title":"«пестик» — diminutive of «пест» (pestle)","body":"The text shifts from «пест» (s41) to the diminutive «пестик» — a \"little pestle.\" The affectionate-belittling suffix mockingly miniaturizes the murder weapon as the lawyer toys with it, a small verbal needle aimed at the prosecution's heavy reading."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"который я захватил… и которые обе","title":"Relative «который» twice, two antecedents","body":"The first «который» (accusative) refers to the pestle Mitya snatched; the second «которые обе» (nominative plural) jumps to the two women who can recognize it. Watching which antecedent each «который» agrees with — and what case its own clause assigns — is the reader's task."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соскакиваю","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of соскакиваю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"соскакиваю","lemma":"соскакивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I jump down"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проверить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"проверить","lemma":"проверить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on соскакиваю","gloss":"verify"},{"surface":"жив","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of свидетель, in the clause complement of проверить","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with жив","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня, modifies свидетель","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"object of на","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"свидетель","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жив","gloss":"witness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставляю","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дорожке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"дорожке","lemma":"дорожка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставляю","gloss":"the path"},{"surface":"оставляю","lemma":"оставлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with соскакиваю","gloss":"I leave"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свидетеля","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"свидетеля","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставляю","gloss":"witness"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этот","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пестик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пестик","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"пестик","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to свидетеля, object of оставляю","gloss":"pestle"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of захватил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of захватил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"захватил","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on пестик","gloss":"I snatched"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщин","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies женщин","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"женщин","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of захватил","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могут","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"modifies которые","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on женщин","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"признать","lemma":"признать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"recognize"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies признать","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пестик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пестик","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of признать","gloss":"pestle"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свой","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of признать (via за), refers to пестик","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"засвидетельствовать","lemma":"засвидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with признать, complement of могут","gloss":"testify"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захватил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"focus pronoun (cleft) with я захватил","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of захватил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of захватил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of захватил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"захватил","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of засвидетельствовать","gloss":"snatched"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b12-c10-s55","source":"И не то что забыл его на дорожке, обронил в рассеянности, в потерянности: нет, мы именно отбросили наше оружие, потому что нашли его шагах в пятнадцати от того места, где был повержен Григорий.","translation":"And it is not that he forgot it on the path, dropped it in distraction, in his bewilderment: no, we deliberately flung away our weapon, for it was found some fifteen paces from the spot where Grigory had been struck down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то что забыл… а… отбросили","title":"Contrastive «не то что… а»","body":"«не то что… а» sets up \"it is not that… but rather…\": not that he forgot it, but that we deliberately flung it. «а» is the gentle adversative pivoting from the rejected reading to the asserted one."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нашли его шагах в пятнадцати","title":"Subjectless \"they found\" + locative idiom","body":"«нашли» is an agentless past plural — \"it was found / they found.\" «шагах в пятнадцати» inverts numeral and noun («в пятнадцати шагах», fifteen paces off) to mean \"some fifteen paces,\" the inversion signalling approximation."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom не то что, introduces забыл","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he forgot"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of забыл","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дорожке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"дорожке","lemma":"дорожка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыл","gloss":"the path"},{"surface":"обронил","lemma":"обронить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with забыл","gloss":"dropped"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассеянности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"рассеянности","lemma":"рассеянность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обронил","gloss":"distraction"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking потерянности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"потерянности","lemma":"потерянность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with рассеянности, complement of обронил","gloss":"bewilderment"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to забыл","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отбросили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отбросили","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"отбросили","lemma":"отбросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of contrasting clause","gloss":"we flung away"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of оружие","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"оружие","lemma":"оружие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отбросили","gloss":"weapon"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of нашли","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отбросили","gloss":"we found"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нашли","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"шагах","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial of distance, modifies нашли","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пятнадцати","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"пятнадцати","lemma":"пятнадцать","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies шагах","gloss":"fifteen"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of места","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of от","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повержен","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of повержен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"повержен","lemma":"повергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on места","gloss":"struck down"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive повержен","gloss":"Grigory"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b12-c10-s56","source":"Спрашивается, для чего же мы так сделали?","translation":"One asks: why, then, did we do this?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Спрашивается","title":"Impersonal reflexive «спрашивается»","body":"«спрашивается» is a reflexive used impersonally — \"the question arises, one asks.\" There is no agent; the «-ся» turns \"to ask\" into a self-posing query. A common rhetorical opener for a pointed question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спрашивается","lemma":"спрашиваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"one asks"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделали","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сделали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделали","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сделали","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Спрашивается","gloss":"did"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b12-c10-s57","source":"А вот именно потому и сделали, что нам горько стало, что мы человека убили, старого слугу, а потому в досаде, с проклятием и отбросили пестик, как оружие убийства, иначе быть не могло, для чего же его было бросать с такого размаху?","translation":"Why, precisely for this reason we did it — because it had become bitter to us that we had killed a man, an old servant; and so, in vexation, with a curse, we flung the pestle away, the weapon of the murder. It could not have been otherwise — for why else fling it with such a sweep?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нам горько стало","title":"Dative-experiencer «нам горько»","body":"\"It became bitter TO us\": «нам» is dative, «горько стало» an impersonal predicate of feeling with no nominative subject. This dative-of-the-sufferer is exactly the construction the catalog flags as central to Dostoevsky's inner life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для чего же его было бросать","title":"Rhetorical «же» in a purpose-question","body":"«для чего же… было бросать» — \"why on earth fling it?\" «же» intensifies the rhetorical \"why,\" and «было бросать» (past «было» + infinitive) is the idiom \"what was the point of throwing.\" The whole insists the act betrays feeling, not calculation."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies именно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделали","gloss":"for this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделали","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сделали","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we did"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стало","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of стало","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сделали","gloss":"it became"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of убили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убили","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"убили","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of стало","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"старого","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слугу","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"слугу","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убили, apposition to человека","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отбросили","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking досаде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"досаде","lemma":"досада","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отбросили","gloss":"vexation"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking проклятием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"проклятием","lemma":"проклятие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with досаде","gloss":"a curse"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отбросили","lemma":"отбросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with убили","gloss":"we flung away"},{"surface":"пестик","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отбросили","gloss":"the pestle"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking оружие","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"оружие","lemma":"оружие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отбросили","gloss":"the weapon"},{"surface":"убийства","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies оружие","gloss":"of the murder"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of clause иначе...могло","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of бросать (impersonal construction)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"бросать","lemma":"бросать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of было (impersonal construction)","gloss":"to fling"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking размаху","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of размаху","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"размаху","lemma":"размах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросать","gloss":"a sweep"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b12-c10-s58","source":"Если же могли почувствовать боль и жалость, что человека убили, то, конечно, уж потому, что отца не убили: убив отца, не соскочили бы к другому поверженному из жалости, тогда уже было бы иное чувство, не до жалости бы было тогда, а до самоспасения, и это, конечно, так.","translation":"And if we could feel pain and pity that we had killed a man, then it is of course because we had not killed our father: had we killed the father, we should not have jumped down to the other fallen man out of pity; then it would have been a different feeling, then there would have been no time for pity, but only for self-preservation — and that, of course, is so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"убив отца, не соскочили бы","title":"Counterfactual: gerund condition + «бы»","body":"The perfective gerund «убив отца» (\"having killed the father\") carries the condition, and «не соскочили бы» the counterfactual result with «бы» — had he killed the father, he would NOT have jumped down out of pity. Gerund-plus-«бы» is a compact way to stage the hypothetical."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не до жалости бы было","title":"«не до» + genitive: \"no time/place for\"","body":"«не до жалости» is the idiom «не до» + genitive — \"there's no room/time for pity, one can't be bothered with pity.\" With «бы было» it turns counterfactual: there would have been no place for pity. A purely impersonal, subjectless frame."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могли","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we could"},{"surface":"почувствовать","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"боль","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of почувствовать","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жалость","lemma":"жалость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with боль","gloss":"pity"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убили","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"убили","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of могли","gloss":"we killed"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of потому","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to потому","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убили","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убили","gloss":"the father"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убили","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on потому","gloss":"we killed"},{"surface":"убив","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on соскочили","gloss":"having killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убив","gloss":"the father"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies соскочили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"соскочили","lemma":"соскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to убили","gloss":"we would have jumped down"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks соскочили as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поверженному","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"другому","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поверженному","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"поверженному","lemma":"поверженный","morphology":"participle used as noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскочили","gloss":"fallen man"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жалости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"жалости","lemma":"жалость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies соскочили (reason)","gloss":"pity"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of clause","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks было as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"иное","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies до жалости","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жалости","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"жалости","lemma":"жалость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"pity"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks было as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, impersonal (не до жалости было)","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking самоспасения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"самоспасения","lemma":"самоспасение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with жалости (parallel до-phrase)","gloss":"self-preservation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to так","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b12-c10-s59","source":"Напротив, повторяю, размозжили бы ему череп окончательно, а не возились бы с ним пять минут.","translation":"On the contrary, I repeat, we should have smashed his skull outright, and not busied ourselves with him for five minutes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"размозжили бы… а не возились бы","title":"Parallel counterfactuals with «бы»","body":"Both verbs carry «бы» for the counterfactual: «размозжили бы» (would have smashed) versus «не возились бы» (would not have fussed). «а» between them is the contrastive hinge — would have done this, and not that."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"размозжили… череп","title":"«размозжить» — to smash, crush (the skull)","body":"«размозжить» is a violent, specific verb for crushing or smashing to pulp, collocating almost ritually with «череп» (skull) or «голову». Its brutality is the lawyer's rhetorical point: a true killer would have done THIS, not lingered in pity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to размозжили","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to размозжили","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"размозжили","lemma":"размозжить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we would have smashed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks размозжили as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of размозжили","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"череп","lemma":"череп","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of размозжили","gloss":"skull"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies размозжили","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возились","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"возились","lemma":"возиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with размозжили","gloss":"busied ourselves"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks возились as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возились","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies минут","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of возились","gloss":"minutes"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b12-c10-s60","source":"Явилось место жалости и доброму чувству именно потому, что была пред тем чиста совесть.","translation":"There was room for pity and a kindly feeling precisely because the conscience before that had been clean.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Явилось место жалости","title":"Subject-last word order","body":"«Явилось место жалости» — \"there appeared room for pity\" — puts the verb first and the subject «место» after it, the existential pattern that presents new information last. «жалости» and «чувству» are datives: room FOR pity and a kindly feeling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"была пред тем чиста совесть","title":"Short adjective «чиста» + archaic «пред»","body":"«чиста» is the short predicative form of «чистый» (clean), agreeing with «совесть» (feminine): \"the conscience was clean.\" «пред» is the bookish/archaic variant of «перед» (before), suiting the speech's elevated close."}],"words":[{"surface":"Явилось","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there appeared"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Явилось","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"жалости","lemma":"жалость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"for pity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"доброму","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувству","gloss":"kindly"},{"surface":"чувству","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with жалости, modifies место","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Явилось","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of чиста","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to чиста","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чиста","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of совесть, clausal complement of потому","gloss":"clean"},{"surface":"совесть","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of чиста","gloss":"conscience"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b12-c10-s61","source":"Вот, стало быть, другая уж психология.","translation":"Here, then, you have a different psychology already.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот, стало быть, другая уж психология.","title":"A verbless equational sentence","body":"There is no copula: «другая уж психология» (a different psychology already) is a bare nominative predicate, since Russian uses no present-tense 'is'. The opener «вот» ('here you have…') points to the thing just demonstrated."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стало быть","title":"«стало быть» — 'so then, therefore'","body":"A fixed discourse marker meaning 'consequently, it follows that' — slightly colloquial and characteristic of spoken reasoning. Literally 'it became to be', it is frozen and does not inflect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж","title":"The particle «уж»","body":"Here «уж» is the colloquial, emphatic clipping of «уже» ('already'), tightening the irony — 'a wholly different psychology, you see'. It belongs to the family of modal particles that colour an utterance with the speaker's attitude."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to психология","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало (idiom стало быть)","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"другая","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies психология","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies другая","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"психология","lemma":"психология","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"psychology"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b12-c10-s62","source":"Я ведь нарочно, господа присяжные, прибегнул теперь сам к психологии, чтобы наглядно показать, что из нее можно вывесть всё что угодно.","translation":"I have, after all, on purpose, gentlemen of the jury, resorted now to psychology myself, in order to show plainly that one can deduce from it whatever one pleases.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ведь нарочно … прибегнул теперь сам к психологии","title":"«ведь» appealing to the jury","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'after all, as you can see' — drawing the jurors into the defence counsel's reasoning. Russian leans on such particles where English would use stress or intonation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прибегнул … к психологии","title":"Perfective past + dative-governing «к»","body":"«прибегнул» is the perfective past of «прибегнуть» ('to resort to'), naming a single completed act. The verb governs «к» + dative («к психологии»), one of the small set of constructions where 'to' is rendered by «к»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы наглядно показать, что из нее можно вывесть всё что угодно","title":"Purpose clause with «чтобы»","body":"«чтобы» + infinitive («показать») expresses purpose — 'in order to show'. The embedded «что»-clause then reports the point being shown, so two subordinators stack: willed purpose, then plain reported fact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из нее можно вывесть всё что угодно","title":"Impersonal «можно» + infinitive","body":"«можно вывесть» is the impersonal 'one can deduce', with no nominative subject — the generic 'you/one' lives in the modal «можно» plus a bare infinitive. «из нее» is genitive after «из» ('out of it')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вывесть","title":"«вывесть» — an older infinitive of «вывести»","body":"«вывесть» (to deduce, derive) is the 19th-century literary infinitive beside the modern «вывести». The retained -сть ending is one of the period flavours of Dostoevsky's prose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всё что угодно","title":"«всё что угодно» — 'absolutely anything'","body":"A set phrase, literally 'everything that is pleasing', meaning 'anything you like, whatever you please' — here the cynical punch line: psychology can be made to prove anything at all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прибегнул","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибегнул","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибегнул","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"прибегнул","lemma":"прибегнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I resorted"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибегнул","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies прибегнул (emphatic \"myself\")","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking психологии","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"психологии","lemma":"психология","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибегнул","gloss":"psychology"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of показать","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"наглядно","lemma":"наглядно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показать","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"показать","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибегнул","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of можно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of показать","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"вывесть","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можно","gloss":"deduce"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вывесть","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase что угодно","gloss":"one pleases"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b12-c10-s63","source":"Всё дело, в каких она руках.","translation":"It is all a matter of whose hands it is in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё дело, в каких она руках.","title":"Elliptical 'it all depends'","body":"«Всё дело (в том)…» is an idiom — 'the whole point / the whole matter is…' — with the correlative «в том» elided before the indirect question. The verbless main clause again shows Russian's zero present-tense copula."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в каких она руках","title":"«в каких … руках» — prepositional of location","body":"«в … руках» ('in whose hands') sits in the prepositional case after locative «в», and the interrogative-relative «каких» agrees with «руках» in case and number. The idiom 'in whose hands it is' carries the speech's whole argument."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject (elliptical construction \"дело в...\")","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каких","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of руках","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject, refers back to психология","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hands"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b12-c10-s64","source":"Психология подзывает на роман даже самых серьезных людей, и это совершенно невольно.","translation":"Psychology lures even the most serious men into novel-writing, and this is quite involuntary.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Психология подзывает на роман даже самых серьезных людей","title":"Animate accusative «самых серьезных людей»","body":"The object 'the most serious men' takes a genitive-shaped accusative because the noun is animate plural: «самых серьезных людей», not the nominative «люди». This borrowing of the genitive keeps object distinct from subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самых серьезных","title":"Superlative with «самый»","body":"«самых серьезных» is the periphrastic superlative — «самый» ('the most') declining together with the adjective and noun ('the most serious'). Here both stand in the accusative plural, agreeing throughout."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подзывает на роман","title":"«подзывать на роман» — 'lures into novel-writing'","body":"«подзывать» normally means 'to beckon, call over'; here, with «на роман», it is figurative — psychology 'tempts even serious men into spinning a novel'. «роман» means both 'novel' and, by extension, a fanciful, romance-like fabrication — the exact charge the defence levels at the prosecutor's reconstruction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это совершенно невольно","title":"Short-adjective predicate «невольно»","body":"«невольно» functions as an invariable adverb/short predicate — 'quite involuntarily / it cannot be helped' — modifying the implied 'it happens'. Such crisp predicative forms give the sentence its aphoristic snap."}],"words":[{"surface":"Психология","lemma":"психология","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подзывает","gloss":"psychology"},{"surface":"подзывает","lemma":"подзывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lures"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роман","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"роман","lemma":"роман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подзывает","gloss":"novel-writing"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самых","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies серьезных","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"серьезных","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of подзывает","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of невольно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невольно","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"невольно","lemma":"невольный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"involuntary"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b12-c10-s65","source":"Я говорю про излишнюю психологию, господа присяжные, про некоторое злоупотребление ею».","translation":"I am speaking of excessive psychology, gentlemen of the jury, of a certain abuse of it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"про излишнюю психологию … про некоторое злоупотребление ею","title":"«про» + accusative","body":"«про» ('about, concerning') governs the accusative: «про излишнюю психологию», «про … злоупотребление». It is the more colloquial counterpart of «о» + prepositional, fitting the lawyer's spoken address."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"злоупотребление ею","title":"Instrumental complement «ею»","body":"The noun «злоупотребление» ('abuse, misuse') takes its complement in the instrumental — «ею» ('of it', i.e. of psychology), the bare instrumental of «она». Russian verbs and nouns of using/abusing govern the instrumental directly, with no preposition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"злоупотребление","title":"«злоупотребление» — a bookish abstract noun","body":"Built on «зло» (evil) + «употребление» (use), 'abuse, misuse'. The -ение suffix marks the elevated, abstract register the advocate adopts to scold his opponent's excess."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am speaking"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking психологию","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"излишнюю","lemma":"излишний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies психологию","gloss":"excessive"},{"surface":"психологию","lemma":"психология","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"psychology"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злоупотребление","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of злоупотребление","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"злоупотребление","lemma":"злоупотребление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with психологию","gloss":"abuse"},{"surface":"ею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злоупотребление","gloss":"of it"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b12-c10-s66","source":"Здесь опять послышались одобрительные смешки в публике, и всё по адресу прокурора.","translation":"Here again approving laughs were heard from the audience, all at the prosecutor's expense.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Здесь опять послышались одобрительные смешки в публике","title":"Reflexive «послышались» + subject-last order","body":"«послышались» ('were heard') is a perfective -ся verb with middle/passive sense — the laughs 'made themselves heard'. The grammatical subject «смешки» comes after the verb, the natural Russian flow that places the new information late."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смешки","title":"«смешки» — suppressed little laughs","body":"A diminutive plural of «смех» (laughter): «смешки» are small, half-stifled snickers — knowing, faintly mocking. The expressive suffix conveys the courtroom's quiet ridicule better than a neutral 'laughter' would."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всё по адресу прокурора","title":"«по адресу» — 'aimed at, at the expense of'","body":"The idiom «по адресу (кого-л.)» means 'directed at someone' — the snickers were all 'at the prosecutor's expense'. «по» + dative «адресу» here is figurative, not a literal address."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послышались","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послышались","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"послышались","lemma":"послышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were heard"},{"surface":"одобрительные","lemma":"одобрительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies смешки","gloss":"approving"},{"surface":"смешки","lemma":"смешок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of послышались","gloss":"laughs"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking публике","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"публике","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смешки","gloss":"the audience"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject (elliptical), refers to смешки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking адресу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"адресу","lemma":"адрес","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement (idiom по адресу = at the expense of)","gloss":"expense"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies адресу","gloss":"the prosecutor's"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b12-c10-s67","source":"Не буду приводить всей речи защитника в подробности, возьму только некоторые из нее места, некоторые главнейшие пункты.","translation":"I shall not reproduce the whole of the counsel's speech in detail; I shall take only certain passages from it, certain of the principal points.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не буду приводить всей речи защитника","title":"Compound future + genitive of negation","body":"«не буду приводить» is the imperfective compound future ('I shall not reproduce'), and under negation the object slides into the genitive: «всей речи защитника», not the accusative «всю речь». This genitive of negation is the default with a negated verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возьму только некоторые из нее места","title":"Perfective future «возьму»","body":"«возьму» is the simple (perfective) future of «взять» — a verb conjugated like a present but meaning 'I shall take'. It sets the completed, decisive 'I'll pick out just a few passages' against the preceding imperfective 'I shall not reproduce'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"некоторые из нее места, некоторые главнейшие пункты","title":"Asyndeton and superlative «главнейшие»","body":"The two object phrases sit side by side without a conjunction (asyndeton), the second restating the first — a rhetorical narrowing. «главнейшие» is the bookish suffixal superlative in -ейш- ('the principal-most'), more literary than a «самый»-phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"защитника","title":"«защитник» — defence counsel","body":"Literally 'defender, protector', «защитник» is the courtroom term for defence attorney (here Fetyukovich). The narrator's choice of the plain Russian word, rather than a Latinate loan, keeps the legal drama rooted in everyday speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приводить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of приводить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"приводить","lemma":"приводить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reproduce"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речи","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of приводить","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"защитника","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies речи","gloss":"the counsel's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of приводить","gloss":"detail"},{"surface":"возьму","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приводить","gloss":"I will take"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies некоторые","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of места","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies некоторые","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of возьму","gloss":"passages"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of пункты","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"главнейшие","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies пункты","gloss":"principal"},{"surface":"пункты","lemma":"пункт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with места","gloss":"points"}]}]}