{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b12-c11","title":{"source":"XI. Денег не было. Грабежа не было","translated":"There Was No Money. There Was No Robbery"},"section":"Book XII — A Judicial Error","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c11","lines":105},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c10","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c12","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b12-c11-s1","source":"Был один пункт, даже всех поразивший в речи защитника, а именно полное отрицание существования этих роковых трех тысяч рублей, а стало быть, и возможности их грабежа.","translation":"There was one point in the defense counsel's speech that struck absolutely everyone, namely his outright denial that those fateful three thousand roubles had ever existed at all, and therefore that any robbery of them had been possible.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всех поразивший","title":"Past active participle compressing a clause","body":"«поразивший» is a past active participle from «поразить» (to strike, astonish), agreeing with «пункт» (a point that struck...). It packs a whole «который»-clause into one word — «пункт, который поразил всех» — and is a hallmark of Dostoevsky's literary syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"полное отрицание существования этих роковых трех тысяч рублей","title":"A chain of genitives","body":"Bookish prose stacks genitives: «отрицание существования» (denial of the existence) of «этих... трех тысяч рублей». «существования» depends on «отрицание», and the whole sum sits in the genitive as the thing whose existence is denied — the workhorse case strung into a noun-chain."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"роковых","title":"«роковой» — fateful, fatal","body":"«роковой» means 'fateful, fated, fatal', from «рок» (fate, doom). It is a charged, ominous word — these are not merely three thousand roubles but the fateful three thousand around which the whole tragedy turns."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies пункт","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"пункт","lemma":"пункт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Был","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всех","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of поразивший","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"поразивший","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying пункт","gloss":"that struck"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking речи","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поразивший","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"защитника","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies речи","gloss":"counsel's"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase а именно","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"полное","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отрицание","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"отрицание","lemma":"отрицание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to пункт","gloss":"denial"},{"surface":"существования","lemma":"существование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отрицание","gloss":"of the existence"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of рублей","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"роковых","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies рублей","gloss":"fateful"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies существования","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the phrase стало быть (idiom)","gloss":"consequently","note":"'стало быть' is a fixed phrase meaning 'consequently, therefore'."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало (idiom стало быть)","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возможности","lemma":"возможность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with существования (object of отрицание)","gloss":"the possibility"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of грабежа","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"грабежа","lemma":"грабёж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies возможности","gloss":"robbery"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b12-c11-s2","source":"«Господа присяжные заседатели, — приступил защитник, — в настоящем деле всякого свежего и непредубежденного человека поражает одна характернейшая особенность, а именно: обвинение в грабеже и в то же время совершенная невозможность фактически указать на то: что именно было ограблено?","translation":"\"Gentlemen of the jury,\" the counsel began, \"in the present case one most characteristic feature strikes any fresh and unprejudiced observer, namely this: a charge of robbery, and at the very same time a complete impossibility of pointing, as a matter of fact, to precisely what was robbed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приступил защитник","title":"Inverted verb–subject in a dialogue tag","body":"The narrator's tag puts verb before subject — «приступил защитник» (began the counsel) rather than «защитник приступил». This verb-first inversion is the standard, almost invisible word order for speech attributions; case endings keep the roles clear, so position is free for rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"характернейшая","title":"Bookish superlative in -ейший","body":"«характернейшая» is the synthetic superlative of «характерный» built with the suffix -ейш- ('most characteristic'), rather than the everyday «самый характерный». This one-word superlative is markedly bookish and rhetorical, fitting an orator's flourish."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"непредубежденного","title":"«непредубеждённый» — unprejudiced","body":"A negated past passive participle turned adjective: «не-» + «предубеждённый» (prejudiced, from «предубедить»). 'Any fresh and unprejudiced person' — the lawyer flatters his listeners as exactly the impartial minds he needs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition with заседатели, (vocative address)","gloss":"gentlemen","note":"Господа here is the plural of господин ('gentlemen'), not господь ('the Lord') — a common tagger mix-up."},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies заседатели,","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"заседатели,","lemma":"заседатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the vocative phrase","gloss":"jurors"},{"surface":"приступил","lemma":"приступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause (counsel began)","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"защитник,","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приступил","gloss":"the counsel,"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"настоящем","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"the present"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поражает","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человека","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"свежего","lemma":"свежий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"fresh"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"непредубежденного","lemma":"непредубеждённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with свежего","gloss":"unprejudiced"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поражает","gloss":"observer"},{"surface":"поражает","lemma":"поражать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"strikes"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies особенность","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"характернейшая","lemma":"характерный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies особенность","gloss":"most characteristic"},{"surface":"особенность","lemma":"особенность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поражает","gloss":"feature"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase а именно","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with невозможность, in apposition to особенность","gloss":"a charge"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грабеже","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"грабеже","lemma":"грабёж","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обвинение","gloss":"robbery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время (idiom в то же время)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying the coordinated clause","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"совершенная","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies невозможность","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"невозможность","lemma":"невозможность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with обвинение, in apposition to особенность","gloss":"impossibility"},{"surface":"фактически","lemma":"фактически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указать","gloss":"as a matter of fact"},{"surface":"указать","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies невозможность","gloss":"to point"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of указать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive ограблено","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of ограблено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ограблено","lemma":"ограбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate verb of the что-clause (subject что)","gloss":"robbed"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b12-c11-s3","source":"Ограблены, дескать, деньги, именно три тысячи — а существовали ли они в самом деле — этого никто не знает.","translation":"Money was robbed, we are told — exactly three thousand — but whether it actually existed, that no one knows.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — 'so they say'","body":"«дескать» is a reportative particle marking words as someone else's claim, with a faint note of doubt or mockery: 'we are told, supposedly, as the story goes.' Fetyukovich uses it to hold the prosecution's assertion at arm's length."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"существовали ли они","title":"Embedded «ли» — 'whether'","body":"The enclitic «ли» follows the fronted, focused verb «существовали» to mean 'whether they existed' — a literary alternative to plain question intonation, and the standard way to embed an indirect yes/no question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"этого никто не знает","title":"Negative concord and topic-fronting","body":"«никто... не знает» shows Russian's obligatory negative concord: the «ни»-pronoun «никто» still requires «не» on the verb. The genitive «этого» is fronted as the topic ('that — no one knows it'), throwing weight onto the negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ограблены","lemma":"ограбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause (reported rumor)","gloss":"was robbed"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical reportative particle","gloss":"so they say","note":"Reportative particle marking hearsay, not a verb."},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of Ограблены","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies три","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to деньги, quantified by три","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"существовали","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause (whether it existed)","gloss":"did exist"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies существовали","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of существовали","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies деле (idiom в самом деле)","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of существовали","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"knows"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b12-c11-s4","source":"Рассудите: во-первых, как мы узнали, что были три тысячи, и кто их видел?","translation":"Consider: in the first place, how did we come to learn that there were three thousand, and who saw it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рассудите","title":"Polite plural imperative","body":"«Рассудите» (consider, judge for yourselves) is the perfective imperative of «рассудить» with the plural/polite ending -те, addressing the jury formally. Perfective here urges a single act of judgment, not an ongoing one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рассудите","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consider"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition, part of set phrase","role":"part of the phrase во-первых","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"numeral, locative, plural, part of set phrase","role":"part of the phrase во-первых","gloss":"the first place"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узнали","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of узнали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"узнали","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Рассудите (how-clause)","gloss":"did we learn"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of были","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of узнали","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of были","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with узнали (parallel question)","gloss":"saw"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b12-c11-s5","source":"Видел их и указал на то, что они были уложены в пакет с надписью, один только слуга Смердяков.","translation":"Only one man saw it and testified that it had been put up in a packet bearing an inscription — the servant Smerdyakov, and he alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"они были уложены в пакет","title":"Periphrastic passive with a short participle","body":"«были уложены» is the past passive: «быть» plus the short-form past passive participle «уложены» (were packed/put up) from perfective «уложить». The short participle states a result and joins «было/были» to build Russian's analytic passive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слуга Смердяков","title":"«слуга» — manservant","body":"«слуга» is a (grammatically masculine, declined like a feminine -а noun) word for a male servant. Calling Smerdyakov «один только... слуга» underlines his low station — and that the entire existence of the money rests on the word of a mere lackey."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Видел","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"указал","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Видел","gloss":"pointed out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of указал","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уложены","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive уложены","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of уложены","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"уложены","lemma":"уложить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause (subject они)","gloss":"put away"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакет","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уложены","gloss":"a packet"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking надписью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"надписью","lemma":"надпись","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пакет","gloss":"an inscription"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies слуга","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase один только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"слуга","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Видел (postposed)","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to слуга","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b12-c11-s6","source":"Он же сообщил о сем сведении еще до катастрофы подсудимому и его брату Ивану Федоровичу.","translation":"It was likewise he who passed this information, before the catastrophe, to the defendant and to his brother Ivan Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он же","title":"Emphatic particle «же»","body":"Here «же» attaches to «он» to mean 'he, the very same one' — it insists on identity and continuity ('it was likewise he who...'). This tiny particle, untranslatable except by stress, knits the argument's emphasis together."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"о сем сведении","title":"Archaic «сей» — 'this'","body":"«о сем» is the prepositional of «сей» ('this'), an archaic, bookish demonstrative the lawyer favours for elevated, legalistic effect where modern speech says «об этом». «сведение» is a piece of information, intelligence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сообщил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Он","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сообщил","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"informed"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular, archaic","role":"determiner of сведении","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сведении","lemma":"сведение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сообщил","gloss":"information"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies до катастрофы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking катастрофы","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"катастрофы","lemma":"катастрофа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying сообщил","gloss":"the catastrophe"},{"surface":"подсудимому","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщил","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брату","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подсудимому","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брату","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивану","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b12-c11-s7","source":"Дано было тоже знать госпоже Светловой.","translation":"Word of it was given to Madame Svetlova as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дано было... знать","title":"Impersonal passive","body":"«Дано было... знать» is a subjectless impersonal construction: the neuter short participle «дано» ('it was given') with no nominative subject, plus the infinitive «знать» — 'word was given/made known'. Russian readily frames such reports with no named agent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"госпоже Светловой","title":"Dative as recipient","body":"«госпоже Светловой» stands in the dative as the one to whom word was given — the indirect object of 'making known'. Both noun and surname take the feminine dative ending -е/-ой."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дано","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was given","note":"'дано знать' is a fixed construction meaning 'was made known, informed'."},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of Дано","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the predicate Дано знать","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Дано (idiom дано знать)","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"госпоже","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of знать","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Светловой","lemma":"светлов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on госпоже","gloss":"Svetlova"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b12-c11-s8","source":"Но все эти три лица сами этих денег, однако, не видали, видел опять-таки лишь Смердяков, но тут сам собою вопрос: если и правда, что они были и что видел их Смердяков, то когда он их видел в последний раз?","translation":"But none of these three persons ever actually saw the money themselves; again, only Smerdyakov saw it — and here a question arises of its own accord: if it is even true that the money existed and that Smerdyakov saw it, then when did he see it last?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не видали","title":"Imperfective negation of seeing","body":"«не видали» is the imperfective past of «видеть» (older plural form «видали»), negated. The imperfective under negation denies that the act of seeing ever took place at all — 'never actually saw' — broader and flatter than a perfective would be."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам собою","title":"Reflexive «себя» in the set phrase «сам собою»","body":"«сам собою» ('of its own accord, by itself') uses the instrumental «собою» of the reflexive pronoun «себя», which has no nominative. The question 'arises of its own accord' — the lawyer presents his doubt as inevitable, not contrived."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если и правда, что они были","title":"Concessive «если и» — 'even if'","body":"«если и правда, что...» is a concessive conditional: 'even granting it is true that...'. The added «и» after «если» concedes the point for the sake of argument before pivoting to the real question, «когда»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of лица","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of лица","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies лица","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of видали","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies лица (emphatic)","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of денег","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of видали","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies видали","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видали","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, parallel to видали","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки, modifies видел","gloss":"yet again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom сам собою, modifies вопрос","gloss":"of itself"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"part of the idiom сам собою, modifies вопрос","gloss":"of its own accord"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided verb (arises)","gloss":"a question"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of правда","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the если-clause (it is true)","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause они были","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded clause (existed)","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause видел их Смердяков","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the embedded что-clause (subject Смердяков)","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, correlative","role":"correlative particle introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause (final question)","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"the last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b12-c11-s9","source":"А что, если барин эти деньги из-под постели вынул и опять положил в шкатулку, ему не сказавши?","translation":"And what if the master had taken this money out from under the mattress and put it back into his strongbox without telling him?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"барин","title":"«барин» — the master","body":"«барин» is the master of the house as seen from below — the lord, the gentleman one serves. The word carries the whole hierarchy of master and servant; from Smerdyakov's mouth (and the lawyer's ventriloquism of it) it frames Fyodor Pavlovich as the man with the power to move his own money unannounced."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему не сказавши","title":"Perfective gerund «сказавши»","body":"«сказавши» is a perfective past gerund ('having said' / here negated, 'without telling'), an older variant of «сказав». Negated and dative-governing «ему», it adds an attendant circumstance to the main verb: he put the money back 'without telling him'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что, если","title":"Hypothetical opener «а что, если»","body":"«А что, если...» ('And what if...') launches a suppositional scenario — the lawyer's favourite rhetorical move throughout this speech. The «а» is the soft contrastive conjunction pivoting to a new possibility."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the rhetorical question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вынул","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"барин","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вынул","gloss":"the master"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постели","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постели","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"постели","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынул","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"took out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies положил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынул","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шкатулку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"шкатулку","lemma":"шкатулка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положил","gloss":"the strongbox"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказавши","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказавши","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сказавши","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, gerund, past, active, perfective","role":"adverbial gerund modifying вынул/положил (without telling him)","gloss":"telling","note":"archaic gerund (deeprichastie) of сказать, 'having said/told'."}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b12-c11-s10","source":"Заметьте, по словам Смердякова, деньги лежали под постелью, под тюфяком; подсудимый должен был их вырвать из-под тюфяка, и однако же, постель была ничуть не помята, и об этом старательно записано в протокол.","translation":"Observe: according to Smerdyakov, the money lay beneath the bedding, under the mattress; the defendant would have had to wrench it out from under the mattress, and yet the bed was not in the least disturbed — and this is carefully recorded in the report.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"должен был их вырвать","title":"«должен был» — would have had to","body":"«должен был» (was obliged to / would have had to) + perfective infinitive «вырвать» states a logically necessary action within the hypothesis: to get the money the defendant must have wrenched it out — yet the bed is undisturbed, and the contradiction is the point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничуть не помята","title":"Short passive participle as predicate","body":"«была... не помята» is the negated short-form past passive participle of «помять» (to crumple), agreeing feminine with «постель». 'The bed was not in the least crumpled' — a result-state predicate, the natural way to describe a thing's condition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тюфяком","title":"«тюфяк» — pallet, mattress","body":"«тюфяк» is a thin straw- or wool-stuffed mattress, humbler than a modern «матрас». The money lay «под тюфяком» — under the pallet — a homely, concrete detail that anchors the forensic argument."}],"words":[{"surface":"Заметьте","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (imperative: observe)","gloss":"observe"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словам","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"словам","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"adverbial phrase modifying лежали","gloss":"the words"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies словам","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of лежали","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"лежали","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the clausal complement of Заметьте","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постелью","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"постелью","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежали","gloss":"the bedding"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тюфяком","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"тюфяком","lemma":"тюфяк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with постелью","gloss":"the mattress"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"would have had"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вырвать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вырвать","lemma":"вырвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"to wrench out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тюфяка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тюфяка","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"тюфяка","lemma":"тюфяк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвать","gloss":"the mattress"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause постель была помята (idiom однако же)","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"постель","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive помята","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of помята","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ничуть","lemma":"ничуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"not in the least"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помята","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помята","lemma":"помять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the coordinate clause (bed was not disturbed)","gloss":"disturbed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of записано","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"старательно","lemma":"старательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies записано","gloss":"carefully"},{"surface":"записано","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the final coordinate clause (this is recorded)","gloss":"is recorded"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking протокол","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"протокол","lemma":"протокол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of записано","gloss":"the report"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b12-c11-s11","source":"Как мог подсудимый совсем-таки ничего не помять в постели и вдобавок с окровавленными еще руками не замарать свежейшего, тонкого постельного белья, которое нарочно на этот раз было постлано?","translation":"How could the defendant have left the bed entirely undisturbed and, on top of that, with hands still bloodied, not soiled the freshest, finest bed linen, which had been laid out specially for that very occasion?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как мог подсудимый совсем-таки ничего не помять","title":"Rhetorical «как мог...?»","body":"«Как мог... не помять?» ('How could he have failed to crumple?') is an incredulous rhetorical question — «мог» (could) + perfective infinitive, with negation built in. The form expects the answer 'he couldn't have'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"свежейшего, тонкого постельного белья","title":"Genitive of negation + superlative","body":"After negated «не замарать» (not to soil), the object «белья» (linen) stands in the genitive — the genitive of negation. The piled-up modifier «свежейшего» is again a one-word superlative ('the freshest'), heightening the absurdity of leaving it spotless."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которое нарочно на этот раз было постлано","title":"«который»-clause with periphrastic passive","body":"«которое... было постлано» is a relative clause: «которое» agrees neuter with «бельё» but takes nominative as the subject of its own clause; «было постлано» is the past passive ('had been laid out') from «постлать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase совсем-таки, modifies помять","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase совсем-таки","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of помять","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помять","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помять","lemma":"помять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"disturb"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постели","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"постели","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помять","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдобавок","lemma":"вдобавок","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замарать","gloss":"on top of that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"окровавленными","lemma":"окровавить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies руками","gloss":"bloodied"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies руками","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of замарать","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замарать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"замарать","lemma":"замарать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with помять","gloss":"soil"},{"surface":"свежейшего","lemma":"свежий","morphology":"adjective, superlative, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies белья","gloss":"the freshest"},{"surface":"тонкого","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies белья","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"постельного","lemma":"постельный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies белья","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"белья","lemma":"бельё","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of замарать","gloss":"linen"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive постлано","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постлано","gloss":"specially"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of постлано","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of постлано","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"постлано","lemma":"постлать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the relative clause (which was laid out)","gloss":"laid out"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b12-c11-s12","source":"Но скажут нам: а пакет-то на полу?","translation":"But we shall be told: and what of the packet on the floor?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пакет-то","title":"Topic-marking clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «пакет» highlights it as the known topic now under discussion ('the packet, mind you'). Distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то», this clitic flags given information and a touch of insistence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"скажут нам","title":"Subjectless 'they will say'","body":"«скажут нам» is a 3rd-person-plural verb with no stated subject — the impersonal 'one will tell us / it will be objected'. Russian uses this bare plural constantly to voice an anticipated counter-argument; the lawyer stages the prosecution's reply to knock it down."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"скажут","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they will say"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of скажут","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic/subject of the elided predicate (what about...)","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to пакет","gloss":"as for","note":"the enclitic particle -то marks пакет as the topic, roughly 'what about the packet'."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"locative complement, modifies пакет","gloss":"the floor"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b12-c11-s13","source":"Вот об этом-то пакете и стоит поговорить.","translation":"It is precisely this packet that is worth discussing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"об этом-то пакете","title":"Emphatic «-то» plus fronting","body":"«Вот об этом-то пакете и стоит поговорить» fronts the prepositional phrase and tags it with «-то» and the focusing «вот... и» frame ('it is precisely this packet that...'). Word order and particles together pin the spotlight on the packet."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоит поговорить","title":"Impersonal «стоит» + infinitive","body":"«стоит поговорить» is an impersonal predicate ('it is worth talking') with no nominative subject and a perfective infinitive «поговорить» ('to have a talk', the prefix по- giving a measured, delimited sense)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пакете (emphatic)","gloss":"it is"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакете","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пакете","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to этом","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"пакете","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"packet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying стоит","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (it is worth)","gloss":"is worth"},{"surface":"поговорить","lemma":"поговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on стоит","gloss":"discussing"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b12-c11-s14","source":"Давеча я был даже несколько удивлен: высокоталантливый обвинитель, заговорив об этом пакете, вдруг сам — слышите, господа, сам — заявил про него в своей речи, именно в том месте, где он указывает на нелепость предположения, что убил Смердяков: „Не было бы этого пакета, не останься он на полу как улика, унеси его грабитель с собою, то никто бы и не узнал в целом мире, что был пакет, а в нем деньги, и что, стало быть, деньги были ограблены подсудимым“.","translation":"A little while ago I was even somewhat astonished: the highly talented prosecutor, once he had begun on this packet, suddenly himself — do you hear, gentlemen, himself — declared, at that very point in his speech where he is pointing out the absurdity of supposing that Smerdyakov was the killer: \"Had there been no such packet, had it not been left lying on the floor as evidence, had the robber carried it off with him, then no one in the whole world would ever have known that there was a packet, and money inside it, and that the money, accordingly, had been robbed by the defendant.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Давеча","title":"«давеча» — a little while ago","body":"«давеча» is a colloquial, slightly old-fashioned adverb meaning 'earlier today, a little while back'. It lends the address a conversational, buttonholing ease amid the legal argument."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заговорив об этом пакете","title":"Perfective gerund «заговорив»","body":"«заговорив» is a perfective past gerund from «заговорить» (to begin speaking), the prefix за- marking the inception. It sets the prior circumstance: 'having once begun on this packet, he suddenly declared...'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не было бы этого пакета, не останься он на полу","title":"Conditional without «если»: «бы» and a bare imperative","body":"The quoted prosecutor stacks counterfactuals: «Не было бы...» uses «бы» on a past form for an unreal condition, then «не останься он» uses a bare perfective imperative form with conditional force ('had it not remained'). Both are vivid, «если»-less protases — a high rhetorical register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто бы и не узнал","title":"Conditional + negative concord in the apodosis","body":"The result clause «никто бы... не узнал» combines the conditional particle «бы» with negative concord («никто... не»): 'no one would have learned'. The mobile «бы» leans on «никто», not the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивлен (temporal)","gloss":"A little while ago"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of удивлен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to удивлен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивлен","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"удивлен","lemma":"удивлённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"высокоталантливый","lemma":"высокоталантливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обвинитель","gloss":"highly talented"},{"surface":"обвинитель","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заявил","gloss":"prosecutor"},{"surface":"заговорив","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заявил","gloss":"having begun to speak"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакете","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пакете","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пакете","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорив","gloss":"packet"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заявил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes обвинитель, subject of заявил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"слышите","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, addressee of слышите","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes обвинитель, repeated for effect","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"заявил","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заявил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking речи","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речи","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заявил","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заявил","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying месте","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of указывает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"указывает","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on месте","gloss":"points out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нелепость","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нелепость","lemma":"нелепость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывает","gloss":"absurdity"},{"surface":"предположения","lemma":"предположение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нелепость","gloss":"of the supposition"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of предположения","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of conditional clause (quoted)","gloss":"had there been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of было","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пакета","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пакета","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"packet","note":"Genitive of negation: negated existential 'было' takes a genitive subject."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies останься","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"останься","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, conditional (imperative form), perfective","role":"coordinated with было, parallel conditional clause","gloss":"had it remained","note":"Colloquial hypothetical use of the imperative form for an unreal condition ('не останься' = 'had it not stayed')."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of останься","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of останься","gloss":"floor"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces predicate complement улика","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"улика","lemma":"улика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement in как-phrase, modifies останься","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"унеси","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, conditional (imperative form), perfective","role":"coordinated with было, parallel conditional clause","gloss":"had ... carried it off","note":"Same colloquial imperative-for-hypothetical construction as останься."},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of унеси","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"грабитель","lemma":"грабитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of унеси","gloss":"the robber"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of унеси","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the apodosis (clause of узнал)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of узнал","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis clause","gloss":"would have known"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"целом","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мире","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of узнал","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"a packet"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided был, parallel to пакет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of elided был, parallel to пакет","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ограблены","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of idiom 'стало быть' (parenthetical)","gloss":"accordingly","note":"'стало быть' is a fixed idiom meaning 'accordingly, so it follows'."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало (idiom)","gloss":"[accordingly]"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of passive ограблены","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of ограблены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ограблены","lemma":"ограбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, predicate of деньги","gloss":"robbed"},{"surface":"подсудимым","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of passive ограблены","gloss":"by the defendant"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b12-c11-s15","source":"Итак, единственно только этот разорванный клочок бумаги с надписью, даже по признанию самого обвинителя, и послужил к обвинению подсудимого в грабеже, „иначе-де не узнал бы никто, что был грабеж, а может быть, что были и деньги“.","translation":"And so, by the prosecutor's own admission, it was solely and only this torn scrap of paper with its inscription that served to convict the defendant of robbery — \"otherwise no one would have known there had been a robbery, or perhaps that there had even been any money.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по признанию самого обвинителя","title":"«по» + dative — 'by/according to'","body":"«по признанию» ('by the admission') uses «по» governing the dative — here in its sense 'according to'. The lawyer scores a point by sourcing his claim to the prosecutor's own confession."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"иначе-де","title":"Reportative clitic «-де»","body":"«-де» is a reportative particle like «дескать», tagging the following words as a reported claim ('otherwise, so he says...'). It lets the lawyer quote the prosecutor's reasoning while signalling it is the prosecutor's, not his own."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"клочок бумаги","title":"«клочок» — a scrap, shred","body":"«клочок» is a torn little scrap (of paper, cloth), with the diminutive suffix -ок shrinking «клок» (a tuft, shred). Reducing the damning evidence to a mere «разорванный клочок бумаги» — a torn scrap — is itself part of the argument: how can a shred prove a robbery?"}],"words":[{"surface":"Итак","lemma":"итак","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb, modifies послужил","gloss":"And so"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этот","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of клочок","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"разорванный","lemma":"разорванный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies клочок","gloss":"torn"},{"surface":"клочок","lemma":"клочок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послужил","gloss":"scrap"},{"surface":"бумаги","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies клочок","gloss":"of paper"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking надписью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"надписью","lemma":"надпись","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies клочок","gloss":"inscription"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies признанию","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking признанию","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"признанию","lemma":"признание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique adjunct of послужил (parenthetical)","gloss":"admission"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обвинителя","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"обвинителя","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies признанию","gloss":"of the prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies послужил","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"послужил","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обвинению","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"обвинению","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of послужил","gloss":"the conviction"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обвинению","gloss":"of the defendant"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грабеже","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"грабеже","lemma":"грабёж","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обвинению","gloss":"robbery"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle, reportative","role":"marks quoted/reported speech","gloss":"[she'd say]","note":"'-де' is a colloquial reportative particle flagging the words as someone else's quoted claim."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"would have known"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of узнал","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to грабеж","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"грабеж","lemma":"грабёж","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a robbery"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom 'может быть' (parenthetical)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может (idiom)","gloss":"[perhaps]"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of были","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b12-c11-s16","source":"Но неужели одно то, что этот клочок валялся на полу, есть доказательство, что в нем были деньги и что деньги эти ограблены?","translation":"But is the mere fact that this scrap was lying about on the floor really proof that money had been in it and that this money was robbed?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужели","title":"Incredulous particle «неужели»","body":"«неужели» opens a rhetorical question loaded with disbelief: 'is it really, can it possibly be that...?'. It signals the speaker leans hard toward 'no' — the lawyer doubts a scrap on the floor proves anything."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"валялся","title":"«валяться» — to lie about","body":"«валяться» (here past «валялся») means to lie around carelessly, sprawled and neglected. It is dismissive: the scrap didn't lie in evidence, it 'lay about' — diminishing the prosecution's prize exhibit to litter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle scoping the whole clause","gloss":"can it really be"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies то","gloss":"the mere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of валялся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of клочок","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"клочок","lemma":"клочок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of валялся","gloss":"scrap"},{"surface":"валялся","lemma":"валяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"was lying about"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of валялся","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"доказательство","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"proof"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of были","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of были","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause modifying доказательство","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ограблены","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of ограблены","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ограблены","lemma":"ограбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, predicate of деньги","gloss":"was stolen"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b12-c11-s17","source":"„Но, отвечают, ведь видел их в пакете Смердяков“, но когда, когда он их видел в последний раз, вот об чем я спрашиваю?","translation":"\"But,\" they answer, \"Smerdyakov did see it in the packet\" — yet when, when did he see it last, that is what I am asking?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь видел их в пакете Смердяков","title":"Appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'but after all, Smerdyakov did see it'. The lawyer voices the objection in the opponents' mouth with «ведь», then immediately turns it back with his own «когда»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"об чем","title":"Colloquial «об чём» for «о чём»","body":"«вот об чём я спрашиваю» uses the spoken «об чём» where the book norm is «о чём». The familiar variant gives the orator's voice a buttonholing, live-speech immediacy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"отвечают","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb (parenthetical reporting clause)","gloss":"they answer"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of отвечают (quoted claim)","gloss":"did see"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пакете","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatic repetition, modifies видел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спрашиваю","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for the"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашиваю","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спрашиваю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"спрашиваю","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am asking"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b12-c11-s18","source":"Я говорил с Смердяковым, и он мне сказал, что видел их за два дня пред катастрофой!","translation":"I spoke with Smerdyakov, and he told me that he had seen it two days before the catastrophe!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"видел их за два дня пред катастрофой","title":"«за... пред» — time before an event","body":"«за два дня пред катастрофой» ('two days before the catastrophe') uses «за» + accusative span with the archaic «пред» (= «перед») governing the instrumental «катастрофой». «пред» is the bookish, elevated variant the lawyer favours."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердяковым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Смердяковым","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks temporal phrase дня","gloss":"[two days before]"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел (temporal)","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking катастрофой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"катастрофой","lemma":"катастрофа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"the catastrophe"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b12-c11-s19","source":"Но почему же я не могу предположить, например, хоть такое обстоятельство, что старик Федор Павлович, запершись дома, в нетерпеливом истерическом ожидании своей возлюбленной вдруг вздумал бы, от нечего делать, вынуть пакет и его распечатать: „Что, дескать, пакет, еще, пожалуй, и не поверит, а как тридцать-то радужных в одной пачке ей покажу, небось сильнее подействует, потекут слюнки“, — и вот он разрывает конверт, вынимает деньги, а конверт бросает на пол властной рукой хозяина и уж, конечно, не боясь никакой улики.","translation":"But why may I not suppose, for instance, some such circumstance as this: that old Fyodor Pavlovich, locked up at home, in impatient and hysterical expectation of his beloved, suddenly took it into his head, having nothing better to do, to draw out the packet and unseal it: \"A packet, she might say, why, she perhaps won't even believe me, but if I show her thirty rainbow notes in a single bundle, that will surely have a stronger effect, it'll make her mouth water,\" — and so he tears open the envelope, takes out the money, and tosses the envelope to the floor with the masterful hand of a householder who has, of course, no fear of any evidence whatever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему же я не могу предположить","title":"«же» reinforcing a rhetorical 'why'","body":"«почему же... не могу» — 'why on earth may I not suppose?'. The particle «же» presses the rhetorical question, daring the jury to deny him the right to his own hypothesis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"запершись дома","title":"Reflexive perfective gerund «запершись»","body":"«запершись» is a perfective past gerund of the reflexive «запереться» (to lock oneself in), formed with -шись. The -ся/-сь reflexive turns 'lock' into 'lock oneself in', and the gerund sets the scene: 'locked up at home, he suddenly took it into his head...'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг вздумал бы... вынуть","title":"Conditional «бы» inside the supposition","body":"«вздумал бы... вынуть» (would suddenly take it into his head to draw out) is the conditional: past-form «вздумал» + «бы» + perfective infinitive. It frames the whole vivid scene as the lawyer's hypothetical, not asserted fact."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"потекут слюнки","title":"«потекут слюнки» — her mouth will water","body":"«слюнки» is the affectionate diminutive of «слюна» (saliva); «потекут слюнки» literally 'the little spittle will start to flow' = 'her mouth will water'. The lawyer ventriloquises old Fyodor Pavlovich's coarse, gloating inner voice in earthy idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"предположить","lemma":"предположить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies обстоятельство","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такое","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обстоятельство","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"обстоятельство","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предположить","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces appositive clause explaining обстоятельство","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздумал","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старик","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"запершись","lemma":"запереться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вздумал","gloss":"having locked himself in"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запершись","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ожидании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нетерпеливом","lemma":"нетерпеливый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ожидании","gloss":"impatient"},{"surface":"истерическом","lemma":"истерический","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ожидании","gloss":"hysterical"},{"surface":"ожидании","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вздумал","gloss":"expectation"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of возлюбленной","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"возлюбленной","lemma":"возлюбленная","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ожидании","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздумал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вздумал","lemma":"вздумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"took it into his head"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of вздумал","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom 'от нечего делать'","gloss":"[having nothing to do]"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"pronoun, negative","role":"part of idiom 'от нечего делать', modifies вздумал","gloss":"nothing","note":"'от нечего делать' is a fixed idiom: 'out of having nothing better to do'."},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего (idiom)","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"вынуть","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of вздумал, coordinated with распечатать","gloss":"to take out"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вынуть","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of распечатать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"распечатать","lemma":"распечатать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынуть, complement of вздумал","gloss":"unseal"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, exclamative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces imagined quoted thought, modifies пакет","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, reportative","role":"parenthetical reportative particle","gloss":"she'd say","note":"'дескать' is a colloquial reportative particle marking the words as imagined/reported speech, like '-де'."},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic within the imagined quote (fronted)","gloss":"a packet"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожалуй","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверит","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверит","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверит","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause (implicit subject she)","gloss":"will believe"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of покажу","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"тридцать","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on радужных","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic particle attached to тридцать","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"радужных","lemma":"радужный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), genitive, plural","role":"direct object of покажу","gloss":"rainbow notes","note":"'радужные' was colloquial for hundred-rouble notes, named for their multicolored printing."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пачке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies пачке","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"пачке","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покажу","gloss":"bundle"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of покажу","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"покажу","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"I show"},{"surface":"небось","lemma":"небось","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подействует","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"сильнее","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies подействует","gloss":"more strongly"},{"surface":"подействует","lemma":"подействовать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with поверит","gloss":"will have an effect"},{"surface":"потекут","lemma":"потечь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with подействует, predicate of слюнки","gloss":"will flow"},{"surface":"слюнки“,","lemma":"слюнки","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of потекут","gloss":"her mouth","note":"'потекут слюнки' is an idiom meaning 'her mouth will water'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разрывает","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разрывает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"разрывает","lemma":"разрывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concluding clause","gloss":"tears open"},{"surface":"конверт","lemma":"конверт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разрывает","gloss":"the envelope"},{"surface":"вынимает","lemma":"вынимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with разрывает","gloss":"takes out"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of вынимает","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"конверт","lemma":"конверт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросает","gloss":"the envelope"},{"surface":"бросает","lemma":"бросать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with разрывает","gloss":"tosses"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пол","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросает","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"властной","lemma":"властный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рукой","gloss":"masterful"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросает","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"хозяина","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рукой","gloss":"of the master"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боясь","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боясь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросает","gloss":"fearing"},{"surface":"никакой","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of улики","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"улики","lemma":"улика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of боясь (genitive of negation)","gloss":"evidence"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b12-c11-s20","source":"Послушайте, господа присяжные, есть ли что возможнее такого предположения и такого факта?","translation":"Listen, gentlemen of the jury, is there anything more possible than such a supposition and such a fact?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Послушайте","title":"Perfective imperative «послушайте»","body":"«Послушайте» (listen, hear me) is the polite-plural perfective imperative of «послушать» (the prefix по- giving a brief, pointed 'do listen'). It directly buttonholes the jurors before a key rhetorical question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"есть ли что возможнее","title":"«ли» question + comparative","body":"«есть ли что возможнее...?» ('is there anything more possible...?') pairs the interrogative particle «ли» with the predicative comparative «возможнее» (from «возможный»). It is a rhetorical question expecting 'no, nothing'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Послушайте","lemma":"послушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb","gloss":"Listen"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"is there"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, nominative","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"возможнее","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement modifying что","gloss":"more possible"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of предположения","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"предположения","lemma":"предположение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of возможнее (comparative genitive)","gloss":"a supposition"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of факта","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"факта","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with предположения","gloss":"a fact"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b12-c11-s21","source":"Почему это невозможно?","translation":"Why is this impossible?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему это невозможно?","title":"Short adjective «невозможно» as predicate","body":"«невозможно» is the short neuter form of «невозможный», functioning as a predicate ('is impossible'). Short adjectives are confined to the predicate slot and lend a flat, categorical ring suited to courtroom assertion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невозможно","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of невозможно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"impossible"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b12-c11-s22","source":"Но ведь если хоть что-нибудь подобное могло иметь место, то ведь тогда обвинение в грабеже само собою уничтожается: не было денег, не было, стало быть, и грабежа.","translation":"But surely, if even anything of the sort could have taken place, then the charge of robbery collapses of itself: there was no money, and so, accordingly, there was no robbery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если хоть что-нибудь подобное могло иметь место","title":"Non-specific «что-нибудь»","body":"«что-нибудь подобное» ('anything of the sort') uses the non-specific indefinite «-нибудь» — any such thing at all, unidentified. Inside the conditional «если... могло иметь место», it concedes the bare possibility."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не было денег, не было... и грабежа","title":"Genitive of negation in existential denial","body":"«не было денег... не было... грабежа» — with negated «не было» the absent things go obligatorily into the genitive: «денег», «грабежа». This is the genitive of negation in its existential use, and the chapter's very title echoes it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"само собою уничтожается","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as middle voice","body":"«уничтожается» (collapses, is annulled) carries the reflexive -ся giving a middle, intransitive sense: the charge 'destroys itself / falls of its own accord'. «само собою» ('by itself') reinforces it — no agent needed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могло","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что-нибудь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, nominative","role":"subject of могло (part of что-нибудь)","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"indefinite suffix particle","role":"forms что-нибудь with что, subject of могло","gloss":"[indefinite]"},{"surface":"подобное","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-нибудь, subject of могло","gloss":"of the sort"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on уничтожается","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"иметь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of иметь (idiom 'иметь место')","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уничтожается","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уничтожается","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уничтожается","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of уничтожается","gloss":"the charge"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грабеже","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"грабеже","lemma":"грабёж","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обвинение","gloss":"robbery"},{"surface":"само","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom 'само собою'","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, instrumental","role":"adverbial modifier of уничтожается (idiom 'само собою')","gloss":"of itself","note":"'само собою' is a fixed idiom meaning 'automatically, of its own accord'."},{"surface":"уничтожается","lemma":"уничтожаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"collapses"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the elaborating clause","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"subject of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of idiom 'стало быть' (parenthetical)","gloss":"accordingly"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало (idiom)","gloss":"[accordingly]"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies грабежа","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"грабежа","lemma":"грабёж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive of negation), coordinated with денег","gloss":"robbery"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b12-c11-s23","source":"Если пакет лежал на полу как улика, что в нем были деньги, то почему я не могу утверждать обратное, а именно, что пакет валялся на полу именно потому, что в нем уже не было денег, взятых из него предварительно самим хозяином?","translation":"If the packet lay on the floor as evidence that money had been in it, then why may I not assert the opposite — namely, that the packet was lying about on the floor precisely because there was no longer any money in it, the money having been taken out of it beforehand by the householder himself?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взятых из него предварительно самим хозяином","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental of agent","body":"«взятых» is a past passive participle (from «взять») agreeing genitive with «денег» — 'the money taken out'. Its agent stands in the instrumental, «самим хозяином» ('by the householder himself') — the standard way Russian marks the doer of a passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему я не могу утверждать обратное","title":"Imperfective infinitive of ongoing assertion","body":"«могу утверждать» pairs «мочь» with the imperfective infinitive «утверждать» (to assert, maintain) — an ongoing stance rather than a single act. The lawyer claims the right to maintain the contrary reading."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лежал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on могу","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces улика as a comparison to лежал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"улика","lemma":"улика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement after как","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of были, explaining улика","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of были","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumes the если-clause before почему","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"утверждать","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"assert"},{"surface":"обратное","lemma":"обратный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of утверждать","gloss":"the opposite"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links именно to обратное","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the restatement clause","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of валялся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of валялся","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"валялся","lemma":"валяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause","gloss":"was lying about"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of валялся","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому что","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies валялся, paired with что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было, paired with потому","gloss":"because","note":"«потому что» is one causal conjunction split across two words."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было, paired with не","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of было","gloss":"any money"},{"surface":"взятых","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying денег","gloss":"having been taken"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взятых","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"предварительно","lemma":"предварительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взятых","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"самим","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies хозяином","gloss":"himself","note":"«сам» agrees with and emphasizes «хозяином» — the householder himself."},{"surface":"хозяином","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of взятых","gloss":"the householder"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b12-c11-s24","source":"„Да, но куда ж в таком случае делись деньги, если их выбрал из пакета сам Федор Павлович, в его доме при обыске не нашли?“","translation":"\"Yes, but in that case, where did the money go, if Fyodor Pavlovich himself emptied it out of the packet — it was not found in his house when it was searched?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"куда ж в таком случае делись деньги","title":"Reflexive «деться» — 'to get to'","body":"«делись» is the past of reflexive «деться» (to get to, vanish to), a verb existing only with -ся. «Куда делись деньги?» = 'where did the money get to?'. The clipped «ж» (= «же») sharpens the challenge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если их выбрал из пакета сам Федор Павлович","title":"Accusative object «их» under the conditional","body":"«если их выбрал... сам Фёдор Павлович» — the intensifier «сам» ('himself') agrees nominative with the subject, while «их» is the accusative object of «выбрал» (picked/emptied out), merely syncretic with the genitive. «сам» insisting it was the master's own doing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"при обыске не нашли","title":"Subjectless 'they didn't find'","body":"«не нашли» is a bare 3rd-plural with no subject — impersonal 'it was not found / they didn't find it'. «при обыске» ('during the search') uses «при» + prepositional for an accompanying circumstance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"concedes the prior point before но","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делись","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies куда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of делись","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"делись","lemma":"деться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did go"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of делись","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выбрал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of выбрал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"выбрал","lemma":"выбрать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on делись","gloss":"emptied out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакета","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"пакета","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбрал","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies Федор Павлович","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выбрал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of доме","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нашли","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обыске","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"обыске","lemma":"обыск","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нашли","gloss":"the search"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нашли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with выбрал","gloss":"was found"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b12-c11-s25","source":"Во-первых, в шкатулке у него часть денег нашли, а во-вторых, он мог вынуть их еще утром, даже еще накануне, распорядиться ими иначе, выдать их, отослать, изменить, наконец, свою мысль, свой план действий в самом основании и при этом совсем даже не найдя нужным докладываться об этом предварительно Смердякову?","translation":"In the first place, part of the money was found in his strongbox, and in the second place, he might have taken it out that very morning, or even the day before, disposed of it otherwise, paid it out, sent it off, or finally changed his whole intention, his entire plan of action at its very foundation — and all this without in the least finding it necessary to report the matter to Smerdyakov in advance?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он мог вынуть... распорядиться... выдать... отослать... изменить","title":"A chain of perfective infinitives","body":"«мог» governs a cascade of perfective infinitives — «вынуть, распорядиться, выдать, отослать, изменить» — each a single completed alternative the master might have done. The perfectives pile up discrete possibilities, overwhelming the prosecution's single story."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не найдя нужным докладываться","title":"Negated gerund «не найдя»","body":"«не найдя нужным» is a perfective gerund of «найти» ('not having found it necessary'), governing the reflexive infinitive «докладываться» (to report to). The gerund adds the attendant circumstance: he did all this 'without finding it necessary' to inform Smerdyakov."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"докладываться... Смердякову","title":"«докладываться» — to report to","body":"«докладываться» (here imperfective) means to make a report, render an account to a superior — its very form casts the servant as someone to whom the master owes no explanation. The dative «Смердякову» is the one reported to. The verb's bureaucratic-deferential flavour underlines the social gulf."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase во-первых","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"part of the phrase во-первых, parallel clause to нашли","gloss":"first place"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шкатулке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"шкатулке","lemma":"шкатулка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нашли","gloss":"the strongbox"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive complement, modifies шкатулке","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"часть","lemma":"часть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of нашли","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies часть","gloss":"of the money"},{"surface":"нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was found"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase во-вторых","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"вторых","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"part of the phrase во-вторых, parallel clause to мог","gloss":"second place"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нашли","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"вынуть","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"taken out"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вынуть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утром","gloss":"that very"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынуть","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще накануне","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накануне","gloss":"or even"},{"surface":"накануне","lemma":"накануне","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with утром","gloss":"the day before"},{"surface":"распорядиться","lemma":"распорядиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынуть","gloss":"disposed of it"},{"surface":"ими","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of распорядиться","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies распорядиться","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"выдать","lemma":"выдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынуть","gloss":"paid it out"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of выдать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"отослать","lemma":"отослать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынуть","gloss":"sent it off"},{"surface":"изменить","lemma":"изменить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынуть","gloss":"changed"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменить","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of изменить","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of план","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"план","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мысль","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"действий","lemma":"действие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies план","gloss":"of action"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking основании","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies основании","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"основании","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies план","gloss":"foundation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of при","gloss":"all this"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не найдя","gloss":"in the least"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не найдя","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies найдя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"найдя","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынуть","gloss":"finding"},{"surface":"нужным","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of найдя","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"докладываться","lemma":"докладываться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of найдя","gloss":"to report"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of докладываться","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"предварительно","lemma":"предварительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies докладываться","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"Смердякову","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of докладываться","gloss":"to Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b12-c11-s26","source":"А ведь если существует хотя бы даже только возможность такого предположения, то как же можно столь настойчиво и столь твердо обвинять подсудимого, что убийство совершено им для грабежа и что действительно существовал грабеж?","translation":"And surely, if even the mere possibility of such a supposition exists, then how can one so insistently and so firmly accuse the defendant of having committed the murder for robbery, and that a robbery actually took place?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы даже только возможность","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» — 'even merely'","body":"«хотя бы даже только возможность» piles concessive particles ('if even merely the bare possibility') with «хотя бы» built on the irrealis «бы». The stacking strains every nerve to admit the smallest opening for doubt."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"убийство совершено им","title":"Short passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«совершено им» — short neuter past passive participle «совершено» ('was committed') with the instrumental agent «им» ('by him'). A compact result-statement: the murder, committed by him, for robbery."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies существует","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of существует","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"существует","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on можно","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы даже только","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возможность","gloss":"mere"},{"surface":"возможность","lemma":"возможность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of существует","gloss":"the possibility"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of предположения","gloss":"of such"},{"surface":"предположения","lemma":"предположение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies возможность","gloss":"a supposition"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumes the если-clause before как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"can one"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies настойчиво","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"настойчиво","lemma":"настойчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обвинять","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies твердо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обвинять","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"обвинять","lemma":"обвинять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of можно","gloss":"accuse"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обвинять","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of совершено, complement of обвинять","gloss":"of having"},{"surface":"убийство","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive совершено","gloss":"the murder"},{"surface":"совершено","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of обвинять","gloss":"was committed"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of совершено","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грабежа","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"грабежа","lemma":"грабёж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершено","gloss":"robbery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of существовал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies существовал","gloss":"actually"},{"surface":"существовал","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with совершено","gloss":"took place"},{"surface":"грабеж","lemma":"грабёж","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of существовал","gloss":"a robbery"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b12-c11-s27","source":"Ведь мы, таким образом, вступаем в область романов.","translation":"For in this way we are entering the realm of romances.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь мы... вступаем в область романов","title":"«ведь» + present of vivid generalisation","body":"«Ведь... вступаем» opens with the appealing «ведь» ('for, you see') and uses the imperfective present «вступаем» ('we are entering') to draw the jury into a shared, ongoing realisation. «в область» takes the accusative of motion-toward."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"область романов","title":"«роман» — novel / romance","body":"«роман» means both 'novel' and 'romance / love-affair'. The lawyer's running gibe is that the prosecution has spun a «роман» — a work of fiction. We render it 'romances' to keep the dig at far-fetched Gothic storytelling (cf. the Udolpho jab below)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вступаем","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вступаем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вступаем","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"вступаем","lemma":"вступать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are entering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking область","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"область","lemma":"область","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступаем","gloss":"the realm"},{"surface":"романов","lemma":"роман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies область","gloss":"of romances"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b12-c11-s28","source":"Ведь если утверждать, что такая-то вещь ограблена, то надобно указать эту вещь или по крайней мере доказать непреложно, что она существовала.","translation":"For if one asserts that such-and-such a thing has been robbed, then one must point to that thing, or at the very least prove incontrovertibly that it existed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"такая-то вещь","title":"Placeholder «такая-то» — 'such-and-such'","body":"«такая-то вещь» uses the clitic «-то» to make a vague placeholder, 'such-and-such a thing'. It abstracts the argument to a general principle of proof before returning to the missing money."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надобно указать... доказать","title":"Impersonal «надобно» + infinitive","body":"«надобно» is an archaic, bookish variant of «надо» ('one must, it is needful'), an impersonal predicate with no nominative subject, governing the perfective infinitives «указать» and «доказать». The dative experiencer is left unstated — a general necessity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"непреложно","title":"«непреложно» — incontrovertibly","body":"«непреложно» (from «непреложный», 'immutable, irrefragable') means 'beyond all dispute'. A weighty, bookish adverb suited to the lawyer's demand for absolute proof that the money ever existed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утверждать","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of утверждать","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"утверждать","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on надобно","gloss":"one asserts"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ограблена","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase такая-то, determiner of вещь","gloss":"such-and-such"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"suffix particle attached to такая, forming такая-то","gloss":"-and-such","note":"«-то» attached to «такая» forms the indefinite «such-and-such a thing»."},{"surface":"вещь","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive ограблена","gloss":"a thing"},{"surface":"ограблена","lemma":"ограбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of утверждать","gloss":"has been robbed"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumes the если-clause before надобно","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"надобно","lemma":"надобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"указать","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надобно","gloss":"point to"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вещь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вещь","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of указать","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"доказать","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with указать, depends on надобно","gloss":"prove"},{"surface":"непреложно","lemma":"непреложно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доказать","gloss":"incontrovertibly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of существовала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of существовала","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"существовала","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of доказать","gloss":"existed"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b12-c11-s29","source":"А ее даже никто и не видал.","translation":"And yet no one has so much as seen it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ее даже никто и не видал","title":"Genitive of negation + negative concord","body":"«А её... никто и не видал» — the object «её» (the thing) is fronted as topic, «никто... не видал» supplies negative concord, and the imperfective «видал» under negation denies the act ever happened: 'no one has so much as seen it'. The «и» intensifies ('not even')."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies никто","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of видал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"so much as"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b12-c11-s30","source":"Недавно в Петербурге один молодой человек, почти мальчик, восемнадцати лет, мелкий разносчик с лотка, вошел среди бела дня с топором в меняльную лавку и с необычайною, типическою дерзостью убил хозяина лавки и унес с собою тысячу пятьсот рублей денег.","translation":"Not long ago in Petersburg a young man, almost a boy, eighteen years old, a petty street-tray peddler, walked in broad daylight with an axe into a money-changer's shop and, with extraordinary, characteristic insolence, killed the proprietor and carried off fifteen hundred roubles in cash.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разносчик с лотка","title":"«разносчик» — a street pedlar","body":"«разносчик» is a hawker who 'carries around' (от «разносить») goods to sell; «с лотка» means he sold from a «лоток», a flat tray slung at the chest. A figure of the petty urban poor — 'almost a boy' driven to violence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"среди бела дня","title":"«среди бела дня» — in broad daylight","body":"A set phrase, «среди бела дня» ('in the middle of the white day'), preserving the old short-adjective genitive «бела» (= «белого»). It heightens the shock — the murder done openly, in full daylight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тысячу пятьсот рублей","title":"Case after the numeral","body":"In «тысячу пятьсот рублей» the noun «рублей» stands in the genitive plural as governed by the compound numeral ending in «пятьсот» (5 and above take genitive plural). «тысячу» itself is the accusative object of «унёс»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вошел","gloss":"not long ago"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербурге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Петербурге","lemma":"Петербург","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies человек","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человек","gloss":"a boy"},{"surface":"восемнадцати","lemma":"восемнадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"eighteen"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies человек, age phrase","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"мелкий","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разносчик","gloss":"petty"},{"surface":"разносчик","lemma":"разносчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человек","gloss":"a peddler"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лотка","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"лотка","lemma":"лоток","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разносчик","gloss":"a street tray"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked in"},{"surface":"среди","lemma":"среди","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бела","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"broad","note":"«бела» is the archaic short-form genitive of «белый», preserved only in the idiom «среди бела дня» — in broad daylight."},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"daylight"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking топором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"топором","lemma":"топор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"an axe"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"меняльную","lemma":"меняльный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лавку","gloss":"money-changer's"},{"surface":"лавку","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"shop"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дерзостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"необычайною","lemma":"необычайный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дерзостью","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"типическою","lemma":"типический","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with необычайною, modifies дерзостью","gloss":"characteristic"},{"surface":"дерзостью","lemma":"дерзость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убил","gloss":"insolence"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вошел","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"хозяина","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"the proprietor"},{"surface":"лавки","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies хозяина","gloss":"of the shop"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"унес","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вошел","gloss":"carried off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of унес","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тысячу","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the compound numeral, quantifies рублей","gloss":"one thousand"},{"surface":"пятьсот","lemma":"пятьсот","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"coordinated with тысячу, quantifies рублей","gloss":"five hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of унес","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies рублей","gloss":"in cash"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b12-c11-s31","source":"Часов через пять он был арестован, на нем, кроме пятнадцати рублей, которые он уже успел истратить, нашли все эти полторы тысячи.","translation":"Some five hours later he was arrested, and on him, apart from the fifteen roubles he had already managed to spend, the whole of that fifteen hundred was found.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он был арестован","title":"Periphrastic passive 'was arrested'","body":"«был арестован» = «быть» + short past passive participle «арестован» from «арестовать» — the standard analytic passive ('he was arrested'). The short participle agrees masculine singular with «он»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые он уже успел истратить","title":"«успеть» + perfective infinitive — 'manage to'","body":"«успел истратить» pairs «успеть» (to have time, manage) with the perfective «истратить» (to spend up) — 'had managed to spend'. The «который»-clause modifies «пятнадцати рублей»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"полторы тысячи","title":"«полторы» — one and a half","body":"«полторы» is the special feminine form of «полтора» ('one and a half'), used with feminine «тысячи». «Полторы тысячи» = fifteen hundred — the recurring sum that, in the lawyer's argument, both halves of the riddle hinge on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies пять, approximation construction with через","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пять","gloss":"in about"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"oblique complement of арестован, time adverbial","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive арестован","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of арестован","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"арестован","lemma":"арестовать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arrested"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нашли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рублей","gloss":"apart from"},{"surface":"пятнадцати","lemma":"пятнадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"fifteen"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of кроме","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of истратить","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on рублей","gloss":"had managed"},{"surface":"истратить","lemma":"истратить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to spend"},{"surface":"нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"was found"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячи","gloss":"the whole of"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of полторы тысячи","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"quantifies тысячи","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of нашли","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b12-c11-s32","source":"Кроме того, воротившийся после убийства в лавку приказчик сообщил полиции не только об украденной сумме, но и из каких именно денег она состояла, то есть сколько было кредиток радужных, сколько синих, сколько красных, сколько золотых монет и каких именно, и вот на арестованном убийце именно такие же деньги и монеты и найдены.","translation":"Moreover, the shop-clerk, returning to the shop after the murder, informed the police not only of the sum that had been stolen but of precisely what notes it had consisted of — that is, how many rainbow notes there had been, how many blue ones, how many red ones, how many gold coins and of exactly which kind — and lo, upon the arrested murderer those very same notes and coins were found.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"воротившийся после убийства в лавку приказчик","title":"Past active participle as a heavy pre-modifier","body":"«воротившийся... приказчик» front-loads a reflexive past active participle (from «воротиться», to return) before its noun, with the whole phrase 'returning to the shop after the murder' squeezed in attributively. This dense pre-noun participle is quintessential literary Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приказчик","title":"«приказчик» — shop-clerk, steward","body":"A «приказчик» was a hired clerk or salesman who managed a merchant's shop or estate business — a trusted subordinate. Here it is the shop-clerk who could itemise exactly which notes were stolen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase кроме того","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase кроме того, modifies сообщил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"воротившийся","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying приказчик","gloss":"returning"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убийства","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"убийства","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротившийся","gloss":"the murder"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"лавку","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротившийся","gloss":"the shop"},{"surface":"приказчик","lemma":"приказчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сообщил","gloss":"the shop-clerk"},{"surface":"сообщил","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"informed"},{"surface":"полиции","lemma":"полиция","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщил","gloss":"the police"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только, paired with но и","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сумме","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сумме","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"украденной","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"modifies сумме","gloss":"stolen"},{"surface":"сумме","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сообщил","gloss":"the sum"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking денег","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of денег","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies каких","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of состояла","gloss":"notes"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of состояла","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"состояла","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сообщил","gloss":"had consisted"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on было","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to состояла","gloss":"there had been"},{"surface":"кредиток","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"genitive complement of сколько","gloss":"rainbow notes","note":"«кредитка» is a dated word for a paper banknote."},{"surface":"радужных","lemma":"радужный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies кредиток","gloss":"rainbow"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on синих","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"синих","lemma":"синий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with радужных","gloss":"blue ones"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on красных","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"красных","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with радужных","gloss":"red ones"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on монет","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"золотых","lemma":"золотой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies монет","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"монет","lemma":"монета","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with радужных","gloss":"coins"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of монет","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies каких","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies найдены","gloss":"lo"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убийце","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"арестованном","lemma":"арестованный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убийце","gloss":"the arrested"},{"surface":"убийце","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of найдены","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такие же","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"those same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такие","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of passive найдены","gloss":"notes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"монеты","lemma":"монета","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with деньги","gloss":"coins"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links найдены to the deньги и монеты subject","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"найдены","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"were found"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b12-c11-s33","source":"Вдобавок ко всему последовало полное и чистосердечное признание убийцы в том, что он убил и унес с собою эти самые деньги.","translation":"On top of all this, there followed the murderer's full and frank confession that he had killed and carried off these very sums.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"последовало полное и чистосердечное признание","title":"Verb-first with delayed subject","body":"«последовало... признание» puts the verb «последовало» first and the heavy subject «признание» (with its adjectives) last — end-weight that lands the climactic noun, 'confession', at the close. Neuter agreement matches «признание»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чистосердечное","title":"«чистосердечный» — frank, candid","body":"«чистосердечный» literally 'pure-hearted' (чистое + сердце), means open and sincere. A «чистосердечное признание» — a free and candid confession — is, in legal idiom, the cleanest proof of guilt: precisely what the present case lacks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вдобавок","lemma":"вдобавок","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies последовало","gloss":"on top of"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of последовало","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"последовало","lemma":"последовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there followed"},{"surface":"полное","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies признание","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чистосердечное","lemma":"чистосердечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with полное","gloss":"frank"},{"surface":"признание","lemma":"признание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of последовало","gloss":"confession"},{"surface":"убийцы","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies признание","gloss":"the murderer's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies признание","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of том","gloss":"had killed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"унес","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"carried off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of унес","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of унес","gloss":"sums"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b12-c11-s34","source":"Вот это, господа присяжные, я называю уликой!","translation":"That, gentlemen of the jury, is what I call evidence!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я называю уликой","title":"Instrumental of the predicate after «называть»","body":"«называю уликой» ('I call [it] evidence') puts the predicate noun «улика» into the instrumental «уликой» — the case Russian uses for the second object of «называть», «считать», «быть» and the like. 'That is what I call evidence!'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of называю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to господа","gloss":"jurors"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of называю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"называю","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"уликой","lemma":"улика","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of называю","gloss":"evidence"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b12-c11-s35","source":"Вот тут уж я знаю, вижу, осязаю деньги и не могу сказать, что их нет или не было.","translation":"There I know, I see, I can touch the money, and I cannot say that it does not exist or never existed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знаю, вижу, осязаю деньги","title":"Imperfective present triad","body":"Three imperfective presents in a row — «знаю, вижу, осязаю» (I know, I see, I touch) — mount a crescendo of immediate, ongoing certainty. The imperfective present is the natural vehicle for this present-tense, sensory grasp of the money."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могу сказать, что их нет или не было","title":"Genitive of negation: «нет / не было»","body":"«их нет... [их] не было» — with «нет» (present 'there is not') and «не было» (past 'there was not'), the thing absent stands in the genitive «их». Here the lawyer can NOT say it, precisely because he can see the money — the rhetorical inverse of his case against Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"осязаю","lemma":"осязать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"touch"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of осязаю","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сказать","gloss":"does not exist"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"existed"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b12-c11-s36","source":"Так ли в настоящем случае?","translation":"Is that how it stands in the present case?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так ли в настоящем случае?","title":"Terse «ли» question","body":"«Так ли...?» ('Is that how it stands...?') is a clipped yes/no question with «ли» following the focused «так». Pithy and pointed, it pivots from the Petersburg model crime back to Mitya's."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement (thus)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"настоящем","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"the present"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"case"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b12-c11-s37","source":"А между тем ведь дело идет о жизни и смерти, о судьбе человека.","translation":"And yet the matter at hand concerns life and death, the very fate of a man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дело идет о жизни и смерти","title":"Idiom «дело идёт о» + prepositional","body":"«дело идёт о...» ('the matter concerns / it is a question of...') is a fixed idiom taking «о» + prepositional: «о жизни и смерти», «о судьбе человека». The present «идёт» gives it urgency — a man's life is at stake right now."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А между тем ведь","title":"«а между тем ведь» — and yet, after all","body":"The string «а между тем ведь» layers the contrastive «а», the adverbial «между тем» ('meanwhile, and yet'), and the appealing «ведь» to swing hard from the clear Petersburg case to the gravity of this one. Particle-stacking like this is the texture of Dostoevsky's oratory."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom 'между тем' (meanwhile), modifies идет","gloss":"yet","note":"между тем is a fixed phrase meaning 'meanwhile/yet'."},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies идет","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of идет","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"concerns"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идет","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with жизни","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судьбе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"судьбе","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with жизни","gloss":"the fate"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies судьбе","gloss":"of a man"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b12-c11-s38","source":"„Так, скажут, но ведь он в ту же ночь кутил, сорил деньгами, у него обнаружено полторы тысячи рублей — откуда же он взял их?“","translation":"\"Very well,\" they will say, \"but that same night he was on a spree, throwing money about, and fifteen hundred roubles were found on him — where, then, did he get them?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"откуда же он взял их","title":"Challenging «откуда же»","body":"«откуда же он взял их?» ('where, then, did he get them?') sharpens the question with «же». The lawyer again voices the prosecution's strongest point, the better to dismantle it next."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кутил, сорил деньгами","title":"«кутить» and «сорить деньгами»","body":"«кутить» is to go on a riotous spree, carouse; «сорить деньгами» literally 'to litter with money' = to throw money about, squander it. The pair paints Mitya's notorious night of reckless splurging at Mokroye in vivid, censorious colours."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обнаружено полторы тысячи рублей","title":"Short passive participle, impersonal","body":"«обнаружено» is the short neuter past passive participle of «обнаружить» (to discover), used impersonally — 'fifteen hundred were found [on him]'. The neuter default form ignores the plural sum, a common impersonal-passive pattern."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to скажут","gloss":"Very well"},{"surface":"скажут","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they will say"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кутил","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кутил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кутил","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"кутил","lemma":"кутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ведь-clause","gloss":"was carousing"},{"surface":"сорил","lemma":"сорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кутил","gloss":"throwing away"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of сорил","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обнаружено","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обнаружено","lemma":"обнаружить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to кутил","gloss":"was found"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive обнаружено","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"where...from"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies откуда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to обнаружено","gloss":"did he get"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b12-c11-s39","source":"Но ведь именно потому, что обнаружено было всего только полторы тысячи, а другой половины суммы ни за что не могли отыскать и обнаружить, именно тем и доказывается, что эти деньги могли быть совсем не те, совсем никогда не бывшие ни в каком пакете.","translation":"But it is precisely because only fifteen hundred were found, while the other half of the sum could not, for all their efforts, be traced or uncovered, that this very thing proves that the money might not have been the same money at all — money that had never been in any packet whatsoever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"именно потому, что... именно тем и доказывается","title":"Correlative «потому что... тем» with reflexive passive","body":"The sentence yokes cause and consequence: «именно потому, что...» ('precisely because...') answered by «именно тем и доказывается» ('by that very thing it is proved'). «доказывается» is a reflexive-passive («-ся») — 'is proved', no agent named."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем никогда не бывшие ни в каком пакете","title":"Past active participle of «быть» + stacked negation","body":"«не бывшие ни в каком пакете» uses «бывшие», the past active participle of «быть» ('having been'), negated, with «ни в каком» ('in no [packet] whatever') feeding the negative concord. A dense participial negation — money 'that had never been in any packet at all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обнаружено","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"обнаружено","lemma":"обнаружить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on потому","gloss":"was found"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of обнаружено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"in all"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полторы","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive обнаружено","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половины","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"половины","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"суммы","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половины","gloss":"of the sum"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of могли","gloss":"anything","note":"ни за что = 'by no means, on no account'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обнаружено","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"отыскать","lemma":"отыскать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"trace"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обнаружить","lemma":"обнаружить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with отыскать","gloss":"uncover"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of доказывается","gloss":"by that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доказывается","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"доказывается","lemma":"доказываться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with потому","gloss":"is proved"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of доказывается","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to те","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies те","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никогда","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывшие","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывшие","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бывшие","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"clause modifying те","gloss":"having been"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пакете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пакете","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"пакете","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывшие","gloss":"packet"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b12-c11-s40","source":"По расчету времени (и уже строжайшему) дознано и доказано предварительным следствием, что подсудимый, выбежав от служанок к чиновнику Перхотину, домой не заходил, да и никуда не заходил, а затем всё время был на людях, а стало быть, не мог отделить от трех тысяч половины и куда-нибудь спрятать в городе.","translation":"By a reckoning of time (and a most rigorous one at that) it was ascertained and proved by the preliminary investigation that the defendant, after running from the servant-girls to the official Perhotin, did not stop at home, nor indeed anywhere, and was thereafter the whole time among people, and so, accordingly, could not have separated half from the three thousand and hidden it somewhere in town.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выбежав от служанок к чиновнику Перхотину","title":"Perfective gerund of motion «выбежав»","body":"«выбежав» is a perfective past gerund from the prefixed motion verb «выбежать» (to run out). The prefix вы- ('out') both fixes direction and perfectivises; the gerund sets the prior action — 'having run out from the servant-girls to Perhotin...'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дознано и доказано предварительным следствием","title":"Twin short passives + instrumental agent","body":"«дознано и доказано» are short neuter past passive participles ('it was ascertained and proved'), and «предварительным следствием» is the instrumental agent ('by the preliminary investigation') — the case marking the doer of the passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расчету","gloss":"By"},{"surface":"расчету","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дознано","gloss":"a reckoning"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies расчету","gloss":"of time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies строжайшему","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"строжайшему","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies расчету","gloss":"most rigorous"},{"surface":"дознано","lemma":"дознать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was ascertained"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"доказано","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дознано","gloss":"proved"},{"surface":"предварительным","lemma":"предварительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies следствием","gloss":"preliminary"},{"surface":"следствием","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of доказано","gloss":"by the investigation"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заходил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заходил","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"выбежав","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заходил","gloss":"having run"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking служанок","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"служанок","lemma":"служанка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выбежав","gloss":"the servant-girls"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чиновнику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чиновнику","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбежав","gloss":"the official"},{"surface":"Перхотину","lemma":"Перхотин","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to чиновнику","gloss":"Perhotin"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заходил","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заходил","lemma":"заходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of дознано","gloss":"did stop by"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"никуда","lemma":"никуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заходил","gloss":"anywhere"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заходил","lemma":"заходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заходил","gloss":"did stop by"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"thereafter"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies был","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to людях","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людях","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"людях","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of idiom 'стало быть' (accordingly), modifies мог","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"it follows","note":"стало быть is a fixed phrase meaning 'consequently, accordingly'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заходил","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"отделить","lemma":"отделить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"separate"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking половины","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies половины","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"половины","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отделить","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрятать","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies куда","gloss":"-ever","note":"куда-нибудь = 'somewhere or other'."},{"surface":"спрятать","lemma":"спрятать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with отделить","gloss":"hide"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрятать","gloss":"the city"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b12-c11-s41","source":"Вот именно это соображение и было причиною предположения обвинителя, что деньги где-то спрятаны в расщелине в селе Мокром.","translation":"It is precisely this consideration that gave rise to the prosecutor's supposition that the money is hidden somewhere in a crevice in the village of Mokroye.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот именно это соображение и было причиною","title":"Instrumental predicate after past «было»","body":"«было причиною» puts the predicate noun «причина» (cause) into the instrumental «причиною» (the archaic -ою for -ой) after past «было» — the case for predicate nouns with «быть» in the past. The «вот... и» frame spotlights «это соображение»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies именно","gloss":"It is"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of соображение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"соображение","lemma":"соображение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"consideration"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to причиною","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"причиною","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"the cause"},{"surface":"предположения","lemma":"предположение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies причиною","gloss":"of the supposition"},{"surface":"обвинителя","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies предположения","gloss":"of the prosecutor"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спрятаны","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of passive спрятаны","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрятаны","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"спрятаны","lemma":"спрятать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of предположения","gloss":"is hidden"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расщелине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"расщелине","lemma":"расщелина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрятаны","gloss":"a crevice"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking селе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"селе","lemma":"село","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies расщелине","gloss":"the village"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to селе","gloss":"of Mokroye"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b12-c11-s42","source":"Да уж не в подвалах ли Удольфского замка, господа?","translation":"Why not in the vaults of the castle of Udolpho, gentlemen?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да уж не в подвалах ли Удольфского замка","title":"Sarcastic «не... ли?» with «уж»","body":"«Да уж не... ли...?» is a heavily ironic question frame ('Why, surely not in...?') built on «ли»; the particles «да уж» drip with sarcasm. The lawyer mockingly asks whether the missing money is hidden in the vaults of Udolpho."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom 'уж не...ли' (surely not)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom 'уж не...ли' (surely not)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подвалах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подвалах","lemma":"подвал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the vaults"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подвалах","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"Удольфского","lemma":"удольфский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies замка","gloss":"of Udolpho"},{"surface":"замка","lemma":"замок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подвалах","gloss":"castle"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b12-c11-s43","source":"Ну не фантастическое ли, не романическое ли это предположение.","translation":"Now is this not a fantastical, is it not a romantic supposition?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну не фантастическое ли, не романическое ли это предположение","title":"Doubled rhetorical «не... ли»","body":"Two parallel «не... ли» frames ('is it not fantastical, is it not romantic...') drive home the mockery with «ли». The repetition is pure oratorical rhythm, demanding the jury answer 'yes, it is'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"романическое","title":"«романический» — like a novel","body":"«романический» means 'novelistic, the stuff of a romance' (from «роман»). Distinct from «романтический» (romantic in feeling), it brands the supposition as a contrived fiction — continuing the speech's central taunt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle, introduces the question","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фантастическое","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"фантастическое","lemma":"фантастический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"fantastical"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фантастическое","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies романическое","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"романическое","lemma":"романический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with фантастическое","gloss":"romantic"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies романическое","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of предположение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"предположение","lemma":"предположение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elided copula","gloss":"supposition"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b12-c11-s44","source":"И заметьте, ведь уничтожься только это одно предположение, то есть что спрятано в Мокром, — и всё обвинение в грабеже взлетает на воздух, ибо где же, куда же девались тогда эти полторы тысячи?","translation":"And observe: let this one supposition alone be demolished — namely, that it is hidden at Mokroye — and the whole charge of robbery blows up into the air, for where, where then did this fifteen hundred get to?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уничтожься только это одно предположение","title":"Imperative form with conditional force","body":"«уничтожься... предположение» uses a 2nd-person imperative form («уничтожься», from reflexive «уничтожиться») with conditional meaning: 'let this one supposition be demolished'. This use of the bare imperative for a hypothetical condition is a vivid, bookish device."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"взлетает на воздух, ибо","title":"Archaic causal «ибо»","body":"«ибо» ('for, because') is the bookish, elevated causal conjunction the lawyer reaches for in his perorations, where speech would use «потому что» or «так как». «взлетает на воздух» ('flies up into the air') = blows up, collapses."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"куда же девались тогда эти полторы тысячи","title":"Reflexive «деваться» again","body":"«девались» (past of reflexive «деваться», to get to / vanish) repeats the earlier challenge: 'where did the fifteen hundred get to?'. The reflexive -ся makes it intransitive — money simply 'going somewhere', no agent."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"заметьте","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"observe"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уничтожься","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"уничтожься","lemma":"уничтожиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заметьте","gloss":"were destroyed","note":"an imperative form used conditionally: 'were this ... to be destroyed'."},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of предположение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies предположение","gloss":"one/alone"},{"surface":"предположение","lemma":"предположение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of уничтожься","gloss":"supposition"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom 'то есть' (that is)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom 'то есть' (that is)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive спрятано","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"спрятано","lemma":"спрятать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to предположение","gloss":"it is hidden"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром,","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Мокром,","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрятано","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обвинение","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of взлетает","gloss":"charge"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грабеже","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"грабеже","lemma":"грабёж","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обвинение","gloss":"robbery"},{"surface":"взлетает","lemma":"взлетать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the result clause (coordinated by и)","gloss":"blows up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воздух","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"воздух","lemma":"воздух","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взлетает","gloss":"the air"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of девались","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies девались","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies девались","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies куда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"девались","lemma":"деваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on взлетает","gloss":"did it get to"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies девались","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of полторы","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of девались","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b12-c11-s45","source":"Каким чудом они могли исчезнуть, если доказано, что подсудимый никуда не заходил?","translation":"By what miracle could it have vanished, if it has been proved that the defendant went nowhere at all?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Каким чудом они могли исчезнуть","title":"Instrumental of manner «каким чудом»","body":"«Каким чудом?» ('By what miracle?') uses the instrumental of «какое чудо» to express means/manner — the instrumental's job of marking 'by what'. The perfective infinitive «исчезнуть» frames the vanishing as a single, impossible event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если доказано, что подсудимый никуда не заходил","title":"Short passive «доказано» + negative concord","body":"«доказано» is the impersonal short passive ('it has been proved'), and the embedded clause shows negative concord: «никуда... не заходил» ('went nowhere'), the «ни»-adverb requiring «не» on the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чудом","gloss":"By what"},{"surface":"чудом","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of могли","gloss":"miracle"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"исчезнуть","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"vanish"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of доказано","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"доказано","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on исчезнуть","gloss":"it has been proved"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заходил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заходил","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"никуда","lemma":"никуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заходил","gloss":"nowhere"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заходил","lemma":"заходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of доказано","gloss":"went"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b12-c11-s46","source":"И такими-то романами мы готовы погубить жизнь человеческую!","translation":"And with romances of this kind we are ready to destroy a human life!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"такими-то романами","title":"Instrumental of means + «-то»","body":"«такими-то романами» ('with romances of this kind') is the instrumental of means/instrument — 'by means of such novels'. The «-то» adds a contemptuous wave at this sort of thing: with mere fictions we would destroy a life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"готовы погубить жизнь человеческую","title":"Short adjective «готовы» + perfective infinitive","body":"«готовы» is the short plural form of «готовый» (ready), a predicate-only form, governing the perfective infinitive «погубить» (to destroy, ruin utterly). 'We are ready to destroy a human life' — the exclamation's moral weight lands on «погубить»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"такими","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of романами","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic suffix attached to такими","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"романами","lemma":"роман","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of готовы","gloss":"romances"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of готовы","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"готовы","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"are ready"},{"surface":"погубить","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готовы","gloss":"to destroy"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of погубить","gloss":"a life"},{"surface":"человеческую","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"human"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b12-c11-s47","source":"Скажут: „Все-таки он не умел объяснить, где взял эти полторы тысячи, которые на нем обнаружены, кроме того, все знали, что до этой ночи у него не было денег“.","translation":"They will say: \"All the same, he was unable to explain where he got this fifteen hundred that was found on him, and besides, everyone knew that until that night he had no money.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он не умел объяснить, где взял","title":"«уметь» + perfective infinitive","body":"«не умел объяснить» — «уметь» (to be able, know how) with the perfective infinitive «объяснить». Inside, «где взял» is an indirect question with the verb-final, comma-free word order Russian permits. The prosecution's point: he couldn't account for the money."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него не было денег","title":"«у + genitive» possession, negated","body":"«у него не было денег» is the standard Russian for 'he had no money': «у» + genitive «него» for the possessor, «не было» + genitive «денег» for the absent thing. Two genitives, one for ownership, one for the genitive of negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажут","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"They will say"},{"surface":"Все","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom 'всё-таки' (nevertheless), modifies умел","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom 'всё-таки' (nevertheless), modifies умел","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умел","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Скажут","gloss":"was able"},{"surface":"объяснить","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умел","gloss":"explain"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of объяснить","gloss":"he got"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of полторы","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive обнаружены","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обнаружены","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обнаружены","lemma":"обнаружить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on тысячи","gloss":"were found"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom 'кроме того' (besides), modifies знали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночи","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночи","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ночи","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знали","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of было","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b12-c11-s48","source":"А кто же это знал?","translation":"But who, exactly, knew this?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А кто же это знал?","title":"Challenging «кто же»","body":"«А кто же это знал?» ('But who, exactly, knew this?') turns the prosecution's confident 'everyone knew' into a pointed challenge with «же». The contrastive «а» pivots straight back at the claim."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b12-c11-s49","source":"Но подсудимый дал ясное и твердое показание о том, откуда взял деньги, и если хотите, господа присяжные заседатели, если хотите, — никогда ничего не могло и не может быть вероятнее этого показания и, кроме того, более совместного с характером и душой подсудимого.","translation":"But the defendant gave a clear and firm account of where he got the money, and, if you please, gentlemen of the jury, if you please — nothing ever could be, or can be, more probable than this account, and, what is more, more consistent with the character and soul of the defendant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не могло и не может быть вероятнее этого показания","title":"Comparative of «вероятный» + genitive of comparison","body":"«вероятнее этого показания» ('more probable than this account') is the predicative comparative «вероятнее» governing a bare genitive «этого показания» — the genitive standard of comparison, an alternative to «чем». Negative concord («ничего не могло») heightens it: nothing could be more probable."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если хотите","title":"Conditional softener «если хотите»","body":"«если хотите» ('if you please / if you will'), repeated for emphasis, is a polite conditional aside softening the assertion that follows. The second-person plural «хотите» addresses the jury directly and deferentially."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"ясное","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"твердое","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ясное","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of о, anticipating откуда-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"from where"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"he got"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотите","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause ('if you please')","gloss":"you please"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"term of address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies заседатели","gloss":"jury"},{"surface":"заседатели","lemma":"заседатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to господа","gloss":"jurors"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотите,","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хотите,","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause ('if you please')","gloss":"you please"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with может","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with могло","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могло/может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"вероятнее","lemma":"вероятный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"more probable"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of показания","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"показания","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of comparison for вероятнее","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom кроме того","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совместного","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"совместного","lemma":"совместный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вероятнее","gloss":"consistent"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking характером","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"характером","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совместного","gloss":"the character"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"душой","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with характером","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характером and душой","gloss":"of the defendant"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b12-c11-s50","source":"Обвинению понравился собственный роман: человек с слабою волей, решившийся взять три тысячи, столь позорно ему предложенные невестой его, не мог, дескать, отделить половину и зашить ее в ладонку, напротив, если б и зашил, то расшивал бы каждые два дня и отколупывал бы по сотне и таким образом извел бы всё в один месяц.","translation":"The prosecution has taken a liking to a novel of its own: a man of weak will who, having brought himself to take the three thousand so shamefully offered him by his betrothed, could not, supposedly, have set apart half of it and sewn it into a little amulet-bag; on the contrary, even had he sewn it up, he would have unstitched it every couple of days and picked out a hundred at a time, and in this way run through the whole of it within a single month.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"человек с слабою волей, решившийся взять три тысячи","title":"Reflexive past active participle","body":"«решившийся» is a past active participle of reflexive «решиться» (to bring oneself to, resolve), agreeing with «человек» — 'a man who had brought himself to take...'. The -ся makes it 'steel oneself', not merely 'decide'. «с слабою волей» uses the archaic instrumental ending -ою."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь позорно ему предложенные","title":"Past passive participle modifying «три тысячи»","body":"«предложенные» (offered) is a past passive participle agreeing with «три тысячи», with its dative «ему» ('offered to him') and adverb «столь позорно» ('so shamefully'). A whole clause — 'so shamefully offered him by his betrothed' — folded into one participle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б и зашил, то расшивал бы... и отколупывал бы","title":"Counterfactual «если б» with imperfective iteratives","body":"«если б и зашил, то расшивал бы... отколупывал бы» is a past counterfactual: «если б» ('even had he sewn it up') answered by conditional «бы» + imperfective «расшивал, отколупывал». The imperfectives stress habitual, repeated action — he'd keep unstitching and picking out money."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зашить ее в ладонку","title":"«ладонка» — an amulet-bag","body":"A «ладанка» (here «ладонка») is a small cloth pouch worn round the neck, originally for incense («ладан») or a holy relic, used to keep something precious next to the body. The prosecution's 'novel' has Mitya sewing his money into such a pouch — a homely, intimate detail the defence ridicules."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обвинению","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object (experiencer) of понравился","gloss":"the prosecution"},{"surface":"понравился","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took a liking to"},{"surface":"собственный","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роман","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"роман","lemma":"роман","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понравился","gloss":"novel"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"слабою","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies волей","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"волей","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"решившийся","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"having resolved"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решившийся","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позорно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"позорно","lemma":"позорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предложенные","gloss":"shamefully"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of предложенные","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"предложенные","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"offered"},{"surface":"невестой","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent of предложенные","gloss":"by his betrothed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of невестой","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause (predicate of человек)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, modifies мог","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"отделить","lemma":"отделить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"set apart"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отделить","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зашить","lemma":"зашить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with отделить, complement of мог","gloss":"sew"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of зашить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладонку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ладонку","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашить","gloss":"amulet-bag"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to расшивал","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of зашил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with зашил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зашил, emphatic ('even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"зашил","lemma":"зашить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause (protasis)","gloss":"had sewn"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of расшивал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"расшивал","lemma":"расшивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis","gloss":"would unstitch"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of расшивал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"каждые","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of два","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расшивал","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отколупывал","lemma":"отколупывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with расшивал","gloss":"would pick out"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of отколупывал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сотне","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"сотне","lemma":"сотня","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отколупывал","gloss":"a hundred"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"in that"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of извел","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"извел","lemma":"извести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расшивал","gloss":"would run through"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of извел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of извел","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies месяц","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of извел","gloss":"month"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b12-c11-s51","source":"Вспомните, всё это было изложено тоном, не терпящим никаких возражений.","translation":"Recall how all this was set forth in a tone that brooked no objection whatever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вспомните","title":"Perfective imperative «вспомните»","body":"«Вспомните» (recall, call to mind) is the polite-plural perfective imperative of «вспомнить» — a single act of recollection urged on the jury before the killer line about the prosecutor's overbearing tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тоном, не терпящим никаких возражений","title":"Present active participle + instrumental of manner","body":"«тоном, не терпящим...» — «тоном» is the instrumental of manner ('in a tone'), modified by the present active participle «терпящим» (from «терпеть», to tolerate) with negative concord «никаких возражений» (genitive of negation). 'A tone that brooked no objection.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Вспомните","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recall"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive изложено","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of изложено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"изложено","lemma":"изложить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"was set forth"},{"surface":"тоном","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изложено","gloss":"in a tone"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies терпящим","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"терпящим","lemma":"терпеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тоном","gloss":"brooking"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of возражений","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"возражений","lemma":"возражение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of терпящим","gloss":"objections"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b12-c11-s52","source":"Ну а что, если дело происходило вовсе не так, а ну как вы создали роман, а в нем совсем другое лицо?","translation":"But what if the affair did not happen so at all — what if you have constructed a novel, and in it an entirely different person?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну а что, если дело происходило вовсе не так","title":"Imperfective past «происходило» in the hypothesis","body":"«если дело происходило вовсе не так» uses the imperfective past «происходило» (was happening, unfolding) to question the whole course of events — 'what if the affair did not happen so at all'. The imperfective views the unfolding as a process, leaving room for a different one."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а ну как вы создали роман","title":"Apprehensive «а ну как»","body":"«а ну как...» ('but what if, suppose...') is a colloquial frame introducing a worrying possibility. The perfective «создали» ('you have constructed') treats the prosecution's novel as a finished, accomplished thing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase ('what if')","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of происходило","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of происходило","gloss":"the affair"},{"surface":"происходило","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause introduced by если","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходило","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of idiom 'ну как' (what if), modifies создали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of создали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"создали","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by ну как","gloss":"constructed"},{"surface":"роман","lemma":"роман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of создали","gloss":"a novel"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другое","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of an elided verb ('is')","gloss":"person"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b12-c11-s53","source":"В том-то и дело, что вы создали другое лицо!","translation":"That is just the point — you have constructed a different person!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В том-то и дело","title":"Emphatic idiom «в том-то и дело»","body":"«В том-то и дело, что...» ('That is just the point, that...') is a set emphatic construction: «-то» on «том» plus the focusing «и» drive home the crux. The lawyer seizes his own rhetorical question as the decisive point."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в, part of idiom том-то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on том","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom, emphasizes дело","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (elliptical 'is')","gloss":"the point"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of создали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of создали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"создали","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of дело","gloss":"constructed"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of создали","gloss":"person"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b12-c11-s54","source":"Возразят, пожалуй: „Есть свидетели, что он прокутил в селе Мокром все эти три тысячи, взятые у госпожи Верховцевой, за месяц перед катастрофой, разом, как одну копейку, стало быть, не мог отделить от них половину“.","translation":"It will be objected, perhaps: \"There are witnesses that he squandered at the village of Mokroye the whole of those three thousand he had taken from Madame Verhovtseva, a month before the catastrophe, all at once, like a single kopeck, and so could not have set aside half of them.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Возразят, пожалуй","title":"Subjectless 'they will object'","body":"«Возразят» is a bare 3rd-plural perfective future with no subject — impersonal 'it will be objected'. Yet again the lawyer stages the opposing voice. «пожалуй» ('perhaps, I dare say') softens the prediction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"взятые у госпожи Верховцевой","title":"Past passive participle + «у» of source","body":"«взятые у госпожи Верховцевой» — past passive participle «взятые» (taken) agreeing with «три тысячи», plus «у» + genitive marking the person from whom ('taken from Madame Verhovtseva'). A compact relative-clause-in-a-word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как одну копейку","title":"«как одну копейку» — down to the last kopeck","body":"«разом, как одну копейку» ('all at once, like a single kopeck') means he blew the whole sum in one go as carelessly as if it were a single coin. The «копейка», a hundredth of a rouble, is the proverbial smallest money — squandering thousands 'like one kopeck' marks reckless abandon."}],"words":[{"surface":"Возразят","lemma":"возразить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will object"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to Возразят","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"Есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause (existential 'there are')","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"свидетели","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Есть","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прокутил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокутил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прокутил","lemma":"прокутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause (complement of свидетели)","gloss":"squandered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking селе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"селе","lemma":"село","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокутил","gloss":"the village"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to селе","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячи","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of три","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прокутил","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"взятые","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying тысячи","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking госпожи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"госпожи","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взятые","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Верховцевой","lemma":"Верховцева","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожи","gloss":"Verkhovtseva"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокутил","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking катастрофой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"катастрофой","lemma":"катастрофа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition перед, modifying месяц","gloss":"the catastrophe"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of прокутил","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"introduces comparison копейку","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies копейку","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"копейку","lemma":"копейка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of comparison (как одну копейку)","gloss":"kopeck"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of idiom стало быть ('so, thus')","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало, idiom стало быть","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause (subject он)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"отделить","lemma":"отделить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"set aside"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of отделить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отделить","gloss":"half"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b12-c11-s55","source":"Но кто же эти свидетели?","translation":"But who are these witnesses?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но кто же эти свидетели?","title":"Zero-copula question with «же»","body":"«Но кто же эти свидетели?» has no verb — the present tense of 'to be' is unexpressed, leaving subject and predicate noun in the bare nominative. The «же» turns it into a pointed challenge: 'but who ARE these witnesses?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicate (question word)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of свидетели","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"свидетели","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject (copula omitted)","gloss":"witnesses"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b12-c11-s56","source":"Степень достоверности этих свидетелей на суде уже обнаружилась.","translation":"The degree of these witnesses' reliability has already shown itself here in court.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже обнаружилась","title":"Reflexive «обнаружиться» — to show itself","body":"«обнаружилась» is the reflexive («-ся») of «обнаружить»: 'revealed itself, came to light'. The -ся gives a middle, agentless sense — the witnesses' reliability 'has already shown itself' in court, with no one made to do the showing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Степень","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of обнаружилась","gloss":"the degree"},{"surface":"достоверности","lemma":"достоверность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Степень","gloss":"reliability"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of свидетелей","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies достоверности","gloss":"witnesses'"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обнаружилась","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнаружилась","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"обнаружилась","lemma":"обнаружиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has shown itself"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b12-c11-s57","source":"Кроме того, в чужой руке ломоть всегда больше кажется.","translation":"Besides, the slice in another man's hand always looks the bigger.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в чужой руке ломоть всегда больше кажется","title":"Proverb: another man's slice looks bigger","body":"A folk proverb: «в чужих руках ломоть велик» ('the hunk of bread in someone else's hands always seems bigger') = people overestimate what others have. «ломоть» is a thick-cut slice of bread. The lawyer drops a homely peasant saying to discredit the witnesses' eyeballed estimates of the cash."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"больше кажется","title":"Suppletive comparative «больше»","body":"«больше» ('bigger, more') is the irregular, suppletive comparative of «большой/много» — not formed by suffix but a separate root, like English good/better. Here predicative: the slice 'seems bigger'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom кроме того ('moreover')","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чужой","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руке","gloss":"another's"},{"surface":"руке","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кажется","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"ломоть","lemma":"ломоть","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кажется","gloss":"the slice"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кажется","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кажется","gloss":"bigger"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looks"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b12-c11-s58","source":"Наконец, никто из этих свидетелей денег этих сам не считал, а лишь судил на свой глаз.","translation":"And finally, not one of these witnesses counted the money himself; each only judged it by eye.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто из этих свидетелей денег этих сам не считал","title":"Negative concord + genitive object","body":"«никто... сам не считал» shows negative concord («никто... не»), with «сам» insisting 'himself / in person'. The object «денег этих» sits in the genitive — partitive/under-negation — 'counted none of this money himself'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"судил на свой глаз","title":"«на свой глаз» — by eye","body":"«судить на свой глаз» (more usually «на глаз/глазок») means to judge by eye, by rough estimate rather than measurement. «свой» ('one's own') points the eye back to each witness — each merely guessed the amount."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to считал","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of считал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидетелей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of свидетелей","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies никто","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of считал (genitive under negation)","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of денег","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying the subject (никто)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies считал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"counted"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies судил","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"судил","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with считал","gloss":"judged"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаз","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of глаз","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of судил","gloss":"eye"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b12-c11-s59","source":"Ведь показал же свидетель Максимов, что у подсудимого было в руках двадцать тысяч.","translation":"Why, the witness Maximov testified that the defendant had twenty thousand in his hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь показал же свидетель Максимов","title":"Double particle «ведь... же»","body":"«Ведь показал же...» bookends the verb with two particles: «ведь» ('why, after all') appealing to shared knowledge and «же» insisting on the absurd example. Together they ridicule the testimony — 'why, the witness Maximov actually testified...!'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"было в руках двадцать тысяч","title":"Numeral phrase with «было»","body":"«было... двадцать тысяч» — the impersonal «было» (neuter default) precedes the numeral subject «двадцать тысяч»; «тысяч» is genitive plural after «двадцать». The wild figure (twenty thousand!) proves the witnesses' eyeball estimates worthless."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"testified"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"свидетель","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of показал","gloss":"witness"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to свидетель","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the что-clause (predicate было)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подсудимого","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (existential)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысяч","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of было (existential)","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b12-c11-s60","source":"Видите, господа присяжные, так как психология о двух концах, то уж позвольте мне и тут другой конец приложить, и посмотрим, то ли выйдет.","translation":"You see, gentlemen of the jury, since psychology cuts both ways, permit me to apply the other end of it here too, and let us see whether it comes out the same.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так как психология о двух концах, то уж позвольте","title":"Causal «так как... то» + polite imperative","body":"«так как..., то...» ('since..., then...') is a causal subordinator answered by a correlative «то». The apodosis «позвольте мне... приложить» is a polite plural imperative ('permit me to apply'), softened further by «уж»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"посмотрим, то ли выйдет","title":"Embedded «ли» — 'whether the same'","body":"«посмотрим, то ли выйдет» — 'let us see whether the same comes out'. The fronted «то» ('that, the same') is followed by «ли» to form the indirect yes/no question. «посмотрим» is a hortative perfective future ('let us see')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"психология о двух концах","title":"\"A stick with two ends\"","body":"The phrase «о двух концах» literally means \"having two ends.\" It echoes the Russian saying «палка о двух концах» (\"a stick with two ends\" = something that can cut both ways). Fetyukovitch argues that psychological reasoning can be turned to support either side, so he proposes to apply «другой конец» (\"the other end\"). We render the image with the matching English idiom — psychology that \"cuts both ways.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"term of address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to господа, vocative address","gloss":"jurors"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase так как ('since')","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"психология","lemma":"психология","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elided predicate ('is two-edged')","gloss":"psychology"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking концах","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies концах","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"концах","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement describing психология","gloss":"edges"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the apodosis (позвольте)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позвольте","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis","gloss":"allow"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of позвольте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase 'и тут' ('here too')","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приложить","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конец","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приложить","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"приложить","lemma":"приложить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позвольте","gloss":"to apply"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"посмотрим","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with позвольте","gloss":"let us see"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase 'то ли' ('whether')","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то, question marker","gloss":"or not"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of посмотрим","gloss":"will turn out"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b12-c11-s61","source":"За месяц до катастрофы подсудимому были вверены для отсылки по почте три тысячи рублей госпожою Верховцевой, но вопрос: справедливо ли, что были вверены с таким позором и с таким унижением, как провозглашено было давеча?","translation":"A month before the catastrophe the defendant was entrusted by Madame Verhovtseva with three thousand roubles to send off by post — but here is a question: is it true that they were entrusted to him with such disgrace and such humiliation as was proclaimed a little while ago?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"были вверены","title":"Periphrastic passive with a short participle","body":"«были вверены» is the past passive of «вверить» (to entrust): the auxiliary «были» plus the short past passive participle «вверены». This is the bookish, legal register's way of saying the defendant 'was entrusted [with]'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"госпожою Верховцевой","title":"Instrumental of the agent","body":"In a passive, the doer goes in the instrumental: «госпожою Верховцевой» = 'by Madame Verhovtseva'. «госпожою» is the older instrumental ending -ою (modern -ой), a frequent 19th-century flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"справедливо ли, что","title":"Embedded yes/no with «ли»","body":"«справедливо ли, что…» fronts the focused word «справедливо» and follows it with the enclitic «ли» to pose a neutral question — 'is it true that…?'. This is the literary alternative to mere question intonation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — 'a little while ago'","body":"A colloquial, now-archaic adverb meaning 'recently, earlier today, just now'. It belongs to an older spoken register and is common in Dostoevsky's courtroom and parlour speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вверены","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking катастрофы","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"катастрофы","lemma":"катастрофа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"the catastrophe"},{"surface":"подсудимому","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of вверены","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of вверены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"вверены","lemma":"вверить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"entrusted"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отсылки","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"отсылки","lemma":"отсылка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вверены","gloss":"sending"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking почте","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"почте","lemma":"почта","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отсылки","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вверены (governed by три)","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"госпожою","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent of passive вверены","gloss":"by Madame"},{"surface":"Верховцевой","lemma":"Верховцева","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожою","gloss":"Verkhovtseva"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of new clause (elliptical 'is')","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"справедливо","lemma":"справедливый","morphology":"adjective, short-form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the embedded question ('is it true')","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies справедливо","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вверены","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of вверены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"вверены","lemma":"вверить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of справедливо","gloss":"entrusted"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking позором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of позором","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"позором","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вверены","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking унижением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of унижением","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"унижением","lemma":"унижение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with позором","gloss":"humiliation"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies провозглашено","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"провозглашено","lemma":"провозгласить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the comparative clause ('as was proclaimed')","gloss":"was proclaimed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to провозглашено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies провозглашено","gloss":"a while ago"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b12-c11-s62","source":"В первом показании о том же предмете у госпожи Верховцевой выходило не так, совершенно не так; во втором же показании мы слышали лишь крики озлобления, отмщения, крики долго таившейся ненависти.","translation":"In her first deposition on this same subject Madame Verhovtseva had it differently, quite differently; whereas in her second deposition we heard only cries of bitterness, of vengeance, cries of a long-concealed hatred.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"во втором же показании","title":"Emphatic particle «же»","body":"The «же» here is not 'and' but the insistent modal particle, marking a sharp contrast with the first deposition: 'whereas in the *second* deposition…'. English carries the force only by stress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"крики озлобления, отмщения… ненависти","title":"Genitive chain of 'cries of…'","body":"Each noun after «крики» stands in the genitive ('cries OF bitterness, OF vengeance, OF hatred'). The piled-up genitives are a rhetorical crescendo typical of the lawyer's oratory."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"долго таившейся ненависти","title":"Past active participle as modifier","body":"«таившейся» is the past active participle of «таиться» (to lie hidden), in -вш- plus the reflexive -ся, agreeing in the genitive with «ненависти»: 'of a long-concealed hatred'. It packs a whole который-clause into one bookish word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отмщение","title":"«отмщение» — elevated 'vengeance'","body":"A bookish, Church-Slavonic-flavoured doublet of plain «месть» (revenge); the -ение abstract suffix and the consonant cluster lend it solemn, scriptural weight, sharpening the lawyer's portrait of Katerina's fury."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking показании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первом","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies показании","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"показании","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходило","gloss":"deposition"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предмете","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of предмете","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies том","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"предмете","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of о, modifying показании","gloss":"subject"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking госпожи","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"госпожи","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies показании","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Верховцевой","lemma":"Верховцева","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожи","gloss":"Verhovtseva"},{"surface":"выходило","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came out"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выходило","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не так","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with так","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking показании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"втором","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies показании","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"contrastive, modifies во втором показании","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"показании","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышали","gloss":"deposition"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слышали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies крики","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"крики","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of слышали","gloss":"cries"},{"surface":"озлобления","lemma":"озлобление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies крики","gloss":"of bitterness"},{"surface":"отмщения","lemma":"отмщение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with озлобления","gloss":"of vengeance"},{"surface":"крики","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to крики","gloss":"cries"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies таившейся","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"таившейся","lemma":"таиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying ненависти","gloss":"concealed","note":"Past active participle of таиться (\"to lie hidden\"), here \"долго таившейся\" = \"long-concealed.\""},{"surface":"ненависти","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies крики","gloss":"of hatred"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b12-c11-s63","source":"Но уж одно то, что свидетельница раз в первом показании своем показала неверно, дает право нам заключить, что и второе показание могло быть неверно.","translation":"But the mere fact that the witness testified incorrectly the first time gives us the right to conclude that her second testimony, too, may have been incorrect.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"одно то, что","title":"Correlative «то, что»","body":"«одно то, что свидетельница… показала неверно» is a correlative noun clause: «то» is the grammatical object ('the mere fact'), unpacked by the «что»-clause that follows. This то/что framing lets Russian nominalise a whole proposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"могло быть неверно","title":"Short adjective as predicate","body":"«неверно» is the short (predicative) neuter form of «неверный», used after «могло быть» to mean 'could be incorrect'. Short adjectives appear only as predicates and carry a more absolute, bookish ring than the long form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies то","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дает","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of показала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"свидетельница","lemma":"свидетельница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of показала","gloss":"the witness"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показала","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking показании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первом","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies показании","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"показании","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of показала","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of показании","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"показала","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause modifying то","gloss":"testified"},{"surface":"неверно","lemma":"неверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показала","gloss":"incorrectly"},{"surface":"дает","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дает","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дает","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"заключить","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of право","gloss":"to conclude"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies второе показание","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"второе","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заключить","gloss":"may have"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to неверно","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"неверно","lemma":"неверный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"incorrect"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b12-c11-s64","source":"Обвинитель „не хочет, не смеет“ (его слова) дотрогиваться до этого романа.","translation":"The prosecutor \"does not wish, does not dare\" (his own words) to touch upon this romance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хочет, не смеет… дотрогиваться","title":"Genitive object under negation","body":"The verb «дотрогиваться до» (to touch upon) takes «до» + genitive: «до этого романа». The construction is imperfective, framing the prosecutor's refusal as a continuing stance — he 'does not wish, does not dare' to keep touching this subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"роман","title":"«роман» — 'love affair', not 'novel'","body":"A classic Russian double meaning: «роман» is both 'novel' and 'romance/love affair'. Here it is the affair between Mitya and Katerina; the word's literary sense is exploited ironically in the chapter's closing line («Уж не роман ли и это?»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обвинитель","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wishes"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеет","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочет","gloss":"dares"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"parenthetical noun phrase","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"дотрогиваться","lemma":"дотрогиваться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смеет","gloss":"to touch"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking романа","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of романа","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"романа","lemma":"роман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дотрогиваться","gloss":"romance"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b12-c11-s65","source":"Ну и пусть, я тоже не стану дотрогиваться, но, однако, позволю себе лишь заметить, что если чистая и высоконравственная особа, какова бесспорно и есть высокоуважаемая госпожа Верховцева, если такая особа, говорю я, позволяет себе вдруг, разом, на суде, изменить первое свое показание, с прямою целью погубить подсудимого, то ясно и то, что это показание ее было сделано не беспристрастно, не хладнокровно.","translation":"Well, let it be so — I too shall not touch upon it, but I will, however, permit myself merely to remark that if a pure and high-minded person, such as the highly esteemed Madame Verhovtseva indisputably is, if such a person, I say, permits herself suddenly, all at once, in court, to alter her first testimony with the express aim of destroying the defendant, then it is plain that this testimony of hers was given neither impartially nor in cold blood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть, я тоже не стану","title":"«пусть» concessive + future of refusal","body":"«ну и пусть» = 'well, let it be so', a concessive use of the imperative particle «пусть». «не стану дотрогиваться» is the compound future ('I shall not [begin to] touch'), here a polite-emphatic way of declining."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"позволю себе… позволяет себе","title":"Reflexive «себе» — 'permit oneself'","body":"«позволить себе» (to permit oneself) uses the dative of the reflexive pronoun «себя». The idiom recurs three times in the sentence, a rhetorical drumbeat: the lawyer 'permits himself' to remark, and the witness 'permits herself' to change her story."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с прямою целью погубить","title":"Infinitive of purpose after «с целью»","body":"«с прямою целью погубить подсудимого» = 'with the express aim of destroying the defendant'; «погубить» (perfective) is a bare infinitive of purpose. Note again the archaic instrumental ending «прямою» (modern «прямой»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не беспристрастно, не хладнокровно","title":"Doubled «не» negation","body":"The predicate is negated twice in parallel — 'neither impartially nor in cold blood'. Each adverb takes its own «не», a balanced rhetorical negation rather than the concord of «ни»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хладнокровно","title":"«хладнокровно» — 'coolly, in cold blood'","body":"Built on the Church-Slavonic root «хлад-» (cold; cf. modern «холод») plus «кровь» (blood) — literally 'cold-bloodedly'. The non-pleophonic «хлад» (vs. «холод») marks it as the elevated, bookish doublet."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Ну and пусть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Ну","gloss":"let it be"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стану","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стану","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стану","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стану","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"дотрогиваться","lemma":"дотрогиваться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стану","gloss":"touch upon"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позволю","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"позволю","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стану","gloss":"I will permit"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of позволю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметить","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"заметить","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позволю","gloss":"to remark"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заметить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause, resumed by if such a person (w28)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"чистая","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies особа","gloss":"pure"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"высоконравственная","lemma":"высоконравственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with чистая","gloss":"highly moral"},{"surface":"особа","lemma":"особа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"fronted subject, resumed by такая особа (w30) as subject of позволяет","gloss":"a person"},{"surface":"какова","lemma":"каков","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"relative predicate, relative clause on особа","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"бесспорно","lemma":"бесспорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"indisputably"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, predicate of the relative clause, complement какова","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"высокоуважаемая","lemma":"высокоуважаемый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies госпожа","gloss":"highly esteemed"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Верховцева","lemma":"Верховцева","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Verhovtseva"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позволяет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of особа","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"особа","lemma":"особа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of позволяет","gloss":"a person"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"позволяет","lemma":"позволять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"permits"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of позволяет","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позволяет","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вдруг","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of позволяет","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"изменить","lemma":"изменить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позволяет","gloss":"to alter"},{"surface":"первое","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of показание","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of изменить","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"прямою","lemma":"прямой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies целью","gloss":"express"},{"surface":"целью","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изменить","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"погубить","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies целью","gloss":"to destroy"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of погубить","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause ясно","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ясно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделано","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of показание","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сделано","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of сделано","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сделано","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause modifying то","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспристрастно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"беспристрастно","lemma":"беспристрастно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделано","gloss":"impartially"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хладнокровно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хладнокровно","lemma":"хладнокровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with беспристрастно","gloss":"in cold blood"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b12-c11-s66","source":"Неужели же у нас отнимут право заключить, что отомщавшая женщина могла многое преувеличить?","translation":"Are we, then, to be denied the right to conclude that a woman bent on revenge might have exaggerated a great deal?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Неужели же у нас отнимут право","title":"Indignant «неужели… же»","body":"«неужели» introduces an incredulous rhetorical question ('surely not… ?', 'are we really… ?'), reinforced by «же». The verb «отнимут» is an impersonal 3rd-person plural ('they will take away'), with no named subject — a common Russian way to say 'one will deny us'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отомщавшая женщина","title":"Past active participle 'a woman bent on revenge'","body":"«отомщавшая» is the past active participle of «отомщать» (to avenge), agreeing with «женщина»: literally 'a woman who was avenging'. The participle condenses the whole motive into a single adjective-like modifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отнимут","gloss":"can it be that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Неужели","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of отнимут","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"отнимут","lemma":"отнять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will they take away"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отнимут","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"заключить","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies право","gloss":"to conclude"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отомщавшая","lemma":"отомщать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"avenging","note":"Active participle from отомщать (\"to avenge\"), rendered \"bent on revenge\" in the translation."},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"the woman"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заключить","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of преувеличить","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"преувеличить","lemma":"преувеличить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"exaggerated"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b12-c11-s67","source":"Да, именно преувеличить тот стыд и позор, с которым были ею предложены деньги.","translation":"Yes, exaggerated precisely that shame and disgrace with which the money was offered by her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с которым были ею предложены","title":"Relative «который» + instrumental agent","body":"«с которым» ('with which') takes the instrumental because of «с», while «ею» ('by her') is the instrumental agent of the passive «были предложены». Two instrumentals in one breath — the case carries both 'with' and the doer."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стыд и позор","title":"«стыд и позор» — paired 'shame and disgrace'","body":"A near-formulaic doublet: «стыд» is inner shame, «позор» is public disgrace/dishonour. Together they intensify, and Dostoevsky's lawyers love such rhetorical pairs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies преувеличить","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"преувеличить","lemma":"преувеличить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb (elliptical)","gloss":"exaggerated"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стыд","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стыд","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of преувеличить","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with стыд","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предложены","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of предложены","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent of предложены","gloss":"by her"},{"surface":"предложены","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying стыд и позор","gloss":"offered"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of предложены","gloss":"the money"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b12-c11-s68","source":"Напротив, они были предложены именно так, что их еще можно было принять, особенно такому легкомысленному человеку, как наш подсудимый.","translation":"On the contrary, it was offered in just such a way that it could still be accepted, especially by so light-minded a man as our defendant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так, что их еще можно было принять","title":"Result clause «так, что»","body":"«так… что» sets up a manner-result construction: 'in such a way that it could still be accepted'. «можно было принять» is the impersonal modal «можно» + perfective infinitive, with no nominative subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"такому легкомысленному человеку","title":"Dative after «особенно»","body":"«особенно такому… человеку» stands in the dative ('especially TO such a man') because «принять» supplies an implicit indirect object — the money 'could be accepted by' him. Adjective «легкомысленному» agrees fully in the dative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"легкомысленный","title":"«легкомысленный» — 'light-minded, frivolous'","body":"A transparent compound, «лёгкий» (light) + «мысль» (thought): one whose thoughts are light, hence careless or rash. It is a key word in the defence's portrait of Mitya, recurring as adjective, adverb, and noun (легкомыслие)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предложены","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of предложены","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of предложены","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"предложены","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"offered"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предложены","gloss":"in such a way"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of принять","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"accept"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"такому","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человеку","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"легкомысленному","lemma":"легкомысленный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"light-minded"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of принять","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison, compared to человеку","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of подсудимый","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"compared to человеку, introduced by как","gloss":"the defendant"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b12-c11-s69","source":"Главное, он имел тогда в виду скорое получение от отца этих должных ему по расчету трех тысяч.","translation":"The main thing is that he had in view at the time the speedy receipt from his father of those three thousand owed to him by his own reckoning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"имел тогда в виду","title":"Idiom «иметь в виду»","body":"«иметь в виду» = 'to have in mind / in view, to count on'. «в виду» is a frozen prepositional phrase (the genitive «вид» governed by «в» in an older fixed sense). Here: he was counting on soon receiving the money."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"этих должных ему по расчету трех тысяч","title":"Genitive of the thing 'received'","body":"After «получение» (receipt of) everything stands in the genitive: «этих… трёх тысяч». «должных ему» = 'owed to him' (short-sense adjective + dative «ему»), and «по расчёту» = 'by his reckoning' — a dense pre-posed modifier stack around the noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виду, part of the phrase иметь в виду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase в виду (\"had in view\")","gloss":"view"},{"surface":"скорое","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies получение","gloss":"speedy"},{"surface":"получение","lemma":"получение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"the receipt"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies получение","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of тысяч","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"должных","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies тысяч","gloss":"owed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of должных","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расчету","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"расчету","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of должных","gloss":"his reckoning"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies получение","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b12-c11-s70","source":"Это легкомысленно, но именно по легкомыслию своему он и был твердо уверен, что тот их выдаст ему, что он их получит и, стало быть, всегда может отправить вверенные ему госпожою Верховцевой деньги по почте и расквитаться с долгом.","translation":"This is light-minded, but it was precisely out of his own light-mindedness that he remained firmly convinced his father would hand them over to him, that he would receive them, and so, accordingly, could at any time send off the money entrusted to him by Madame Verhovtseva by post and settle his debt.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот их выдаст ему","title":"«тот» tracking the father","body":"«тот» (that one, the farther) refers to Fyodor Pavlovich while «он/ему» tracks Mitya, letting Russian keep two male referents apart without naming them. «выдаст» is a perfective future — 'will hand over (and be done)'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вверенные ему госпожою Верховцевой деньги","title":"Passive participle as attribute","body":"«вверенные» is the past passive participle of «вверить», agreeing with «деньги»: 'the money entrusted to him'. Its agent is again the instrumental «госпожою Верховцевой» and its recipient the dative «ему» — a participle carrying a whole clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стало быть","title":"«стало быть» — discourse 'accordingly'","body":"A fossilised phrase (literally 'it became to be') meaning 'therefore, so, consequently'. It is a favourite logical connective in the lawyers' speeches, stitching their syllogisms together."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"расквитаться с долгом","title":"«расквитаться» — 'to settle up, get even'","body":"A perfective -ся verb from «квит» (quits, even), with «с» + instrumental «с долгом» (with the debt): to clear a debt, to be square. Colloquial and vivid — Mitya thinks he can square things 'at any time'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of легкомысленно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"легкомысленно","lemma":"легкомысленный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"light-minded"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies легкомыслию","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking легкомыслию","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"легкомыслию","lemma":"легкомыслие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уверен","gloss":"light-mindedness"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of легкомыслию","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уверен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уверен","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уверен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверен","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был, main verb of second clause","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выдаст","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выдаст","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of выдаст","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"выдаст","lemma":"выдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверен","gloss":"would hand over"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of выдаст","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of получит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of получит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of получит","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"получит","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выдаст","gloss":"would receive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase стало быть (\"accordingly\")","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало, part of the phrase стало быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"отправить","lemma":"отправить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"send off"},{"surface":"вверенные","lemma":"вверить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"entrusted"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of вверенные","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"госпожою","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent of вверенные","gloss":"by Madame"},{"surface":"Верховцевой","lemma":"Верховцева","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожою","gloss":"Verhovtseva"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of отправить","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking почте","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"почте","lemma":"почта","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправить","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"расквитаться","lemma":"расквитаться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with отправить","gloss":"settle"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking долгом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"долгом","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расквитаться","gloss":"the debt"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b12-c11-s71","source":"Но обвинитель ни за что не хочет допустить, что он мог в тот же день, в день обвинения, отделить из полученных денег половину и зашить в ладонку: „не таков, дескать, это характер, не мог иметь таких чувств“.","translation":"But the prosecutor will on no account admit that on that very day, the day of the accusation, the defendant could have set apart half of the money he had received and sewn it into the little amulet-bag: \"His character is not of that sort, supposedly; he could not have had such feelings.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни за что не хочет допустить","title":"Negative concord with «ни за что»","body":"«ни за что» ('on no account, not for anything') is an «ни»-phrase that still requires the verbal «не»: «ни за что НЕ хочет». Russian piles negatives that English collapses into one — here, the prosecutor flatly refuses to admit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дескать","title":"Reportative particle «дескать»","body":"«дескать» (and «-де» in the next segment) flags reported, second-hand speech with a tinge of scepticism — 'supposedly, so they say'. The lawyer uses it to quote the prosecution's reasoning while distancing himself from it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ладонка","title":"«ладонка» — the little amulet-bag","body":"A diminutive of «ладанка», a small cloth pouch or amulet (originally for «ладан», incense, or a relic) worn on a cord round the neck. Mitya sews his banknotes into one; the word's pious, talisman-like overtones colour the whole scene of the hidden 1,500 roubles."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"обвинитель","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies за что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хочет","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"допустить","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"admit"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of допустить","gloss":"could have"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to день","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"обвинения","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"of the accusation"},{"surface":"отделить","lemma":"отделить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"set apart"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking денег","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"полученных","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies денег","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of отделить","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отделить","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зашить","lemma":"зашить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"sew"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладонку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ладонку","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашить","gloss":"the amulet-bag"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таков","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"таков","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"of that sort"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the quoted speech","gloss":"supposedly","note":"дескать flags the following as reported/quoted speech, roughly \"so they say.\""},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of характер","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of таков","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with таков","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"иметь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of чувств","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of иметь","gloss":"feelings"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b12-c11-s72","source":"Но ведь сами же вы кричали, что широк Карамазов, сами же вы кричали про две крайние бездны, которые может созерцать Карамазов.","translation":"But you yourselves cried out that a Karamazov is broad; you yourselves cried out about the two extreme abysses that a Karamazov can contemplate.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь сами же вы кричали","title":"Appeal-particle «ведь» + intensifier «сами же»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge ('but after all, you yourselves…'), and «сами же» piles the intensive pronoun «сами» onto the insistent «же» — 'you of all people'. This is the texture of impassioned courtroom address."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"широк Карамазов","title":"Short adjective «широк» fronted","body":"«широк» is the predicative short form of «широкий» (broad), placed before its subject «Карамазов» for emphasis. The short form gives an aphoristic, quasi-proverbial ring: 'a Karamazov is broad'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кричали","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сами","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of кричали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кричали","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of широк","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"широк","lemma":"широкий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, subject Карамазов","gloss":"is broad"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of широк","gloss":"a Karamazov"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сами","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of кричали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кричали","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричали","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бездны","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"quantifies бездны","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"крайние","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies бездны","gloss":"extreme"},{"surface":"бездны","lemma":"бездна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of кричали","gloss":"abysses"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of созерцать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on бездны","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"созерцать","lemma":"созерцать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"contemplate"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"a Karamazov"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b12-c11-s73","source":"Карамазов именно такая натура о двух сторонах, о двух безднах, что при самой безудержной потребности кутежа может остановиться, если что-нибудь его поразит с другой стороны.","translation":"A Karamazov is precisely such a nature, with two sides, with two abysses, that in the very midst of the most unbridled craving for revelry he can stop short, if something strikes him from the other side.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"натура о двух сторонах, о двух безднах","title":"Archaic «о» + prepositional = 'having'","body":"«о двух сторонах» here means 'with/of two sides', an older idiom where «о» + prepositional describes the parts something is made of (cf. «стол о трёх ножках», a three-legged table). It reads as bookish and slightly antique."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если что-нибудь его поразит","title":"Non-specific «что-нибудь»","body":"«что-нибудь» marks a non-specific 'anything at all' — 'if SOMEthing, no matter what, strikes him'. The contrast with specific «что-то» is exactly the open, unpredictable trigger the defence wants to suggest."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безудержной потребности кутежа","title":"«безудержный» and «кутёж»","body":"«безудержный» = 'unrestrainable, unbridled' (без- 'without' + «удержать» 'to hold back'); «кутёж» (gen. «кутежа») is a riotous spree of drinking and carousing. Together they name Mitya's signature vice — the 'unbridled craving for revelry'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject, predicate noun натура (copula omitted)","gloss":"A Karamazov"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такая","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of натура","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"натура","lemma":"натура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of Карамазов (copula omitted)","gloss":"a nature"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторонах","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies сторонах","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"сторонах","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of натура (via о)","gloss":"sides"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking безднах","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies безднах","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"безднах","lemma":"бездна","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with сторонах","gloss":"abysses"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking потребности","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifier forming superlative with безудержной","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"безудержной","lemma":"безудержный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies потребности","gloss":"unbridled"},{"surface":"потребности","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of может (via при)","gloss":"craving"},{"surface":"кутежа","lemma":"кутёж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies потребности","gloss":"for revelry"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause modifying натура","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"остановиться","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"stop short"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поразит","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поразит (part of что-нибудь)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite pronoun with что","gloss":"-ever","note":"Attaches to что to form the indefinite pronoun 'что-нибудь' (something)."},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"поразит","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the если-clause, conditioning остановиться","gloss":"strikes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поразит","gloss":"side"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b12-c11-s74","source":"А ведь другая-то сторона — любовь, именно вот эта новая загоревшаяся тогда как порох любовь, а на эту любовь нужны деньги, и нужнее, о! гораздо нужнее, чем даже на кутеж с этою самою возлюбленною.","translation":"And that other side is love — precisely this new love that had then flared up like gunpowder, and for that love money is needed, and needed more, oh! far more, than even for revelry with that selfsame beloved.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"другая-то сторона","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «другая-то» emphasises a known, contrasting topic: 'but the OTHER side, now…'. It is the topic-highlighting «-то», distinct from the indefinite suffix in «что-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"новая загоревшаяся тогда как порох любовь","title":"Participle embedded inside the noun phrase","body":"«загоревшаяся» is the past active participle of «загореться» (to catch fire, flare up), reflexive -ся, agreeing with «любовь». Note the bookish word order: a whole phrase ('flared up then like gunpowder') is wedged between modifiers and the noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на эту любовь нужны деньги","title":"«нужны» + dative-less need","body":"«нужны деньги» = 'money is needed', with the short plural adjective «нужны» agreeing with «деньги»; «на эту любовь» ('for this love') names the purpose. The comparative «нужнее» then heightens it — 'needed more'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сторона","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"другая","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сторона","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic particle attached to другая","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сторона","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (predicate любовь, copula omitted)","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of сторона (copula omitted)","gloss":"is love"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вот","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эта","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любовь (w15)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"новая","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовь (w15)","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"загоревшаяся","lemma":"загореться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying любовь (w15)","gloss":"that flared up"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies загоревшаяся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison порох, modifying загоревшаяся","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"порох","lemma":"порох","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"standard of comparison in как-phrase modifying загоревшаяся","gloss":"gunpowder"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head noun of the appositive phrase, in apposition to любовь (w6)","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любовь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любовь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нужны (via на)","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"нужны","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of деньги","gloss":"are needed"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of нужны","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нужнее","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with нужны (elliptical predicate)","gloss":"needed more"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh!"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужнее","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"нужнее","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with нужнее (w23), intensified by гораздо","gloss":"more needed"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кутеж","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies на кутеж","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кутеж","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"кутеж","lemma":"кутёж","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нужнее (via на, comparison)","gloss":"revelry"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этою","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of возлюбленною","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самою","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"intensifier modifying возлюбленною","gloss":"selfsame"},{"surface":"возлюбленною","lemma":"возлюбленная","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"beloved"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b12-c11-s75","source":"Скажет она ему: „Твоя, не хочу Федора Павловича“, и он схватит ее и увезет — так было бы на что увезти.","translation":"Should she say to him, \"I am yours, I do not want Fyodor Pavlovich,\" then he would seize her and carry her off — and so there would have to be the means to carry her off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Скажет она ему","title":"Perfective future in a vivid hypothesis","body":"«скажет», «схватит», «увезёт» are all perfective futures used to stage a hypothetical scene as if certain: 'should she say… he will seize… and carry off'. The fronted verb «скажет она» heightens the conditional, almost cinematic feel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так было бы на что увезти","title":"Conditional «бы» with «на что»","body":"«было бы на что увезти» uses the irrealis «бы» ('there would have to be something with which to carry her off'). «на что» is an idiomatic 'the means/wherewithal', and the whole is impersonal — no nominative subject of having."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"should say"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Скажет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Скажет","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, self-referential ('I am yours')","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of quoted clause","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of хочу (genitive under negation)","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"схватит","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with увезет","gloss":"will seize"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of схватит","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"увезет","lemma":"увезти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватит","gloss":"carry off"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause, forms conditional with бы","gloss":"there would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"forms conditional mood with было","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было, modified by увезти","gloss":"the means"},{"surface":"увезти","lemma":"увезти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitival clause modifying что","gloss":"to carry off"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b12-c11-s76","source":"Это ведь важнее кутежа.","translation":"That, after all, is more important than revelry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это ведь важнее кутежа","title":"Comparative «важнее» + genitive of comparison","body":"«важнее кутежа» = 'more important than revelry': the comparative «важнее» governs a bare genitive «кутежа» for the standard of comparison (no «чем» needed). «ведь» again appeals to the jury's agreement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of важнее","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies важнее","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"важнее","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase, predicate of Это","gloss":"more important"},{"surface":"кутежа","lemma":"кутёж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of важнее","gloss":"than revelry"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b12-c11-s77","source":"Карамазову ль этого не понять?","translation":"Could a Karamazov fail to understand this?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Карамазову ль этого не понять?","title":"Dative subject of a modal infinitive","body":"«Карамазову… не понять?» is an impersonal dative-plus-infinitive: 'is a Karamazov [the one] not to understand?'. The dative «Карамазову» is the would-be experiencer, «понять» a bare perfective infinitive, and the whole a rhetorical question of capability."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ль","title":"Reduced question particle «ль»","body":"«ль» is the contracted form of the interrogative «ли», common after a vowel and in verse-like rhythm. It turns the dative-infinitive into a pointed yes/no challenge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Карамазову","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of понять","gloss":"a Karamazov"},{"surface":"ль","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, interrogative","role":"question particle","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понять (genitive under negation)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понять","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b12-c11-s78","source":"Да он именно этим и болен был, этою заботой, — что ж невероятного, что он отделил эти деньги и припрятал на всякий случай?","translation":"Why, this was the very thing that ailed him, this very care — what is so improbable in his having set this money apart and tucked it away for any eventuality?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"этим… болен был, этою заботой","title":"Instrumental with «болен»","body":"«болен» (short form of «больной», ill) governs the instrumental of what one is sick with: «болен этою заботой» = 'sick with this care'. «этою» is again the archaic instrumental ending -ою."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ж невероятного","title":"Genitive after «что» + «же»","body":"«что ж невероятного» = 'what is so improbable [in it]?': the partitive-style genitive «невероятного» after «что» asks 'what (of the) improbable'. «ж» is the reduced «же», adding exasperated insistence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"припрятал на всякий случай","title":"«припрятать» and «на всякий случай»","body":"«припрятать» is a perfective 'to stow/tuck away' (the prefix при- adds a sense of squirreling aside); «на всякий случай» is the set phrase 'just in case, for any eventuality'. Both are colloquial and concrete, grounding the lawyer's hypothesis in everyday prudence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of болен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этим","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of болен","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"болен","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main verb of clause with был","gloss":"was sick"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to болен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"этою","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of заботой","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"заботой,","lemma":"забота","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to этим","gloss":"care"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of невероятного","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"невероятного","lemma":"невероятный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of что","gloss":"improbable"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отделил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отделил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отделил","lemma":"отделить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of невероятного","gloss":"set apart"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of отделил","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"припрятал","lemma":"припрятать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отделил","gloss":"tucked away"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случай","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случай","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of припрятал","gloss":"eventuality"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b12-c11-s79","source":"Но вот, однако, время уходит, а Федор Павлович трех тысяч подсудимому не выдает, напротив, слышно, что определил их именно на то, чтобы сманить ими его же возлюбленную.","translation":"But now, however, time passes, and Fyodor Pavlovich does not hand the three thousand over to the defendant; on the contrary, word goes round that he has earmarked it precisely to lure away the defendant's own beloved.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"трех тысяч… не выдает","title":"Genitive of negation","body":"Under the negated verb «не выдаёт», the object slips into the genitive: «трёх тысяч» rather than accusative «три тысячи». This genitive of negation is automatic with a non-specific or quantified object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы сманить ими его же возлюбленную","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + instrumental of means","body":"«чтобы сманить» ('in order to lure away') is the purpose conjunction with a perfective infinitive; «ими» (instrumental, 'with them' = the money) is the means. «его же возлюбленную» — 'his very own beloved', with insistent «же»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сманить","title":"«сманить» — 'to entice away'","body":"Perfective of «сманивать», 'to lure, entice, seduce someone away' (from «манить», to beckon). The word makes Fyodor Pavlovich's three thousand a bait to steal Grushenka from his own son — the heart of the rivalry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уходит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to уходит","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of уходит","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"уходит","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"passes"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выдает","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of выдает (genitive under negation)","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"подсудимому","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of выдает","gloss":"to the defendant"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выдает","lemma":"выдавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"hands over"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to слышно","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"слышно","lemma":"слышный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"impersonal predicate ('it is rumored')","gloss":"it is rumored"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of определил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"определил","lemma":"определить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of слышно","gloss":"earmarked"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of определил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of определил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сманить","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"сманить","lemma":"сманить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose infinitive clause complementing то","gloss":"lure away"},{"surface":"ими","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of сманить","gloss":"with it"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, possessive","role":"determiner of возлюбленную","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies его","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"возлюбленную","lemma":"возлюбленная","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сманить","gloss":"beloved"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b12-c11-s80","source":"„Если не отдаст Федор Павлович, — думает он, — то ведь я перед Катериной Ивановной выйду вором“.","translation":"\"If Fyodor Pavlovich will not give it up,\" he thinks, \"then in Katerina Ivanovna's eyes I shall come out a thief.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если не отдаст… то ведь я… выйду вором","title":"Conditional «если… то» + instrumental predicate","body":"A real conditional with perfective futures: «не отдаст… выйду». «выйду вором» uses «выйти» ('to come out as') with the predicate instrumental «вором» — to 'turn out / come out a thief'. The instrumental frames the role as an outcome."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отдаст","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдаст","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отдаст","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"protasis of conditional, apodosis выйду","gloss":"will give up"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отдаст","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович,","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"думает","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"he thinks"},{"surface":"он,","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, correlative","role":"correlative particle introducing apodosis выйду","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выйду","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выйду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катериной","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Катериной","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйду","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановной","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катериной","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"выйду","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis (quoted clause)","gloss":"I shall come out"},{"surface":"вором","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of выйду","gloss":"a thief"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b12-c11-s81","source":"И вот у него рождается мысль, что эти же полторы тысячи, которые он продолжает носить на себе в этой ладонке, он придет, положит пред госпожою Верховцевой и скажет ей: „Я подлец, но не вор“.","translation":"And so there is born in him the thought that this very fifteen hundred, which he keeps on carrying about with him in that little bag, he will bring and lay down before Madame Verhovtseva and say to her: \"I am a scoundrel, but not a thief.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него рождается мысль","title":"«у + genitive» of the experiencer","body":"«у него рождается мысль» = literally 'at him a thought is born' — the «у» + genitive construction locating an inner event in a person without making them the grammatical subject. The reflexive «рождается» (is born) reinforces the sense of a thought arising of itself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые он продолжает носить на себе","title":"Relative «которые» + «на себе»","body":"«которые» (accusative plural) relativises «полторы тысячи»; «носить на себе» means 'to carry on one's person', with the reflexive «себе». The imperfective «носит/продолжает носить» stresses the ongoing habit of carrying it everywhere."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"полторы тысячи","title":"«полторы» — 'one and a half'","body":"«полторы тысячи» = 1,500 (полторы, fem., from «пол-» + «второй», 'half of the second'). Mitya kept half of Katerina's 3,000 sewn in the amulet — the 1,500 that the whole forensic dispute turns on."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Я подлец, но не вор","title":"«подлец» vs «вор»","body":"«подлец» is a scoundrel, a base or contemptible man — a moral self-condemnation; «вор» is a thief, a legal crime. Mitya's whole defence of his honour hinges on this distinction: he will own being a scoundrel but not a thief."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рождается","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рождается","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"рождается","lemma":"рождаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arises"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of рождается","gloss":"the thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячи","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эти","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"topic, resumed as direct object of положит","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of носить","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"продолжает","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тысячи","gloss":"continues"},{"surface":"носить","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжает","gloss":"to carry"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of носить","gloss":"his person"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладонке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ладонке","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ладонке","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of носить","gloss":"pouch"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, modifies мысль","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"положит","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with придет","gloss":"will lay down"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking госпожою","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"госпожою","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положит","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Верховцевой","lemma":"верховцева","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожою","gloss":"Verkhovtseva"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with придет","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажет","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подлец","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of quoted clause","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вор","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вор","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подлец","gloss":"a thief"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b12-c11-s82","source":"И вот, стало быть, уже двойная причина хранить эти полторы тысячи как зеницу ока, отнюдь не расшивать ладонку и не отколупывать по сту рублей.","translation":"And so, accordingly, there is now a double reason to guard this fifteen hundred like the apple of his eye, on no account to unstitch the little bag or to pick out a hundred roubles at a time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хранить эти полторы тысячи… отнюдь не расшивать… и не отколупывать","title":"Parallel infinitives after «причина»","body":"Three imperfective infinitives depend on «причина» (reason): «хранить… не расшивать… не отколупывать». The imperfective fits the sense of an ongoing policy — to keep guarding, to keep refraining. «отнюдь не» is an emphatic 'by no means'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отколупывать по сту рублей","title":"«отколупывать» + distributive «по»","body":"«отколупывать» is a homely, almost grubby verb — 'to pick/chip off bit by bit'. «по сту рублей» is the distributive «по» + the old dative «сту» (modern «ста»): 'a hundred roubles at a time'. The earthy diction makes the temptation tangible."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как зеницу ока","title":"Idiom: 'like the apple of one's eye'","body":"«хранить как зеницу ока» = to guard with utmost care. «зеница» is an archaic, Church-Slavonic word for the pupil; «ока» is the archaic genitive of «око» (eye). The image is biblical (Deuteronomy 32:10, Psalm 17:8) and we render it with the matching English idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there became"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало (idiom 'стало быть')","gloss":"to be","note":"'Стало быть' is a fixed idiom meaning 'accordingly, so'."},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies причина","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"двойная","lemma":"двойной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies причина","gloss":"double"},{"surface":"причина","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"хранить","lemma":"хранить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement modifying причина","gloss":"to guard"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячи","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of хранить","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison, marking зеницу","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"зеницу","lemma":"зеница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хранить (comparison)","gloss":"the apple"},{"surface":"ока","lemma":"око","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies зеницу","gloss":"of the eye"},{"surface":"отнюдь","lemma":"отнюдь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не (idiom 'on no account')","gloss":"by no means"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расшивать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"расшивать","lemma":"расшивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хранить, infinitive complement of причина","gloss":"to unstitch"},{"surface":"ладонку","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of расшивать","gloss":"the pouch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отколупывать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отколупывать","lemma":"отколупывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with расшивать","gloss":"to pick out"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сту","gloss":"at a time"},{"surface":"сту","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"oblique complement of отколупывать","gloss":"a hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"depends on сту (counted noun)","gloss":"roubles"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b12-c11-s83","source":"Отчего откажете вы подсудимому в чувстве чести?","translation":"Why do you deny the defendant a sense of honor?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отчего откажете вы подсудимому в чувстве чести?","title":"«отказать кому в чём» — dative + «в» + prepositional","body":"«отказать» governs the dative of the person and «в» + prepositional of the thing refused: «откажете подсудимому в чувстве чести» = 'deny the defendant a sense of honour'. The fronted «вы» after the verb is rhetorical emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies откажете","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"откажете","lemma":"отказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you deny"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of откажете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подсудимому","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of откажете","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувстве","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чувстве","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of откажете","gloss":"a sense"},{"surface":"чести","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чувстве","gloss":"of honor"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b12-c11-s84","source":"Нет, чувство чести в нем есть, положим неправильное, положим весьма часто ошибочное, но оно есть, есть до страсти, и он доказал это.","translation":"No, a sense of honor is in him — granted it is misguided, granted it is very often mistaken, but it exists, exists to the point of passion, and he has proved it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оно есть, есть до страсти","title":"Existential «есть» repeated for force","body":"«есть» here is the rare overt present of 'to be', meaning 'it exists / there is'. Its insistent repetition ('it exists, exists to the point of passion') hammers the point home — Russian normally drops the copula, so spelling it out is itself emphatic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"положим неправильное, положим… ошибочное","title":"Concessive «положим»","body":"«положим» (imperative of «положить», literally 'let us put') works as a concessive particle — 'granted, let us say, suppose'. Repeated, it concedes flaws ('granted misguided, granted mistaken') before reaffirming the core claim."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to есть","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"a sense"},{"surface":"чести","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"of honor"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"положим","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical verb, governs неправильное","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"неправильное","lemma":"неправильный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of положим","gloss":"misguided"},{"surface":"положим","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical verb, governs ошибочное","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ошибочное","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"ошибочное","lemma":"ошибочный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of положим (w9)","gloss":"mistaken"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть (w15)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть (w6)","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть (w15)","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страсти","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"страсти","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть (w16)","gloss":"passion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of доказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"доказал","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of final coordinated clause","gloss":"has proved"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of доказал","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b12-c11-s85","source":"Но вот, однако же, дело усложняется, мучения ревности достигают высшей степени, и всё те же, всё прежние два вопроса обрисовываются всё мучительнее и мучительнее в воспаленном мозгу подсудимого: „Отдам Катерине Ивановне: на какие же средства увезу я Грушеньку?“","translation":"But now, however, the affair grows more complicated, the torments of jealousy reach their highest pitch, and the same two questions as before take shape ever more agonizingly in the defendant's inflamed brain: \"If I give it back to Katerina Ivanovna, then with what means am I to carry off Grushenka?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё мучительнее и мучительнее","title":"Doubled comparative for intensification","body":"«всё мучительнее и мучительнее» = 'ever more and more agonizing': the comparative «мучительнее» repeated with «всё» expresses a steadily growing intensity. This 'всё + comparative' pattern is the standard Russian way to say 'more and more'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обрисовываются","title":"Reflexive middle «обрисовываются»","body":"«обрисовываться» (-ся) is a middle/intransitive 'to take shape, become outlined' — the questions seem to outline themselves in his mind. The -ся removes any external agent, suiting the involuntary welling-up of obsession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отдам… на какие же средства увезу я Грушеньку?","title":"Perfective futures voicing the dilemma","body":"«отдам… увезу» are perfective futures dramatising Mitya's inner question. «на какие средства» = 'with what means' (на + accusative of purpose); «же» sharpens the despairing 'then with WHAT… ?'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Грушеньку","title":"«Грушенька» — diminutive of Agrafena","body":"An affectionate diminutive (from Аграфена via Груша, 'pear'), with the endearing -енька suffix. In Mitya's anguished interior monologue the tender form lays bare how the whole crisis is driven by his love for her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to усложняется","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to усложняется","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of усложняется","gloss":"the affair"},{"surface":"усложняется","lemma":"усложняться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grows more complicated"},{"surface":"мучения","lemma":"мучение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of достигают","gloss":"the torments"},{"surface":"ревности","lemma":"ревность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мучения","gloss":"of jealousy"},{"surface":"достигают","lemma":"достигать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with усложняется","gloss":"reach"},{"surface":"высшей","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of достигают","gloss":"pitch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle, intensifying","role":"modifies те (intensifier)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вопроса","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies те","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle, intensifying","role":"modifies прежние (intensifier)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"прежние","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies два (вопроса)","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on вопроса","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"вопроса","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обрисовываются","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"обрисовываются","lemma":"обрисовываться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with усложняется","gloss":"take shape"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle, intensifying","role":"modifies мучительнее (intensifier)","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"мучительнее","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies обрисовываются","gloss":"more agonizingly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мучительнее","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with мучительнее (w22)","gloss":"more agonizingly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мозгу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"воспаленном","lemma":"воспаленный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мозгу","gloss":"inflamed"},{"surface":"мозгу","lemma":"мозг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обрисовываются","gloss":"brain"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мозгу","gloss":"of the defendant"},{"surface":"Отдам","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of quoted clause","gloss":"I'll give back"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of Отдам","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking средства","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of средства","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какие","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"средства","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of увезу","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"увезу","lemma":"увезти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of quoted clause, parallel to Отдам","gloss":"shall I carry off"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of увезу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of увезу","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b12-c11-s86","source":"Если он безумствовал так, и напивался, и бушевал по трактирам во весь этот месяц, то это именно, может быть, потому, что самому было горько, невмочь переносить.","translation":"If he was raging so, and drinking, and storming through the taverns all that month, it was precisely, perhaps, because it was bitter to him, because he could not bear it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"безумствовал… напивался… бушевал","title":"Imperfective past for habitual rampage","body":"Three imperfective past verbs in a row («безумствовал, напивался, бушевал») paint a whole month of repeated, ongoing behaviour — raging, getting drunk, storming about. The imperfective is exactly the aspect for such habitual background."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самому было горько, невмочь переносить","title":"Dative-experiencer impersonal","body":"«самому было горько» = 'it was bitter to him himself' — the dative «самому» as experiencer, with the neuter predicate «горько» and no nominative subject. «невмочь переносить» ('unbearable to endure') continues the impersonal frame."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"невмочь","title":"«невмочь» — 'past bearing'","body":"A folksy predicative adverb (from «не в мочь», 'not within one's strength') meaning 'unbearable, beyond endurance'. It belongs to colloquial, even peasant register, and the lawyer reaches for it to convey raw, inarticulate suffering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the если-clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of безумствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"безумствовал","lemma":"безумствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause, coordinated with напивался and бушевал","gloss":"was raging"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безумствовал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"напивался","lemma":"напиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with безумствовал in the если-clause","gloss":"drinking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бушевал","lemma":"бушевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with безумствовал in the если-clause","gloss":"storming"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактирам","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"трактирам","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бушевал","gloss":"the taverns"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of месяц","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of месяц","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бушевал","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"marks the main clause, correlative to Если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the main clause (elided было)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces reason clause, with что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of горько","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of горько","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to горько","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горький","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of было, coordinated with невмочь","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"невмочь","lemma":"невмочь","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with горько","gloss":"unbearable"},{"surface":"переносить","lemma":"переносить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on невмочь","gloss":"to bear"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b12-c11-s87","source":"Эти два вопроса до того наконец обострились, что довели его наконец до отчаяния.","translation":"These two questions grew so acute at last that they finally drove him to despair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того… обострились, что довели","title":"Degree «до того… что»","body":"«до того… что» = 'to such a degree that': the questions grew so acute that they drove him to despair. «обострились» and «довели» are perfective pasts marking the completed escalation and its result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of два","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on вопроса","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"вопроса","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (paucal after два)","role":"subject of обострились","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обострились","gloss":"such a point"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обострились","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"обострились","lemma":"обостриться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew acute"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of довели","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"довели","lemma":"довести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of обострились","gloss":"drove"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of довели","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies довели","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаяния","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отчаяния","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of довели","gloss":"despair"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b12-c11-s88","source":"Он послал было своего младшего брата к отцу просить у него эти три тысячи в последний раз, но, не дождавшись ответа, ворвался сам и кончил тем, что избил старика при свидетелях.","translation":"He had sent his younger brother to their father to ask him for these three thousand one last time, but, not waiting for an answer, he burst in himself and ended by beating the old man before witnesses.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он послал было… ворвался… кончил","title":"Frustrative particle «было»","body":"«послал было» uses the special particle «было» after a perfective past to mark an action begun but cut off or reversed — 'he had sent (but)…'. It captures Mitya's aborted attempt before he bursts in himself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не дождавшись ответа","title":"Perfective gerund «не дождавшись»","body":"«дождавшись» is the perfective past gerund («деепричастие») of «дождаться» (to wait until one gets); negated, 'not having waited for an answer'. The gerund packs a prior, completed action sharing Mitya's subject into a single adverbial phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кончил тем, что избил","title":"Idiom «кончить тем, что»","body":"«кончить тем, что…» = 'to end by [doing]': the correlative «тем» (instrumental of «то») points forward to the «что»-clause. Here it caps the crescendo — he ended by beating the old man."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had sent"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks an action begun then reversed, with послал","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"младшего","lemma":"младший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брата","gloss":"younger"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of послал","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послал","gloss":"their father"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of послал","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of три","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural (paucal)","role":"direct object of просить","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просить","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дождавшись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дождавшись","lemma":"дождаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ворвался","gloss":"not waiting for"},{"surface":"ответа","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дождавшись","gloss":"an answer"},{"surface":"ворвался","lemma":"ворваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with послал","gloss":"burst in"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes он (subject of ворвался)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with послал","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончил","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of избил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"избил","lemma":"избить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of тем","gloss":"beating"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of избил","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидетелях","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"свидетелях","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of избил","gloss":"witnesses"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b12-c11-s89","source":"После этого получить, значит, уже не у кого, избитый отец не даст.","translation":"After this, then, there was no one left to get it from; the beaten father would not give it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"получить… уже не у кого","title":"Negative «не у кого» + infinitive","body":"«не у кого получить» is the negative-existential infinitive construction: «не + у + кого» means 'there is no one from whom to get it'. The stress falls on «не́ у кого», and the pattern (не́кого, не́где, не́ от кого…) expresses absence of a possible participant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"избитый отец","title":"Passive participle as adjective «избитый»","body":"«избитый» is the past passive participle of «избить» (to beat up), used attributively: 'the beaten father'. From a perfective verb, it states a completed result now characterising the father."}],"words":[{"surface":"После","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of получить","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"получить","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to get it"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates у кого","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of получить","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"избитый","lemma":"избитый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"beaten"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of даст","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies даст","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"даст","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with получить as second main clause","gloss":"will give"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b12-c11-s90","source":"В тот же день вечером он бьет себя по груди, именно по верхней части груди, где эта ладонка, и клянется брату, что у него есть средство не быть подлецом, но что все-таки он останется подлецом, ибо предвидит, что не воспользуется средством, не хватит силы душевной, не хватит характера.","translation":"That same day, in the evening, he beats himself upon the breast, precisely upon the upper part of the breast, where that little bag is, and swears to his brother that he has the means not to be a scoundrel, but that all the same he will remain a scoundrel, for he foresees that he will not make use of the means, that he will lack the strength of soul, will lack the character.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хватит силы душевной, не хватит характера","title":"Impersonal «хватит» + genitive","body":"«хватить» ('to suffice') is impersonal and governs the genitive of what is lacking: «не хватит силы… характера» = 'there will not be enough strength… character'. The person who lacks it would stand in the genitive with «у». Note the genitive of negation throughout."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо предвидит","title":"Bookish causal «ибо»","body":"«ибо» is the archaic, literary conjunction 'for, because', loftier than «потому что». It marks the elevated register of the lawyer's peroration. «предвидит» (foresees) is imperfective present, vividly framing Mitya's self-knowledge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не быть подлецом… останется подлецом","title":"«подлец» in the instrumental","body":"Both «быть подлецом» and «остаться подлецом» take the predicate instrumental «подлецом» (scoundrel). The repeated word frames Mitya's tragic self-judgement: he has the means not to be a scoundrel, yet foresees he will remain one."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бьет","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"вечером","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бьет","gloss":"in the evening"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бьет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бьет","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beats"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of бьет","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бьет","gloss":"the breast"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies части","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking части","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"верхней","lemma":"верхний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies части","gloss":"upper"},{"surface":"части","lemma":"часть","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with груди (specifying it)","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies части","gloss":"of the breast"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"relative clause on части","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ладонка","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ладонка","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of где-clause","gloss":"little bag"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"клянется","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бьет","gloss":"swears"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of клянется","gloss":"to his brother"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"he (has)"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of клянется","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"средство","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"the means"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to подлецом, complement of средство","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"подлецом","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of быть","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of останется, coordinated with что (w22)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки, modifies останется","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of останется","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"останется","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of клянется, coordinated with есть","gloss":"will remain"},{"surface":"подлецом","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of останется","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предвидит","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"предвидит","lemma":"предвидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on останется","gloss":"he foresees"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воспользуется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies воспользуется","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"воспользуется","lemma":"воспользоваться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of предвидит","gloss":"will make use of"},{"surface":"средством","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воспользуется","gloss":"the means"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хватит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хватит","lemma":"хватить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with воспользуется, clausal complement of предвидит","gloss":"will lack"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хватит","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"душевной","lemma":"душевный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силы","gloss":"of soul"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хватит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хватит","lemma":"хватить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with воспользуется, clausal complement of предвидит","gloss":"will lack"},{"surface":"характера","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хватит","gloss":"character"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b12-c11-s91","source":"Почему, почему обвинение не верит показанию Алексея Карамазова, данному так чисто, так искренно, неподготовленно и правдоподобно?","translation":"Why, why does the prosecution not believe the testimony of Alexei Karamazov, given so purely, so sincerely, unprompted and plausibly?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"показанию… данному так чисто","title":"Passive participle in the dative «данному»","body":"«данному» is the past passive participle of «дать» (to give), agreeing in the dative with «показанию» (testimony, object of «не верит»): 'the testimony given so purely'. The adverbs «чисто, искренно…» modify the participle, condensing a whole clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не верит показанию","title":"Dative object of «верить»","body":"«верить» governs the dative of what or whom one believes: «не верит показанию» = 'does not believe the testimony'. A common pattern where English uses a direct object but Russian uses the dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верит","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верит, repeats w1 for emphasis","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of верит","gloss":"the prosecution"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верит","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"показанию","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of верит","gloss":"the testimony"},{"surface":"Алексея","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies показанию","gloss":"of Alexei"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексея","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"данному","lemma":"данный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies показанию","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чисто","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"чисто","lemma":"чисто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies данному","gloss":"purely"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies искренно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with чисто","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"неподготовленно","lemma":"неподготовленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with чисто","gloss":"unprompted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"правдоподобно","lemma":"правдоподобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with чисто","gloss":"plausibly"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b12-c11-s92","source":"Почему, напротив, заставляет меня верить деньгам в какой-то расщелине, в подвалах Удольфского замка?","translation":"Why, on the contrary, does it compel me to believe in money in some crevice or other, in the vaults of the castle of Udolpho?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заставляет меня верить деньгам","title":"«заставлять» + infinitive; dative of «верить»","body":"«заставляет меня верить» = 'compels me to believe' (causative «заставлять» + infinitive). «верить деньгам» again takes the dative — believe IN the money — extending the same government as in the previous segment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заставляет","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заставляет","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"заставляет","lemma":"заставлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"compel"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of заставляет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"верить","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заставляет","gloss":"to believe"},{"surface":"деньгам","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of верить","gloss":"in money"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расщелине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of расщелине","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite какой-то, attached to какой","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"расщелине","lemma":"расщелина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies деньгам","gloss":"crevice"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подвалах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подвалах","lemma":"подвал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with расщелине, modifies деньгам","gloss":"the vaults"},{"surface":"Удольфского","lemma":"удольфский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies замка","gloss":"of Udolpho"},{"surface":"замка","lemma":"замок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подвалах","gloss":"castle"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b12-c11-s93","source":"В тот же вечер, после разговора с братом, подсудимый пишет это роковое письмо, и вот это-то письмо и есть самое главное, самое колоссальное уличение подсудимого в грабеже!","translation":"That same evening, after the conversation with his brother, the defendant writes that fateful letter, and it is this very letter that is the chief, the most colossal incriminating proof of the defendant's robbery!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот это-то письмо и есть","title":"Emphatic «это-то… и есть»","body":"«вот это-то письмо и есть самое главное» stacks emphasis: deictic «вот», the topic-clitic «-то», and the focusing «и есть» ('is the very thing that is'). The pile-up singles the letter out as the crux of the case."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"роковое письмо","title":"«роковой» — 'fateful, fatal'","body":"«роковой» derives from «рок» (fate, doom), so 'fateful' in the strong sense of fate-laden, ominous. The 'fateful letter' is Mitya's drunken note threatening to kill his father — the document the prosecution treats as a confession in advance."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пишет","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговора","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"разговора","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пишет","gloss":"the conversation"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"братом","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговора","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пишет","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"пишет","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"writes"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"роковое","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"fateful"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пишет","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces это-то письмо","gloss":"it is"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмо (w18)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to это","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle before есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пишет, copula linking письмо to уличение","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies главное","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies уличение","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies колоссальное","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"колоссальное","lemma":"колоссальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies уличение","gloss":"colossal"},{"surface":"уличение","lemma":"уличение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun of есть","gloss":"incriminating proof"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уличение","gloss":"of the defendant"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грабеже","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"грабеже","lemma":"грабёж","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уличение","gloss":"robbery"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b12-c11-s94","source":"„Буду просить у всех людей, а не дадут люди, убью отца и возьму у него под тюфяком, в пакете с розовою ленточкой, только бы уехал Иван“ — полная-де программа убийства, как же не он?","translation":"\"I will beg of everybody, and if people will not give it, I will kill my father and take it from under his mattress, in the packet with the pink ribbon, only let Ivan be gone\" — a complete program of the murder, they say, so how can it not be he?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только бы уехал Иван","title":"Wish with «только бы»","body":"«только бы уехал Иван» is an optative use of «бы» with a past-form verb: 'if only Ivan would leave / let Ivan only be gone'. «только бы» + past expresses an urgent wish or condition — the one thing Mitya craves."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"полная-де программа убийства","title":"Reportative «-де»","body":"The clitic «-де» (kin to «дескать») flags the words as the prosecution's claim, quoted with a sceptical edge: 'a complete program of the murder, they say'. The lawyer voices the charge in order to dismantle it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в пакете с розовою ленточкой","title":"«ленточка» — diminutive 'little ribbon'","body":"«ленточка» is the diminutive of «лента» (ribbon), with the -очка suffix lending a small, almost tender note. The pink-ribboned packet of money under the mattress becomes a fixed, vivid detail throughout the trial. «розовою» shows the old instrumental -ою."}],"words":[{"surface":"Буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of просить","gloss":"I will"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"beg"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of людей","gloss":"everybody"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of просить","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дадут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дадут","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the если-omitted conditional clause","gloss":"will give"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дадут","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with просить, consequence of дадут","gloss":"I will kill"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убью","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возьму","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убью","gloss":"I will take"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возьму","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тюфяком","gloss":"from under"},{"surface":"тюфяком","lemma":"тюфяк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возьму","gloss":"the mattress"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пакете","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тюфяком (locates the money)","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ленточкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"розовою","lemma":"розовый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ленточкой","gloss":"pink"},{"surface":"ленточкой","lemma":"ленточка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пакете","gloss":"ribbon"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уехал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, optative","role":"marks the wish, with уехал","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"уехал","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"optative clause, coordinated with возьму","gloss":"be gone"},{"surface":"Иван“","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уехал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"полная","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, modifies программа (elided это)","gloss":"a complete"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"hearsay marker, modifies программа","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"программа","lemma":"программа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of elided это (referring to the letter)","gloss":"program"},{"surface":"убийства","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies программа","gloss":"of the murder"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the rhetorical clause не он","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates он","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the elided verb (is he)","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b12-c11-s95","source":"„Совершилось по написанному!“ — восклицает обвинение.","translation":"\"It was accomplished according to what was written!\" exclaims the prosecution.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Совершилось по написанному","title":"Substantivised participle «по написанному»","body":"«по написанному» is the past passive participle «написанное» ('what was written') used as a neuter noun in the dative after «по»: 'according to what was written'. «совершилось» (reflexive perfective, 'it came to pass') gives the line a scriptural, fated ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совершилось","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"was accomplished"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking написанному!“","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"написанному!“","lemma":"написанный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Совершилось","gloss":"what was written"},{"surface":"восклицает","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, introduces the quotation","gloss":"exclaims"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of восклицает","gloss":"the prosecution"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b12-c11-s96","source":"Но, во-первых, письмо пьяное и написано в страшном раздражении; во-вторых, опять-таки о пакете он пишет со слов Смердякова, потому что сам пакета не видал, а в-третьих, написано-то оно написано, но совершилось ли по написанному, это чем доказать?","translation":"But, in the first place, the letter is a drunken one and written in dreadful exasperation; in the second place, here again he writes of the packet on Smerdyakov's word, because he had not seen the packet himself; and in the third place, the thing was indeed written, but whether it was accomplished according to what was written, how is that to be proved?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"во-первых… во-вторых… в-третьих","title":"Enumerative 'firstly, secondly, thirdly'","body":"«во-первых, во-вторых, в-третьих» are the standard ordinal discourse markers (от «первый, второй, третий» with «во-/в-»). They lay out the defence's three-point rebuttal with lawyerly orderliness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"написано-то оно написано, но… ли","title":"Concessive doubling «написано-то… написано»","body":"Repeating the predicate with «-то» between is a concessive idiom: 'written it was indeed written, but…'. It grants the point only to challenge what follows — here, whether the deed matched the writing, posed with «ли»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"со слов Смердякова","title":"Idiom «со слов» + genitive","body":"«со слов Смердякова» = 'on Smerdyakov's word, from what Smerdyakov said': «со слов» + genitive of the source. It marks the packet as hearsay Mitya never verified — «сам пакета не видал», with genitive of negation «пакета»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не видал","title":"«видал» — colloquial past of «видеть»","body":"«видал» (rather than «видел») is a colloquial/iterative past, frequent in 19th-century speech and in negated 'never set eyes on'. It lends the lawyer's argument a spoken, buttonholing immediacy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the parenthetical во-первых","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"part of the parenthetical во-первых","gloss":"first place"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пьяное","gloss":"the letter"},{"surface":"пьяное","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with написано","gloss":"a drunken one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"написано","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пьяное","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раздражении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страшном","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies раздражении","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"раздражении","lemma":"раздражение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of написано","gloss":"exasperation"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the parenthetical во-вторых","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"вторых","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"part of the parenthetical во-вторых","gloss":"second place"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom опять-таки, modifies пишет","gloss":"here again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom опять-таки","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакете","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"пакете","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пишет","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пишет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пишет","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with пьяное как второй пункт","gloss":"writes"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слов","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of пишет","gloss":"the word"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"of Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces reason clause, with что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the elided он (subject of видал)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"пакета","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видал","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the потому что clause","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the parenthetical в-третьих","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"третьих","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"part of the parenthetical в-третьих","gloss":"third place"},{"surface":"написано","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate, repeated for emphasis with -то","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to написано","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of написано (w34)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"написано","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"repeats w31 for emphasis, coordinated with видал","gloss":"was written"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"совершилось","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with написано (w34)","gloss":"was it accomplished"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совершилось","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking написанному","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"написанному","lemma":"написанный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершилось","gloss":"what was written"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the final clause (referring to the whole thing)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter","role":"oblique complement of доказать (means: by what)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"доказать","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the final rhetorical clause","gloss":"is to be proved"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b12-c11-s97","source":"Достал ли подсудимый пакет под подушкой, нашел ли деньги, существовали ли они даже?","translation":"Did the defendant get the packet from under the pillow, did he find the money, did it even exist at all?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Достал ли… нашел ли… существовали ли","title":"Stacked «ли» questions","body":"Three quick yes/no questions, each fronting the verb plus «ли»: 'Did he get…? Did he find…? Did it even exist…?'. The hammering «ли» dramatises the chain of doubts the prosecution never closed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"существовали ли они даже","title":"Perfective vs imperfective in the series","body":"Note the aspect shift: «достал, нашёл» are perfective (single completed acts — got, found), but «существовали» is imperfective (a state — did it exist at all). Russian chooses aspect by how the action is viewed, not by tense alone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Достал","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did get"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Достал","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Достал","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Достал","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушкой","gloss":"from under"},{"surface":"подушкой","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пакет","gloss":"the pillow"},{"surface":"нашел","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Достал","gloss":"did find"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нашел","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of нашел","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"существовали","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Достал","gloss":"did exist"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies существовали","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of существовали","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies существовали","gloss":"even"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b12-c11-s98","source":"Да и за деньгами ли подсудимый побежал, припомните, припомните!","translation":"And was it for money that the defendant ran off, recall it, recall it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за деньгами ли подсудимый побежал","title":"Purpose «за» + instrumental","body":"«побежать за деньгами» = 'to run for / after money', with «за» + instrumental expressing the goal one goes to fetch. The «ли» fronts «за деньгами» as the focus of the question: was it really for money?"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"припомните, припомните","title":"Repeated imperative «припомните»","body":"«припомните» is the perfective imperative of «припомнить» (to recall, call to mind), the polite/plural -те form addressed to the jury. Its urgent repetition is pure courtroom rhetoric — 'recall it, recall it!'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгами","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of побежал","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question, modifies за деньгами","gloss":"was it"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побежал","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran off"},{"surface":"припомните","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with побежал, independent imperative","gloss":"recall it"},{"surface":"припомните","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"repeats w8 for emphasis","gloss":"recall it"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b12-c11-s99","source":"Он побежал сломя голову не грабить, а лишь узнать, где она, эта женщина, его сокрушившая, — не по программе, стало быть, не по написанному он побежал, то есть не для обдуманного грабежа, а побежал внезапно, нечаянно, в ревнивом бешенстве!","translation":"He ran headlong not to rob, but only to find out where she was, that woman who had shattered him — so, accordingly, it was not according to a program, not according to what was written, that he ran, that is, not for a premeditated robbery, but he ran suddenly, unexpectedly, in a jealous frenzy!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сломя голову","title":"Frozen gerund idiom «сломя голову»","body":"«сломя голову» ('headlong, at breakneck speed') is a fossilised gerund («сломя» from «сломить», to break) surviving only in this idiom — literally 'having broken one's head'. Such petrified деепричастия live on as set adverbials."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не грабить, а лишь узнать","title":"Corrective «не… а»","body":"«не грабить, а узнать» = 'not to rob, but [merely] to find out' — the corrective conjunction «а» substitutes the true aim for the false one. The aspect pairs the imperfective «грабить» (the activity) against perfective «узнать» (the single goal)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"эта женщина, его сокрушившая","title":"Postposed past active participle","body":"«его сокрушившая» is the past active participle of «сокрушить» (to crush, shatter), agreeing with «женщина» and placed after it for weight: 'that woman who had shattered him'. «его» is the accusative object inside the participial phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побежал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"сломя","lemma":"сломить","morphology":"converb (gerund), past, active, perfective, invariable","role":"idiom with голову, adverbial modifier of побежал","gloss":"breaking","note":"сломя голову is a fixed idiom meaning \"headlong, at breakneck speed.\""},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сломя","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies грабить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"грабить","lemma":"грабить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose infinitive after побежал, coordinated with узнать","gloss":"to rob"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнать","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose infinitive after побежал, coordinated with грабить","gloss":"to find out"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause, complement of узнать","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of clause introduced by где","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщина","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to она","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сокрушившая,","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сокрушившая,","lemma":"сокрушить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, nominative, singular, perfective","role":"participle clause modifying женщина","gloss":"who shattered"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates по программе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking программе","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"программе","lemma":"программа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежал","gloss":"a program"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical, part of idiom стало быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"to be","note":"стало быть is an idiom meaning \"consequently, that is.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies написанному","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking написанному","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"написанному","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"oblique complement of побежал","gloss":"what was written"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with побежал","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, part of the idiom то есть","role":"parenthetical, introduces restatement","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is","note":"то есть is the idiom \"that is.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates для обдуманного грабежа","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грабежа","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"обдуманного","lemma":"обдуманный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies грабежа","gloss":"premeditated"},{"surface":"грабежа","lemma":"грабёж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежал","gloss":"robbery"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with побежал","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"нечаянно","lemma":"нечаянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with внезапно","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бешенстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ревнивом","lemma":"ревнивый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бешенстве","gloss":"jealous"},{"surface":"бешенстве","lemma":"бешенство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежал","gloss":"frenzy"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b12-c11-s100","source":"„Да, скажут, но все-таки, прибежав и убив, захватил и деньги“.","translation":"\"Yes,\" they will say, \"but all the same, having run there and killed him, he did seize the money too.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прибежав и убив","title":"Paired perfective gerunds","body":"«прибежав и убив» are two perfective past gerunds ('having run there and having killed') sharing the subject of «захватил»: prior, completed actions feeding into the main verb. The defence voices the prosecution's own chained reasoning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"захватил и деньги","title":"Additive «и» = 'too'","body":"Here «и» before «деньги» is not 'and' but the additive 'also, even' — 'he seized the money TOO'. Context, not form, distinguishes this emphatic «и» from the conjunction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to скажут","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"скажут","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"particle, part of idiom все-таки","role":"modifies захватил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle, part of idiom все-таки","role":"modifies захватил","gloss":"the same","note":"все-таки is the idiom \"all the same, nevertheless.\""},{"surface":"прибежав","lemma":"прибежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on захватил","gloss":"having run up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убив","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with прибежав","gloss":"having killed"},{"surface":"захватил","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the quoted clause, complement of скажут","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of захватил","gloss":"the money"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b12-c11-s101","source":"Да, наконец, убил ли он еще или нет?","translation":"Yes, but, after all, did he even kill him or not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"убил ли он еще или нет","title":"«ли… или нет» yes/no with «ещё»","body":"«убил ли он… или нет» frames a full yes/no question — 'did he kill… or not?'. The little «ещё» here means 'even, after all' (was there even a killing at all?), throwing doubt back to the most basic fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to убил","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to убил","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did kill"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b12-c11-s102","source":"Обвинение в грабеже я отвергаю с негодованием: нельзя обвинять в грабеже, если нельзя указать с точностью, что именно ограблено, это аксиома!","translation":"The charge of robbery I reject with indignation: one cannot accuse a man of robbery if one cannot point with precision to what exactly was robbed — that is an axiom!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нельзя обвинять… если нельзя указать","title":"Impersonal modal «нельзя» + infinitive","body":"«нельзя обвинять… нельзя указать» uses the impersonal predicative «нельзя» ('one cannot, it is impossible') with infinitives and no nominative subject — the classic subjectless modal frame. «обвинять» is imperfective, fitting the general, rule-stating sense; «указать», though, is perfective (impf. «указывать»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что именно ограблено","title":"Short passive participle «ограблено»","body":"«ограблено» is the short neuter past passive participle of «ограбить» (to rob): 'what exactly has been robbed/stolen'. The short form is the predicative one, stating the result — central to the lawyer's 'axiom'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отвергаю","gloss":"The charge"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грабеже","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"грабеже","lemma":"грабёж","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Обвинение","gloss":"robbery"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отвергаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отвергаю","lemma":"отвергать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reject"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking негодованием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"негодованием","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвергаю","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to отвергаю","gloss":"one cannot"},{"surface":"обвинять","lemma":"обвинять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"accuse"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грабеже","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"грабеже","lemma":"грабёж","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обвинять","gloss":"robbery"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нельзя","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate governing указать","gloss":"one cannot"},{"surface":"указать","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"point out"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"точностью","lemma":"точность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указать","gloss":"precision"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive ограблено","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"ограблено","lemma":"ограбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of clause, complement of указать","gloss":"was robbed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of аксиома","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"аксиома","lemma":"аксиома","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of это (copula omitted)","gloss":"an axiom"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b12-c11-s103","source":"Но убил ли еще он, без грабежа-то убил ли?","translation":"But did he even kill him — without the robbery, did he kill him?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"без грабежа-то убил ли","title":"Topic-clitic «-то» + «ли»","body":"«без грабежа-то» fronts and highlights the topic ('the robbery aside, now…') with «-то», then «убил ли» poses the question. «без грабежа» is «без» + genitive. The combination keeps the focus on the bare question of murder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did kill"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грабежа","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"грабежа","lemma":"грабёж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убил","gloss":"the robbery"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic enclitic","role":"emphasizes грабежа","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"did kill"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"(question marker)"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b12-c11-s104","source":"Это-то доказано ли?","translation":"Is even that proved?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это-то доказано ли?","title":"Short passive «доказано» + «ли»","body":"«доказано» is the short neuter past passive participle of «доказать» (to prove): 'is it proved?'. With the topic «это-то» and the question particle «ли», the lawyer reduces his whole case to one terse demand for proof."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как зеницу ока","title":"Idiom: \"as the apple of one's eye\"","body":"In segment s82 the lawyer says Mitya guarded the money «как зеницу ока». Зеница is an archaic, Church-Slavonic word for the pupil of the eye; the whole phrase means to guard something with extreme care. We render it with the matching English idiom, \"like the apple of his eye.\" Both expressions descend from the same biblical image (Deuteronomy 32:10, Psalm 17:8)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive доказано","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic enclitic","role":"emphasizes Это","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"доказано","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"proved"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доказано","gloss":"(question marker)"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b12-c11-s105","source":"Уж не роман ли и это?»","translation":"Is this too, perhaps, only a romance?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уж не роман ли и это?","title":"Suggestive «уж не… ли»","body":"«уж не… ли?» is a softening, suggestive question frame — 'might this too perhaps be… ?'. «уж» adds a knowing, ironic shade. The defence ends by turning the prosecutor's word «роман» (romance / novel) back on him: is the robbery itself just another invented story?"}],"words":[{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom уж не...ли, modifies роман","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies роман","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"роман","lemma":"роман","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"a romance","note":"роман here means an invented story, not a proper name."},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies роман","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of роман","gloss":"this"}]}]}