{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b12-c12","title":{"source":"XII. Да и убийства не было","translated":"And There Was No Murder Either"},"section":"Book XII — A Judicial Error","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c12","lines":148},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c11","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c13","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b12-c12-s1","source":"«Позвольте, господа присяжные, тут жизнь человеческая, и надо быть осторожнее.","translation":"\"Allow me, gentlemen of the jury — a human life hangs in the balance here, and we must be more careful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Позвольте","title":"«Позвольте» — 'permit me'","body":"A polite imperative from «позволить» ('to permit'), here a courtroom flourish: 'allow me [to say].' It softens the interruption and opens the defense counsel's speech with deference, the verbal equivalent of a raised hand."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо быть осторожнее","title":"Impersonal «надо» + comparative","body":"«надо быть осторожнее» ('one must be more careful') is a subjectless impersonal: «надо» states a necessity with no nominative subject. «осторожнее» is the invariable predicative comparative of «осторожный», formed with -ее."}],"words":[{"surface":"Позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Allow me"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жизнь (existential 'here is')","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of человеческая","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"человеческая","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of жизнь","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Позвольте","gloss":"we must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to осторожнее","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"осторожнее","lemma":"осторожный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"more careful"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b12-c12-s2","source":"Мы слышали, как обвинение само засвидетельствовало, что до самого последнего дня, до сегодня, до дня суда, колебалось обвинить подсудимого в полной и совершенной преднамеренности убийства, колебалось до самого этого рокового „пьяного“ письма, представленного сегодня суду.","translation":"We have heard how the prosecution itself testified that until the very last day, until today, until the day of the trial, it hesitated to charge the accused with a full and complete premeditation of the murder — hesitated right up to that fateful 'drunken' letter laid before the court today.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"колебалось обвинить","title":"Imperfective «колебалось» — repeated hesitation","body":"The imperfective past «колебалось» ('it kept hesitating, wavered') views the prosecution's doubt as an ongoing process drawn out over days, exactly the protracted state the triple «до самого… до сегодня… до дня суда» insists on. A perfective would have collapsed it into one finished act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до самого последнего дня","title":"«до» + genitive, anaphoric climax","body":"The preposition «до» ('up to, until') governs the genitive throughout this chain — «до… дня», «до… письма» — and the repetition builds a rhetorical crescendo. «самого» intensifies: 'the very last day.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"преднамеренности","title":"«преднамеренность» — premeditation","body":"A bookish abstract noun in -ость from «преднамеренный» ('premeditated, deliberate'), itself built on «намерение» ('intention') with the prefix «пред-» ('fore-'). It is a legal-register word, the very charge the speech contests."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"представленного сегодня суду","title":"Past passive participle modifying «письма»","body":"«представленного» is a past passive participle ('presented, submitted') from perfective «представить», agreeing with «письма» in the genitive. It compresses a whole relative clause ('which was presented to the court today') into one declined word, a hallmark of this dense legal prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слышали","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have heard"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies засвидетельствовало","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of засвидетельствовало","gloss":"the prosecution"},{"surface":"само","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обвинение (emphatic 'itself')","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"засвидетельствовало","lemma":"засвидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of слышали","gloss":"testified"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of колебалось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies последнего","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of колебалось","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сегодня","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with дня","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сегодня","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"of the trial"},{"surface":"колебалось","lemma":"колебаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of засвидетельствовало","gloss":"hesitated"},{"surface":"обвинить","lemma":"обвинить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of колебалось","gloss":"to accuse"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обвинить","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преднамеренности","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"полной","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies преднамеренности","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совершенной","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with полной","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"преднамеренности","lemma":"преднамеренность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обвинить","gloss":"premeditation"},{"surface":"убийства","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies преднамеренности","gloss":"of the murder"},{"surface":"колебалось","lemma":"колебаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with колебалось","gloss":"hesitated"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письма","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies этого","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письма","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"рокового","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письма","gloss":"fateful"},{"surface":"пьяного","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письма","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"письма","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of колебалось","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"представленного","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying письма","gloss":"laid before"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представленного","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"суду","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of представленного","gloss":"the court"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b12-c12-s3","source":"„Совершилось как по писаному!“","translation":"'It came to pass exactly as it was written!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как по писаному","title":"Idiom: «как по писаному»","body":"Literally 'as if by the written [text],' i.e. smoothly, exactly to plan, by the book. «писаному» is the dative of a substantivized past passive participle ('the written thing'). The phrase, recurring through the chapter, mocks the prosecution's claim that the crime unfolded as if scripted."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Совершилось","title":"Reflexive «-ся»: an event 'came to pass'","body":"«совершилось» (perfective «совершиться») uses the middle «-ся» to present the deed as something that happened of itself, with no named agent — 'it was accomplished, came to pass.' The faint biblical solemnity sharpens the sarcasm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совершилось","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"It came to pass"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of писаному","gloss":"exactly as"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking писаному","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"писаному","lemma":"писаный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Совершилось","gloss":"written","note":"как по писаному is idiomatic: \"exactly as it was written/planned.\""}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b12-c12-s4","source":"Но опять-таки повторяю: он побежал к ней, за ней, единственно только узнать, где она.","translation":"But again I repeat: he ran to her, after her, solely and only to find out where she was.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он побежал к ней, за ней","title":"Two prepositions, two cases on one verb","body":"«побежал» (perfective, prefix «по-» = setting off) takes «к ней» (dative, 'toward her') and «за ней» (instrumental, 'after her, in pursuit'). The same pronoun appears in two cases governed by two prepositions, packing direction and purpose tightly together."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"опять-таки","title":"«опять-таки» — 'once again, I say'","body":"A reinforced «опять» ('again') with the emphatic clitic «-таки» ('after all, nonetheless'). It is a rhetorical tic of the speaker, marking insistent repetition of a point he refuses to let drop."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"единственно только узнать, где она","title":"Purpose infinitive after a motion verb","body":"The bare infinitive «узнать» ('to find out') states the purpose of running, doubly hedged by «единственно только» ('solely and only'). Russian uses a plain infinitive of purpose after verbs of motion without any «чтобы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторяю","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle, part of idiom опять-таки","role":"modifies повторяю","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of повторяю","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнать","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнать","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose infinitive after побежал","gloss":"to find out"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнать","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of clause introduced by где","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b12-c12-s5","source":"Ведь это факт непреложный.","translation":"This, after all, is an incontrovertible fact.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь это факт непреложный","title":"Appeal particle «ведь» + zero copula","body":"«ведь» ('after all, you know') appeals to shared knowledge, taking the jury as already agreeing. The sentence has no verb 'to be': the present-tense copula is simply absent, so «это факт непреложный» is 'this [is] an incontrovertible fact.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"непреложный","title":"«непреложный» — immutable, incontrovertible","body":"A bookish, elevated adjective ('not to be transgressed, unalterable'), from the Church-Slavonic-flavored root «-лож-» (compare «положить»). It lends the lawyer's claim a tone of solemn certainty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies факт","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of факт","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of это","gloss":"a fact"},{"surface":"непреложный","lemma":"непреложный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies факт","gloss":"incontrovertible"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b12-c12-s6","source":"Случись она дома, он никуда бы не побежал, а остался при ней и не сдержал бы того, что в письме обещал.","translation":"Had she happened to be at home, he would not have run off anywhere, but would have stayed with her and would not have made good on what he promised in the letter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Случись она дома","title":"Inversion as a conditional","body":"«Случись она дома» literally means 'should she chance to be at home.' Russian can form a hypothetical condition by putting a bare, imperative-looking verb («случись») first, with no «если» ('if'). This inverted construction is more vivid and literary than the plain «если бы она была дома», and signals an unreal, counterfactual situation — which is why we render it 'Had she happened to be at home.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не побежал бы… остался… не сдержал бы","title":"Counterfactual «бы» across the apodosis","body":"The main clause runs in the irrealis: past-tense verbs plus the particle «бы» («не побежал бы», «не сдержал бы») state what would not have happened. «бы» is mobile and need not repeat on every verb, but its presence marks the whole as contrary to fact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не сдержал бы того, что в письме обещал","title":"Genitive of negation: «не сдержал бы того»","body":"Under negation the object «того» ('that [which]') stands in the genitive rather than the accusative — the genitive of negation. «того, что…» is the correlative pairing of demonstrative «то» with relative «что», 'that which.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Случись","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had happened"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Случись","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Случись","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"никуда","lemma":"никуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежал","gloss":"nowhere"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of побежал","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies побежал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Случись","gloss":"would have run"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with побежал","gloss":"would have stayed"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остался","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сдержал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сдержал","lemma":"сдержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остался","gloss":"would have kept"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of сдержал","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сдержал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обещал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"письме","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обещал","gloss":"the letter"},{"surface":"обещал","lemma":"обещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"he promised"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b12-c12-s7","source":"Он побежал нечаянно и внезапно, а о „пьяном“ письме своем он, может быть, вовсе тогда и не помнил.","translation":"He ran off by accident and on a sudden impulse, and as for his 'drunken' letter, he very likely did not even remember it at the time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нечаянно","title":"«нечаянно» — unintentionally, by accident","body":"'Inadvertently, without meaning to,' paired here with «внезапно» ('suddenly') to stress that the flight was an unplanned impulse. The word is central to the defense: an accidental act undercuts premeditation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вовсе… и не помнил","title":"Imperfective «помнил» under emphatic negation","body":"«вовсе… не помнил» ('did not remember at all') uses the imperfective past for an ongoing mental state, intensified by «вовсе» ('utterly') and the additive «и» ('not even'). The state of not-remembering, not a single act, is what the defense needs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побежал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran off"},{"surface":"нечаянно","lemma":"нечаянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежал","gloss":"by accident"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with нечаянно","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письме","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"пьяном","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письме","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"письме","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of помнил","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письме","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помнил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to помнил, part of idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не помнил (intensifies negation)","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помнил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помнил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помнил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помнил","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with побежал","gloss":"remember"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b12-c12-s8","source":"„Захватил, дескать, пестик“ — и помните, как из этого одного пестика нам вывели целую психологию: почему-де он должен был принять этот пестик за оружие, схватить его как оружие, и проч., и проч.","translation":"'He snatched up the pestle, you see' — and you recall how out of that one pestle alone they spun us a whole psychology: why, supposedly, he had to take that pestle for a weapon, seize it as a weapon, and so on, and so on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать / -де","title":"Reportative particles","body":"«дескать» and the clitic «-де» (as in «почему-де») are reportative particles that flag the words as someone else's claim, like English 'they say' or 'supposedly.' The lawyer uses them to quote the prosecution sarcastically, distancing himself from the assertion. They have no direct English equivalent, so we render them with 'you see' / 'supposedly' and by setting the borrowed words in quotation marks."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пестик","title":"«пестик» — the pestle","body":"A pestle, the heavy tool for grinding in a mortar. The diminutive-looking -ик suffix here is just the ordinary noun, but the word becomes a near-comic refrain of the chapter, the humble household object the prosecution has built 'a whole psychology' around."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нам вывели целую психологию","title":"Dative «нам» of the affected party","body":"«нам вывели» ('they spun for us / on us a whole psychology') uses the dative «нам» to mark the people to whom this construction was delivered — the ethical dative of involvement, faintly indignant: 'they served us up a whole psychology.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Захватил","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He snatched up"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, reportative","gloss":"so they say"},{"surface":"пестик“","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Захватил","gloss":"the pestle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you recall"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause, complement of помните","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пестика","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies пестика","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"пестика","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вывели","gloss":"pestle"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of вывели","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"вывели","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of помните","gloss":"derived"},{"surface":"целую","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies психологию","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"психологию","lemma":"психология","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вывели","gloss":"psychology"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle, reportative","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, governs был принять","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"(past aux)"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пестик","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пестик","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принять","gloss":"pestle"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оружие","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"оружие","lemma":"оружие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of принять","gloss":"a weapon"},{"surface":"схватить","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with принять","gloss":"seize"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking оружие","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"оружие","lemma":"оружие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватить","gloss":"a weapon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun (abbreviated), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with оружие","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun (abbreviated), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with проч","gloss":"so on"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b12-c12-s9","source":"Тут мне приходит в голову одна самая обыкновенная мысль: ну что, если б этот пестик лежал не на виду, не на полке, с которой схватил его подсудимый, а был прибран в шкаф? — ведь подсудимому не мелькнул бы он тогда в глаза, и он бы убежал без оружия, с пустыми руками, и вот, может быть, никого бы тогда и не убил.","translation":"Here a most ordinary thought comes into my head: well, what if this pestle had not been lying in plain view, not on the shelf from which the accused snatched it, but had been tidied away into a cupboard? — then surely it would not have caught the accused's eye at that moment, and he would have run off without a weapon, empty-handed, and so, perhaps, he would then have killed no one at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ну что, если б этот пестик лежал… а был прибран в шкаф","title":"«если бы» counterfactual with contrasting «а»","body":"The whole hypothesis hangs on «если б» ('if [only]') plus past-tense verbs — the irrealis. The contrastive «а» ('but rather') pivots between the real placement («лежал… на полке») and the imagined one («был прибран в шкаф», a passive-participle predicate, 'had been tidied away')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мелькнул бы он тогда в глаза… бы убежал… никого бы… не убил","title":"Chain of «бы» consequences","body":"The apodosis stacks three counterfactual outcomes, each carrying «бы»: it 'would not have caught his eye,' he 'would have run off,' he 'would have killed no one.' «никого… не убил» shows negative concord — «никого» (genitive of «никто») plus the obligatory «не»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не на виду","title":"Idiom «на виду» — in plain view","body":"«на виду» means 'in sight, openly displayed'; «не на виду» is 'out of sight, not on show.' The phrase, echoed by «на полке» ('on the shelf'), sets up the accidental, ready-to-hand availability of the weapon that the defense leans on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходит","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of приходит","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"приходит","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходит","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies мысль","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обыкновенная","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"обыкновенная","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"ordinary"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приходит","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to мысль","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лежал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker of лежал","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пестик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пестик","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"pestle"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"had lain"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates на виду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom на виду","gloss":"view","note":"на виду means \"in plain view.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полке","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полке","lemma":"полка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал, coordinated with виду","gloss":"the shelf"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on полке","gloss":"snatched"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of прибран","gloss":"(passive aux)"},{"surface":"прибран","lemma":"прибрать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle (short form), masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with лежал","gloss":"put away"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шкаф?","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"шкаф?","lemma":"шкаф","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибран","gloss":"cupboard"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мелькнул (emphatic)","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"подсудимому","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of мелькнул","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мелькнул","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мелькнул","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"flashed","note":"мелькнуть в глаза means \"to catch someone's eye.\""},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мелькнул","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мелькнул","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мелькнул","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of мелькнул","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of убежал","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"убежал","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мелькнул","gloss":"would have run off"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оружия","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"оружия","lemma":"оружие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убежал","gloss":"a weapon"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пустыми","lemma":"пустой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies руками","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of убежал","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to убил, part of idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of убил","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мелькнул","gloss":"would have killed"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b12-c12-s10","source":"Каким же образом я могу заключать о пестике как о доказательстве вооружения и преднамерения?","translation":"By what reasoning, then, can I take the pestle as proof of his having armed himself and of premeditation?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Каким же образом я могу заключать","title":"«каким образом» + insistent «же»","body":"«каким образом» ('by what means, how') is an instrumental set phrase; the inserted particle «же» sharpens the rhetorical question into a challenge — 'how on earth, then, can I…?' «заключать» is imperfective, framing the inference as a general line of reasoning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заключать о пестике как о доказательстве","title":"«заключать о…» + «как о…»","body":"«заключать о чём» ('to draw a conclusion about something') governs the prepositional with «о», and «как о доказательстве» ('as about proof') keeps the same case in the comparison: to infer the pestle 'as proof.' Both objects ride the preposition «о» + prepositional."}],"words":[{"surface":"Каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Каким","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключать","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"заключать","lemma":"заключать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"conclude"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пестике","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"пестике","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключать","gloss":"the pestle"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking доказательстве","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доказательстве","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"доказательстве","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключать","gloss":"proof"},{"surface":"вооружения","lemma":"вооружение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies доказательстве","gloss":"of arming himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"преднамерения","lemma":"преднамерение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with вооружения","gloss":"premeditation"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b12-c12-s11","source":"Да, но он кричал по трактирам, что убьет отца, а за два дня, в тот вечер, когда написал свое пьяное письмо, был тих и поссорился в трактире лишь с одним только купеческим приказчиком, „потому-де, что Карамазов не мог не поссориться“.","translation":"Yes, but he shouted in the taverns that he would kill his father — and yet two days before, on the very evening when he wrote his drunken letter, he was quiet and quarreled in the tavern with only a single merchant's clerk, 'because, supposedly, a Karamazov could not help quarreling.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кричал… что убьет отца","title":"«что» reporting a future threat","body":"«кричал, что убьёт отца» reports speech with «что» ('that'); «убьёт» is the perfective simple future ('he will kill') embedded inside past narration. Russian keeps the original tense of the reported words rather than shifting it back as English does."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мог не поссориться","title":"Double negation «не мог не» — could not but","body":"«не мог не поссориться» literally 'could not not quarrel,' i.e. 'could not help quarreling.' Two negations cancel into an emphatic positive necessity — a standard, idiomatic Russian way to say something was inevitable."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to кричал","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактирам","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"трактирам","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of кричал","gloss":"the taverns"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убьет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убьет","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of кричал","gloss":"he would kill"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убьет","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поссорился","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поссорился","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of написал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on вечер","gloss":"he wrote"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пьяное","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of написал","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking тих","gloss":"he was"},{"surface":"тих","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поссорился","lemma":"поссориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"quarreled"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"трактире","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поссорился","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одним","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приказчиком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies приказчиком","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одним","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"купеческим","lemma":"купеческий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приказчиком","gloss":"merchant's"},{"surface":"приказчиком","lemma":"приказчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поссорился","gloss":"clerk"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker attached to потому","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"a Karamazov"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by потому что","gloss":"could","note":"Double negative не мог не поссориться is a litotes: \"could not help quarreling.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поссориться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поссориться","lemma":"поссориться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"quarrel"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b12-c12-s12","source":"А я отвечу на это, что уж если замыслил такое убийство, да еще по плану, по написанному, то уж наверно бы не поссорился и с приказчиком, да, может быть, и в трактир не зашел бы вовсе, потому что душа, замыслившая такое дело, ищет тишины и стушевки, ищет исчезновения, чтобы не видали, чтобы не слыхали: „Забудьте-де обо мне, если можете“, и это не по расчету только, а по инстинкту.","translation":"And to this I answer that if a man had indeed plotted such a murder, and by a plan at that, in writing, then he most certainly would not have quarreled with the clerk, and perhaps would not even have set foot in the tavern at all, for a soul that has conceived such a deed seeks quiet and concealment, seeks to vanish, so as not to be seen, not to be heard: 'Forget me, if you can,' it says — and this is not by calculation alone, but by instinct.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж если замыслил… то уж наверно бы не поссорился","title":"Conditional with «уж» and «бы»","body":"A counterfactual: «если замыслил… то… бы не поссорился» ('if he had plotted… then he would not have quarreled'). The particle «уж» (a worn form of «уже») twice adds insistence — 'if he really had…', 'then surely…' — coloring the logic with the speaker's conviction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"душа, замыслившая такое дело","title":"Past active participle «замыслившая»","body":"«замыслившая» ('that had conceived') is a past active participle from perfective «замыслить», agreeing with «душа» in the feminine nominative. It condenses 'a soul which has conceived such a deed' into one bookish modifier, typical of this elevated rhetoric."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стушевки","title":"«стушёвка» — a self-effacing fade-out","body":"From «стушеваться» ('to slink off, efface oneself, fade like a shading-pencil tone') — a verb Dostoevsky himself claimed to have coined. «стушёвка» is the noun: a vanishing into the background, paired here with «исчезновение» ('disappearance'). The choice is pointedly Dostoevskian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не видали, чтобы не слыхали","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + irrealis past","body":"«чтобы не видали… не слыхали» ('so that [people] might not see, not hear') is the purpose conjunction «чтобы» governing the past-tense (irrealis) form. The bare third-person plural «видали/слыхали» is an impersonal 'they/one,' with no subject named."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отвечу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отвечу","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will answer"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of замыслил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замыслил","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of замыслил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"замыслил","lemma":"замыслить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of отвечу","gloss":"plotted"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of убийство","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"убийство","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of замыслил","gloss":"a murder"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плану","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плану","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"плану","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of замыслил","gloss":"a plan"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking написанному","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"написанному","lemma":"написанный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with плану","gloss":"writing"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поссорился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наверно","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поссорился","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of поссорился","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поссорился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поссорился","lemma":"поссориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the то-clause","gloss":"have quarreled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приказчиком","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приказчиком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"приказчиком","lemma":"приказчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поссорился","gloss":"the clerk"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to зашел","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to зашел","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трактир","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактир","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"трактир","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашел","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зашел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"зашел","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поссорился","gloss":"set foot"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of зашел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зашел","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of ищет","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ищет","gloss":"a soul"},{"surface":"замыслившая","lemma":"замыслить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying душа","gloss":"that conceived"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of замыслившая","gloss":"a deed"},{"surface":"ищет","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"seeks"},{"surface":"тишины","lemma":"тишина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ищет","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стушевки","lemma":"стушёвка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тишины","gloss":"concealment"},{"surface":"ищет","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ищет","gloss":"seeks"},{"surface":"исчезновения","lemma":"исчезновение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ищет","gloss":"to vanish"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видали","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видали","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ищет","gloss":"to be seen"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слыхали","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слыхали","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видали","gloss":"to be heard"},{"surface":"Забудьте","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"Forget"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker attached to Забудьте","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"обо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of Забудьте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можете","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Забудьте","gloss":"you can"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расчету","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расчету","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"расчету","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"calculation"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расчету","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking инстинкту","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"инстинкту","lemma":"инстинкт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with расчету","gloss":"instinct"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b12-c12-s13","source":"Господа присяжные, психология о двух концах, и мы тоже умеем понимать психологию.","translation":"Gentlemen of the jury, psychology cuts both ways, and we too know how to understand psychology.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"психология о двух концах","title":"Idiom «о двух концах» — cuts both ways","body":"«палка о двух концах» ('a stick with two ends') is the proverb behind this; «психология о двух концах» means psychology that can be turned either way. The archaic «о» + numeral construction ('having two ends') is itself a fixed, slightly bookish idiom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы тоже умеем понимать","title":"Emphatic «мы» and «тоже»","body":"Russian normally drops subject pronouns, so the explicit «мы тоже» ('we too') is emphatic and combative: the defense claims the prosecution's own weapon. «умеем понимать» pairs the modal «уметь» ('to know how') with an imperfective infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Господа","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"психология","lemma":"психология","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"psychology"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking концах","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies концах","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"концах","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of психология","gloss":"ends","note":"Idiom \"о двух концах\" = \"cuts both ways.\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of умеем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умеем","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"умеем","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with психология","gloss":"know how"},{"surface":"понимать","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умеем","gloss":"to understand"},{"surface":"психологию","lemma":"психология","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of понимать","gloss":"psychology"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b12-c12-s14","source":"Что же до всех этих трактирных криков во весь этот месяц, то мало ли раз кричат дети али пьяные гуляки, выходя из кабаков и ссорясь друг с другом: „Я убью тебя“, но ведь не убивают же.","translation":"As for all these tavern outcries throughout this whole month — why, how many times do children or drunken revelers, coming out of the alehouses and quarreling with one another, shout 'I'll kill you!' — yet they do not actually kill.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же до всех этих… криков","title":"Idiom «что до… то» — 'as for'","body":"«что (же) до X, то…» ('as for X, then…') is a topic-fronting frame; «до» governs the genitive «всех этих… криков». The «же» adds a dismissive shrug. It sets the noisy threats aside as a topic before the comment lands."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али","title":"«али» — folksy 'or'","body":"«али» is a colloquial, dialectal variant of «или» ('or'), marking the relaxed, common-speech register of the example («дети али пьяные гуляки»). Dostoevsky drops it in to evoke the voice of the tavern crowd."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гуляки","title":"«гуляка» — a reveler, carouser","body":"A «гуляка» is someone given to drinking and merry-making, a carouser — masculine in meaning but ending in -а like a feminine noun (a common type for persons). «кабак» ('alehouse, pothouse'), from which they stagger, is the cheap drinking den of the period."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не убивают же","title":"«же» reinforcing the contrast","body":"«но ведь не убивают же» — «ведь» appeals to common sense and «же» drives the point home: 'yet they don't actually kill, do they.' The imperfective present «убивают» states a general truth about how such people behave, not a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom Что до","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking криков","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of криков","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of криков","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"трактирных","lemma":"трактирный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies криков","gloss":"tavern"},{"surface":"криков","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Что","gloss":"outcries"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of месяц","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of месяц","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Что","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кричат","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase мало","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кричат","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"кричат","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shout"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of кричат","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"пьяные","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies гуляки","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"гуляки","lemma":"гуляка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of кричат, coordinated with дети","gloss":"revelers"},{"surface":"выходя","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on кричат","gloss":"coming out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кабаков","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"кабаков","lemma":"кабак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выходя","gloss":"the alehouses"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ссорясь","lemma":"ссориться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выходя","gloss":"quarreling"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of ссорясь","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase друг","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"part of the phrase друг","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убью","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"will kill"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убью","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убивают","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убивают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убивают","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убивают","gloss":"though"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b12-c12-s15","source":"Да и самое это роковое письмо — ну не пьяное ли оно раздражение тоже, не крик ли из кабака выходящего: убью, дескать, всех вас убью!","translation":"And this fateful letter itself — well, is it not a drunken outburst too, is it not the cry of a man coming out of the alehouse: I'll kill, you hear, I'll kill the lot of you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ну не пьяное ли оно раздражение тоже","title":"Rhetorical «не… ли» question","body":"«не пьяное ли оно раздражение?» fronts the focus «пьяное» and tags «ли» onto it: 'is it not a drunken outburst?' The «не… ли» frame is a loaded question expecting agreement, a favorite device of this courtroom rhetoric."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"крик из кабака выходящего","title":"Substantivized present active participle","body":"«выходящего» is a present active participle ('[of one] coming out') in the genitive, standing in for a whole person — 'the cry of a man coming out of the alehouse.' Russian readily turns such participles into nouns, condensing a relative clause to a single word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"роковое","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"fateful"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пьяное","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пьяное","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies раздражение","gloss":"a drunken"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пьяное","gloss":"question marker"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"раздражение","lemma":"раздражение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of оно","gloss":"an outburst"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражение","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies крик","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"крик","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with раздражение","gloss":"a cry"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies крик","gloss":"question marker"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кабака","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"кабака","lemma":"кабак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходящего","gloss":"the alehouse"},{"surface":"выходящего","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies крик","gloss":"coming","note":"Genitive participle agrees with an implied \"one\" (человека) coming out of the alehouse, loosely modifying крик."},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"in apposition to крик","gloss":"I'll kill"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of вас","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of убью","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убью","gloss":"I'll kill"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b12-c12-s16","source":"Почему не так, почему не могло быть так?","translation":"Why not so? Why could it not have been so?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему не могло быть так?","title":"Impersonal «не могло быть»","body":"«не могло быть так» is impersonal — neuter «могло» with no subject: 'why could it not have been so?' The terse double question «почему не так, почему не могло быть так» builds the insistent, hammering rhythm of the appeal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to так","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b12-c12-s17","source":"Почему это письмо роковое, почему, напротив, оно не смешное?","translation":"Why is this letter fateful — why, on the contrary, is it not laughable?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему, напротив, оно не смешное?","title":"Predicate adjective contrast «роковое / смешное»","body":"The long-form adjectives «роковое» ('fateful') and «смешное» ('laughable, ridiculous') serve as predicates after the zero copula, agreeing with neuter «письмо/оно». «напротив» ('on the contrary') pivots the rhetorical question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of роковое","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"роковое","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of письмо","gloss":"fateful"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смешное","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to смешное","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of смешное","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смешное","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смешное","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with роковое","gloss":"laughable"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b12-c12-s18","source":"А вот именно потому, что найден труп убитого отца, потому что свидетель видел подсудимого в саду, вооруженного и убегающего, и сам был повержен им, стало быть, и совершилось всё по написанному, а потому и письмо не смешное, а роковое.","translation":"Precisely because the murdered father's body was found, because a witness saw the accused in the garden, armed and fleeing, and was himself struck down by him — and so it follows that everything came to pass just as it was written, and therefore the letter is not laughable but fateful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вооруженного и убегающего","title":"Two participles describing «подсудимого»","body":"The witness saw the accused «вооружённого» (past passive participle, 'armed') «и убегающего» (present active participle, 'fleeing'), both in the animate accusative agreeing with «подсудимого». The pairing freezes a single vivid image — armed, in mid-flight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам был повержен им","title":"Periphrastic passive «был повержен» + instrumental agent","body":"«был повержен им» ('was struck down by him') is the past passive: short participle «повержен» plus «был», with the agent «им» in the instrumental. «повержен» (from «повергнуть») is a markedly bookish, elevated verb — 'cast down, laid low.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стало быть","title":"«стало быть» — 'therefore, it follows'","body":"A fossilized inferential phrase ('it has come to be [so]'), meaning 'consequently, hence.' It recurs throughout the chapter as the connective of syllogistic reasoning, often mockingly, as the lawyer parodies the prosecution's chain of 'and so… and so.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of найден","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"найден","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"was found"},{"surface":"труп","lemma":"труп","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive найден","gloss":"the body"},{"surface":"убитого","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"murdered"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies труп","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of видел","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"свидетель","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"a witness"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with найден","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"вооруженного","lemma":"вооружить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies подсудимого","gloss":"armed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убегающего","lemma":"убегать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вооруженного","gloss":"fleeing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies повержен","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of повержен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"повержен","lemma":"повергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"struck down"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of повержен","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to совершилось","gloss":"it followed"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совершилось","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the consequence clause","gloss":"came to pass"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of совершилось","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking написанному","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"написанному","lemma":"написанный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершилось","gloss":"what was written"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смешное","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of смешное","gloss":"the letter"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смешное","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смешное","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of письмо","gloss":"laughable"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"роковое","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with смешное","gloss":"fateful"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b12-c12-s19","source":"Слава богу, мы дошли до точки: „коли был в саду, значит, он и убил“.","translation":"Thank God, we have come to the crux of it: 'if he was in the garden, then he must be the one who killed.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли был в саду, значит, он и убил","title":"Folksy «коли» + emphatic «и»","body":"«коли» is a colloquial, archaic 'if' (vs. neutral «если»), here voicing the prosecution's crude syllogism. The particle «и» before «убил» is emphatic ('then he is the very one who killed'), not the conjunction 'and.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Слава","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"parallel clause to дошли","gloss":"thank"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Слава","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дошли","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"дошли","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have come"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точки","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"точки","lemma":"точка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дошли","gloss":"the point"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to саду","gloss":"he was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"then it follows"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted consequent clause","gloss":"killed"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b12-c12-s20","source":"Этими двумя словечками: коли был, так уж непременно и значит, всё исчерпывается, всё обвинение — „был, так и значит“.","translation":"On these two little words — if he was, then it inevitably means — everything rests, the whole prosecution: 'he was there, so it follows.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"словечками","title":"Diminutive «словечки» — 'these little words'","body":"«словечко» is the diminutive of «слово» ('word'), instrumental plural «словечками». The diminutive is dismissive here — 'these two little words' — belittling the flimsy verbal pivot on which the whole prosecution is said to rest."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Этими двумя словечками… всё исчерпывается","title":"Instrumental of means + reflexive passive","body":"«этими двумя словечками… всё исчерпывается» — the instrumental «словечками» names the means, and «исчерпывается» (reflexive «-ся», imperfective passive) means 'everything is exhausted / is summed up by them.' Note the numeral «двумя» also takes the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этими","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of словечками","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"двумя","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies словечками","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"словечками","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of исчерпывается","gloss":"little words"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the quoted conditional clause","gloss":"he was"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies непременно","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies значит","gloss":"inevitably"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies значит","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the apodosis, coordinated with был","gloss":"it means"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of исчерпывается","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"исчерпывается","lemma":"исчерпываться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is summed up"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обвинение","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to the subject всё","gloss":"prosecution"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"he was"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"it follows"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b12-c12-s21","source":"А если не значит, хотя бы и был?","translation":"And what if it does not follow, even though he was there?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы и был","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» — 'even if'","body":"«хотя бы и был» means 'even though / even if he was there.' «хотя» ('although') reinforced by the irrealis «бы» and emphatic «и» yields a concessive: granting the premise only to deny that the conclusion follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of значит","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies значит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it means"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies был","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on значит","gloss":"he was"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b12-c12-s22","source":"О, я согласен, что совокупность фактов, совпадение фактов действительно довольно красноречивы.","translation":"Oh, I grant that the sum of the facts, the convergence of the facts, really is quite eloquent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"совокупность фактов… красноречивы","title":"Short-form predicate «красноречивы»","body":"«красноречивы» is the short (predicative) form of «красноречивый» ('eloquent'), plural to agree with the paired subjects «совокупность… совпадение». Short adjectives, bookish and assertive, are the natural predicate form in this elevated register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"совокупность","title":"«совокупность» — the sum, the aggregate","body":"A formal abstract noun ('totality, aggregate'), key to the speech's argument: the prosecution's case rests on the cumulative weight of facts, which the defense will pull apart «отдельно» ('separately'). Paired with «совпадение» ('coincidence, convergence')."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection opening the sentence","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of согласен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"согласен","lemma":"согласный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the clause","gloss":"grant"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of красноречивы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"совокупность","lemma":"совокупность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of красноречивы","gloss":"the sum"},{"surface":"фактов","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies совокупность","gloss":"of the facts"},{"surface":"совпадение","lemma":"совпадение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated subject of красноречивы","gloss":"the convergence"},{"surface":"фактов","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies совпадение","gloss":"of the facts"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies довольно","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies красноречивы","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"красноречивы","lemma":"красноречивый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"eloquent"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b12-c12-s23","source":"Но рассмотрите, однако, все эти факты отдельно, не внушаясь их совокупностью: почему, например, обвинение ни за что не хочет допустить правдивости показания подсудимого, что он убежал от отцова окошка?","translation":"But examine, however, all these facts separately, without letting yourselves be swayed by their accumulation: why, for instance, will the prosecution on no account allow the truthfulness of the accused's own testimony that he fled from his father's window?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не внушаясь их совокупностью","title":"Negated gerund «не внушаясь» + instrumental","body":"«не внушаясь их совокупностью» is a present gerund («деепричастие») from reflexive «внушаться», 'not letting yourselves be swayed by their accumulation.' The cause/means stands in the instrumental «совокупностью», and the gerund attaches its action to the imperative «рассмотрите»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни за что не хочет допустить","title":"Emphatic negation «ни за что»","body":"«ни за что» ('on no account, not for anything') is a fixed «ни»-phrase intensifying the negation «не хочет» — negative concord again. It paints the prosecution as stubbornly refusing to admit the testimony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"рассмотрите","lemma":"рассмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"examine"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies рассмотрите","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of факты","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of факты","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"факты","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of рассмотрите","gloss":"facts"},{"surface":"отдельно","lemma":"отдельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмотрите","gloss":"separately"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies внушаясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"внушаясь","lemma":"внушаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb clause modifying рассмотрите","gloss":"being swayed by"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of совокупностью","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"совокупностью","lemma":"совокупность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of внушаясь","gloss":"accumulation"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"the prosecution"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of ни за что idiom, modifies хочет","gloss":"not","note":"«ни за что» is an idiom meaning \"on no account, not for anything\"."},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что, part of ни за что idiom","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хочет, part of ни за что idiom","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"допустить","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to allow"},{"surface":"правдивости","lemma":"правдивость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of допустить","gloss":"the truthfulness"},{"surface":"показания","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies правдивости","gloss":"of the testimony"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies показания","gloss":"the accused's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убежал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убежал","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of показания","gloss":"fled"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окошка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"отцова","lemma":"отцов","morphology":"possessive adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies окошка","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"окошка","lemma":"окошко","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убежал","gloss":"window"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b12-c12-s24","source":"Вспомните даже сарказмы, в которые пускается здесь обвинение насчет почтительности и „благочестивых“ чувств, вдруг обуявших убийцу.","translation":"Recall even the sarcasms in which the prosecution here indulges concerning the filial respect and 'devout' feelings that supposedly seized the murderer all at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сарказмы, в которые пускается… обвинение","title":"Relative «который» governed by «в»","body":"«в которые пускается обвинение» ('into which the prosecution launches itself') is a relative clause where «которые» agrees with «сарказмы» in number but takes the accusative demanded by «в» (motion). «пускается» is reflexive, 'sets off into, indulges in.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чувств, вдруг обуявших убийцу","title":"Past active participle «обуявших»","body":"«обуявших» ('that had seized') is a past active participle from the archaic «обуять» ('to grip, possess'), genitive plural agreeing with «чувств». The bookish verb and the participle together give the prosecutor's sarcasm a mock-solemn ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вспомните","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recall"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сарказмы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сарказмы","lemma":"сарказм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Вспомните","gloss":"the sarcasms"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которые","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of пускается","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"пускается","lemma":"пускаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on сарказмы","gloss":"indulges"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пускается","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пускается","gloss":"the prosecution"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking почтительности","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"почтительности","lemma":"почтительность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пускается","gloss":"the filial respect"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благочестивых","lemma":"благочестивый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies чувств","gloss":"devout"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with почтительности","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обуявших","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"обуявших","lemma":"обуять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying чувств","gloss":"that seized"},{"surface":"убийцу","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обуявших","gloss":"the murderer"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b12-c12-s25","source":"А что, если и в самом деле тут было нечто подобное, то есть хоть не почтительность чувств, но благочестивость чувств?","translation":"And what if there really was something of the sort here — that is, if not respectful feeling, then at least devout feeling?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что, если и в самом деле тут было нечто подобное","title":"Hypothetical «что, если» + «нечто»","body":"«что, если…» ('what if…') floats a possibility; «было нечто подобное» ('there was something of the sort') uses the bookish indefinite «нечто» ('something'), which, unlike «что-то», is unstressed-neutral and stands only in nominative/accusative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благочестивость","title":"«почтительность» vs «благочестивость»","body":"The lawyer draws a fine distinction: «почтительность» is deferential 'respect' toward a person, «благочестивость» is religious 'devoutness.' He concedes the latter while denying the former — a piece of moral hair-splitting in the accused's favor."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самом деле","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было, part of в самом деле idiom","gloss":"fact","note":"«в самом деле» is a fixed idiom meaning \"really, in actual fact\"."},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, neuter, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of было","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"подобное","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"of the sort"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of то есть idiom","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of то есть idiom","gloss":"is","note":"«то есть» is a fixed idiom meaning \"that is\"."},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the contrast что не почтительность / но благочестивость","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почтительность","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"почтительность","lemma":"почтительность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to нечто, coordinated with благочестивость","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies почтительность","gloss":"of feeling"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"благочестивость","lemma":"благочестивость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with почтительность","gloss":"piety"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies благочестивость","gloss":"of feeling"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b12-c12-s26","source":"„Должно быть, мать за меня замолила в эту минуту“, — показывает на следствии подсудимый, и вот он убежал, чуть лишь уверился, что Светловой у отца в доме нет.","translation":"'My mother must have been praying for me at that moment,' the accused states in the preliminary inquiry — and there it is, he ran off the instant he grew sure that Svetlova was not in his father's house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чуть лишь уверился, что Светловой… нет","title":"«чуть лишь» + genitive of absence","body":"«чуть лишь уверился» ('the very instant he grew sure') marks an immediate trigger. The subordinate «Светловой… нет» is a negated existential: the absent person stands in the genitive «Светловой» with «нет» — the genitive of negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"predicative adverb, part of должно быть idiom","role":"modifies замолила","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Должно, part of должно быть idiom","gloss":"have been","note":"«должно быть» is a fixed idiom meaning \"must be, probably\"."},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of замолила","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of замолила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"замолила","lemma":"замолить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was praying"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту“,","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту“,","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту“,","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of замолила","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"показывает","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to замолила, main verb of frame sentence","gloss":"states"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking следствии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"следствии","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of показывает","gloss":"the inquiry"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of показывает","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убежал","gloss":"there it is"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убежал","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with показывает","gloss":"ran off"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb, part of чуть лишь idiom","role":"modifies уверился","gloss":"the moment","note":"«чуть лишь» means \"the instant, as soon as\"."},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle, part of чуть лишь idiom","role":"modifies уверился","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"уверился","lemma":"увериться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on убежал","gloss":"grew sure"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Светловой","lemma":"Светлова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"Svetlova"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative negation, present","role":"clausal complement of уверился","gloss":"was not"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b12-c12-s27","source":"„Но он не мог увериться чрез окно“, — возражает нам обвинение.","translation":"'But he could not have made sure through the window,' the prosecution objects to us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мог увериться чрез окно","title":"Archaic «чрез» for «через»","body":"«чрез» is the Church-Slavonic/bookish doublet of «через» ('through, by means of'), shorter by its missing full vowel. It governs the accusative «окно». The clipped form lends the prosecution's quoted objection a period-formal ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"увериться","lemma":"увериться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"make sure"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окно“,","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"окно“,","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of увериться","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"возражает","lemma":"возражать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to мог, main verb of frame sentence","gloss":"objects"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of возражает","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of возражает","gloss":"the prosecution"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b12-c12-s28","source":"А почему же не мог?","translation":"And why could he not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А почему же не мог?","title":"Elliptical retort with «же»","body":"A clipped rejoinder: «а почему же не мог?» ('and why then could he not?'). The subject and infinitive («он… увериться») are simply dropped, recoverable from the prior line — and «же» gives the comeback its bite."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b12-c12-s29","source":"Ведь окно отворилось же на поданные подсудимым знаки.","translation":"After all, the window did open in answer to the signals the accused gave.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"окно отворилось же на поданные… знаки","title":"Reflexive «отворилось» + «ведь»-like «же»","body":"«отворилось» (reflexive «-ся») is the intransitive 'opened (of itself)' — the window opened. The particle «же» here works like «ведь», appealing to an agreed fact: 'after all, the window did open.' «поданные… знаки» = signals 'given' (past passive participle)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отворилось","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of отворилось","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"отворилось","lemma":"отвориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отворилось","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знаки","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"поданные","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying знаки","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"подсудимым","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of поданные","gloss":"by the accused"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отворилось","gloss":"signals"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b12-c12-s30","source":"Тут могло быть произнесено одно какое-нибудь такое слово Федором Павловичем, мог вырваться какой-нибудь такой крик — и подсудимый мог вдруг удостовериться, что Светловой тут нет.","translation":"Some single word or other might have been uttered there by Fyodor Pavlovich, some such cry might have broken from him — and the accused might suddenly have made certain that Svetlova was not there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"могло быть произнесено одно… слово Федором Павловичем","title":"Passive participle + instrumental agent, fronted","body":"«могло быть произнесено… слово Фёдором Павловичем» = 'some word might have been uttered by Fyodor Pavlovich.' The short passive participle «произнесено» joins «могло быть», the agent «Фёдором Павловичем» stands in the instrumental, and the verb is fronted for suspense before the subject «слово»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог вырваться какой-нибудь… крик","title":"Reflexive «вырваться» + indefinite «какой-нибудь»","body":"«мог вырваться… крик» — reflexive «вырваться» ('to burst out, escape [of a cry]'). «какой-нибудь» is the non-specific indefinite ('some… or other'), the «-нибудь» series marking 'any cry at all,' as the lawyer multiplies unverifiable possibilities."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнесено","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, neuter, imperfective","role":"modal auxiliary of произнесено","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of произнесено","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"произнесено","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"uttered"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies слово","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular, part of какое-нибудь","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle, part of какое-нибудь","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произнесено","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"Федором","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of произнесено","gloss":"by Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичем","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федором","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with могло","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"вырваться","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have broken loose"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular, part of какой-нибудь","role":"determiner of крик","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle, part of какой-нибудь","role":"determiner of крик","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of крик","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"крик","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вырваться","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to могло","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удостовериться","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"удостовериться","lemma":"удостовериться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"made certain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Светловой","lemma":"Светлова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"Svetlova"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative negation, present","role":"clausal complement of удостовериться","gloss":"was not"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b12-c12-s31","source":"Почему непременно предполагать так, как мы воображаем, как предположили воображать?","translation":"Why must we necessarily suppose it to be as we imagine, as we have presumed to imagine it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему непременно предполагать так","title":"Bare infinitive «предполагать» as a deliberative","body":"The subjectless infinitive «предполагать» ('to suppose') frames a deliberative question — 'why [must one] necessarily suppose…' The dative experiencer ('for us') is left implicit, as Russian often does in such impersonal musings."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как предположили воображать","title":"Perfective «предположили» of completed presumption","body":"«предположили воображать» ('have presumed to imagine') pairs the perfective past «предположили» (a completed act of presuming) with the imperfective infinitive «воображать» (ongoing imagining). The slight tautology with «воображаем» mocks the circularity of the prosecution's reasoning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предполагать","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предполагать","gloss":"necessarily"},{"surface":"предполагать","lemma":"предполагать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предполагать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воображаем","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of воображаем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"воображаем","lemma":"воображать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on так","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предположили","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"предположили","lemma":"предположить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with воображаем","gloss":"have presumed"},{"surface":"воображать","lemma":"воображать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of предположили","gloss":"to imagine"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b12-c12-s32","source":"В действительности может мелькнуть тысяча вещей, ускользающих от наблюдения самого тонкого романиста.","translation":"In reality a thousand things may flash by that would slip past the observation of even the most subtle novelist.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вещей, ускользающих от наблюдения","title":"Present active participle «ускользающих»","body":"«ускользающих от наблюдения» ('slipping away from observation') is a present active participle, genitive plural agreeing with «вещей». It replaces a «которые ускользают» clause and governs «от» + genitive, condensing the relative into one elegant modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самого тонкого романиста","title":"Superlative «самого тонкого»","body":"«самого тонкого» is the periphrastic superlative, «самый» ('most') declining with the adjective «тонкий» ('subtle, fine'), here animate genitive after «от наблюдения». «романист» ('novelist') quietly winks at Dostoevsky himself, the supreme observer being outdone by reality."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking действительности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"действительности","lemma":"действительность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнуть","gloss":"reality"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"мелькнуть","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"flash by"},{"surface":"тысяча","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies вещей, subject of мелькнуть","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"вещей","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"genitive complement of тысяча","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"ускользающих","lemma":"ускользать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying вещей","gloss":"escaping"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наблюдения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"наблюдения","lemma":"наблюдение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ускользающих","gloss":"the observation"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тонкого романиста","gloss":"even the"},{"surface":"тонкого","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies романиста","gloss":"subtlest"},{"surface":"романиста","lemma":"романист","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies наблюдения","gloss":"novelist"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b12-c12-s33","source":"„Да, но Григорий видел дверь отворенною, а стало быть, подсудимый был в доме наверно, а стало быть, и убил“.","translation":"'Yes, but Grigory saw the door standing open, and so the accused was certainly in the house, and so he killed.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Григорий видел дверь отворенною","title":"Instrumental of the depictive «отворенною»","body":"«видел дверь отворённою» ('saw the door [as] open') puts the participle «отворённою» in the instrumental — a predicative/depictive instrumental describing the state of the object as seen. The long -ою ending is the older, bookish instrumental feminine (modern -ой)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker opening the reply","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"отворенною","lemma":"отворенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of дверь, object of видел","gloss":"standing open"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, neuter, part of стало быть idiom","role":"parenthetical introducing consequence clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective, part of стало быть idiom","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"it follows","note":"«стало быть» is a fixed idiom meaning \"so, consequently\"."},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to доме","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, neuter, part of стало быть idiom","role":"parenthetical introducing consequence clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective, part of стало быть idiom","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"it follows"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"he killed"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b12-c12-s34","source":"Об этой двери, господа присяжные… Видите ли, об отворенной этой двери свидетельствует лишь одно лицо, бывшее, однако, в то время в таком состоянии само, что… Но пусть, пусть была дверь отворена, пусть подсудимый отперся, солгал из чувства самозащиты, столь понятного в его положении, пусть, пусть он проник в дом, был в доме — ну и что же, почему же непременно коли был, то и убил?","translation":"About that door, gentlemen of the jury… You see, only a single person testifies to this open door — a person who at that very time was himself in such a state that… But let it pass, let it pass; let the door have been open, let the accused deny it, let him have lied out of a feeling of self-defense so understandable in his position — let it be, let it be that he got into the house, was in the house — well, and what of it? Why must it necessarily follow that if he was there, then he killed?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть, пусть была дверь отворена… пусть он проник","title":"Concessive «пусть» — 'let it be that'","body":"The hammering «пусть… пусть…» is the concessive particle 'let it be (granted) that': the lawyer concedes every point for argument's sake. «была отворена» is a periphrastic passive ('was open'), «проник» perfective ('got in') — each conceded only to deny the inference."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подсудимый отперся, солгал","title":"Reflexive «отпереться» — to deny, disavow","body":"«отпереться» (reflexive «-ся», from «отпереть» 'to unlock') here means 'to deny, disown a charge.' Paired with perfective «солгал» ('lied'), the two completed actions advance the conceded scenario. «из чувства самозащиты» (genitive after «из») gives the motive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему же непременно коли был, то и убил?","title":"Mocking echo of the prosecution's syllogism","body":"The lawyer parrots the crude logic «коли был, то и убил» ('if he was there, then he killed') inside his own question, «почему же непременно…?». The folksy «коли» and emphatic «и» mark it as a quoted formula he holds up to ridicule."}],"words":[{"surface":"Об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of двери","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the fronted phrase","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"interrogative particle, part of видите ли idiom","role":"marks the rhetorical question, modifies Видите","gloss":"(marks question)","note":"«Видите ли» is a filler phrase meaning \"you see\"."},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"отворенной","lemma":"отворенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies двери","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of двери","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свидетельствует","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"свидетельствует","lemma":"свидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"testifies"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies лицо","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of свидетельствует","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"бывшее","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying лицо","gloss":"who was"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бывшее","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of состоянии","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывшее","gloss":"a state"},{"surface":"само","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun referring to лицо","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an elided clause (trails off)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отворена","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отворена, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of отворена","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive отворена","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"отворена","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the granted clause","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отперся","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отперся","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"отперся","lemma":"отпереться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отворена","gloss":"denied it"},{"surface":"солгал","lemma":"солгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отперся","gloss":"lied"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувства","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of солгал","gloss":"a feeling"},{"surface":"самозащиты","lemma":"самозащита","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"of self-defense"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понятного","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"понятного","lemma":"понятный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"understandable"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of положении","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"положении","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of понятного","gloss":"position"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies проник","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies проник, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проник","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"проник","lemma":"проникнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отворена","gloss":"got into"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проник","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to доме","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был, coordinated with отворена","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the rhetorical question «и что же»","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"necessarily"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of убил","gloss":"if","note":"«коли» is a colloquial/archaic form of «если» (\"if\")."},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the коли-clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the коли-clause","gloss":"he killed"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b12-c12-s35","source":"Он мог ворваться, пробежать по комнатам, мог оттолкнуть отца, мог даже ударить отца, но, удостоверившись, что Светловой нет у него, убежал, радуясь, что ее нет и что убежал, отца не убив.","translation":"He might have burst in, run through the rooms, might have shoved his father aside, might even have struck his father — but, having made certain that Svetlova was not with him, he ran off, rejoicing that she was not there and that he had run off without killing his father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог ворваться… мог оттолкнуть… мог даже ударить","title":"Anaphoric «мог» + perfective infinitives","body":"A rising series of «мог» ('he might have') plus perfective infinitives — «ворваться» (burst in), «оттолкнуть» (shove away), «ударить» (strike) — each a single bounded act. The repetition builds a hypothetical sequence of escalating but non-fatal violence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"удостоверившись, что Светловой нет у него","title":"Perfective gerund «удостоверившись»","body":"«удостоверившись» is a past («деепричастие») gerund ('having made certain'), marking the prior, completed act before «убежал». It shares the subject of the main verb and again embeds a genitive-of-negation existential, «Светловой нет»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"ворваться","lemma":"ворваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"burst in"},{"surface":"пробежать","lemma":"пробежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with ворваться","gloss":"run through"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнатам","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"комнатам","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пробежать","gloss":"the rooms"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"оттолкнуть","lemma":"оттолкнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"shoved aside"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оттолкнуть","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ударить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ударить","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ударить","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"удостоверившись","lemma":"удостовериться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on убежал","gloss":"having made certain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Светловой","lemma":"Светлова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"Svetlova"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative negation, present","role":"clausal complement of удостоверившись","gloss":"was not"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"убежал","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"ran off"},{"surface":"радуясь","lemma":"радоваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on убежал","gloss":"rejoicing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative negation, present","role":"clausal complement of радуясь","gloss":"was not"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убежал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убежал","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"he had run off"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убив","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убив","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убив","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on убежал","gloss":"having killed"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b12-c12-s36","source":"Именно потому, может быть, и соскочил через минуту с забора к поверженному им в азарте Григорию, что в состоянии был ощущать чувство чистое, чувство сострадания и жалости, потому что убежал от искушения убить отца, потому что ощущал в себе сердце чистое и радость, что не убил отца.","translation":"And precisely for that reason, perhaps, a minute later he jumped down from the fence to Grigory, whom he had knocked down in his frenzy — because he was in a state to feel a pure feeling, a feeling of compassion and pity, because he had fled from the temptation to kill his father, because he felt within himself a pure heart and a joy that he had not killed his father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что… потому что… потому что","title":"Anaphora of «потому что»","body":"The sentence chains three subordinate «потому что» ('because') clauses, a deliberate rhetorical anaphora piling up motives for Mitya's pity. The repeated subordinator gives the passage its surging, emotional, sermon-like cadence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к поверженному им в азарте Григорию","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent inside a phrase","body":"«к поверженному им… Григорию» ('to Grigory, struck down by him') embeds a whole participial phrase before the noun: dative «Григорию» (governed by «к»), modified by the past passive participle «поверженному», with the agent «им» in the instrumental — a tightly packed bookish construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в азарте","title":"«азарт» — heat, frenzy, reckless passion","body":"«азарт» (from French/gambling vocabulary) is a fervor or reckless excitement; «в азарте» = 'in his frenzy, in the heat of it.' It frames the blow as impulsive passion, not cold intent — the defense's whole thesis in a word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"anticipates the что-clauses below","gloss":"for that reason"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"соскочил","lemma":"соскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he jumped down"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскочил","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забора","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"забора","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскочил","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Григорию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"поверженному","lemma":"повергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, dative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies Григорию","gloss":"knocked down"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of поверженному","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking азарте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"азарте","lemma":"азарт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поверженному","gloss":"his frenzy"},{"surface":"Григорию","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition к","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of соскочил","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom быть в состоянии","gloss":"a state"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of быть в состоянии","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ощущать","lemma":"ощущать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of был в состоянии","gloss":"to feel"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ощущать","gloss":"a feeling"},{"surface":"чистое","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"pure"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to the first чувство","gloss":"a feeling"},{"surface":"сострадания","lemma":"сострадание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies the second чувство","gloss":"of compassion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жалости","lemma":"жалость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сострадания","gloss":"pity"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of убежал","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"убежал","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the potomu-chto clause, coordinated with ощущать","gloss":"he had fled"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking искушения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"искушения","lemma":"искушение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убежал","gloss":"the temptation"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies искушения","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of ощущал","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ощущал","lemma":"ощущать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the potomu-chto clause, coordinated with убежал","gloss":"he felt"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of ощущал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ощущал","gloss":"a heart"},{"surface":"чистое","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"pure"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сердце","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил, modifying радость","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of радость","gloss":"he had killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"his father"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b12-c12-s37","source":"Красноречиво до ужаса описывает нам обвинитель страшное состояние подсудимого в селе Мокром, когда любовь вновь открылась ему, зовя его в новую жизнь, и когда ему уже нельзя было любить, потому что сзади был окровавленный труп отца его, а за трупом казнь.","translation":"With a terrible eloquence the prosecutor describes for us the dreadful state of the accused in the village of Mokroye, when love opened itself to him anew, calling him to a new life, and when he could no longer love, because behind him lay his father's bloodied corpse, and beyond the corpse, the scaffold.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Красноречиво до ужаса описывает нам обвинитель","title":"Fronted adverb + inverted word order","body":"The adverb «красноречиво до ужаса» ('eloquently, to the point of horror') is thrown to the front, before verb «описывает» and subject «обвинитель», for rhetorical weight. Russian's case-marking frees this topic-first reordering; the new information lands where the speaker wills it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зовя его в новую жизнь","title":"Present gerund «зовя»","body":"«зовя» is the imperfective present gerund of «звать» ('calling'), a simultaneous attendant action: love 'opened to him, calling him to a new life.' This «деепричастие», sharing the subject «любовь», layers the actions into one flowing clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"казнь","title":"«казнь» — execution, capital punishment","body":"«казнь» is execution or, by extension, the death-penalty fate awaiting a convicted murderer (rendered 'the scaffold'). The word recurs as the dark horizon «за трупом» ('beyond the corpse') — the future the accused would face if guilty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Красноречиво","lemma":"красноречиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies описывает","gloss":"eloquently"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ужаса","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ужаса","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Красноречиво","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"описывает","lemma":"описывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"describes"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of описывает","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"обвинитель","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of описывает","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"страшное","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состояние","gloss":"the dreadful"},{"surface":"состояние","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of описывает","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies состояние","gloss":"of the accused"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking селе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"селе","lemma":"село","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состояние","gloss":"the village"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to селе","gloss":"of Mokroye"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of открылась","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of открылась","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies открылась","gloss":"anew"},{"surface":"открылась","lemma":"открыться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on состояние","gloss":"opened itself"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of открылась","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"зовя","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on открылась","gloss":"calling"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of зовя","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"новую","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зовя","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нельзя","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of нельзя","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with открылась","gloss":"could not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"сзади","lemma":"сзади","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"behind him"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the potomu-chto clause, on любить","gloss":"there lay"},{"surface":"окровавленный","lemma":"окровавленный","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies труп","gloss":"bloodied"},{"surface":"труп","lemma":"труп","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"corpse"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies труп","gloss":"of his father"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трупом","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"трупом","lemma":"труп","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"locates казнь (elided был)","gloss":"the corpse"},{"surface":"казнь","lemma":"казнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elided был, coordinated with труп","gloss":"execution"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b12-c12-s38","source":"И однако же, обвинитель все-таки допустил любовь, которую и объяснил по своей психологии: „Пьяное, дескать, состояние, преступника везут на казнь, еще долго ждать, и проч., и проч.“.","translation":"And yet the prosecutor nonetheless conceded the love, which he explained after his own psychology: 'A drunken state, you see; the criminal is being carried off to execution, there is still a long time to wait, and so on, and so on.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И однако же… все-таки допустил","title":"Stacked concessives «однако же… всё-таки»","body":"«однако же» ('and yet') and «всё-таки» ('nonetheless') pile up to mark a strong adversative turn: despite his own dark picture, the prosecutor still conceded the love. The «же» on «однако» adds insistence to the contrast."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которую и объяснил по своей психологии","title":"Relative «которую» (accusative) + reflexive «свой»","body":"«которую… объяснил» — «которую» is the feminine accusative relative tied to «любовь». «по своей психологии» ('after his own psychology') uses the reflexive possessive «своей», pointing back to the clause's subject, the prosecutor — his own theory, not someone else's."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies допустил","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"обвинитель","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of допустил","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё-таки","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"допустил","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"conceded"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of допустил","gloss":"the love"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of объяснил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies объяснил","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"объяснил","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on любовь","gloss":"he explained"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking психологии","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of психологии","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"психологии","lemma":"психология","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of объяснил","gloss":"psychology"},{"surface":"Пьяное","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состояние","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"состояние","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"elliptical predicate, coordinated with Пьяное","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"преступника","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of везут","gloss":"the criminal"},{"surface":"везут","lemma":"везти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"elliptical clause, coordinated with состояние","gloss":"is being taken"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking казнь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"казнь","lemma":"казнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of везут","gloss":"execution"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долго","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждать","gloss":"a long time"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"elliptical clause, coordinated with везут","gloss":"to wait"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"abbreviation, indeclinable","role":"coordinated with ждать","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"abbreviation, indeclinable","role":"coordinated with the first проч","gloss":"so on"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b12-c12-s39","source":"Но не другое ли вы создали лицо, господин обвинитель, опять-таки спрашиваю?","translation":"But have you not invented another person, Mr. Prosecutor — I ask you yet again?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не другое ли вы создали лицо","title":"«не… ли» question + split noun phrase","body":"«не другое ли… лицо вы создали?» ('have you not invented another person?') uses the «не… ли» rhetorical question, with the modifier «другое» split from its noun «лицо» by «ли вы создали» — a fronting that throws the stress onto 'another.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лицо","title":"«лицо» — 'person, character'","body":"Beyond 'face,' «лицо» means a person, a personage, or a dramatis persona. The lawyer's jab — 'have you not invented another person?' — accuses the prosecutor of constructing a fictional character rather than describing the real defendant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies создали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the yes/no question","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of создали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"создали","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"invented"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of создали","gloss":"a person"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"title, modifies обвинитель","gloss":"Mister"},{"surface":"обвинитель","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition to господин","gloss":"Prosecutor"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрашиваю","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies опять","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"спрашиваю","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with создали","gloss":"I ask"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b12-c12-s40","source":"Так ли, так ли груб и бездушен подсудимый, что мог еще думать в тот момент о любви и о вилянии пред судом, если бы действительно на нем была кровь отца?","translation":"Is the accused really so coarse and so soulless that at that moment he could still think of love and of wriggling out before the court, if his father's blood had truly been on him?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так ли, так ли груб и бездушен подсудимый","title":"Doubled «так ли» + short adjectives","body":"«так ли… груб и бездушен» — the «ли» question, doubled for intensity, with the short-form predicate adjectives «груб» ('coarse') and «бездушен» ('soulless'). The short forms, bookish and categorical, fit the absolute moral judgment being weighed and rejected."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы… была кровь отца","title":"Counterfactual «если бы… была»","body":"«если бы… на нём была кровь отца» ('if his father's blood had truly been on him') is the irrealis condition, past «была» + «бы». The idiom «на нём кровь» ('blood is on him') means moral guilt, with «на ком» (prepositional) marking the bearer of the stain."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вилянии","title":"«виляние» — wriggling, dodging","body":"«виляние» (from «вилять», 'to wag, swerve, dodge') is evasive maneuvering, 'wriggling out.' The image — a dog wagging or a road swerving — paints the kind of cowardly evasion before the court that the lawyer says is alien to Mitya's open nature."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies груб","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бездушен","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"груб","lemma":"грубый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of подсудимый, coordinated with бездушен","gloss":"coarse"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бездушен","lemma":"бездушный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of подсудимый, coordinated with груб","gloss":"soulless"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of груб/бездушен","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"he could"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момент","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of момент","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думать","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думать","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вилянии","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вилянии","lemma":"виляние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with любви","gloss":"wriggling out"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"судом","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вилянии","gloss":"the court"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кровь","gloss":"his father's"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b12-c12-s41","source":"Нет, нет и нет!","translation":"No, no, and no!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нет, нет и нет!","title":"Emphatic triple «нет»","body":"The bare «нет» ('no / there is not'), tripled with «и» before the last, is pure rhetorical climax — an absolute, threefold denial. Its terseness, after the long preceding period, lands like a hammer-blow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel to the second нет","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with the first нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with the other нет","gloss":"no"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b12-c12-s42","source":"Только что открылось, что она его любит, зовет с собою, сулит ему новое счастье, — о, клянусь, он должен был тогда почувствовать двойную, тройную потребность убить себя и убил бы себя непременно, если бы сзади его лежал труп отца!","translation":"No sooner had it come out that she loved him, was calling him to her side, promising him a new happiness — oh, I swear, he must then have felt a double, a triple need to kill himself, and he would most certainly have killed himself, if his father's corpse had been lying behind him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только что открылось, что она его любит","title":"«только что» + reflexive «открылось»","body":"«только что открылось» ('no sooner had it come out / just as it became clear') sets a fresh temporal anchor; «открылось» is reflexive ('it revealed itself'). The dependent «что она его любит» reports a present-tense fact within past narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должен был… почувствовать… и убил бы себя непременно, если бы… лежал труп","title":"Modal past + counterfactual «бы»","body":"«должен был почувствовать» ('must have felt') is the past of obligation/inference; «убил бы себя… если бы… лежал труп» is the full counterfactual conditional, both clauses carrying «бы». «себя» is the reflexive object pronoun — 'kill himself.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только что","morphology":"adverb, part of idiom","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"только что","morphology":"particle, part of idiom","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"открылось","lemma":"открыться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it came out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of открылось","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"зовет","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"calls"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of зовет","gloss":"her side"},{"surface":"сулит","lemma":"сулить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"promises"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сулит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"новое","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies счастье","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"счастье,","lemma":"счастье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сулит","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with клянусь","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"must have"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовать","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"почувствовать","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"двойную","lemma":"двойной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies потребность","gloss":"double"},{"surface":"тройную","lemma":"тройной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with двойную, modifies потребность","gloss":"triple"},{"surface":"потребность","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of почувствовать","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies потребность","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with должен, main verb with бы","gloss":"would have killed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood of убил","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лежал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood of лежал","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"сзади","lemma":"сзади","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежал","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сзади","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on убил","gloss":"had lain"},{"surface":"труп","lemma":"труп","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"the corpse"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies труп","gloss":"of his father"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b12-c12-s43","source":"О нет, не забыл бы, где лежат его пистолеты!","translation":"Oh no, he would not have forgotten where his pistols lay!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не забыл бы, где лежат его пистолеты","title":"Counterfactual «не забыл бы»","body":"«не забыл бы» ('he would not have forgotten') continues the irrealis from the previous sentence without restating the «если бы»-clause. «где лежат его пистолеты» is an embedded indirect question, «лежат» (imperfective present) describing where the pistols habitually lay."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"precedes нет","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel to забыл","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have forgotten"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood of забыл","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежат","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"лежат","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"object clause of забыл","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, possessive","role":"determiner of пистолеты","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пистолеты","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of лежат","gloss":"pistols"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b12-c12-s44","source":"Я знаю подсудимого: дикая, деревянная бессердечность, взведенная на него обвинением, несовместна с его характером.","translation":"I know the accused: the wild, wooden heartlessness laid to his charge by the prosecution is incompatible with his character.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"деревянная бессердечность","title":"«деревянный» — 'wooden', i.e. unfeeling","body":"«деревянная бессердечность» ('wooden heartlessness') uses «деревянный» metaphorically for dull, insensate rigidity. Paired with «дикая» ('wild, savage'), it caricatures the brutish nature the prosecution attributes to the accused — a portrait the lawyer calls untrue to his character."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"взведенная на него обвинением","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«взведённая на него обвинением» ('laid to his charge by the prosecution') is a past passive participle agreeing with «бессердечность» (fem.), with agent «обвинением» in the instrumental. «взвести [вину] на кого» is the legal idiom 'to impute guilt to someone.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несовместна с его характером","title":"Short adjective «несовместна» + instrumental «с»","body":"«несовместна» is the short predicative form of «несовместный» ('incompatible'), agreeing with «бессердечность». It governs «с его характером» — «с» ('with') + instrumental, the standard frame for 'incompatible with.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"дикая","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бессердечность","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"деревянная","lemma":"деревянный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with дикая","gloss":"wooden"},{"surface":"бессердечность","lemma":"бессердечность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of несовместна","gloss":"heartlessness"},{"surface":"взведенная","lemma":"взвести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying бессердечность","gloss":"laid to his charge"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взведенная","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обвинением","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"agent of взведенная","gloss":"by the prosecution"},{"surface":"несовместна","lemma":"несовместный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"is incompatible"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking характером","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, possessive","role":"determiner of характером","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"характером","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of несовместна","gloss":"character"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b12-c12-s45","source":"Он бы убил себя, это наверно; он не убил себя именно потому, что „мать замолила о нем“, и сердце его было неповинно в крови отца.","translation":"He would have killed himself, of that I am sure; he did not kill himself precisely because 'his mother was praying for him,' and his heart was guiltless of his father's blood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он не убил себя именно потому, что","title":"Focusing «именно потому, что»","body":"«именно потому, что…» ('precisely because…') is an emphatic causal frame, «именно» pinning down the exact reason. The reflexive object «себя» recurs — 'did not kill himself' — tying back to the suicide motif."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сердце его было неповинно в крови отца","title":"Short adjective «неповинно» + «в» of guilt","body":"«неповинно в крови» ('guiltless of the blood') is the short predicative «неповинно» (neuter, agreeing with «сердце»), governing «в» + prepositional «в крови» — the construction «повинен/неповинен в чём» ('guilty/innocent of'). A solemn, bookish turn fitting the moral verdict."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood of убил","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have killed"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of наверно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical predicate","gloss":"is certain"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with the first убил","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of замолила","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of замолила","gloss":"his mother"},{"surface":"замолила","lemma":"замолить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on потому","gloss":"prayed"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of замолила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неповинно","gloss":"his heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, possessive","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to неповинно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"неповинно","lemma":"неповинный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of сердце","gloss":"guiltless"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of неповинно","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крови","gloss":"his father's"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b12-c12-s46","source":"Он мучился, он горевал в ту ночь в Мокром лишь о поверженном старике Григории и молил про себя бога, чтобы старик встал и очнулся, чтоб удар его был несмертелен и миновала бы казнь за него.","translation":"He suffered, he grieved that night in Mokroye only over the stricken old Grigory, and prayed to God within himself that the old man might rise and come round, that his blow might not be mortal and the punishment for it might pass him by.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мучился, он горевал","title":"Imperfective pair «мучился… горевал»","body":"Both verbs are imperfective past, presenting Mitya's suffering as a continuous, drawn-out state through the night — «мучился» (reflexive, 'tormented himself, agonized') and «горевал» ('grieved'). The aspect dwells on the duration, not on any single moment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"молил… бога, чтобы старик встал… чтоб удар… был несмертелен… миновала бы казнь","title":"«чтобы» of entreaty + irrealis","body":"After «молил бога» ('prayed to God'), the «чтобы»-clauses express the content of the prayer in the irrealis past: 'that the old man might rise,' 'that the blow might not be mortal.' The mobile «бы» surfaces explicitly in «миновала бы казнь». «несмертелен» is a short adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мучился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мучился","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of горевал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"горевал","lemma":"горевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мучился","gloss":"grieved"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of горевал","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of горевал","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies о старике","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старике","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"поверженном","lemma":"поверженный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старике","gloss":"stricken"},{"surface":"старике","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of горевал","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"Григории","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старике","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молил","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мучился","gloss":"he prayed to"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of молил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of молил","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of встал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on молил","gloss":"would rise"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"очнулся","lemma":"очнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"come round"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of несмертелен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"удар","lemma":"удар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of несмертелен","gloss":"his blow"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, possessive","role":"modifies удар","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to несмертелен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"несмертелен","lemma":"несмертельный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the чтоб-clause, coordinated with миновала","gloss":"not fatal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"миновала","lemma":"миновать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with несмертелен","gloss":"would pass by"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional/optative mood of миновала","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"казнь","lemma":"казнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of миновала","gloss":"the punishment"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies казнь","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b12-c12-s47","source":"Почему не принять такое толкование событий?","translation":"Why not accept such a reading of the events?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему не принять такое толкование событий?","title":"Deliberative infinitive «не принять»","body":"«почему не принять…?» ('why not accept…?') is a subjectless deliberative question built on the bare perfective infinitive «принять». The construction proposes an action while leaving the agent ('we, one') implicit — a recurring rhetorical move in the speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принять","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принять","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"accept"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of толкование","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"толкование","lemma":"толкование","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принять","gloss":"a reading"},{"surface":"событий","lemma":"событие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies толкование","gloss":"of the events"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b12-c12-s48","source":"Какое мы имеем твердое доказательство, что подсудимый нам лжет?","translation":"What firm proof do we have that the accused is lying to us?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какое мы имеем твердое доказательство","title":"Fronted «какое… доказательство»","body":"The interrogative «какое» ('what kind of') agrees with «доказательство» (neuter accusative) but is fronted across «мы имеем» for emphasis. «имеем» ('we have') is the more formal, bookish 'have' beside the everyday «у нас есть»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что подсудимый нам лжет","title":"«лгать» + dative «нам»","body":"«лжёт нам» ('is lying to us') — the verb «лгать» takes the dative of the person lied to, «нам». «лгать» is the imperfective present here, framing the alleged lying as an ongoing posture, not a single utterance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of доказательство","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of имеем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"имеем","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"твердое","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies доказательство","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"доказательство","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеем","gloss":"proof"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лжет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лжет","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of лжет","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"лжет","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying доказательство","gloss":"is lying"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b12-c12-s49","source":"А вот труп-то отца, укажут нам тотчас же снова: он выбежал, он не убил, ну так кто же убил старика?","translation":"Ah, but there is the father's corpse, they will at once point out to us again: he ran off, he did not kill — well then, who did kill the old man?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А вот труп-то отца","title":"Topic-marking clitic «-то»","body":"«труп-то отца» uses the emphatic clitic «-то» to spotlight a known topic — 'ah, but the corpse, now that…' This «-то» (distinct from the indefinite «кто-то») foregrounds the very fact the opponents keep returning to."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"укажут нам тотчас же снова","title":"Perfective future «укажут» of the imagined retort","body":"«укажут» is the perfective simple future ('they will point out'), the impersonal 'they' of the prosecution; the future projects the objection the lawyer anticipates. The dialogic 'they will say… and I answer' structure runs through the whole chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies труп","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"труп","lemma":"труп","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic of the sentence, resumed as implicit object of укажут","gloss":"the corpse"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to труп","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies труп","gloss":"of the father"},{"surface":"укажут","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they'll point out"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"нам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of укажут","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies укажут","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies укажут","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выбежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"выбежал","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to укажут","gloss":"ran off"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выбежал","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker, pairs with ну","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final question","gloss":"did kill"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"the old man"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b12-c12-s50","source":"Повторяю, тут вся логика обвинения: кто же убил, как не он?","translation":"I repeat, here is the whole logic of the prosecution: who else killed him, if not he?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто же убил, как не он?","title":"«кто же… как не он» — who else if not he","body":"«кто же убил, как не он?» ('who else killed, if not he?') — «кто же» with the insistent «же», and «как не он» ('if not he') in the nominative as the expected answer. This compressed idiom is the prosecution's whole logic, which the lawyer is about to overturn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies логика","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of логика","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"логика","lemma":"логика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of тут (elliptical 'is')","gloss":"logic"},{"surface":"обвинения","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies логика","gloss":"of the prosecution"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by кто","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause как не он","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"elliptical subject, contrasted with кто","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b12-c12-s51","source":"Некого, дескать, поставить вместо него.","translation":"There is no one, they say, to put in his place.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Некого, дескать, поставить вместо него","title":"Negative «некого» + infinitive","body":"«некого поставить» ('there is no one to put') uses the negative pronoun «некого» (from «не́кого», genitive/accusative) in the impersonal 'there-is-no-one-to-VERB' construction with a bare infinitive and an implied dative agent. «дескать» again flags the words as the prosecution's reported claim."}],"words":[{"surface":"Некого","lemma":"некого","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поставить","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, reportative marker","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"поставить","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the phrase","gloss":"to put"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in place of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставить","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b12-c12-s52","source":"Господа присяжные заседатели, так ли это?","translation":"Gentlemen of the jury, is that so?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так ли это?","title":"Minimal «так ли это» question","body":"«так ли это?» ('is that so?') is the bare «ли» yes/no question, «так» ('so') as the focus. Its terseness, following the formal address, turns the appeal directly back on the jury."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, head of the phrase","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies заседатели","gloss":"jury"},{"surface":"заседатели","lemma":"заседатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to Господа","gloss":"members"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, modifies это","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b12-c12-s53","source":"Впрямь ли, действительно ли уж так-таки совсем некого поставить?","translation":"Is it truly, is it really so utterly impossible to put anyone in his place?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Впрямь ли, действительно ли уж так-таки совсем некого поставить?","title":"Piled-up intensifiers + «ли»","body":"A cascade of reinforcers — «впрямь ли» ('truly?'), «действительно ли» ('really?'), «уж так-таки совсем» ('so utterly, after all') — all bearing on «некого поставить» from s51. The accumulation is pure rhetorical pressure, daring the jury to doubt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрямь","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Впрямь","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поставить","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies действительно","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies действительно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поставить","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies некого","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"некого","lemma":"некого","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поставить","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"поставить","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the phrase","gloss":"to put"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b12-c12-s54","source":"Мы слышали, как обвинение перечло по пальцам всех бывших и всех перебывавших в ту ночь в этом доме.","translation":"We have heard the prosecution count off on its fingers everyone who was, and everyone who came and went, in that house on that night.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"перечло по пальцам","title":"Idiom «перечесть по пальцам»","body":"«перечесть по пальцам» ('to count off on one's fingers') means to enumerate, item by item — implying the list is short enough to tally on the hand. «перечло» is the neuter perfective past agreeing with «обвинение»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всех бывших и всех перебывавших","title":"Substantivized participles «бывших / перебывавших»","body":"Two past active participles used as nouns: «бывших» ('those who were [present]') and «перебывавших» ('those who came and went, passed through' — the prefix «пере-» adds 'all in succession'). Both stand in the animate genitive/accusative as the objects counted."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слышали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have heard"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перечло","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of перечло","gloss":"the prosecution"},{"surface":"перечло","lemma":"перечесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by как","gloss":"counted off"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальцам","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пальцам","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of перечло","gloss":"its fingers"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of бывших","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"бывших","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of перечло","gloss":"who were there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of перебывавших","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"перебывавших","lemma":"перебывать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"coordinated with бывших, direct object of перечло","gloss":"who came and went"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перебывавших","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of доме","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перебывавших","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b12-c12-s55","source":"Нашлось пять человек.","translation":"Five people were found.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нашлось пять человек","title":"Numeral subject + genitive plural + neuter verb","body":"«пять человек» triggers the genitive plural «человек» (a zero-ending genitive plural, irregular for 'people' after numerals), and the quantified subject takes a neuter singular verb «нашлось» (reflexive 'were found, turned out'). Numerals above four govern this pattern."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нашлось","lemma":"найтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were found"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on человек","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Нашлось","gloss":"people"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b12-c12-s56","source":"Трое из них, я согласен, вполне невменяемы: это сам убитый, старик Григорий и жена его.","translation":"Three of them, I grant, are entirely beyond suspicion: the murdered man himself, old Grigory, and his wife.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Трое из них… вполне невменяемы","title":"Collective numeral «трое» + short adjective","body":"«трое» is the collective numeral for a small group of persons (used instead of «три» here), governing «из них» (genitive). «невменяемы» is the short predicative form — literally 'not accountable,' here 'beyond suspicion.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"невменяемы","title":"«невменяемый» — not to be charged","body":"A legal term: «вменять» is 'to impute, charge'; «невменяемый» means someone to whom a deed cannot be imputed — usually the insane, but here stretched to 'beyond suspicion.' The lawyer uses the courtroom word ironically of the victim and the wounded servants."}],"words":[{"surface":"Трое","lemma":"трое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of невменяемы","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"них","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies Трое","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of согласен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"согласен","lemma":"согласный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to невменяемы","gloss":"grant"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невменяемы","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"невменяемы","lemma":"невменяемый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate of Трое","gloss":"beyond suspicion"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of убитый","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убитый","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"убитый","lemma":"убитый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"the murdered man"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with убитый","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старик","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жена","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with убитый","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жена","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b12-c12-s57","source":"Остаются, стало быть, подсудимый и Смердяков, и вот обвинитель с пафосом восклицает, что подсудимый потому указывает на Смердякова, что не на кого больше ему указать, что будь тут кто-нибудь шестой, даже призрак какого-либо шестого, то подсудимый сам бы тотчас бросил обвинять Смердякова, устыдившись сего, а показал бы на этого шестого.","translation":"There remain, then, the accused and Smerdyakov, and here the prosecutor exclaims with pathos that the accused points to Smerdyakov only because there is no one else for him to point to — that were there some sixth person here, even the phantom of some sixth person, the accused would himself at once stop accusing Smerdyakov, ashamed to do so, and would point instead to this sixth man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Остаются… подсудимый и Смердяков","title":"Imperfective «остаются» as a logical residue","body":"«остаются» (imperfective present, reflexive «-ся», 'there remain') states the standing result of the elimination — a present tense of logical fact. «стало быть» ('thus') frames it as the conclusion of the count."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будь тут кто-нибудь шестой… то подсудимый сам бы тотчас бросил","title":"Inverted conditional «будь» + irrealis main clause","body":"«будь тут кто-нибудь шестой» ('were there some sixth person here') is the bare imperative-form conditional of «быть», equivalent to «если бы был». The apodosis «бросил бы… показал бы» carries «бы», completing a counterfactual the prosecutor allegedly imagines."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"устыдившись сего","title":"Perfective gerund «устыдившись» + archaic «сего»","body":"«устыдившись сего» ('ashamed of this, having grown ashamed') is a perfective past gerund from reflexive «устыдиться», governing the genitive «сего» — the archaic, bookish demonstrative «сей» ('this'). The whole turn is markedly literary-elevated."}],"words":[{"surface":"Остаются","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there remain"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical idiom with быть","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Остаются","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подсудимый","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обвинитель","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"обвинитель","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицает","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пафосом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пафосом","lemma":"пафос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies восклицает","gloss":"pathos"},{"surface":"восклицает","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Остаются","gloss":"exclaims"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of указывает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of указывает","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указывает","gloss":"only because"},{"surface":"указывает","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of восклицает","gloss":"points"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывает","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of указать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of указать","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указать","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of указать","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"указать","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by что (w19)","gloss":"to point"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause of бросил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional main verb (were there)","gloss":"were there"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of будь","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase кто","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"шестой","lemma":"шестой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кто, predicate complement","gloss":"a sixth"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies призрак","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"призрак","lemma":"призрак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with кто, alternative subject of будь","gloss":"the phantom"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of шестого","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"либо","lemma":"либо","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of шестого","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"шестого","lemma":"шестой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies призрак","gloss":"sixth person"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бросил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросил","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подсудимый","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of бросил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis (то-clause)","gloss":"stop"},{"surface":"обвинять","lemma":"обвинять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бросил","gloss":"accusing"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обвинять","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"устыдившись","lemma":"устыдиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросил","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сие","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of устыдившись","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросил","gloss":"would point"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of показал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of шестого","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"шестого","lemma":"шестой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of показал","gloss":"sixth man"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b12-c12-s58","source":"Но, господа присяжные, почему бы я не мог заключить совершенно обратно?","translation":"But, gentlemen of the jury, why could I not conclude exactly the opposite?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему бы я не мог заключить совершенно обратно?","title":"Polite-rhetorical «почему бы… не мог»","body":"«почему бы я не мог…?» ('why could I not…?') softens the challenge with the irrealis «бы» on «не мог», a deliberative-hypothetical. «заключить обратно» = 'conclude the opposite' — the lawyer turns the prosecution's own inference inside out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to господа","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"заключить","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"conclude"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратно","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"обратно","lemma":"обратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключить","gloss":"the opposite"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b12-c12-s59","source":"Стоят двое: подсудимый и Смердяков — почему же мне не сказать, что вы обвиняете моего клиента единственно потому, что вам некого обвинять?","translation":"Two men stand here: the accused and Smerdyakov — why may I not say that you accuse my client solely because you have no one else to accuse?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему же мне не сказать","title":"Dative «мне» + infinitive deliberative","body":"«почему же мне не сказать…?» ('why should I not say…?') is the dative-subject deliberative: the agent «мне» stands in the dative, the act is a bare infinitive «сказать», and «же» sharpens the challenge. This is the canonical Russian 'why should I not…?' frame."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"моего клиента","title":"«клиент» — the lawyer's client","body":"«клиент» here is the defense counsel's client, the accused Mitya. The term, with «моего» ('my'), underscores the adversarial, advocate's posture of the new post-reform bar — Fetyukovich speaking explicitly as a hired defender."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стоят","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"двое","lemma":"двое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of Стоят","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to двое","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подсудимый","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of сказать","gloss":"may I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the question (with мне as dative subject)","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обвиняете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обвиняете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обвиняете","lemma":"обвинять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сказать","gloss":"accuse"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of клиента","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"клиента","lemma":"клиент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обвиняете","gloss":"client"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обвиняете","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обвинять","gloss":"(that)"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of обвинять (have no one)","gloss":"you have"},{"surface":"некого","lemma":"некого","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обвинять","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"обвинять","lemma":"обвинять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (with вам as dative subject)","gloss":"to accuse"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b12-c12-s60","source":"А некого лишь потому, что вы совершенно предвзято заранее исключили Смердякова из всякого подозрения.","translation":"And you have no one else only because you have, with complete prejudice, excluded Smerdyakov in advance from any suspicion whatever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы совершенно предвзято заранее исключили Смердякова","title":"Perfective «исключили» of a settled act","body":"«исключили» (perfective past, 'have excluded') presents the exclusion as a single completed, decisive act — done «заранее» ('in advance') and «предвзято» ('with prejudice'). The accusation lands precisely because the deed is framed as finished and irreversible."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из всякого подозрения","title":"«из» + genitive «всякого подозрения»","body":"«исключили из… подозрения» ('excluded from suspicion') — «из» governs the genitive, here «всякого подозрения» ('any suspicion whatever'), with «всякий» stressing the totality. The genitive after «из» is fixed by the preposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"некого","lemma":"некого","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies некого","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of исключили","gloss":"(that)"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of исключили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предвзято","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"предвзято","lemma":"предвзято","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исключили","gloss":"with prejudice"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исключили","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"исключили","lemma":"исключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"excluded"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of исключили","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подозрения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of подозрения","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"подозрения","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of исключили","gloss":"suspicion"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b12-c12-s61","source":"Да, правда, на Смердякова показывают лишь сам подсудимый, два брата его, Светлова, и только.","translation":"Yes, it is true, the only ones who point to Smerdyakov are the accused himself, his two brothers, and Svetlova — and that is all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"показывают лишь","title":"«показывать на» — to point the finger","body":"Here the imperfective «показывают» is not 'to show' but the legal idiom «показывать на кого-нибудь», 'to give evidence against / point to' someone. The present-tense imperfective frames it as the standing state of the testimony so far."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и только","title":"«и только» — 'and that is all'","body":"The clipped «и только» closes the list with a dismissive finality, 'and that's the lot of them.' It is a colloquial summing-up particle phrase, set off here to deflate the weight of the witnesses just named."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to показывают","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to показывают","gloss":"it's true"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показывают","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"показывают","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подсудимый","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of показывают","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on брата","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подсудимый","gloss":"brothers"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брата","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Светлова","lemma":"светлова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with подсудимый","gloss":"Svetlova"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, completes и только idiom","gloss":"that's all"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b12-c12-s62","source":"Но ведь есть же и еще кое-кто из показывающих: это некоторое, хотя и неясное брожение в обществе какого-то вопроса, какого-то подозрения, слышен какой-то неясный слух, чувствуется, что существует какое-то ожидание.","translation":"But there are, after all, still others who point to him: a certain ferment, however vague, of some question, some suspicion, in society — a certain indistinct rumor is heard, one senses that there exists a kind of expectancy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но ведь есть же","title":"«ведь» and «же» stacked for appeal","body":"Two modal particles pile up: «ведь» appeals to what the jury already half-knows ('but after all there are…'), and «же» insists on it. Together they give the orator's coaxing, buttonholing tone — pure spoken texture that English can only carry with stress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какого-то вопроса, какого-то подозрения, какой-то неясный слух, какое-то ожидание","title":"«-то» indefinites: a 'certain something'","body":"The drumbeat of «какой-то» ('some sort of') uses the «-то» particle to mark a referent that is real but unidentified — a vague question, suspicion, rumor, expectancy. The repetition builds the atmosphere of an undefined unease the lawyer wants the jury to feel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слышен какой-то неясный слух, чувствуется","title":"Impersonal «слышен» and «чувствуется»","body":"«слышен» is a short-form predicate adjective ('is heard'), and «чувствуется» an impersonal reflexive ('it is sensed'). Both drop any agent: the rumor and the foreboding seem to arise of themselves, with no one responsible — a deliberately ownerless atmosphere."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"брожение","title":"«брожение» — ferment","body":"«брожение» literally names the fermenting of wine or dough, used figuratively for a restless stirring in society. The metaphor casts public suspicion as something bubbling up of its own chemistry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase кто","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"-one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking показывающих","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"показывающих","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"those pointing to him"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of брожение","gloss":"this is"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of брожение","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive phrase modifying брожение","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неясное","gloss":"(indeed)"},{"surface":"неясное","lemma":"неясный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies брожение","gloss":"vague"},{"surface":"брожение","lemma":"брожение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"ferment"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"обществе","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies брожение","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопроса","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какого-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"вопроса","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брожение","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of подозрения","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какого-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"подозрения","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with вопроса","gloss":"suspicion"},{"surface":"слышен","lemma":"слышный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the clause (a rumor is heard)","gloss":"is heard"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of слух","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какой-то","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"неясный","lemma":"неясный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слух","gloss":"indistinct"},{"surface":"слух","lemma":"слух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слышен","gloss":"rumor"},{"surface":"чувствуется","lemma":"чувствоваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"one senses"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of существует","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"существует","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of чувствуется","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ожидание","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какое-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"ожидание","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of существует","gloss":"expectancy"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b12-c12-s63","source":"Наконец, свидетельствует и некоторое сопоставление фактов, весьма характерное, хотя, признаюсь, и неопределенное: во-первых, этот припадок падучей болезни именно в день катастрофы, припадок, который так старательно принужден был почему-то защищать и отстаивать обвинитель.","translation":"Finally, there testifies a certain juxtaposition of facts, highly characteristic, though, I admit, indefinite: in the first place, this fit of the falling sickness precisely on the day of the catastrophe — a fit which the prosecutor was for some reason so painstakingly compelled to defend and uphold.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"признаюсь","title":"«признаюсь» — parenthetical 'I admit'","body":"The reflexive verb «признаться» ('to confess, admit') drops into the sentence as a parenthetical aside, 'I confess.' Such first-person interjections are a hallmark of the orator's intimate, confiding manner throughout the speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"принужден был защищать и отстаивать","title":"Short passive participle «принужден был»","body":"«принужден» is the short-form past passive participle of «принудить» ('to compel'), joined to «был» to form a past passive: 'was compelled.' The agent, the prosecutor, surfaces in the nominative as the real subject — a bookish, somewhat ironic construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сопоставление фактов","title":"«сопоставление» — juxtaposition","body":"«сопоставление» is the bookish noun 'a setting side by side, comparison,' built on «ставить» ('to place'). It belongs to the lawyer's measured, analytic vocabulary as he lines up his circumstantial evidence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свидетельствует","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"свидетельствует","lemma":"свидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there testifies"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies некоторое","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сопоставление","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"сопоставление","lemma":"сопоставление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of свидетельствует","gloss":"juxtaposition"},{"surface":"фактов","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies сопоставление","gloss":"of facts"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies характерное","gloss":"highly"},{"surface":"характерное","lemma":"характерный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сопоставление","gloss":"characteristic"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of признаюсь","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"признаюсь","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I admit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неопределенное","lemma":"неопределённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with характерное, modifies сопоставление","gloss":"indefinite"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the list item (idiom во-первых)","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase во-первых","gloss":"first place"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of припадок","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"припадок","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сопоставление (first item of the list)","gloss":"fit"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болезни","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies припадок","gloss":"sickness"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies день","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies припадок","gloss":"the day"},{"surface":"катастрофы","lemma":"катастрофа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"of the catastrophe"},{"surface":"припадок","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"resumptive apposition to припадок (w16), antecedent of который","gloss":"a fit"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of защищать","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старательно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"старательно","lemma":"старательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принужден","gloss":"painstakingly"},{"surface":"принужден","lemma":"принудить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the relative clause (agrees with обвинитель)","gloss":"was compelled"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to принужден","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принужден","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase почему-то","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"защищать","lemma":"защищать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принужден","gloss":"to defend"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отстаивать","lemma":"отстаивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with защищать","gloss":"uphold"},{"surface":"обвинитель","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принужден","gloss":"the prosecutor"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b12-c12-s64","source":"Затем это внезапное самоубийство Смердякова накануне суда.","translation":"Then there is this sudden suicide of Smerdyakov on the eve of the trial.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Затем это внезапное самоубийство","title":"Verbless naming sentence","body":"There is no verb: «Затем это внезапное самоубийство…» is a bare nominative phrase, 'Then [there is] this sudden suicide.' Russian freely drops the present-tense 'to be,' so the noun stands alone as its own statement, ticking off the next item in the list."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"накануне","title":"«накануне» — on the eve of","body":"«накануне» (+ genitive) means 'on the eve of, the day before,' literally tied to «канун», the eve of a feast. The word quietly underlines the ominous timing — the suicide falling exactly the day before the trial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies самоубийство","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of самоубийство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"внезапное","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies самоубийство","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"самоубийство","lemma":"самоубийство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"suicide"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies самоубийство","gloss":"of Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"накануне","lemma":"накануне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суда","gloss":"on the eve of"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies самоубийство","gloss":"the trial"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b12-c12-s65","source":"Затем не менее внезапное показание старшего брата подсудимого, сегодня на суде, до сих пор верившего в виновность брата и вдруг приносящего деньги и тоже провозгласившего опять-таки имя Смердякова как убийцы!","translation":"Then there is the no less sudden testimony of the accused's elder brother, today in court — who until now had believed in his brother's guilt and who suddenly brings money and likewise proclaims, yet again, the name of Smerdyakov as the murderer!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"верившего ... приносящего ... провозгласившего","title":"A chain of active participles","body":"Three active participles modify «брата»: past «верившего» ('who had believed'), present «приносящего» ('bringing'), and past «провозгласившего» ('who proclaimed'). Compressing three который-clauses into adjectives, this stacked participial chain is the dense bookish syntax typical of 19th-century oratory."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"опять-таки","title":"«опять-таки» — 'yet again'","body":"«опять-таки» couples «опять» ('again') with the emphatic «-таки» ('after all, nonetheless'), so it means 'once again, for all that.' It marks the recurrence of Smerdyakov's name as something that keeps stubbornly returning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"имя Смердякова как убийцы","title":"«как» + genitive in apposition","body":"«как убийцы» ('as [the] murderer') stands in the genitive to agree with «Смердякова», the genitive of «имя Смердякова». The animate noun «убийца» takes a genitive that doubles as accusative, a reminder of how animacy shapes the case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies менее","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies внезапное","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"внезапное","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Затем","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"старшего","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брата","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брата","gloss":"of the accused"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies суде","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор, modifies верившего","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"верившего","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies брата","gloss":"who had believed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виновность","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виновность","lemma":"виновность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верившего","gloss":"guilt"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виновность","gloss":"of his brother"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приносящего","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"приносящего","lemma":"приносить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies брата, coordinated with верившего","gloss":"who brings"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of приносящего","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies провозгласившего","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"провозгласившего","lemma":"провозгласить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies брата, coordinated with приносящего","gloss":"proclaims"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies провозгласившего","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of провозгласившего","gloss":"the name"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies имя","gloss":"of Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking убийцы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"убийцы","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicative complement of Смердякова (via как)","gloss":"the murderer"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b12-c12-s66","source":"О, я вполне убежден вместе с судом и с прокуратурой, что Иван Карамазов — больной и в горячке, что показание его действительно могло быть отчаянною попыткой, замышленною притом же в бреду, спасти брата, свалив на умершего.","translation":"Oh, I am entirely convinced, together with the court and the prosecution, that Ivan Karamazov is sick and in a fever — that his testimony might indeed have been a desperate attempt, conceived moreover in delirium, to save his brother by laying the blame on the dead man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"больной и в горячке","title":"Short adjective «больной»? — no, the noun stands predicate","body":"Here «больной» works as the predicate 'sick' for Ivan, paired with the prepositional «в горячке» ('in a fever'). Russian needs no copula in the present, so 'Ivan Karamazov [is] sick and in a fever' runs verbless, the two states simply juxtaposed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"могло быть ... попыткой ... спасти брата","title":"Predicate instrumental «попыткой»","body":"After «могло быть» ('could have been') the predicate noun «попытка» goes into the instrumental, «попыткой» ('an attempt'). This is the regular rule: complements of «быть» in the past and infinitive take the instrumental, framing the role rather than identifying."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"замышленною ... в бреду","title":"Instrumental-feminine «замышленною»","body":"«замышленною» is the past passive participle 'conceived, plotted,' in the old long instrumental feminine ending «-ою» (modern «-ой»), agreeing with «попыткой». Dostoevsky's «-ою»/«-ою» endings are a period flavor — bookish and slightly archaic to a modern ear."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"свалив на умершего","title":"«свалить на» — to pin the blame","body":"The perfective gerund «свалив» (from «свалить», literally 'to topple, dump') here means 'having dumped [the blame] onto.' «свалить на кого-нибудь» is the colloquial idiom for shifting guilt onto another — onto «умершего», 'the dead man,' Smerdyakov."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection opening the sentence","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убежден","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убежден","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"убежден","lemma":"убеждённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убежден","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"судом","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"the court"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прокуратурой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"прокуратурой","lemma":"прокуратура","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with судом","gloss":"the prosecution"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of больной","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of больной","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Иван Карамазов","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горячке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"горячке","lemma":"горячка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with больной","gloss":"a fever"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of убежден","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"отчаянною","lemma":"отчаянный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies попыткой","gloss":"desperate"},{"surface":"попыткой","lemma":"попытка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"an attempt"},{"surface":"замышленною","lemma":"замышленный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, instrumental, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies попыткой","gloss":"conceived","note":"Past passive participle in instrumental agreeing with попыткой, not a noun."},{"surface":"притом","lemma":"притом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замышленною","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies притом","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бреду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бреду","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of замышленною","gloss":"delirium"},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of попыткой","gloss":"to save"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"свалив","lemma":"свалить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on спасти","gloss":"by laying the blame"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умершего","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"умершего","lemma":"умерший","morphology":"noun (substantivized participle), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свалив","gloss":"the dead man"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b12-c12-s67","source":"Но, однако же, все-таки произнесено имя Смердякова, опять-таки как будто слышится что-то загадочное.","translation":"But, even so, the name of Smerdyakov has nonetheless been spoken — and again it is as though something enigmatic can be heard.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"произнесено имя","title":"Short passive «произнесено»","body":"«произнесено» is the short-form neuter past passive participle, 'has been uttered,' agreeing with «имя» (neuter). With the auxiliary 'to be' suppressed in the present, the bare participle states a result: the name stands spoken."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто слышится что-то","title":"Impersonal reflexive «слышится»","body":"«слышится» is the reflexive 'is heard / makes itself heard,' with «что-то загадочное» ('something enigmatic') as its grammatical subject. The «-ся» middle voice makes the enigma seem to sound of its own accord, agentless."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнесено","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle (part 1 of все-таки)","role":"modifies произнесено","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle (part 2 of все-таки)","role":"modifies произнесено","gloss":"even so"},{"surface":"произнесено","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has been spoken"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive произнесено","gloss":"the name"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies имя","gloss":"of Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышится","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"particle (part 2 of опять-таки)","role":"modifies слышится","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"слышится","lemma":"слышаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with произнесено","gloss":"can be heard"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun (part 1 of что-то), nominative","role":"subject of слышится","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun (part 2 of что-то), nominative","role":"subject of слышится","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"загадочное","lemma":"загадочный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"enigmatic"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b12-c12-s68","source":"Что-то как будто тут не договорено, господа присяжные, и не покончено.","translation":"Something, it seems, has been left unsaid here, gentlemen of the jury, and unfinished.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не договорено ... и не покончено","title":"Short passive participles under negation","body":"«договорено» and «покончено» are short neuter past passive participles, 'said out [fully]' and 'finished,' both negated: 'has not been said out and not been finished.' The impersonal passive leaves it open who has left things unsaid."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun (part 1 of что-то), nominative","role":"subject of passive договорено","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun (part 2 of что-то), nominative","role":"subject of passive договорено","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies договорено","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies договорено","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"договорено","lemma":"договорить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left unsaid"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, in apposition to присяжные","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to господа, vocative address","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покончено","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"покончено","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with договорено","gloss":"finished"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b12-c12-s69","source":"И может быть, еще договорится.","translation":"And perhaps it will yet be said.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще договорится","title":"Perfective future «договорится»","body":"«договорится» is a perfective verb in present-form endings, which yields a single completed future: 'it will [yet] get said out in full.' The reflexive «-ся» here is impersonal-passive ('it will be said'), picking up «не договорено» from the previous line."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb (part 1 of parenthetical может быть), present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical: perhaps","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb (part 2 of parenthetical может быть), active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies договорится","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"договорится","lemma":"договориться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be said"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b12-c12-s70","source":"Но об этом пока оставим, это еще впереди.","translation":"But let us set this aside for now; it still lies ahead.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставим","title":"First-person plural as exhortation","body":"«оставим» is the perfective first-person plural 'we shall leave / let us leave [aside].' Russian can use the bare future first-person plural as a hortative 'let us…' without «давайте», a slightly formal, oratorical 'let us set this aside.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставим","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставим","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"оставим","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let us set aside"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of впереди","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies впереди","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"впереди","lemma":"впереди","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate: lies ahead","gloss":"lies ahead"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b12-c12-s71","source":"Суд решил давеча продолжать заседание, но теперь пока, в ожидании, я бы мог кое-что, однако, заметить, например, по поводу характеристики покойного Смердякова, столь тонко и столь талантливо очерченной обвинителем.","translation":"The court resolved a little while ago to continue the session, but now, in the meantime, while we wait, I might nonetheless remark upon a few things — for example, on the characterization of the late Smerdyakov, drawn for us by the prosecutor so subtly and so talentedly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я бы мог кое-что ... заметить","title":"Conditional «бы мог» — polite softening","body":"Past «мог» plus the particle «бы» makes the conditional, 'I might / I could,' softening the assertion into a courteous 'I might venture to remark.' The «бы» leans on the first stressed words rather than the verb — a hallmark of polished oratory."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь тонко и столь талантливо очерченной","title":"Past passive participle in instrumental, «очерченной»","body":"«очерченной» ('sketched, drawn') is the past passive participle agreeing with «характеристики» in the genitive-feminine. The adverbs «столь… столь…» ('so… so…') are the bookish, archaic equivalents of «так… так…», period-elevated diction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — 'a little while ago'","body":"«давеча» is a colloquial, now archaic adverb meaning 'a little while back, earlier today.' It recurs through the speech, locating the prosecutor's remarks in the immediate past of the same court session."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"покойного","title":"«покойный» — the late","body":"«покойный Смердяков» is 'the late Smerdyakov,' the standard respectful term for the deceased, from «покой» ('rest, repose'). It quietly registers that Smerdyakov is now dead and beyond the court's reach."}],"words":[{"surface":"Суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"the court"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решил","gloss":"a while ago"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of решил","gloss":"to continue"},{"surface":"заседание","lemma":"заседание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of продолжать","gloss":"the session"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"for the time being"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ожидании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ожидании","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of в, modifies мог","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"forms conditional mood with мог","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with решил, contrastive clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"pronoun (part 1 of кое-что), indefinite prefix","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun кое-что, direct object of заметить","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"pronoun (part 2 of кое-что), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметить","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметить","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"заметить","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"remark"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies поводу","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поводу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"поводу","lemma":"повод","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по поводу","gloss":"the matter of"},{"surface":"характеристики","lemma":"характеристика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of поводу","gloss":"the characterization"},{"surface":"покойного","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Смердякова","gloss":"the late"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характеристики","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тонко","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"тонко","lemma":"тонко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очерченной","gloss":"subtly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies талантливо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"талантливо","lemma":"талантливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очерченной","gloss":"talentedly"},{"surface":"очерченной","lemma":"очертить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies характеристики","gloss":"drawn"},{"surface":"обвинителем","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of очерченной","gloss":"by the prosecutor"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b12-c12-s72","source":"Но, удивляясь таланту, не могу, однако же, вполне согласиться с сущностью характеристики.","translation":"But, while admiring the talent, I cannot, however, fully agree with the substance of that characterization.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"удивляясь таланту","title":"Gerund «удивляясь» + dative object","body":"«удивляясь» is the imperfective present gerund 'while marveling,' an adverbial sharing the main subject ('I'). The verb «удивляться» governs the dative, hence «таланту» ('at the talent') — a verb whose object stands not in the accusative but the dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"удивляясь","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on могу","gloss":"admiring"},{"surface":"таланту","lemma":"талант","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of удивляясь","gloss":"the talent"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies согласиться","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies согласиться","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"согласиться","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"agree"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сущностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сущностью","lemma":"сущность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of согласиться","gloss":"the substance"},{"surface":"характеристики","lemma":"характеристика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сущностью","gloss":"of the characterization"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b12-c12-s73","source":"Я был у Смердякова, я видел его и говорил с ним, он произвел на меня впечатление совсем иное.","translation":"I called on Smerdyakov, I saw him and spoke with him, and he made on me an altogether different impression.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я видел его и говорил с ним","title":"Aspect contrast across the verbs","body":"«был», «видел», «говорил» run imperfective — a series of states and durative encounters ('I was at his place, I saw him, I spoke with him') — against the single perfective «произвёл» ('made [an impression]'), which delivers the one resulting event. The imperfectives set the scene; the perfective lands the point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"впечатление совсем иное","title":"«иное» — bookish 'other'","body":"«иной» ('other, different') is the more literary, weightier synonym of «другой»; «впечатление совсем иное» means 'an altogether different impression.' Postposing the adjective after its noun gives an emphatic, oratorical rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb: был у = called on","gloss":"called on"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был (у + genitive)","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произвел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"произвел","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of new clause, coordinated with был","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of произвел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвел","gloss":"an impression"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иное","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"иное","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"different"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b12-c12-s74","source":"Здоровьем он был слаб, это правда, но характером, но сердцем — о нет, это вовсе не столь слабый был человек, как заключило о нем обвинение.","translation":"In health he was weak, that is true, but in character, in heart — oh no, this was by no means so weak a man as the prosecution concluded him to be.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Здоровьем он был слаб ... характером, но сердцем","title":"Instrumental of respect — 'weak in...'","body":"«здоровьем», «характером», «сердцем» are instrumentals of respect: 'in health,' 'in character,' 'in heart' — the instrumental naming the dimension in which someone is weak or strong. Fronting them gives the antithesis its rhetorical balance: weak in body, by no means weak in spirit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не столь слабый был человек, как заключило о нем обвинение","title":"«не столь… как» comparative with inverted order","body":"«не столь слабый… как» ('not so weak a man as') is the bookish comparative frame, with «столь» for «так». The clause inverts subject and verb — «заключило… обвинение» — letting the new information, the prosecution's verdict, fall at the stressed end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здоровьем","lemma":"здоровье","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of слаб","gloss":"in health"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слаб","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to слаб","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"слаб","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of правда","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate: is true","gloss":"is true"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"характером","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with слаб (ellipsis: слаб characterом)","gloss":"in character"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with слаб (ellipsis)","gloss":"in heart"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection (part of о нет)","role":"interjection: oh","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"negative particle","role":"coordinated with о, interjection: no","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of слабый","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слабый","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"слабый","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective modifying человек","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to слабый","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слабый","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заключило","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"заключило","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the comparative clause introduced by как","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of заключило","gloss":"the prosecution"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b12-c12-s75","source":"Особенно не нашел я в нем робости, той робости, которую так характерно описывал нам обвинитель.","translation":"In particular, I found in him none of that timidity, that timidity which the prosecutor so vividly described to us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не нашел я в нем робости, той робости","title":"Genitive of negation: «робости»","body":"Under the negated «не нашёл» ('I did not find'), the object «робость» shifts to the genitive «робости» — the genitive of negation. The repetition «той робости, которую…» ('that timidity which…') then resumes it with a demonstrative and a relative clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которую так характерно описывал нам обвинитель","title":"Relative «которую» in the accusative","body":"«которую» agrees with «робость» in gender and number (feminine singular) but takes the accusative for its own role as object of «описывал» within the relative clause. This split — antecedent's gender, clause's case — is the heart of how «который» works."}],"words":[{"surface":"Особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нашел","gloss":"in particular"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нашел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нашел","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of нашел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нашел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"робости","lemma":"робость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of нашел (genitive of negation)","gloss":"timidity"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of робости","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"робости","lemma":"робость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to робости, resumed by которую","gloss":"timidity"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of описывал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies характерно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"характерно","lemma":"характерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies описывал","gloss":"vividly"},{"surface":"описывал","lemma":"описывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on робости","gloss":"described"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of описывал","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"обвинитель","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of описывал","gloss":"the prosecutor"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b12-c12-s76","source":"Простодушия же в нем не было вовсе, напротив, я нашел страшную недоверчивость, прячущуюся под наивностью, и ум, способный весьма многое созерцать.","translation":"Simplicity of heart there was none in him at all — on the contrary, I found a fearful mistrustfulness, hiding itself beneath an air of naïveté, and a mind capable of contemplating a great deal indeed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Простодушия же в нем не было вовсе","title":"Genitive subject of «не было»","body":"With negated existential «не было» the subject goes obligatorily into the genitive: «простодушия… не было» — 'of simple-heartedness there was none.' Fronting the genitive noun and adding «же» ('as for…, indeed') gives a strong contrastive emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прячущуюся под наивностью","title":"Present active participle «прячущуюся»","body":"«прячущуюся» is the present active participle of reflexive «прятаться» ('to hide oneself'), accusative-feminine, agreeing with «недоверчивость»: 'a mistrustfulness hiding itself.' It keeps both the «-ся» middle voice and the participial «-щ-» suffix — densely bookish."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"простодушие","title":"«простодушие» — simplicity of heart","body":"«простодушие», 'simple-heartedness, guilelessness' (from «простой» + «душа», 'simple-souled'), is the naïve openness the prosecutor ascribed to Smerdyakov. The lawyer flatly denies it — «не было вовсе» — to recast him as cunning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Простодушия","lemma":"простодушие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"simplicity of heart"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Простодушия","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb: there was (negated existential)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies нашел","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of нашел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"нашел","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"страшную","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies недоверчивость","gloss":"a fearful"},{"surface":"недоверчивость","lemma":"недоверчивость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of нашел","gloss":"mistrustfulness"},{"surface":"прячущуюся","lemma":"прятаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying недоверчивость","gloss":"hiding itself"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наивностью","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"наивностью","lemma":"наивность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прячущуюся","gloss":"naivety"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with недоверчивость, second direct object of нашел","gloss":"a mind"},{"surface":"способный","lemma":"способный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying ум","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многое","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of созерцать","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"созерцать","lemma":"созерцать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of способный","gloss":"to contemplate"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b12-c12-s77","source":"О! обвинение слишком простодушно почло его слабоумным.","translation":"Oh! the prosecution was far too simple-minded in deeming him feeble of mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почло его слабоумным","title":"Archaic «почло» + double object in instrumental","body":"«почло» is an archaic perfective of «почесть» ('to deem, account'), with «обвинение» as neuter subject. The construction «почесть кого-нибудь кем-нибудь» takes a predicate instrumental — «его слабоумным», 'deemed him feeble-minded' — the instrumental marking the assigned quality."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слабоумным","title":"«слабоумный» — feeble-minded","body":"«слабоумный» compounds «слабый» ('weak') and «ум» ('mind'): 'weak of mind, feeble-minded.' The lawyer throws the prosecution's own diagnosis back as a mistake — Smerdyakov, he argues, was anything but simple."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of почло","gloss":"the prosecution"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простодушно","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"простодушно","lemma":"простодушно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почло","gloss":"naively"},{"surface":"почло","lemma":"почесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"deemed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of почло","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"слабоумным","lemma":"слабоумный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of почло","gloss":"feeble-minded"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b12-c12-s78","source":"На меня он произвел впечатление совершенно определенное: я ушел с убеждением, что существо это решительно злобное, непомерно честолюбивое, мстительное и знойно завистливое.","translation":"On me he made an entirely definite impression: I came away convinced that this was a creature decidedly malicious, immeasurably ambitious, vindictive, and burning with envy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"существо это решительно злобное, непомерно честолюбивое, мстительное и знойно завистливое","title":"Predicate adjectives with no copula","body":"After «я ушёл с убеждением, что…» ('I came away convinced that…'), the clause «существо это… злобное… завистливое» runs verbless: 'this creature [is] malicious… envious.' A chain of long-form adjectives stands predicate to «существо» with the present 'to be' simply absent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"знойно завистливое","title":"«знойно завистливое» — burning with envy","body":"«знойный» means 'sultry, scorching' (of heat); used adverbially «знойно завистливое» gives 'searingly, torridly envious.' The unexpected heat-metaphor is vivid, expressive diction — envy as a physical, scorching passion."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of произвел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произвел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"произвел","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвел","gloss":"an impression"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies определенное","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"определенное","lemma":"определённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"definite"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ушел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with произвел","gloss":"came away"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убеждением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"убеждением","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ушел","gloss":"the conviction"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of злобное","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of злобное","gloss":"the creature"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies злобное","gloss":"decidedly"},{"surface":"злобное","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of существо это","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"непомерно","lemma":"непомерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies честолюбивое","gloss":"immeasurably"},{"surface":"честолюбивое","lemma":"честолюбивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with злобное","gloss":"ambitious"},{"surface":"мстительное","lemma":"мстительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with злобное","gloss":"vindictive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знойно","lemma":"знойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завистливое","gloss":"burningly"},{"surface":"завистливое","lemma":"завистливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with злобное","gloss":"envious"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b12-c12-s79","source":"Я собрал кой-какие сведения: он ненавидел происхождение свое, стыдился его и со скрежетом зубов припоминал, что „от Смердящей произошел“.","translation":"I gathered a few pieces of information: he hated his own origin, was ashamed of it, and with gnashing teeth would recall that he 'came from Stinking Lizaveta.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ненавидел ... стыдился ... припоминал","title":"Imperfective past for settled disposition","body":"Three imperfective pasts — «ненавидел» ('hated'), «стыдился» ('was ashamed'), «припоминал» ('would recall') — paint not single events but a lasting habit of mind. «припоминал» especially reads as iterative: 'would keep recalling.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стыдился его","title":"«стыдиться» + genitive","body":"The reflexive «стыдиться» ('to be ashamed of') governs the genitive, hence «его» ('of it') — his origin. A small but recurring pattern: many «-ся» verbs of feeling take genitive objects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of собрал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"собрал","lemma":"собрать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gathered"},{"surface":"кой","lemma":"кой-какие","morphology":"determiner (part 1 of кой-какие), indefinite prefix","role":"part of the indefinite determiner кой-какие, modifies сведения","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"кой-какие","morphology":"determiner (part 2 of кой-какие), accusative, plural","role":"determiner of сведения","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"сведения","lemma":"сведение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of собрал","gloss":"pieces of information"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ненавидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ненавидел","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"new clause after colon, coordinated with собрал","gloss":"hated"},{"surface":"происхождение","lemma":"происхождение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ненавидел","gloss":"his origin"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies происхождение","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"стыдился","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ненавидел","gloss":"was ashamed of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of стыдился","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скрежетом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"скрежетом","lemma":"скрежет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of припоминал","gloss":"the gnashing"},{"surface":"зубов","lemma":"зуб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies скрежетом","gloss":"of teeth"},{"surface":"припоминал","lemma":"припоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ненавидел","gloss":"would recall"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of произошел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердящей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Смердящей","lemma":"смердящая","morphology":"proper noun (nickname), genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошел","gloss":"Stinking Lizaveta","note":"Смердящая (\"the Stinking one\") is Lizaveta Smerdyashchaya's nickname, punning on Smerdyakov's name."},{"surface":"произошел","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of припоминал","gloss":"he came"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b12-c12-s80","source":"К слуге Григорию и к жене его, бывшим благодетелями его детства, он был непочтителен.","translation":"Toward the servant Grigory and his wife, who had been the benefactors of his childhood, he was disrespectful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бывшим благодетелями его детства","title":"Past participle «бывшим» + predicate instrumental","body":"«бывшим» is the past active participle of «быть» ('having been'), dative-plural agreeing with «слуге Григорию и… жене». Its complement «благодетелями» stands in the instrumental — the predicate-of-быть rule — 'who had been the benefactors of his childhood.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"К слуге Григорию и к жене его ... он был непочтителен","title":"Dative governed by «к», fronted","body":"The preposition «к» takes the dative — «к слуге Григорию… к жене» ('toward the servant Grigory… toward his wife') — and the whole phrase is fronted before the subject for emphasis. The short adjective «непочтителен» ('disrespectful') predicates a settled trait."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благодетелями","title":"«благодетель» — benefactor","body":"«благодетель» (from «благо» 'good' + «деять» 'to do') is the elevated word for 'benefactor, one who does good.' It frames Grigory and his wife as the dutiful guardians who raised the foundling Smerdyakov — making his contempt the sharper."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слуге","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"слуге","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of непочтителен","gloss":"the servant"},{"surface":"Григорию","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to слуге","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жене","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"жене","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with слуге","gloss":"the wife"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жене (possessive)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"бывшим","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies благодетелями","gloss":"who had been"},{"surface":"благодетелями","lemma":"благодетель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of бывшим (relative clause modifying слуге и жене)","gloss":"benefactors"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of детства","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"детства","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies благодетелями","gloss":"of his childhood"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of непочтителен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to непочтителен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"непочтителен","lemma":"непочтительный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"disrespectful"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b12-c12-s81","source":"Россию проклинал и над нею смеялся.","translation":"He cursed Russia and laughed at it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Россию проклинал и над нею смеялся","title":"Object-first word order; «над нею»","body":"«Россию» (accusative) leads the sentence as topic before its verb «проклинал» — free word order foregrounding what he cursed. «над нею» is the older instrumental form of «над ней» ('at it'), governed by «над» after «смеяться над» ('to laugh at'); «нею» is a period variant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of проклинал","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"проклинал","lemma":"проклинать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cursed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеялся","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"смеялся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with проклинал","gloss":"laughed"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b12-c12-s82","source":"Он мечтал уехать во Францию, с тем чтобы переделаться во француза.","translation":"He dreamed of going off to France, in order to remake himself into a Frenchman.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тем чтобы переделаться во француза","title":"Purpose clause «с тем чтобы»","body":"«с тем чтобы» ('with the [aim] that, in order to') is the bookish purpose conjunction; with an infinitive it means 'so as to.' «переделаться во француза» uses «во» + accusative for transformation 'into a Frenchman,' and reflexive «-ся» for the change of state, 'to remake himself.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мечтал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мечтал","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dreamed"},{"surface":"уехать","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мечтал","gloss":"of going off"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Францию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Францию","lemma":"франция","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уехать","gloss":"France"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с тем чтобы","morphology":"preposition (part 1 of idiom с тем чтобы = in order to)","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"с тем чтобы","morphology":"pronoun (part 2 of idiom), instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom с тем чтобы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"с тем чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part 3 of idiom)","role":"introduces the clause of переделаться","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"переделаться","lemma":"переделаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on уехать","gloss":"remake himself"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking француза","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"француза","lemma":"француз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переделаться","gloss":"a Frenchman"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b12-c12-s83","source":"Он много и часто толковал еще прежде, что на это недостает ему средств.","translation":"He had often, and at length, declared even before this that he lacked the means for it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"недостает ему средств","title":"Impersonal «недостаёт» + dative + genitive","body":"«недостаёт» is impersonal: 'there is lacking.' The person who lacks goes in the dative («ему», 'to him'), and what is lacking in the genitive («средств», 'of means'). A classic experiencer-first, subjectless construction — no nominative anywhere."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"толковал","title":"«толковать» — to hold forth","body":"«толковать» here means 'to talk on about, expound, keep saying,' a slightly disparaging imperfective: Smerdyakov would go on and on that he hadn't the money. Elsewhere «толковать» can mean 'to interpret,' but in colloquial use it is 'to jaw, harp on.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of толковал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies толковал","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with много","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"толковал","lemma":"толковать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had declared"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies толковал","gloss":"before this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of недостает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of недостает","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"недостает","lemma":"недоставать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (subordinate clause complement of толковал)","gloss":"he lacked"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of недостает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"средств","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of недостает","gloss":"the means"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b12-c12-s84","source":"Мне кажется, он никого не любил, кроме себя, уважал же себя до странности высоко.","translation":"It seems to me that he loved no one but himself, yet esteemed himself to a strange degree.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне кажется","title":"Dative-experiencer «мне кажется»","body":"«мне кажется» ('it seems to me') is a textbook impersonal with a dative experiencer and no nominative subject — the affected person in the dative, the predicate impersonal. It frames the lawyer's claim as personal impression rather than fact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никого не любил, кроме себя","title":"Negative concord + reflexive «себя»","body":"«никого… не любил» is negative concord — the «ни-» word «никого» demands a second «не» on the verb, two negatives for one meaning. «кроме себя» ('except himself') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя», which points back to the subject and has no nominative form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уважал же себя","title":"Contrastive «же»","body":"Here «же» is the lightly adversative 'yet, but, as for that': «уважал же себя…» pivots against the previous clause — he loved no one, yet esteemed himself. Sentence-internal «же» hinges two halves of a contrast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of кажется","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"depends on кажется","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of любил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"уважал","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любил","gloss":"esteemed"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уважал","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of уважал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking странности","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"странности","lemma":"странность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уважал","gloss":"a strange degree"},{"surface":"высоко","lemma":"высоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уважал","gloss":"highly"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b12-c12-s85","source":"Просвещение видел в хорошем платье, в чистых манишках и в вычищенных сапогах.","translation":"Enlightenment, in his eyes, lay in a fine coat, in clean shirt-fronts, and in well-polished boots.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Просвещение видел в хорошем платье","title":"Object-fronting and «видеть в» + prepositional","body":"«Просвещение» (accusative) is fronted as topic before the verb «видел», 'Enlightenment he saw in…'. The idiom «видеть в чём-нибудь» ('to see [something] as residing in') governs «в» + the prepositional: «в… платье, в… манишках, в… сапогах»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"манишках","title":"«манишка» — shirt-front, dickey","body":"«манишка» is a false shirt-front, a detachable bib of starched linen worn to look well-dressed without a full clean shirt. The detail is sharply satirical: Smerdyakov's whole idea of 'enlightenment' is a clean dickey and polished boots — surface gentility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Просвещение","lemma":"просвещение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"Enlightenment"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he saw"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking платье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"хорошем","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies платье","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"coat"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking манишках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чистых","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies манишках","gloss":"clean"},{"surface":"манишках","lemma":"манишка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with платье","gloss":"shirt-fronts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сапогах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вычищенных","lemma":"вычищенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies сапогах","gloss":"well-polished"},{"surface":"сапогах","lemma":"сапог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with платье","gloss":"boots"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b12-c12-s86","source":"Считая себя сам (и на это есть факты) незаконным сыном Федора Павловича, он мог ненавидеть свое положение сравнительно с законными детьми своего господина: им, дескать, всё, а ему ничего, им все права, им наследство, а он только повар.","translation":"Considering himself (and there are facts for this) the illegitimate son of Fyodor Pavlovich, he might well have hated his own position compared with that of his master's lawful children: to them, supposedly, everything, and to him nothing — to them all the rights, to them the inheritance, while he was only the cook.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Считая себя ... незаконным сыном","title":"Gerund «считая» + predicate instrumental","body":"«считая» is the imperfective present gerund 'considering,' sharing the subject 'he.' «считать кого-нибудь кем-нибудь» takes a predicate instrumental, so «себя… незаконным сыном» — 'considering himself the illegitimate son,' the reflexive object plus instrumental complement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"им, дескать, всё, а ему ничего","title":"Reportive «дескать» and bare dative antithesis","body":"«дескать» is a reportive particle, 'supposedly, as he'd say,' marking the thought as Smerdyakov's own grievance quoted at a distance. The verbless datives «им… всё, а ему ничего» ('to them everything, to him nothing') stage the resentment in clipped, balanced phrases, hinged by contrastive «а»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Считая","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on мог","gloss":"considering"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of Считая","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the omitted subject (он) of Считая","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"факты","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"facts"},{"surface":"незаконным","lemma":"незаконный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сыном","gloss":"illegitimate"},{"surface":"сыном","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of Считая","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сыном","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"ненавидеть","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"hate"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of положение","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"положение","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ненавидеть","gloss":"position"},{"surface":"сравнительно","lemma":"сравнительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms comparative phrase with с детьми, modifying положение","gloss":"compared"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детьми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"законными","lemma":"законный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies детьми","gloss":"lawful"},{"surface":"детьми","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сравнительно","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of господина","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"господина","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies детьми","gloss":"master's"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"parallel clause to мог (elliptical: 'to them, supposedly, [goes] everything')","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, reportative","role":"parenthetical particle modifying им...всё","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with им","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to им","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"coordinated with ему","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"parallel clause to им (first instance)","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of права","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with им","gloss":"rights"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"parallel clause to им (first instance)","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"наследство","lemma":"наследство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with им","gloss":"inheritance"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повар","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повар","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"повар","lemma":"повар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of он","gloss":"cook"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b12-c12-s87","source":"Он поведал мне, что сам вместе с Федором Павловичем укладывал деньги в пакет.","translation":"He confided to me that he himself, together with Fyodor Pavlovich, had packed the money into the envelope.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам вместе с Федором Павловичем укладывал","title":"Intensive «сам» + «с» instrumental","body":"«сам» ('himself, in person') intensifies the subject, stressing that Smerdyakov personally did it. «вместе с Фёдором Павловичем» uses «с» + instrumental for accompaniment, 'together with Fyodor Pavlovich' — the instrumental of joint action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поведал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"поведал","lemma":"поведать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confided"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of поведал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of укладывал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the omitted subject (он) of укладывал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies укладывал","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Федором","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичем","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федором","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"укладывал","lemma":"укладывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of поведал","gloss":"packed"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of укладывал","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакет","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of укладывал","gloss":"envelope"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b12-c12-s88","source":"Назначение этой суммы, — суммы, которая могла бы составить его карьеру, — было, конечно, ему ненавистно.","translation":"The purpose of that sum — a sum that could have made his career — was, of course, hateful to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которая могла бы составить его карьеру","title":"Relative «которая» with conditional «могла бы»","body":"«которая» agrees with «сумма» (feminine) but takes nominative for its subject role in the relative clause. The conditional «могла бы составить» ('could have made') uses past «могла» + «бы» for the unrealized possibility — a sum that might have, but did not, make his fortune."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"было ... ему ненавистно","title":"Dative + predicate «ненавистно»","body":"«ему ненавистно» ('hateful to him') pairs a dative experiencer with the short-form predicate «ненавистно» — the thing is odious to the person in the dative. This experiencer-in-the-dative pattern recurs all through the speech's reconstruction of Smerdyakov's inner life."}],"words":[{"surface":"Назначение","lemma":"назначение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"The purpose"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of суммы,","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"суммы,","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Назначение","gloss":"sum"},{"surface":"суммы","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to суммы,","gloss":"sum"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on суммы","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood of могла","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"составить","lemma":"составить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"have made"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of карьеру,","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"карьеру,","lemma":"карьера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of составить","gloss":"career"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ненавистно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies было...ненавистно","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ненавистно","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"ненавистно","lemma":"ненавистный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"hateful"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b12-c12-s89","source":"К тому же он увидал три тысячи рублей в светленьких радужных кредитках (я об этом нарочно спросил его).","translation":"What is more, he had seen three thousand rubles in bright, rainbow-hued banknotes (I asked him about this on purpose).","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"светленьких радужных кредитках","title":"Diminutive «светленьких»","body":"«светленьких» is the affectionate-diminutive «-еньк-» form of «светлый» ('bright'): 'pretty little bright [notes].' The diminutive lends a coaxing, almost caressing tone to the banknotes — exactly the seductive glitter the lawyer wants the jury to imagine before Smerdyakov's eyes."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому (idiom: к тому же)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидал (idiom: к тому же)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"completes the idiom к тому же","gloss":"besides","note":"К тому же is a fixed idiom meaning 'what is more, besides.'"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увидал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"увидал","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of увидал","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кредитках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"светленьких","lemma":"светленький","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies кредитках","gloss":"bright"},{"surface":"радужных","lemma":"радужный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies кредитках","gloss":"rainbow-hued"},{"surface":"кредитках","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of увидал","gloss":"banknotes"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спросил","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b12-c12-s90","source":"О, не показывайте никогда завистливому и самолюбивому человеку больших денег разом, а он в первый раз увидал такую сумму в одной руке.","translation":"Oh, never show an envious and self-loving man a great deal of money all at once — and he saw such a sum in a single hand for the first time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не показывайте никогда ... больших денег","title":"Negative imperative + genitive of negation","body":"«не показывайте» is the negated imperative ('never show'), reinforced by «никогда» in negative concord. Under the negation the object «большие деньги» shifts to genitive «больших денег» — the genitive of negation operating on a direct object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разом","title":"«разом» — all at once","body":"«разом» is the adverb 'in one go, all at once,' an instrumental-derived form of «раз». It stresses the shock of seeing so much money in a single glimpse — the lawyer's whole psychological wedge."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation introducing показывайте","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показывайте","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"показывайте","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показывайте","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"завистливому","lemma":"завистливый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"an envious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"самолюбивому","lemma":"самолюбивый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with завистливому","gloss":"self-loving"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показывайте","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"больших","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies денег","gloss":"a great deal of"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of показывайте","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показывайте","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увидал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз (idiom: в первый раз)","gloss":"for the"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"увидал","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with показывайте","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сумму","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"сумму","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of увидал","gloss":"a sum"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies руке","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"руке","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидал","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b12-c12-s91","source":"Впечатление радужной пачки могло болезненно отразиться в его воображении, на первый раз пока безо всяких последствий.","translation":"The impression of that rainbow-hued bundle might have left a morbid imprint on his imagination, though for the first time without any consequences.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"могло болезненно отразиться","title":"Conditional-of-possibility «могло… отразиться»","body":"«могло… отразиться» ('might have left an imprint / been reflected') runs through the chapter as the lawyer's signature move: «мог/могло» + perfective infinitive to spin hypotheticals. The reflexive «отразиться» here is the middle 'to be reflected, leave its mark.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пачки","title":"«пачка» — a wad, bundle","body":"«пачка» is a 'pack, wad, bundle' — here «радужной пачки», the bundle of rainbow notes. The word's everyday concreteness (a packet, a deck) makes the temptation tangible: a fat wad of cash in one hand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"The impression"},{"surface":"радужной","lemma":"радужный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пачки","gloss":"rainbow-hued"},{"surface":"пачки","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Впечатление","gloss":"bundle"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"болезненно","lemma":"болезненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отразиться","gloss":"morbidly"},{"surface":"отразиться","lemma":"отразиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"left an imprint"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воображении","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of воображении","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"воображении","lemma":"воображение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отразиться","gloss":"imagination"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз (idiom: на первый раз)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отразиться","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безо","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking последствий","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всяких","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of последствий","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"последствий","lemma":"последствие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of безо","gloss":"consequences"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b12-c12-s92","source":"Высокоталантливый обвинитель с необыкновенною тонкостью очертил нам все pro и contra предположения о возможности обвинить Смердякова в убийстве и особенно спрашивал: для чего тому было притворяться в падучей?","translation":"The highly talented prosecutor, with extraordinary subtlety, sketched out for us all the pro and contra of the supposition that Smerdyakov could be charged with the murder, and asked in particular: why should the man have feigned a fit of the falling sickness?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с необыкновенною тонкостью очертил","title":"Instrumental of manner; archaic «-ою»","body":"«с необыкновенною тонкостью» ('with extraordinary subtlety') is an instrumental-of-manner phrase under «с». The adjective ending «-ою» (modern «-ой») is the older long-form instrumental feminine, a period spelling that pervades Dostoevsky's prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для чего тому было притворяться","title":"Dative «тому» + impersonal 'why was he to...'","body":"«тому» is the demonstrative «тот» in the dative, standing for Smerdyakov ('to that man, for him'). With «было… притворяться» it forms an impersonal 'why was there for him to feign' — a dative-subject construction asking what reason he had to pretend."}],"words":[{"surface":"Высокоталантливый","lemma":"высокоталантливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обвинитель","gloss":"highly talented"},{"surface":"обвинитель","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of очертил","gloss":"prosecutor"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тонкостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"необыкновенною","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тонкостью","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"тонкостью","lemma":"тонкость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies очертил","gloss":"subtlety"},{"surface":"очертил","lemma":"очертить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sketched out"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of очертил","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of pro","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"pro","lemma":"pro","morphology":"noun, foreign (Latin), indeclinable","role":"direct object of очертил","gloss":"pro"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"contra","lemma":"contra","morphology":"noun, foreign (Latin), indeclinable","role":"coordinated with pro","gloss":"contra"},{"surface":"предположения","lemma":"предположение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies pro","gloss":"of the supposition"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возможности","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"возможности","lemma":"возможность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies предположения","gloss":"the possibility"},{"surface":"обвинить","lemma":"обвинить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies возможности","gloss":"of charging"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обвинить","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убийстве","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"убийстве","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обвинить","gloss":"the murder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрашивал","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"спрашивал","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with очертил","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего (idiom: для чего)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было (idiom: для чего = why)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of было","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of притворяться","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"притворяться","lemma":"притворяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to спрашивал","gloss":"to feign"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking падучей","gloss":"a fit of"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of притворяться","gloss":"the falling sickness"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b12-c12-s93","source":"Да, но ведь он мог и не притворяться вовсе, припадок мог прийти совсем натурально, но ведь мог же и пройти совсем натурально, и больной мог очнуться.","translation":"Yes, but then he need not have feigned it at all — the fit could have come on quite naturally, but then it could also have passed off quite naturally, and the sick man could have come round.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог и не притворяться ... мог же и пройти","title":"«мог… мог же» — balancing the hypotheticals","body":"The lawyer mirrors his clauses with «мог» ('could/might'): the fit could have come naturally, and «мог же и пройти» — 'could also have passed off' naturally. «же» here insists on the symmetry ('but equally it could…'), turning possibility against the prosecution."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"припадок мог прийти ... больной мог очнуться","title":"Perfective infinitives of single events","body":"«прийти», «пройти», «очнуться» are all perfective infinitives naming single complete events — the fit came on, passed off, the sick man came round. Strung after «мог», they sketch a chain of discrete possibilities, each a self-contained 'might have happened.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to мог","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies притворяться","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies притворяться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"притворяться","lemma":"притворяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have feigned it"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies притворяться","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"припадок","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"the fit"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"could have"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"come on"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies натурально","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"натурально","lemma":"натурально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прийти","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"could also"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пройти","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"have passed off"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies натурально","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"натурально","lemma":"натурально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пройти","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"the sick man"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"could have"},{"surface":"очнуться","lemma":"очнуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"come round"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b12-c12-s94","source":"Положим, не вылечиться, но всё же когда-нибудь прийти в себя и очнуться, как и бывает в падучей.","translation":"Granted he did not recover, yet still he might at some point have come to himself and roused, as does happen with the falling sickness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Положим, не вылечиться","title":"«Положим» — 'let us grant'","body":"«Положим» is the imperative/hortative of «положить» used as a concessive discourse marker, 'let's suppose, granted.' It concedes a point before pivoting — 'granted he did not recover, yet still…' — a favorite of the lawyer's give-and-take rhetoric."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как и бывает в падучей","title":"Iterative «бывает» — 'as does happen'","body":"«бывает» is the frequentative of «быть», 'happens [from time to time], is the case.' «как и бывает в падучей» ('as does happen with the falling sickness') generalizes from this case to the typical course of epilepsy — the imperfective stating a recurring fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Положим","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical, introduces the concession","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вылечиться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вылечиться","lemma":"вылечиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Положим","gloss":"recover"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of всё же (nevertheless), modifies прийти","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"completes the idiom всё же","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of когда-нибудь (someday), modifies прийти","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"completes the idiom когда-нибудь","gloss":"-time"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with вылечиться","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of прийти","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"очнуться","lemma":"очнуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with вылечиться","gloss":"roused"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бывает","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывает","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"бывает","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of очнуться","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking падучей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывает","gloss":"the falling sickness"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b12-c12-s95","source":"Обвинение спрашивает: где момент совершения Смердяковым убийства?","translation":"The prosecution asks: where is the moment of Smerdyakov's committing the murder?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"момент совершения Смердяковым убийства","title":"Verbal noun with instrumental agent and genitive object","body":"«совершение» is a verbal noun ('the committing'); it takes its agent in the instrumental («Смердяковым», 'by Smerdyakov') and its object in the genitive («убийства», 'of the murder'). Such dense noun-chains — agent and object both packed around a deverbal noun — are the heavy bureaucratic-legal style."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of спрашивает","gloss":"The prosecution"},{"surface":"спрашивает","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asks"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the embedded question","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the embedded question introduced by где","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"совершения","lemma":"совершение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"of the committing"},{"surface":"Смердяковым","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of совершения","gloss":"by Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"убийства","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies совершения","gloss":"of the murder"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b12-c12-s96","source":"Но указать этот момент чрезвычайно легко.","translation":"But to point out that moment is exceedingly easy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"указать ... чрезвычайно легко","title":"Impersonal predicate «легко» + infinitive","body":"«указать… легко» is the impersonal 'it is easy to point out,' an invariable predicate-adverb «легко» governing a perfective infinitive. No subject at all — a typical subjectless 'it is X to do Y' frame, here brushing aside the prosecution's question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"указать","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on легко","gloss":"to point out"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of момент","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of указать","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легко","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"легко","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of указать","gloss":"easy"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b12-c12-s97","source":"Он мог очнуться и встать от глубокого сна (ибо он был только во сне: после припадков падучей болезни всегда нападает глубокий сон) именно в то мгновение, когда старик Григорий, схватив за ногу на заборе убегающего подсудимого, завопил на всю окрестность: „Отцеубивец!“","translation":"He might have come round and risen from a deep sleep (for he was only asleep: after fits of the falling sickness a deep sleep always sets in) precisely at the instant when old Grigory, having seized by the leg the accused as he fled along the fence, screamed out for the whole neighborhood to hear: 'Parricide!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватив за ногу ... убегающего подсудимого","title":"Perfective gerund «схватив» framing a present participle","body":"«схватив» is the perfective past gerund 'having seized,' sharing Grigory's subject and marking the prior act. Its object «убегающего подсудимого» carries the present active participle «убегающий» ('fleeing'), accusative-animate — a gerund and a participle braided into one clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"после припадков ... всегда нападает глубокий сон","title":"Habitual present «нападает»","body":"Inside the parenthesis, «всегда нападает глубокий сон» ('a deep sleep always sets in') uses the imperfective present for a general truth about the disease. «нападать» literally 'to attack, fall upon' — the sleep 'falls on' the patient, vivid for an exhausting after-fit slumber."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"очнуться","lemma":"очнуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"come round"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"встать","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with очнуться","gloss":"risen"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сна","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"глубокого","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сна","gloss":"a deep"},{"surface":"сна","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встать","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to сне","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сне","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сне","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking припадков","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"припадков","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of нападает","gloss":"fits"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies припадков","gloss":"of the falling"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies падучей","gloss":"sickness"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нападает","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"нападает","lemma":"нападать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to сне","gloss":"sets in"},{"surface":"глубокий","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сон","gloss":"a deep"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нападает","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мгновение","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновение","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of очнуться","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of завопил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старик","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"схватив","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on завопил","gloss":"having seized"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногу","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватив","gloss":"the leg"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заборе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"заборе","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватив","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"убегающего","lemma":"убегающий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies подсудимого","gloss":"fleeing"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватив","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"screamed out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окрестность","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of окрестность","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"окрестность","lemma":"окрестность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завопил","gloss":"neighborhood"},{"surface":"Отцеубивец","lemma":"отцеубивец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation, the quoted words shouted by завопил","gloss":"Parricide!"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b12-c12-s98","source":"Крик-то этот необычайный, в тиши и во мраке, и мог разбудить Смердякова, сон которого к тому времени мог быть и не очень крепок: он, естественно, мог уже час тому как начать просыпаться.","translation":"This extraordinary cry, in the hush and the dark, might well have woken Smerdyakov, whose sleep by that time might not have been very sound: he might, naturally, have begun rousing an hour before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Крик-то этот","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» on «крик»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «крик» ('this cry, now') is the topic-emphasizing clitic — singling out the cry as the known thing under discussion, 'this cry, you see.' Distinct from the indefinite «-то», it foregrounds an already-given referent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сон которого ... мог быть и не очень крепок","title":"Relative «которого» as possessor","body":"«сон которого» is 'whose sleep,' the relative «которого» in the genitive expressing possession back to Smerdyakov. The predicate uses the short adjective «крепок» ('sound, firm') with «мог быть» — 'might not have been very sound.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Крик","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies Крик","gloss":"this very"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Крик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"необычайный","lemma":"необычайный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Крик","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тиши","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тиши","lemma":"тишь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог, part of phrase coordinated with мраке","gloss":"the hush"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мраке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мраке","lemma":"мрак","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог, coordinated with тиши","gloss":"the dark"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"разбудить","lemma":"разбудить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"woken"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разбудить","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сон","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени (idiom: к тому времени)","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of времени","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of сон, in the relative clause introduced by которого","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to крепок","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крепок","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"крепок","lemma":"крепкий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"естественно","lemma":"естественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies мог","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies час","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог (idiom: час тому как)","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom час тому как (an hour before/ago), depends on мог","gloss":"before","note":"Час тому как is an idiom meaning 'an hour before/ago.'"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"completes the idiom час тому как, modifies начать","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"начать","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"begun"},{"surface":"просыпаться","lemma":"просыпаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начать","gloss":"waking up"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b12-c12-s99","source":"Встав с постели, он отправляется почти бессознательно и безо всякого намерения на крик, посмотреть, что такое.","translation":"Rising from his bed, he sets off almost unconsciously and with no intention whatever toward the cry, to see what it was.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Встав с постели, он отправляется","title":"Gerund + historical present","body":"«Встав» is the perfective gerund 'having risen,' setting the prior act; the main verb «отправляется» is an imperfective present used as a vivid historical present — 'he sets off' — pulling the past reconstruction into the immediate present before the jury's eyes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"безо всякого намерения","title":"«безо» + genitive; «всякого»","body":"«безо» is the variant of «без» ('without') used before consonant clusters, governing the genitive: «безо всякого намерения» ('without any intention whatever'). «всякий» ('any, every') here intensifies the negation of purpose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Встав","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отправляется","gloss":"rising"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постели","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"постели","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Встав","gloss":"his bed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отправляется","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отправляется","lemma":"отправляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sets off"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бессознательно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"бессознательно","lemma":"бессознательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отправляется","gloss":"unconsciously"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking намерения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of намерения","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"намерения","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of безо","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крик","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"крик","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправляется","gloss":"the cry"},{"surface":"посмотреть","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose infinitive of отправляется","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of посмотреть","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что","gloss":"it was"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b12-c12-s100","source":"В его голове болезненный чад, соображение еще дремлет, но вот он в саду, подходит к освещенным окнам и слышит страшную весть от барина, который, конечно, ему обрадовался.","translation":"In his head a sickly fog, his wits still drowsing — but there he is in the garden, approaches the lit windows, and hears the terrible news from the master, who, of course, was glad to see him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"болезненный чад, соображение еще дремлет","title":"Verbless clause beside historical present","body":"The first clause «в его голове болезненный чад» is verbless ('in his head [is] a sickly fog'), zero-copula present; beside it «соображение… дремлет» ('his wits drowse') runs in the historical present. The tense-light, present-tense montage keeps the reconstruction immediate and dreamlike."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чад","title":"«чад» — fumes, sickly fog","body":"«чад» literally is the acrid smoke or fumes of burning fat or a smoldering stove; figuratively a fug, a daze. «болезненный чад в голове» pictures Smerdyakov's post-seizure mind as smoke-fogged, his reason clouded over."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"от барина","title":"«барин» — the master","body":"«барин» is the (house)master, the lord of the estate — here Fyodor Pavlovich as Smerdyakov's employer. The word marks the rigid master-servant gulf the cook so resents; the diminutive «барчонок» ('young master') for Dmitri appears just below."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of голове","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"locative setting for чад","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"болезненный","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чад","gloss":"sickly"},{"surface":"чад","lemma":"чад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the elliptical clause","gloss":"a fog"},{"surface":"соображение","lemma":"соображение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дремлет","gloss":"his wits"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дремлет","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"дремлет","lemma":"дремать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to чад","gloss":"drowses"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause он в саду","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (в саду)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of он","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"подходит","lemma":"подходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of parallel clause, coordinated with он","gloss":"approaches"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окнам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"освещенным","lemma":"освещённый","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies окнам","gloss":"lit"},{"surface":"окнам","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of подходит","gloss":"windows"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слышит","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подходит","gloss":"hears"},{"surface":"страшную","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies весть","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"весть","lemma":"весть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of слышит","gloss":"news"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барина","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies весть","gloss":"the master"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обрадовался","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying обрадовался","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of обрадовался","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обрадовался","lemma":"обрадоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on барина","gloss":"was glad","note":"обрадоваться takes a dative object: 'was glad AT him', i.e. glad to see him."}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b12-c12-s101","source":"Соображение разом загорается в голове его.","translation":"His wits flare up all at once in his head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Соображение разом загорается","title":"Reflexive «загорается» — flares up","body":"«загорается» is the imperfective present of reflexive «загораться» ('to catch fire, flare up'), middle voice — his understanding 'kindles' of itself. With «разом» ('all at once'), the metaphor lights up the sudden return of his wits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Соображение","lemma":"соображение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of загорается","gloss":"his wits"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"разом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies загорается","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"загорается","lemma":"загораться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flares up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of загорается","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of голове","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b12-c12-s102","source":"От испуганного барина он узнает все подробности.","translation":"From the frightened master he learns all the particulars.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"От испуганного барина он узнает","title":"«от» + genitive source; historical present","body":"«От испуганного барина» ('from the frightened master') is «от» + genitive marking the source, and «узнаёт» ('learns') continues the historical present. «испуганного» is a past passive participle turned attributive adjective, 'frightened.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барина","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"испуганного","lemma":"испуганный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies барина","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнает","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"узнает","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learns"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of подробности","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of узнает","gloss":"particulars"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b12-c12-s103","source":"И вот постепенно, в расстроенном и больном мозгу его созидается мысль — страшная, но соблазнительная и неотразимо логическая: убить, взять три тысячи денег и свалить всё потом на барчонка: на кого же и подумают теперь, как не на барчонка, кого же могут обвинить, как не барчонка, все улики, он тут был?","translation":"And so, little by little, in his disordered and ailing brain a thought takes shape — terrible, but tempting and irresistibly logical: to kill, to take the three thousand rubles, and then to lay it all on the young master: whom else would they suspect now, if not the young master, whom else could they accuse, if not the young master — all the evidence is against him, for he was here?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"созидается мысль","title":"Reflexive «созидается» — takes shape","body":"«созидается» is the imperfective present middle of «созидать(ся)» ('to be built up, take shape'), an elevated, almost biblical verb for the thought forming itself in his brain. The «-ся» makes the idea seem to construct itself, with no willing author."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"убить, взять три тысячи денег и свалить всё потом на барчонка","title":"Infinitives as the content of the thought","body":"The bare perfective infinitives «убить… взять… свалить» ('to kill, to take, to dump on') spell out the thought's content as a plan of completed acts. «свалить на барчонка» reuses the 'pin the blame on' idiom, now aimed at the young master, Dmitri."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"барчонка","title":"«барчонок» — the young master","body":"«барчонок» is the diminutive of «барич/барчук», 'the master's young son' — and in a servant's mouth it drips with mocking, resentful condescension. Applied to Dmitri, it is Smerdyakov's contempt for the legitimate heir he means to frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на кого же и подумают ... как не на барчонка","title":"Rhetorical «кого… как не» with «же»","body":"«на кого же… подумают, как не на барчонка» ('whom would they suspect, if not the young master') is a rhetorical question with «же» driving the appeal and «как не» ('if not, who else but') sealing the only possible answer. The lawyer voices Smerdyakov's reasoning as self-evident."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies постепенно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"постепенно","lemma":"постепенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies созидается","gloss":"little by little"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мозгу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"расстроенном","lemma":"расстроенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мозгу","gloss":"disordered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больном","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with расстроенном","gloss":"ailing"},{"surface":"мозгу","lemma":"мозг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of созидается","gloss":"brain"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of мозгу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"созидается","lemma":"созидаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"takes shape"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of созидается","gloss":"a thought"},{"surface":"страшная","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"соблазнительная","lemma":"соблазнительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with страшная","gloss":"tempting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неотразимо","lemma":"неотразимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies логическая","gloss":"irresistibly"},{"surface":"логическая","lemma":"логический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with страшная","gloss":"logical"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"explains the content of мысль","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with убить","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"of money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"свалить","lemma":"свалить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with убить","gloss":"to pin"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of свалить","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свалить","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барчонка","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"барчонка","lemma":"барчонок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свалить","gloss":"the young master","note":"барчонок is a diminutive of барин, 'young master/master's son' — the household's term for the young gentleman."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of подумают","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphatic particle intensifying же, not a coordinator here","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"подумают","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical clause (на кого подумают)","gloss":"would suspect"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумают","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison (как не на барчонка)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies барчонка","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барчонка","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"барчонка","lemma":"барчонок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумают","gloss":"the young master"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of обвинить","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical clause (кого могут обвинить)","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"обвинить","lemma":"обвинить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"accuse"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison (как не барчонка)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies барчонка","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"барчонка","lemma":"барчонок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обвинить","gloss":"the young master"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of улики","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"улики","lemma":"улика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of the final clause (points to он тут был)","gloss":"the evidence"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the final clause explaining улики","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b12-c12-s104","source":"Страшная жажда денег, добычи, могла захватить ему дух, вместе с соображением о безнаказанности.","translation":"A terrible craving for the money, for the spoils, might have caught at his breath, together with the thought of going unpunished.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"могла захватить ему дух","title":"Dative «ему» with «захватить дух»","body":"«захватить дух» ('to take the breath away') here takes a dative of the person affected, «ему» — 'might have caught at his breath.' It is the experiencer-in-the-dative pattern even inside an idiom, the breath seized from him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"добычи","title":"«добыча» — spoils, prey","body":"«добыча» means 'booty, prey, what is got by hunting or seizing.' «жажда денег, добычи» ('a craving for the money, for the spoils') casts the theft in predatory terms — Smerdyakov as a hunter scenting his catch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Страшная","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жажда","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"жажда","lemma":"жажда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"craving"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies жажда","gloss":"for money"},{"surface":"добычи","lemma":"добыча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with денег","gloss":"for plunder"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"захватить","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"catch"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative of possession with дух","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of захватить","gloss":"breath"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захватить","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соображением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"соображением","lemma":"соображение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"the thought"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking безнаказанности","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"безнаказанности","lemma":"безнаказанность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies соображением","gloss":"going unpunished"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b12-c12-s105","source":"О, эти внезапные и неотразимые порывы так часто приходят при случае и, главное, приходят внезапно таким убийцам, которые еще за минуту не знали, что захотят убить!","translation":"Oh, these sudden and irresistible impulses so often come upon a man at such a moment, and, above all, come suddenly upon such murderers as did not even know, a minute beforehand, that they would want to kill!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приходят ... приходят внезапно","title":"Generalizing imperfective present","body":"«приходят… приходят» (imperfective present, repeated for emphasis) states a general law about human nature — such impulses 'come, so often come suddenly.' The repetition is rhetorical anaphora, the present tense lifting a single case to a universal truth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые ... не знали, что захотят убить","title":"Relative clause + perfective future «захотят»","body":"«которые… не знали» ('who did not know') modifies «убийцам». Inside, «захотят убить» is a perfective future ('would [come to] want to kill') in indirect speech — they didn't know, a minute before, that they would conceive the wish."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of порывы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"внезапные","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies порывы","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неотразимые","lemma":"неотразимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with внезапные","gloss":"irresistible"},{"surface":"порывы","lemma":"порыв","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of приходят","gloss":"impulses"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходят","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"приходят","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходят","gloss":"such a moment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying the second приходят","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"приходят","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приходят","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the second приходят","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of убийцам","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"убийцам","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of приходят","gloss":"murderers"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies за минуту","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знали","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on убийцам","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захотят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"захотят","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знали","gloss":"would want"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотят","gloss":"to kill"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b12-c12-s106","source":"И вот Смердяков мог войти к барину и исполнить свой план, чем, каким оружием, — а первым камнем, который он поднял в саду.","translation":"And so Smerdyakov might have gone in to the master and carried out his plan — with what, with what weapon? — why, with the first stone he had picked up in the garden.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем, каким оружием","title":"Instrumental of instrument","body":"«чем» ('with what') and «каким оружием» ('with what weapon') are the instrumental of means — the case that names the tool of an action. The answer comes in the same case: «первым камнем» ('with the first stone'), instrument all the way through."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"который он поднял в саду","title":"Relative «который» in the accusative","body":"«который» agrees with «камень» (masculine inanimate) and takes accusative for its object role in «он поднял» ('which he had picked up'). Being inanimate, its accusative equals the nominative form — no animacy shift here."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"войти","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"go in"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барину","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"барину","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войти","gloss":"the master"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"исполнить","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with войти","gloss":"carry out"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of план","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"план","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of исполнить","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"elliptical oblique complement of исполнить (with what?)","gloss":"with what"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of оружием,","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"оружием,","lemma":"оружие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"appositive to чем, elliptical (with what weapon?)","gloss":"weapon","note":"чем, каким оружием is a broken-off rhetorical question: 'with what — with what weapon?'"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"первым","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies камнем","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"камнем","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"elliptical instrumental answer to чем (исполнил чем? — камнем)","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on камнем","gloss":"picked up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднял","gloss":"the garden"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b12-c12-s107","source":"Но для чего же, с какою же целью?","translation":"But for what, with what aim?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с какою же целью?","title":"Instrumental of purpose; archaic «какою»","body":"«с какою целью» ('with what aim') is the instrumental-of-purpose phrase under «с»; «какою» is the older long instrumental feminine for «какой». «же» sharpens the rhetorical question — 'but to what end, then?' The lawyer poses the prosecutor's own objection to himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of для","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of целью","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какою","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"целью","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"aim"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b12-c12-s108","source":"А три-то тысячи, ведь это карьера.","translation":"Why, the three thousand — that, after all, is a career.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А три-то тысячи, ведь это карьера","title":"«-то» + «ведь» — colloquial insistence","body":"The clitic «-то» on «три тысячи» foregrounds the sum ('the three thousand, you see'), and «ведь» appeals to the jury's shared sense ('after all, that is a career'). Two particles plus the contrastive «А» give a wholly spoken, buttonholing texture."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on три","gloss":"indeed","note":"the clitic -то here is a topic-marking emphatic particle, not the demonstrative 'то'."},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"topic, resumed by это","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, modifies карьера","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of карьера","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"карьера","lemma":"карьера","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of это (main clause)","gloss":"a career"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b12-c12-s109","source":"О! я не противоречу себе: деньги могли быть и существовать.","translation":"Oh! I do not contradict myself: the money may well have existed and been real.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не противоречу себе","title":"«противоречить» + dative «себе»","body":"«противоречить» ('to contradict') governs the dative, so 'I do not contradict myself' is «не противоречу себе», the reflexive pronoun «себе» in the dative pointing back to the speaker. A verb whose object is dative, not accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"деньги могли быть и существовать","title":"«могли» + imperfective infinitives","body":"«могли быть и существовать» ('may well have existed and been real') strings two imperfective infinitives after «могли» — being and existing as states, not events. The imperfective fits the durative sense: the money was there, ongoing, real."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of противоречу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies противоречу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"противоречу","lemma":"противоречить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"contradict"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of противоречу","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"существовать","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with быть","gloss":"existed"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b12-c12-s110","source":"И даже, может быть, Смердяков-то один и знал, где их найти, где именно они лежат у барина.","translation":"And it may even be that Smerdyakov alone knew where to find it, where exactly it lay at the master's.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смердяков-то один и знал, где их найти","title":"«-то» + «и» for exclusive emphasis","body":"«Смердяков-то один и знал» stacks the topic-clitic «-то», «один» ('alone'), and emphatic «и» to mean 'Smerdyakov, of all people, was the one who alone knew.' The particles converge to single him out as the sole person in the know."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где их найти, где именно они лежат","title":"Indirect questions with «где»","body":"Two embedded «где»-clauses depend on «знал»: «где их найти» ('where to find it,' infinitive of deliberation) and «где именно они лежат» ('where exactly it lay,' imperfective of location). «именно» ('precisely') pins the spot."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может быть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (perhaps)","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on Смердяков","gloss":"indeed","note":"the clitic -то is a topic-marking emphatic particle, not the demonstrative 'то'."},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphatic, links to знал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies найти","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of найти","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"найти","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of знал","gloss":"to find"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежат","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of лежат","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"лежат","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барина","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежат","gloss":"the master's"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b12-c12-s111","source":"„Ну, а обложка денег, а разорванный на полу пакет?“","translation":"'Well, but what of the money's wrapper, the envelope torn open on the floor?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а разорванный на полу пакет","title":"Past passive participle attributive «разорванный»","body":"«разорванный» ('torn open') is the past passive participle of «разорвать» used attributively before «пакет»: 'the envelope torn open on the floor.' The contrastive «а» introduces it as the objection the lawyer now ventriloquizes — 'but what of…?'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обложка","title":"«обложка» — the wrapper","body":"«обложка» is a 'cover, wrapper, sleeve'; «обложка денег» is the paper band or envelope the money was wrapped in. The torn wrapper left on the floor is a crucial piece of evidence the lawyer is about to reinterpret."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle, introduces the sentence","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"обложка","lemma":"обложка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"topic of the rhetorical question","gloss":"the wrapper"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies обложка","gloss":"of the money"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разорванный","lemma":"разорвать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying пакет","gloss":"torn"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разорванный","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with обложка","gloss":"the envelope"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b12-c12-s112","source":"Давеча, когда обвинитель, говоря об этом пакете, изложил чрезвычайно тонкое соображение свое о том, что оставить его на полу мог именно вор непривычный, именно такой, как Карамазов, а совсем уже не Смердяков, который бы ни за что не оставил на себя такую улику, — давеча, господа присяжные, я, слушая, вдруг почувствовал, что слышу что-то чрезвычайно знакомое.","translation":"A little while ago, when the prosecutor, speaking of this envelope, set forth his exceedingly subtle reasoning that it could only have been left on the floor by an unpracticed thief — precisely one such as Karamazov, and by no means Smerdyakov, who would on no account have left such evidence against himself — a little while ago, gentlemen of the jury, listening to it, I suddenly felt that I was hearing something exceedingly familiar.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставить его на полу мог именно вор непычный ... который бы ни за что не оставил","title":"Conditional «который бы… не оставил»","body":"Inside the prosecutor's reasoning the relative clause «который бы ни за что не оставил» uses «бы» + past «оставил» for the counterfactual — Smerdyakov 'who would on no account have left' such evidence. «ни за что» ('not for anything') intensifies the negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я, слушая, вдруг почувствовал, что слышу что-то ... знакомое","title":"Gerund «слушая» + perfective «почувствовал»","body":"The imperfective gerund «слушая» ('while listening') frames the simultaneous background; the perfective «почувствовал» ('I suddenly felt') delivers the single realization. The aspect contrast stages the sudden recognition against the ongoing act of listening."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вор непривычный","title":"«непривычный вор» — an unpracticed thief","body":"«непривычный» ('unaccustomed, unpracticed') postposed after «вор» gives 'a thief not used to the work, a novice.' The prosecutor's argument hangs on it: only a clumsy amateur like Dmitri would leave the torn wrapper, not the careful Smerdyakov."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"a little while ago"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of изложил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"обвинитель","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изложил","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on изложил","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакете","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пакете","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пакете","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говоря","gloss":"envelope"},{"surface":"изложил","lemma":"изложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of когда-clause","gloss":"set forth"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тонкое","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"тонкое","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies соображение","gloss":"subtle"},{"surface":"соображение","lemma":"соображение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of изложил","gloss":"reasoning"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of соображение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies соображение","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оставить","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставить","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of что-clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вор","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"вор","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"a thief"},{"surface":"непривычный","lemma":"непривычный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вор","gloss":"inexperienced"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to вор","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison (как Карамазов)","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of такой","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не Смердяков","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вор","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks оставил as conditional/subjunctive","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что (idiom ни за что)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставил, idiom ни за что","gloss":"anything","note":"ни за что = 'on no account, never', an idiom."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оставил","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Смердяков","gloss":"would leave"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of оставил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of улику,","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"улику,","lemma":"улика","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оставил","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"resumes the main clause (parallel to first Давеча)","gloss":"a little while ago"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"слушая","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on почувствовал","gloss":"listening"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слышу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"слышу","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовал","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слышу","gloss":"something","note":"что + то together form the indefinite pronoun что-то, 'something', split here into two tokens."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite clitic on что","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знакомое","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"знакомое","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of слышу","gloss":"familiar"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b12-c12-s113","source":"И представьте себе, именно это самое соображение, эту догадку о том, как бы мог поступить Карамазов с пакетом, я уже слышал ровно за два дня до того от самого Смердякова, мало того, он даже тем поразил меня: мне именно показалось, что он фальшиво наивничает, забегает вперед, навязывает эту мысль мне, чтоб я сам вывел это самое соображение и мне его как будто подсказывает.","translation":"And imagine — this very same reasoning, this very surmise as to how Karamazov might have dealt with the envelope, I had already heard exactly two days before, from Smerdyakov himself; more than that, he even astonished me by it: it seemed to me precisely that he was feigning naïveté, running on ahead, foisting this idea upon me, so that I myself should draw this very inference, while he, as it were, prompts it to me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он фальшиво наивничает, забегает вперед, навязывает ... подсказывает","title":"String of historical-present imperfectives","body":"Four imperfective presents — «наивничает», «забегает», «навязывает», «подсказывает» — render Smerdyakov's behavior as a vivid, ongoing scene: feigning naïveté, running ahead, foisting the idea, prompting it. The present tense makes the remembered conversation play out live."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб я сам вывел это самое соображение","title":"Purpose «чтоб» + past-form irrealis «вывел»","body":"«чтоб» (clipped «чтобы») introduces purpose and requires the past-form irrealis: «чтоб я… вывел» ('so that I myself should draw'). This is the «чтобы» + «-л» construction — purpose and willed outcome expressed not by an infinitive but by a past-tense subjunctive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наивничает","title":"«наивничать» — to play the innocent","body":"«наивничать» is a denominal verb from «наивный» ('naïve'): 'to put on naïveté, act the simpleton.' «фальшиво наивничает» ('falsely plays the innocent') captures exactly the lawyer's suspicion — that Smerdyakov's guilelessness was a performance."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представьте","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of соображение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies соображение","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"соображение","lemma":"соображение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слышал (coordinated with догадку)","gloss":"reasoning"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of догадку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"догадку","lemma":"догадка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of слышал, coordinated with соображение","gloss":"surmise"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition о, anticipates the как-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of мог, complement of том","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks мог as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"поступить","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"dealt"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог/поступить","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакетом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пакетом","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поступить","gloss":"the envelope"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with представьте","gloss":"had heard"},{"surface":"ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"before (lit. by)"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies дня","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышал","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition до","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Смердякова","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition от, complement of слышал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom мало того (moreover)","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom мало того","gloss":"than that","note":"«мало того» is a fixed idiom meaning \"moreover, what's more.\""},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поразил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поразил","gloss":"by that"},{"surface":"поразил","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with слышал","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поразил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of показалось","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показалось","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поразил","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of наивничает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наивничает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"фальшиво","lemma":"фальшиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наивничает","gloss":"falsely"},{"surface":"наивничает","lemma":"наивничать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of показалось","gloss":"plays naive","note":"«наивничать» is a coined colloquial verb: to act deliberately naive."},{"surface":"забегает","lemma":"забегать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with наивничает","gloss":"runs ahead"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забегает","gloss":"ahead"},{"surface":"навязывает","lemma":"навязывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with наивничает","gloss":"foists"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of навязывает","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of навязывает","gloss":"on me"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вывел","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вывел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я (emphatic)","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"вывел","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of навязывает","gloss":"should draw"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of соображение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies соображение","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"соображение","lemma":"соображение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вывел","gloss":"inference"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of подсказывает","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подсказывает","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто, modifies подсказывает","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"подсказывает","lemma":"подсказывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with навязывает","gloss":"prompts"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b12-c12-s114","source":"Не подсказал ли он это соображение и следствию?","translation":"Did he not prompt this same reasoning to the investigation as well?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не подсказал ли он это соображение","title":"Negative rhetorical question with «ли»","body":"«Не подсказал ли он…?» fronts the negated verb and adds the interrogative particle «ли» to form a leading question — 'Did he not prompt…?' The «не… ли» frame expects the answer 'yes, he did,' a favorite insinuating device of courtroom rhetoric."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подсказал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подсказал","lemma":"подсказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did prompt"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks подсказал as a yes/no question","gloss":"[question marker]"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подсказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of соображение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"соображение","lemma":"соображение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подсказал","gloss":"reasoning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"следствию","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of подсказал","gloss":"to the investigation"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b12-c12-s115","source":"Не навязал ли его и высокоталантливому обвинителю?","translation":"Did he not foist it on the highly talented prosecutor too?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не навязал ли его и высокоталантливому обвинителю?","title":"Parallel «не… ли» with dative object","body":"Echoing the previous line, «Не навязал ли…?» repeats the «не… ли» rhetorical question. «навязать» ('to foist on') governs a dative: «высокоталантливому обвинителю» ('on the highly talented prosecutor'). The dative names the one on whom the idea was thrust."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies навязал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"навязал","lemma":"навязать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did foist"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks навязал as a yes/no question","gloss":"[question marker]"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of навязал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"высокоталантливому","lemma":"высокоталантливый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обвинителю","gloss":"highly talented"},{"surface":"обвинителю","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of навязал","gloss":"prosecutor"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b12-c12-s116","source":"Скажут: а старуха, жена Григория?","translation":"They will say: but what of the old woman, Grigory's wife?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Скажут: а старуха, жена Григория?","title":"Impersonal «скажут» + objection with «а»","body":"«Скажут» is a third-person plural used impersonally, 'they will say / people will say' — the lawyer raises the anticipated objection. The contrastive «а» then floats the bare-noun counter ('but what of the old woman?'), staging dialogue with an imagined opponent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старуха","title":"«старуха» — old woman","body":"«старуха» is the plain, slightly rough word for an old woman (vs. the politer «старушка»). Here it is Marfa Ignatyevna, Grigory's wife, who slept beside the groaning Smerdyakov — the witness the lawyer must now neutralize."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажут","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they will say"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"старуха","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical question (what of...)","gloss":"the old woman"},{"surface":"жена","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to старуха","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жена","gloss":"Grigory's"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b12-c12-s117","source":"Ведь она же слышала, как больной подле нее стонал во всю ночь.","translation":"After all, she heard the sick man groaning beside her the whole night through.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь она же слышала","title":"«ведь» + «же» voicing the objection","body":"«Ведь она же слышала» ('after all, she did hear') stacks «ведь» (appeal to the obvious) and «же» (insistence) to give the imagined objector's emphatic tone. The lawyer first states the objection at full strength before dismantling it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как больной подле нея стонал во всю ночь","title":"«подле» + genitive; «во всю ночь»","body":"«подле» ('beside') is an archaic-bookish preposition governing the genitive, «подле неё» ('beside her'). «во всю ночь» ('the whole night through') is the accusative-of-duration with «во» — across the entire span of the night."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слышала","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of слышала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes она","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"слышала","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стонал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective (substantive), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стонал","gloss":"the sick man"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подле","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"стонал","lemma":"стонать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of слышала","gloss":"was groaning"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стонал","gloss":"the night"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b12-c12-s118","source":"Так, слышала, но ведь соображение это чрезвычайно шаткое.","translation":"True, she heard it — but this argument is exceedingly shaky.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так, слышала, но ведь соображение это ... шаткое","title":"Concessive «так» + verbless predicate","body":"«Так, слышала» ('true, she heard') concedes the point with bare «так» ('so, granted') before the «но ведь» pivot. The verdict «соображение это… шаткое» ('this argument [is] shaky') runs verbless, the long adjective predicating with no copula."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шаткое","title":"«шаткий» — shaky, wobbly","body":"«шаткий» literally describes a wobbly chair or unsteady footing, from «шатать» ('to rock, shake'). Applied to a «соображение» (an argument), «чрезвычайно шаткое» means 'highly unsteady, ill-founded' — the lawyer's dismissive verdict on the old woman's testimony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse particle agreeing with the previous statement","gloss":"true, granted"},{"surface":"слышала","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she heard [it]"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шаткое","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"соображение","lemma":"соображение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of шаткое","gloss":"the argument"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"postposed determiner of соображение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шаткое","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"шаткое","lemma":"шаткий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main verb of the clause","gloss":"shaky"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b12-c12-s119","source":"Я знал одну даму, которая горько жаловалась, что ее всю ночь будила на дворе шавка и не давала ей спать.","translation":"I knew a certain lady who complained bitterly that all night long a little mongrel in the yard had kept her awake and would not let her sleep.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которая горько жаловалась, что ... будила ... и не давала ей спать","title":"Relative «которая» + reported imperfectives","body":"«которая… жаловалась» ('who complained') opens a relative clause; within the «что»-report the imperfective pasts «будила» ('kept waking') and «не давала спать» ('would not let [her] sleep') describe the repeated nightly nuisance. «давать спать» + dative «ей» is the idiom 'to let someone sleep.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шавка","title":"«шавка» — a yappy little cur","body":"«шавка» is a small, scruffy, yapping mongrel — a contemptuous-affectionate word for a worthless little dog. The lawyer's homely anecdote turns on it: the lady was sure a «шавка» kept her up all night."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies даму","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"даму","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"a lady"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of жаловалась","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жаловалась","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"жаловалась","lemma":"жаловаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on даму","gloss":"complained"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of будила","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of будила","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"будила","lemma":"будить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of жаловалась","gloss":"kept waking [her]"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дворе","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of будила","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"шавка","lemma":"шавка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of будила","gloss":"a little mongrel","note":"«шавка» is a colloquial, slightly dismissive word for a small mutt."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"давала","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with будила","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of давала","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"спать","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of давала","gloss":"sleep"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b12-c12-s120","source":"И однако, бедная собачонка, как известно стало, тявкнула всего только раза два-три во всю ночь.","translation":"And yet the poor little dog, as it came to light, had yapped only two or three times in all the whole night.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бедная собачонка ... тявкнула всего только раза два-три","title":"Semelfactive perfective «тявкнула»","body":"«тявкнуть» is a semelfactive perfective in «-ну-», naming one quick instance of yapping; the past «тявкнула» with «раза два-три» ('two or three times') counts discrete bursts. The «-ну-» suffix isolates each single yap against the lady's imagined all-night din."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"собачонка","title":"«собачонка» — poor little dog","body":"«собачонка» is the pitying-diminutive of «собака»: 'the poor little dog.' Paired with «бедная», it shifts sympathy to the maligned animal — and clinches the lawyer's point that a witness can imagine a whole night's disturbance from almost nothing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как известно стало","title":"Impersonal «стало известно»","body":"«как известно стало» ('as it came to light') is impersonal: «известно» ('[it is] known') as a predicate adverb with «стало» ('became') — 'as became known.' No subject; the fact simply 'became known,' the inversion lending a wry, summing-up tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тявкнула","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"бедная","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies собачонка","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"собачонка","lemma":"собачонка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of тявкнула","gloss":"the little dog"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of известно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective (predicate), neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of стало","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the embedded clause (as it became known)","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"тявкнула","lemma":"тявкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"yapped"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раза","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тявкнула, quantified by два-три","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies раза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"coordinated with два, quantifies раза","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тявкнула","gloss":"the night"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b12-c12-s121","source":"И это естественно; человек спит и вдруг слышит стон, он просыпается в досаде, что его разбудили, но засыпает мгновенно снова.","translation":"And this is only natural: a man sleeps, suddenly hears a groan, wakes up annoyed at being disturbed, and instantly falls asleep again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спит… слышит… просыпается… засыпает","title":"Imperfective present for a general truth","body":"The whole sentence runs on imperfective present-tense verbs («спит», «слышит», «просыпается», «засыпает»), which is exactly how Russian states a general, recurring fact rather than a one-time event. Fetyukovich is describing what habitually happens, so the imperfective gives the picture a timeless, illustrative feel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в досаде, что его разбудили","title":"Agentless 3rd-plural «разбудили» (they woke him)","body":"«разбудили» is a third-person-plural perfective past with no stated subject — Russian's agentless 'they' construction, neatly rendered by an English passive ('at being disturbed'). The accusative «его» is the one woken."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в досаде","title":"«досада» — vexation","body":"«досада» is annoyed irritation or chagrin — petty vexation rather than real anger. The phrase «в досаде» ('in vexation') is an adverbial of state, here capturing the sleeper's testy half-waking mood."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of естественно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"естественно","lemma":"естественный","morphology":"adjective (predicate), neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"is natural"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спит","gloss":"a person"},{"surface":"спит","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to естественно","gloss":"sleeps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышит","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"слышит","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спит","gloss":"hears"},{"surface":"стон","lemma":"стон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слышит","gloss":"a groan"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of просыпается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"просыпается","lemma":"просыпаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спит","gloss":"wakes up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking досаде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"досаде","lemma":"досада","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просыпается","gloss":"annoyance"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разбудили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разбудили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"разбудили","lemma":"разбудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of досаде (annoyed that...)","gloss":"woke [him]"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"засыпает","lemma":"засыпать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with просыпается","gloss":"falls asleep"},{"surface":"мгновенно","lemma":"мгновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засыпает","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засыпает","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b12-c12-s122","source":"Часа через два опять стон, опять просыпается и опять засыпает, наконец, еще раз стон, и опять через два часа, всего в ночь раза три.","translation":"Two hours later, another groan; again he wakes and again falls asleep; at last, one more groan, again after two hours — three times in all over the course of the night.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Часа через два","title":"Inverted numeral = approximation","body":"Putting the noun before the numeral — «часа через два» instead of «через два часа» — is Russian's idiom for 'about', 'roughly two hours'. The genitive singular «часа» after «два» follows the rule that 2–4 govern the genitive singular."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"опять… опять… опять","title":"Anaphoric «опять» and verbless rhythm","body":"The hammering repetition of «опять» ('again') and the dropped verbs («опять стон» — 'again a groan', with 'there is' understood) compress the night into a clipped, insistent rhythm. Russian freely omits the copula, letting the bare noun stand as a whole clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"раза три","title":"«раза три» — 'some three times'","body":"Again the noun-first inversion «раза три» (rather than «три раза») signals approximation, 'three times or so'. «раза» is genitive singular governed by «три»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantified by два, adverbial (about two hours later)","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the time phrase часа...два","gloss":"in/after"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies часа","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стон","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"стон","lemma":"стон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical clause","gloss":"a groan"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просыпается","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"просыпается","lemma":"просыпаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to стон","gloss":"he wakes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засыпает","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"засыпает","lemma":"засыпать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with просыпается","gloss":"falls asleep"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to засыпает","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"one more"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun (adverbial), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of стон (one more time)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"стон","lemma":"стон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical clause, parallel to the earlier стон","gloss":"a groan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies через два часа","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часа","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies часа","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantified by два, adverbial time phrase","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раза три","gloss":"in all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раза","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantified by три","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies раза","gloss":"three"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b12-c12-s123","source":"Наутро спящий встает и жалуется, что кто-то всю ночь стонал и его беспрерывно будил.","translation":"In the morning the sleeper rises and complains that someone groaned all night long and kept rousing him without pause.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спящий","title":"Present active participle as a noun","body":"«спящий» ('the sleeping [one]') is a present active participle of «спать», used substantively as 'the sleeper'. The suffix -ящ- plus adjective endings turns the verb into a noun-like modifier — a compact, bookish device very common in literary Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто-то","title":"Indefinite «кто-то» — a specific unknown someone","body":"The particle «-то» attached to «кто» yields 'someone' who is real but unidentified — exactly the sleeper's vague conviction that some particular person groaned. This contrasts with «кто-нибудь», which would mean 'anyone at all'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беспрерывно будил","title":"«беспрерывно» — without pause","body":"«беспрерывно» ('uninterruptedly, ceaselessly') is built on «прерывать» ('to interrupt') with the negating prefix без-. The imperfective «будил» ('kept rousing') stresses the repeated, drawn-out nuisance the sleeper imagines."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наутро","lemma":"наутро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встает","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"спящий","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle (used as noun), masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"subject of встает","gloss":"the sleeper"},{"surface":"встает","lemma":"вставать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gets up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жалуется","lemma":"жаловаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with встает","gloss":"complains"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стонал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of стонал","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"кто-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun кто-то","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стонал","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"стонал","lemma":"стонать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of жалуется","gloss":"was groaning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of будил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"беспрерывно","lemma":"беспрерывно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будил","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"будил","lemma":"будить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стонал","gloss":"was waking [him]"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b12-c12-s124","source":"Но непременно так и должно ему показаться; промежутки сна, по два часа каждый, он проспал и не помнит, а запомнил лишь минуты своего пробуждения, вот ему и кажется, что его будили всю ночь.","translation":"But it inevitably must seem so to him: the intervals of sleep, two hours each, he slept through and does not remember, and he recalls only the moments of his waking — and so it seems to him that he was being roused all night.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так и должно ему показаться","title":"Dative experiencer «ему … показаться»","body":"This is a classic impersonal construction: there is no nominative subject, and the person to whom it 'must seem' stands in the dative «ему». The neuter «должно» plus infinitive «показаться» frames the whole as an inevitability happening to him — a pattern Dostoevsky leans on to render inner states."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проспал… не помнит, а запомнил","title":"Perfective vs imperfective in tight contrast","body":"Note the aspectual interplay: perfective «проспал» ('slept through, as a completed block') and «запомнил» ('fixed in memory') against imperfective «не помнит» ('does not [now] remember'). The perfectives report finished events; the imperfective reports the present, lingering state of memory."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его будили всю ночь","title":"Imperfective «будили» — durative 'was being roused'","body":"The imperfective past «будили» with «всю ночь» ('all night') paints a continuous, repeated action, which English renders as a progressive passive ('he was being roused'). The agentless 3rd-plural again hides any specific waker."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот ему и кажется","title":"«вот … и» — 'and so, that's why'","body":"The frame «вот … и» draws a conclusion: 'and so it seems to him'. «вот» points to the upshot and the «и» is an emphatic 'precisely', a colloquial-rhetorical hinge that ties cause to consequence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"inevitably"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и (indeed)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"adjective (predicate, impersonal), neuter, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal: it must)","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показаться","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"показаться","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"seem"},{"surface":"промежутки","lemma":"промежуток","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of проспал (topicalized)","gloss":"the intervals"},{"surface":"сна","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies промежутки","gloss":"of sleep"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часа","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies часа","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantified by два, modified by каждый","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies по два часа (distributive: each)","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проспал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"проспал","lemma":"проспать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, parallel to должно","gloss":"slept through"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помнит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помнит","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with проспал","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"запомнил","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with помнит","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of запомнил","gloss":"the moments"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of пробуждения","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пробуждения","lemma":"пробуждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"of waking"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кажется","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of кажется","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кажется","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main clause, parallel to должно","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of будили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"будили","lemma":"будить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of кажется","gloss":"was being woken"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of будили","gloss":"the night"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b12-c12-s125","source":"Но почему, почему, восклицает обвинение, Смердяков не признался в посмертной записке?","translation":"But why, why — exclaims the prosecution — did Smerdyakov not confess in his suicide note?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не признался","title":"Reflexive «признаться» — to confess","body":"«признаться» ('to confess, own up') is a -ся verb whose reflexive marker no longer feels literally reflexive; it lexically means to admit something about oneself. Here in the perfective past «признался» it names the single act of confession that did not happen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"восклицает обвинение","title":"Inverted word order for the interjected speaker","body":"«восклицает обвинение» ('exclaims the prosecution') inverts verb before subject — the normal Russian pattern for an inserted attribution, like English 'says he'. «обвинение» here is an abstract noun standing for the prosecuting side."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies признался","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies признался (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"восклицает","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (exclaims the prosecution)","gloss":"exclaims"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of восклицает","gloss":"the prosecution"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of признался","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies признался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"признался","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confess"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking записке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"посмертной","lemma":"посмертный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies записке","gloss":"suicide (posthumous)"},{"surface":"записке","lemma":"записка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of признался","gloss":"note"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b12-c12-s126","source":"„На одно-де хватило совести, а на другое нет“.","translation":"“For the one thing his conscience sufficed, but for the other it did not.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"-де","title":"Reportative particle «-де»","body":"«хватило-де» — the enclitic «-де» is an old reportative particle meaning roughly 'so they say', flagging that the speaker is quoting someone else's words (here the prosecution's reasoning), often with a tinge of irony. Fetyukovich mimics the prosecutor's voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"На одно… хватило совести, а на другое нет","title":"Genitive with «хватило» and contrastive «а»","body":"«хватило совести» is an impersonal 'enough conscience sufficed', where «хватить» governs the genitive «совести» of the thing there is enough of. The hinge «а» ('but, whereas') sets the two halves in gentle contrast — 'for one, yes; for the other, no'."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одно","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хватило","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle, reportative (hearsay marker)","role":"attaches to одно, marks quoted speech","gloss":"(it's said)","note":"«-де» is an archaic reportative particle marking quoted or hearsay speech, similar to \"they say\"."},{"surface":"хватило","lemma":"хватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was enough"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject (genitive) of хватило","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другое","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective (substantive), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"the other thing"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative existential","role":"coordinated with хватило (ellipsis of не хватило)","gloss":"was not"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b12-c12-s127","source":"Но позвольте: совесть — это уже раскаяние, но раскаяния могло и не быть у самоубийцы, а было лишь отчаяние.","translation":"But permit me: conscience — that already means repentance, and a suicide may well have felt no repentance, but only despair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"раскаяния могло и не быть","title":"Genitive of negation with «не быть»","body":"«раскаяния могло и не быть» — the absent subject of a negated existential goes obligatorily into the genitive: «раскаяния» ('of repentance'), with neuter «могло» as the impersonal head. Literally 'of repentance there could even not have been'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Но позвольте","title":"«Но позвольте» — 'but allow me'","body":"«позвольте» (polite imperative of «позволить», 'to permit') is a courtroom-and-drawing-room formula for politely raising an objection, 'permit me / hold on a moment'. It marks the orator turning to rebut a point."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"у самоубийцы","title":"«самоубийца» — the suicide","body":"«самоубийца» ('one who kills himself', from «сам» + «убить») denotes the person, a suicide; the act is «самоубийство». A grammatically masculine-ending noun in -а, it declines like a feminine first-declension noun but can refer to either sex."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allow me"},{"surface":"совесть","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (совесть — это раскаяние)","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"copula linker (совесть — это раскаяние)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раскаяние","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"раскаяние","lemma":"раскаяние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun of the clause","gloss":"repentance"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"раскаяния","lemma":"раскаяние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"repentance"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не быть (even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могло (existential: not have been present)","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking самоубийцы","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самоубийцы","lemma":"самоубийца","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of быть","gloss":"the suicide (person)"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with могло","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отчаяние","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"отчаяние","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"despair"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b12-c12-s128","source":"Отчаяние и раскаяние — две вещи совершенно различные.","translation":"Despair and repentance are two entirely distinct things.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"две вещи совершенно различные","title":"Genitive singular «вещи» after «две»","body":"«две вещи» shows the numeral 2 governing the genitive singular «вещи» (not the plural). The predicate adjective «различные» stands in the nominative plural, agreeing with the sense of plurality — a small but characteristic clash the numeral system produces."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отчаяние и раскаяние — две вещи","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"There is no verb 'are' here: Russian links subject and predicate in the present tense by a dash and nothing more («Отчаяние и раскаяние — две вещи»). The dash itself does the work of the missing copula «есть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отчаяние","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of различные (predicate: are two entirely different things)","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раскаяние","lemma":"раскаяние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Отчаяние","gloss":"repentance"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"quantifies вещи","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"вещи","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun (head of две вещи различные)","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies различные","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"различные","lemma":"различный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вещи","gloss":"different"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b12-c12-s129","source":"Отчаяние может быть злобное и непримиримое, и самоубийца, накладывая на себя руки, в этот момент мог вдвойне ненавидеть тех, кому всю жизнь завидовал.","translation":"Despair may be malicious and irreconcilable, and the suicide, in the very moment of laying hands upon himself, may have hated doubly those whom he had envied all his life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"накладывая на себя руки","title":"Gerund «накладывая» — 'in laying hands on himself'","body":"«накладывая» is an imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») expressing the action simultaneous with the main verb: 'while laying hands upon himself'. It must share the subject of the clause — the «самоубийца» — and lends the sentence its literary, layered texture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"накладывая на себя руки","title":"«наложить на себя руки» — to lay hands on oneself","body":"«наложить (накладывать) на себя руки» is a fixed, somewhat elevated idiom for committing suicide, literally 'to lay hands upon oneself'. The reflexive «на себя» points the violence back at the doer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тех, кому всю жизнь завидовал","title":"Correlative «тех, кому…» with dative «завидовать»","body":"«тех, кому…» is the bookish correlative 'those whom…', with «тех» (genitive/accusative of «те») picked up by the relative «кому». The dative «кому» is required because «завидовать» ('to envy') governs the dative — you envy 'to' someone in Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отчаяние","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to злобное","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"злобное","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of быть","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"непримиримое","lemma":"непримиримый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with злобное","gloss":"irreconcilable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"самоубийца","lemma":"самоубийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог (coordinated with отчаяние as the sentence's second clause)","gloss":"the suicide"},{"surface":"накладывая","lemma":"накладывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying мог/ненавидеть","gloss":"laying"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of накладывая","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of накладывая","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момент","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of момент","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with может","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"вдвойне","lemma":"вдвойне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненавидеть","gloss":"doubly"},{"surface":"ненавидеть","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"hate"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ненавидеть","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of завидовал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of завидовал","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"завидовал","lemma":"завидовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тех","gloss":"had envied"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b12-c12-s130","source":"Господа присяжные заседатели, поберегитесь судебной ошибки!","translation":"Gentlemen of the jury, beware a miscarriage of justice!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поберегитесь","title":"Reflexive imperative «поберегитесь»","body":"«поберегитесь» is the plural/polite imperative of the reflexive perfective «поберечься» ('to take care, beware'), formed with the -сь ending after the vowel. The -ся/-сь here turns 'guard' into 'guard yourselves'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"судебной ошибки","title":"«судебная ошибка» — a miscarriage of justice","body":"«судебная ошибка» (literally 'a judicial error') is the set legal phrase for a wrongful conviction, a miscarriage of justice — the very thing Fetyukovich warns the jury they are about to commit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, direct address to the jury","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies заседатели","gloss":"jury"},{"surface":"заседатели","lemma":"заседатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to Господа (vocative address)","gloss":"members"},{"surface":"поберегитесь","lemma":"поберечься","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beware"},{"surface":"судебной","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ошибки","gloss":"judicial"},{"surface":"ошибки","lemma":"ошибка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of поберегитесь","gloss":"an error"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b12-c12-s131","source":"Чем, чем неправдоподобно всё то, что я вам сейчас представил и изобразил?","translation":"In what, in what is everything I have just laid before you and depicted improbable?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чем, чем неправдоподобно","title":"Instrumental «чем» — 'in what respect'","body":"«чем» is the instrumental of «что», here meaning 'in what way / by what'. The doubled, emphatic «Чем, чем» opens a rhetorical question: 'In what, in what is it improbable?' — the instrumental marking the respect in which something is judged."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я вам сейчас представил и изобразил","title":"Relative «то, что» with paired perfectives","body":"«всё то, что…» is the correlative 'everything that…', the antecedent «то» picked up by the relative «что». The two perfective verbs «представил» ('laid before') and «изобразил» ('depicted') name completed acts of the speaker's argument."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неправдоподобно","title":"«неправдоподобный» — implausible","body":"«правдоподобный» is 'truth-resembling' (правда 'truth' + подобный 'like'), i.e. 'plausible'; with the negating «не-» it becomes 'implausible'. The orator returns to «правдоподобие» repeatedly — plausibility is the whole battleground of his defense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of неправдоподобно","gloss":"in what way"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with Чем","gloss":"in what way"},{"surface":"неправдоподобно","lemma":"неправдоподобный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"improbable"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of то","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неправдоподобно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of представил (relative clause modifying то)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of представил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of представил","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представил","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"представил","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying то","gloss":"laid before"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"изобразил","lemma":"изобразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with представил","gloss":"depicted"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b12-c12-s132","source":"Найдите ошибку в моем изложении, найдите невозможность, абсурд?","translation":"Find me an error in my account, find me an impossibility, an absurdity?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Найдите","title":"Imperative «найдите» — challenge to the jury","body":"«Найдите» is the plural/polite imperative of perfective «найти» ('to find'), repeated as a rhetorical dare: 'find me an error… find me an impossibility'. The perfective imperative demands the single, decisive act of finding."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в моем изложении","title":"«изложение» — exposition, account","body":"«изложение» is a bookish noun in -ение ('exposition, statement of a case', from «изложить», 'to set forth'). Such -ение/-ие abstract nouns lend the lawyer's speech its formal, intellectual register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Найдите","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Find"},{"surface":"ошибку","lemma":"ошибка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Найдите","gloss":"an error"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изложении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of изложении","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"изложении","lemma":"изложение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Найдите","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"найдите","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Найдите","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"невозможность","lemma":"невозможность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of найдите","gloss":"an impossibility"},{"surface":"абсурд","lemma":"абсурд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with невозможность","gloss":"an absurdity"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b12-c12-s133","source":"Но если есть хотя тень возможности, хотя тень правдоподобия в моих предположениях — удержитесь от приговора.","translation":"But if there is even the shadow of a possibility, even the shadow of plausibility in my suppositions — then hold back from a conviction.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хотя тень","title":"«хотя» here = 'even', 'so much as'","body":"«хотя» normally means 'although', but in «хотя тень» it functions as 'even / so much as a shadow' (a shortened «хотя бы»). The repeated «хотя тень… хотя тень» builds the orator's plea: even the faintest shadow of doubt should stay the verdict."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"удержитесь от приговора","title":"Reflexive imperative + genitive after «от»","body":"«удержитесь» is the reflexive imperative of «удержаться» ('to hold oneself back, refrain'); it governs «от» plus the genitive «приговора» ('from a verdict'). The -сь and the preposition «от» together give 'restrain yourselves from'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тень","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тень","lemma":"тень","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"a shadow"},{"surface":"возможности","lemma":"возможность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тень","gloss":"of possibility"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тень (second)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тень","lemma":"тень","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тень (subject of есть)","gloss":"a shadow"},{"surface":"правдоподобия","lemma":"правдоподобие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тень","gloss":"of plausibility"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предположениях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of предположениях","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"предположениях","lemma":"предположение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies тень (second)","gloss":"suppositions"},{"surface":"удержитесь","lemma":"удержаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (apodosis)","gloss":"hold back"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приговора","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"приговора","lemma":"приговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удержитесь","gloss":"a conviction"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b12-c12-s134","source":"А тут разве тень только?","translation":"And is it really only a shadow here?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве тень только","title":"Particle «разве» — 'surely not?'","body":"«разве» opens a rhetorical question expecting the answer 'no': 'And is it really only a shadow here?' — i.e. it is far more than a shadow. It is a close cousin of «неужели», colouring the question with the speaker's incredulity."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of the clause","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"interrogative particle marking the question","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"тень","lemma":"тень","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the elided copula","gloss":"a shadow"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тень","gloss":"only"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b12-c12-s135","source":"Клянусь всем священным, я вполне верю в мое, в представленное вам сейчас, толкование об убийстве.","translation":"I swear by all that is holy, I fully believe in my interpretation of the murder, the one I have just presented to you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Клянусь всем священным","title":"Reflexive «клясться» + instrumental of the thing sworn by","body":"«клянусь» (1st sg. of the -ся verb «клясться», 'to swear an oath') takes the instrumental for what one swears by: «всем священным» ('by all that is holy'). The substantivized neuter adjective «священное» ('the holy') stands in the instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в представленное вам сейчас, толкование","title":"Past passive participle «представленное»","body":"«представленное» is a past passive participle of «представить» ('presented'), agreeing with neuter «толкование» — 'the interpretation [that was] presented to you'. Such -нн- participles compress a relative clause into a single modifier, a hallmark of the lawyer's polished prose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"толкование об убийстве","title":"«толкование» — interpretation, reading","body":"«толкование» ('interpretation, exegesis', from «толковать', 'to interpret') is the word used for construing a text, a dream, or here a crime. It frames Fetyukovich's reconstruction of the murder as one reading among possible others."}],"words":[{"surface":"Клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, parallel clause to верю","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of священным","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"священным","lemma":"священный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Клянусь","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верю","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мое","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of толкование","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking представленное","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"представленное","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies толкование","gloss":"presented"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of представленное","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представленное","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"толкование","lemma":"толкование","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of верю (head noun of the object phrase)","gloss":"interpretation"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убийстве","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"убийстве","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies толкование","gloss":"the murder"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b12-c12-s136","source":"А главное, главное, меня смущает и выводит из себя всё та же мысль, что изо всей массы фактов, нагроможденных обвинением на подсудимого, нет ни единого, хоть сколько-нибудь точного и неотразимого, а что гибнет несчастный единственно по совокупности этих фактов.","translation":"And above all, above all, what troubles me and drives me beside myself is that selfsame thought — that out of the whole mass of facts the prosecution has piled upon the accused, there is not a single one that is in any degree precise and incontrovertible, and that the unfortunate man is being destroyed solely by the sum total of these facts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня смущает и выводит из себя","title":"Accusative experiencer «меня»","body":"Here the person affected is the accusative object «меня» of the verbs «смущает» ('troubles') and «выводит из себя' ('drives beside himself'): literally 'the thought troubles me and leads me out of myself'. The idiom «выводить из себя» means to infuriate or unhinge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нагроможденных обвинением","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«нагроможденных» ('heaped up') is a past passive participle modifying «фактов»; its agent stands in the instrumental, «обвинением» ('by the prosecution'). This is the standard way Russian names the doer of a passive — agent in the instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нет ни единого","title":"Genitive of negation with «нет» and intensifying «ни»","body":"«нет ни единого» — the existential negator «нет» forces the genitive «ни единого» ('not a single one'), and «ни» intensifies the negation to 'not even one'. This is negative concord at full strength: 'there is not a single one'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гибнет несчастный","title":"«гибнуть» — to perish; «несчастный» as a noun","body":"«гибнет» (imperfective «гибнуть», 'to perish, be destroyed') is a heightened, almost tragic verb for the accused's ruin. «несчастный» ('the unfortunate [one]') is an adjective used as a noun — a recurring, pitying epithet for the defendant Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb (substantivized adjective)","role":"adverbial parenthetical modifying смущает","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb (substantivized adjective)","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with главное","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of смущает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"смущает","lemma":"смущать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"troubles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выводит","lemma":"выводить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смущает","gloss":"drives"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of выводит","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"particle/intensifier","role":"intensifies та же (modifies мысль)","gloss":"that very"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies та","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of смущает and выводит","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking массы","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of массы","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"массы","lemma":"масса","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"mass"},{"surface":"фактов","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies массы","gloss":"of facts"},{"surface":"нагроможденных","lemma":"нагромоздить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying фактов","gloss":"piled up"},{"surface":"обвинением","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нагроможденных","gloss":"by the prosecution"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подсудимого","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нагроможденных","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause modifying мысль","gloss":"there is not"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"единого","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of нет (logical subject)","gloss":"a single one"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies точного","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies точного","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies точного","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"точного","lemma":"точный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies единого","gloss":"precise"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неотразимого","lemma":"неотразимый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with точного","gloss":"irrefutable"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second clause, coordinated with что (нет)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"гибнет","lemma":"гибнуть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause introduced by second что","gloss":"is being destroyed"},{"surface":"несчастный","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of гибнет","gloss":"the unfortunate man"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совокупности","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking совокупности","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"совокупности","lemma":"совокупность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of гибнет","gloss":"the totality"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of фактов","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"фактов","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies совокупности","gloss":"facts"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b12-c12-s137","source":"Да, эта совокупность ужасна; эта кровь, эта с пальцев текущая кровь, белье в крови, эта темная ночь, оглашаемая воплем „отцеубивец!“, и кричащий, падающий с проломленною головой, а затем эта масса изречений, показаний, жестов, криков — о, это так влияет, так может подкупить убеждение, но ваше ли, господа присяжные заседатели, ваше ли убеждение подкупить может?","translation":"Yes, this aggregate is dreadful; this blood, this blood streaming from his fingers, the linen soaked in blood, this dark night ringing with the cry of “parricide!”, and the man crying out as he fell with his skull staved in, and then this mass of utterances, depositions, gestures, shouts — oh, all this has such an effect, it can so easily suborn one's conviction; but yours, gentlemen of the jury, can your conviction be suborned?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оглашаемая воплем","title":"Present passive participle «оглашаемая»","body":"«оглашаемая» is a rare present passive participle in -емый/-аемый ('being made to resound'), modifying «ночь» and taking its agent «воплем» ('by the cry') in the instrumental. The present-passive form is markedly bookish — the orator reaches for it to heighten the scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с проломленною головой","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«проломленною головой» uses the older long-form instrumental ending «-ою» (vs. modern «-ой»), a 19th-century literary variant favoured for rhythm and solemnity. «проломленною» is itself a past passive participle, 'staved-in'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отцеубивец","title":"«отцеубивец» — parricide (the killer)","body":"«отцеубивец» ('father-killer', отец + убить) is the agent noun shouted in the night; the crime itself is «отцеубийство» ('parricide'). The whole novel circles this word — the killing of the father — both literal and symbolic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ваше ли убеждение подкупить может","title":"Question particle «ли» fronting the focus","body":"«ваше ли убеждение…?» — the enclitic «ли» follows the focused phrase «ваше» ('yours'), turning the clause into a pointed yes/no question: 'is it yours, gentlemen, that can be suborned?' The repetition «ваше ли… ваше ли» sharpens the rhetorical thrust."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подкупить убеждение","title":"«подкупить» — to bribe / suborn","body":"«подкупить» literally means 'to bribe', but applied to «убеждение» ('conviction, the inner sense of certainty') it means to win over or suborn one's judgement by emotional effect rather than money — a vivid metaphor for swaying the jury."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to ужасна","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of совокупность","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"совокупность","lemma":"совокупность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ужасна","gloss":"aggregate"},{"surface":"ужасна","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кровь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated in apposition to совокупность","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кровь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальцев","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"пальцев","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of текущая","gloss":"the fingers"},{"surface":"текущая","lemma":"текущий","morphology":"adjective/participle, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кровь","gloss":"streaming"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to кровь","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"белье","lemma":"бельё","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated in apposition to совокупность","gloss":"the linen"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies белье","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"темная","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated in apposition to совокупность","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"оглашаемая","lemma":"оглашать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying ночь","gloss":"resounding with"},{"surface":"воплем","lemma":"вопль","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оглашаемая","gloss":"the cry"},{"surface":"отцеубивец","lemma":"отцеубивец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to воплем (content of the cry)","gloss":"'Parricide!'"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кричащий","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated in apposition to совокупность","gloss":"the one crying out"},{"surface":"падающий","lemma":"падать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричащий","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking головой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"проломленною","lemma":"проломленный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, instrumental, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies головой","gloss":"smashed-in"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of падающий","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial, introduces масса","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of масса","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"масса","lemma":"масса","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated in apposition to совокупность","gloss":"the mass"},{"surface":"изречений","lemma":"изречение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies масса","gloss":"of utterances"},{"surface":"показаний","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with изречений","gloss":"depositions"},{"surface":"жестов","lemma":"жест","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with изречений","gloss":"gestures"},{"surface":"криков","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with изречений","gloss":"shouts"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamatory interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of влияет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влияет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"влияет","lemma":"влиять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"has an effect"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with влияет","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"подкупить","lemma":"подкупить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"sway"},{"surface":"убеждение","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подкупить","gloss":"conviction"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"elliptical, anticipates убеждение (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ваше","gloss":"[interrogative]"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, parenthetical","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies заседатели","gloss":"jury"},{"surface":"заседатели","lemma":"заседатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, in apposition to господа","gloss":"members"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of убеждение","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ваше","gloss":"[interrogative]"},{"surface":"убеждение","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, nominative/accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подкупить","gloss":"conviction"},{"surface":"подкупить","lemma":"подкупить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"sway"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final question","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b12-c12-s138","source":"Вспомните, вам дана необъятная власть, власть вязать и решить.","translation":"Remember: you have been given an immense power, the power to bind and to loose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вам дана необъятная власть","title":"Short passive participle «дана» — result state","body":"«дана» is the short-form past passive participle of «дать» ('given'), agreeing with feminine «власть»: 'power has been given to you'. The short passive participle plus dative «вам» states a resulting condition — the standard Russian periphrastic passive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"необъятная","title":"«необъятный» — boundless","body":"«необъятный» (literally 'un-embraceable', from «объять», 'to encompass') means immeasurably vast, boundless. It elevates «власть» to something almost cosmic, fitting the scriptural weight of the next clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вспомните","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Remember"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дана","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"дана","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"has been given"},{"surface":"необъятная","lemma":"необъятный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies власть","gloss":"immense"},{"surface":"власть","lemma":"власть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive дана","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"власть","lemma":"власть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to власть","gloss":"the power"},{"surface":"вязать","lemma":"вязать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies власть","gloss":"to bind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"решить","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with вязать","gloss":"to loose"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b12-c12-s139","source":"Но чем сильнее власть, тем страшнее ее приложение!","translation":"But the stronger the power, the more terrible its exercise!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чем сильнее… тем страшнее","title":"The «чем… тем…» correlative of comparatives","body":"«Чем сильнее власть, тем страшнее её приложение» is the fixed correlative 'the more X, the more Y', built on two comparatives «сильнее» ('stronger') and «страшнее» ('more terrible'). «чем» takes the first comparative, «тем» the second — a tight, aphoristic structure."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приложение","title":"«приложение» — application, exercise","body":"«приложение» here means the 'application' or exercise of power (from «приложить», 'to apply'), not the modern sense of 'appendix' or 'app'. The orator warns that the greater the power, the more dreadful its use."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сильнее (correlative)","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"сильнее","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the чем-clause","gloss":"powerful"},{"surface":"власть","lemma":"власть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сильнее","gloss":"the power"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the correlative clause of страшнее","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"страшнее","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"main predicate, correlative with сильнее","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of приложение","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"приложение","lemma":"приложение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of страшнее","gloss":"exercise"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b12-c12-s140","source":"Я ни на йоту не отступаю от сказанного мною сейчас, но уж пусть, так и быть, пусть на минуту и я соглашусь с обвинением, что несчастный клиент мой обагрил свои руки в крови отца.","translation":"I do not retreat one iota from what I have just said, but very well, so be it — let me, just for a moment, agree with the prosecution that my unhappy client did steep his hands in his father's blood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни на йоту не отступаю","title":"Double negation «ни… не»","body":"«ни на йоту не отступаю» ('I do not retreat one iota') is negative concord: the intensifier «ни» ('not even') co-occurs with the verbal negator «не», both required. Russian piles negatives where English uses only one."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пусть… так и быть, пусть","title":"«так и быть» and concessive «пусть»","body":"«так и быть» is a set concessive idiom, 'so be it, very well'; «пусть» ('let, may') introduces a grudging hypothetical permission ('let me agree for a moment'). Together they stage the orator's rhetorical concession to the prosecution."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обагрил свои руки в крови","title":"«обагрить руки» — to steep one's hands in blood","body":"«обагрить» ('to dye crimson', from «багряный», 'scarlet') with «руки в крови» is an elevated, bloody idiom for committing murder. «свои» is the reflexive possessive — his own hands, in his own father's blood, sharpening the horror of parricide."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отступаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies йоту","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking йоту","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"йоту","lemma":"йота","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отступаю","gloss":"an iota"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отступаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отступаю","lemma":"отступать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"retreat"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сказанного","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сказанного","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"oblique complement of отступаю","gloss":"what was said"},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказанного","gloss":"by me"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказанного","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пусть","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces concession (so be it)","gloss":"so be it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom так и быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom так и быть","gloss":"be it"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"particle introducing the concessive clause (let)","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соглашусь","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies я соглашусь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of соглашусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"соглашусь","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause (complement of пусть)","gloss":"agree"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обвинением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"обвинением","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of соглашусь","gloss":"the prosecution"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обагрил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"несчастный","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies клиент","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"клиент","lemma":"клиент","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обагрил","gloss":"client"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of клиент","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"обагрил","lemma":"обагрить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"steeped"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of руки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of обагрил","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обагрил","gloss":"the blood"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крови","gloss":"of his father"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b12-c12-s141","source":"Это только предположение, повторяю, я ни на миг не сомневаюсь в его невинности, но уж так и быть, предположу, что мой подсудимый виновен в отцеубийстве, но выслушайте, однако, мое слово, если бы даже я и допустил такое предположение.","translation":"This is only a supposition, I repeat — for one instant I do not doubt his innocence — but so be it, let me suppose that my defendant is guilty of parricide; and yet hear my word, even were I to grant such a supposition.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы даже я и допустил такое предположение","title":"Conditional «если бы… допустил»","body":"«если бы… допустил» is the irrealis conditional: «если бы» plus the past-form verb «допустил» builds a hypothetical 'even were I to grant'. The mobile particle «бы» fuses with «если» to mark the whole clause as contrary-to-fact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выслушайте, однако, мое слово","title":"Imperative «выслушайте» + adversative «однако»","body":"«выслушайте» is the polite imperative of perfective «выслушать» ('to hear out, all the way through' — the prefix вы- gives completeness), and the inserted «однако» ('however, yet') marks a turn against what was just conceded."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"виновен в отцеубийстве","title":"Short adjective «виновен» + «в» of the charge","body":"«виновен» is the short (predicative) form of «виновный», 'guilty', and it governs «в» plus the prepositional «отцеубийстве» — guilty 'in / of' the crime. The short form is the idiomatic, legal way to state guilt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of предположение","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предположение","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"предположение","lemma":"предположение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun (elided copula)","gloss":"a supposition"},{"surface":"повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сомневаюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies миг","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сомневаюсь","gloss":"an instant"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сомневаюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сомневаюсь","lemma":"сомневаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking невинности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of невинности","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"невинности","lemma":"невинность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сомневаюсь","gloss":"innocence"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom так и быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom так и быть","gloss":"be it"},{"surface":"предположу","lemma":"предположить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the next clause (let me suppose)","gloss":"let me suppose"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of виновен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of подсудимый","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of виновен","gloss":"defendant"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцеубийстве","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"отцеубийстве","lemma":"отцеубийство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновен","gloss":"parricide"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"выслушайте","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выслушайте","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выслушайте","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of допустил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks допустил as conditional","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the conditional clause","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of допустил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying допустил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"допустил","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of предположение","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"предположение","lemma":"предположение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of допустил","gloss":"a supposition"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b12-c12-s142","source":"У меня лежит на сердце высказать вам еще нечто, ибо я предчувствую и в ваших сердцах и умах большую борьбу… Простите мне это слово, господа присяжные заседатели, о ваших сердцах и умах.","translation":"It lies upon my heart to tell you something more, for I sense a great struggle in your hearts and minds as well… Forgive me that word, gentlemen of the jury, about your hearts and minds.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У меня лежит на сердце высказать","title":"«у меня лежит на сердце» — it lies on my heart","body":"«У меня лежит на сердце высказать…» frames an inner urge with «у» plus genitive «меня' and the image of something 'lying on the heart' — a body-and-soul construction typical of Dostoevsky. The infinitive «высказать» names what presses to be said."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо я предчувствую","title":"Archaic conjunction «ибо» — 'for'","body":"«ибо» ('for, because') is a bookish, faintly biblical conjunction, more elevated than «потому что». It signals the orator's deliberately solemn, sermon-like register as he turns from argument to appeal."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"предчувствую","title":"«предчувствовать» — to have a presentiment","body":"«предчувствовать» ('to foresense, have a foreboding', пред- 'before' + чувствовать 'to feel') is a charged Dostoevskian verb — his characters constantly 'sense in advance' coming crises, here the 'great struggle' in the jurors' hearts."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежит","gloss":"my heart"},{"surface":"высказать","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on лежит","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of высказать","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of высказать","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предчувствую","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предчувствую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"предчувствую","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies в ваших сердцах и умах","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердцах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of сердцах","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"сердцах","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of предчувствую","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"умах","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with сердцах","gloss":"minds"},{"surface":"большую","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies борьбу","gloss":"a great"},{"surface":"борьбу","lemma":"борьба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предчувствую","gloss":"struggle"},{"surface":"Простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Forgive"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Простите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Простите","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, parenthetical","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies заседатели","gloss":"jury"},{"surface":"заседатели","lemma":"заседатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, in apposition to господа","gloss":"members"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердцах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of сердцах","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"сердцах","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"умах","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with сердцах","gloss":"minds"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b12-c12-s143","source":"Но я хочу быть правдивым и искренним до конца.","translation":"But I wish to be truthful and sincere to the very end.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хочу быть правдивым и искренним","title":"Instrumental predicate after «быть»","body":"After the infinitive «быть» the predicate adjectives go into the instrumental: «правдивым и искренним» ('truthful and sincere'). With «быть»/«стать» in the infinitive, future, or past, Russian prefers the instrumental over the nominative for the complement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to правдивым","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"правдивым","lemma":"правдивый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"truthful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"искренним","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with правдивым","gloss":"sincere"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конца","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"конца","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the clause","gloss":"the end"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b12-c12-s144","source":"Будем же все искренни!..»","translation":"Let us all be sincere!..”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будем же все искренни","title":"Hortative «будем» + particle «же» + short adjective","body":"«Будем… искренни» uses the 1st-plural future of «быть» as a hortative, 'let us be', and the emphatic particle «же» urges the appeal home. «искренни» is the short-form (predicative) plural of «искренний», the idiomatic complement of «быть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to искренни","gloss":"let us be"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Будем","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of искренни","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"искренни","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"sincere"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b12-c12-s145","source":"В этом месте защитника прервал довольно сильный аплодисмент.","translation":"At this point a fairly strong burst of applause interrupted the defense counsel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"защитника прервал… аплодисмент","title":"Object-first word order","body":"«защитника прервал… аплодисмент» fronts the accusative object «защитника» ('the defense counsel') before the verb and the nominative subject «аплодисмент' ('applause'). The case endings keep roles clear, so Russian can lead with the topic (the lawyer) and end on the new event (the applause)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"защитника","title":"«защитник» — defense counsel","body":"«защитник» ('defender, protector', from «защищать», 'to defend') is the term for the defense advocate — here Fetyukovich. It pairs with «обвинение / обвинитель» (the prosecution) used earlier in the chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прервал","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"защитника","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прервал","gloss":"the defense counsel"},{"surface":"прервал","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"interrupted"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сильный","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"сильный","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies аплодисмент","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"аплодисмент","lemma":"аплодисмент","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прервал","gloss":"applause"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b12-c12-s146","source":"В самом деле, последние слова свои он произнес с такою искренне прозвучавшею нотой, что все почувствовали, что, может быть, действительно ему есть что сказать и что то, что он скажет сейчас, есть и самое важное.","translation":"Indeed, he had uttered his last words in a tone that rang so sincerely that everyone felt that perhaps he really did have something to say, and that what he was about to say now would be the most important thing of all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с такою искренне прозвучавшею нотой","title":"Past active participle in archaic «-ою»","body":"«прозвучавшею» is a past active participle of «прозвучать» ('having rung out'), modifying «нотой» and carrying the old long instrumental ending «-ею» (modern «-ей»). The chain «такою… прозвучавшею нотой» ('a note that rang so sincerely') is dense, elevated narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему есть что сказать","title":"«ему есть что сказать» — dative + 'there is what to say'","body":"This idiom pairs a dative experiencer «ему» with «есть» ('there is') and an infinitive: 'he has something to say' (literally 'to him there is what to say'). Its negative twin would be «ему нечего сказать» — a characteristic impersonal pattern."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то, что он скажет сейчас","title":"Perfective future «скажет» for an imminent act","body":"«скажет» is the perfective future of «сказать» — a perfective verb conjugated like a present, here meaning 'what he is about to say (and finish saying)'. The perfective frames the coming utterance as a single, complete event."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле (idiom 'в самом деле')","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition В (idiom 'в самом деле' = indeed)","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of произнес","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had uttered"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking такою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такою","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of нотой","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"искренне","lemma":"искренне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прозвучавшею","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"прозвучавшею","lemma":"прозвучать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies нотой","gloss":"rang"},{"surface":"нотой","lemma":"нота","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнес","gloss":"a tone"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause on такою","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of почувствовали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"почувствовали","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the result clause introduced by что","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of почувствовали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical with быть, 'perhaps'","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может (idiom 'может быть')","gloss":"perhaps","note":"'может быть' is a fixed idiom meaning 'perhaps'."},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of есть","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (w17)","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of есть","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the coordinated clause complement of почувствовали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть (w32)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скажет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on то","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, predicate of то","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самое","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies важное","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"важное","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть (w32)","gloss":"important"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b12-c12-s147","source":"Но председатель, заслышав аплодисмент, громко пригрозил «очистить» залу суда, если еще раз повторится «подобный случай».","translation":"But the presiding judge, hearing the applause, loudly threatened to “clear” the courtroom should “such an incident” occur again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заслышав аплодисмент","title":"Perfective gerund «заслышав»","body":"«заслышав» is a perfective past gerund of «заслышать' ('to catch the sound of'), expressing a prior completed action: 'having heard the applause, [he] threatened…'. The gerund shares the main subject «председатель» and compresses two clauses into one."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если еще раз повторится подобный случай","title":"Reflexive «повторится» in a real condition","body":"«повторится» is the perfective future of the -ся verb «повториться» ('to recur, happen again'); with «если» it forms a real (open) condition — 'should such an incident occur again'. The -ся makes the verb intransitive: the incident repeats itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пригрозил","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"заслышав","lemma":"заслышать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пригрозил","gloss":"hearing"},{"surface":"аплодисмент","lemma":"аплодисмент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заслышав","gloss":"the applause"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пригрозил","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"пригрозил","lemma":"пригрозить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"threatened"},{"surface":"очистить","lemma":"очистить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пригрозил","gloss":"to clear"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of очистить","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies залу","gloss":"of the court"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of повторится","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз (idiom 'еще раз')","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторится","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"повторится","lemma":"повториться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on очистить","gloss":"occur"},{"surface":"подобный","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случай","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторится","gloss":"an incident"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b12-c12-s148","source":"Всё затихло, и Фетюкович начал каким-то новым, проникновенным голосом, совсем не тем, которым говорил до сих пор.","translation":"Everything fell silent, and Fetyukovich began in some new, penetrating voice, quite unlike the one in which he had spoken until then.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем, которым говорил до сих пор","title":"Instrumental relative «которым» — 'in which he spoke'","body":"«голосом… совсем не тем, которым говорил» uses the correlative «тем» and relative «которым», both in the instrumental: 'a voice quite unlike the one in which he had spoken'. «говорить» takes the instrumental for the voice or tone one speaks 'with'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"проникновенным голосом","title":"«проникновенный» — heartfelt, penetrating","body":"«проникновенный» (from «проникнуть», 'to penetrate') describes a voice or tone that pierces to the heart — earnest, deeply felt, moving. It signals the shift into Fetyukovich's final, most emotional appeal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of затихло","gloss":"Everything"},{"surface":"затихло","lemma":"затихнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"Фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with затихло","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голосом","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"indefinite particle attached to каким","gloss":"kind of","note":"каким-то is a single indefinite determiner split across two tokens by the tagger: 'some kind of'."},{"surface":"новым","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"проникновенным","lemma":"проникновенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with новым","gloss":"penetrating"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голосом, contrasted","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тем","gloss":"had spoken"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сих пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"then"}]}]}