{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b12-c13","title":{"source":"XIII. Прелюбодей мысли","translated":"An Adulterer of Thought"},"section":"Book XII — A Judicial Error","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c13","lines":136},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c12","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c14","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b12-c13-s1","source":"«Не совокупность только фактов губит моего клиента, господа присяжные заседатели, — возгласил он, — нет, моего клиента губит, по-настоящему, один лишь факт: это — труп старика отца!","translation":"\"It is not the sum of the facts that ruins my client, gentlemen of the jury,\" he proclaimed, \"no — what ruins my client, truly, is a single fact alone: the corpse of the old father!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"губит моего клиента","title":"Topicalized object, fronted","body":"The new, stressed information — «один лишь факт» — is held back to the end, while the verb «губит» (ruins) and object «моего клиента» come first as the known topic. Free word order, made possible by case endings, lets Fetyukovich build to his rhetorical climax."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возгласил","title":"\"he proclaimed\"","body":"«Возгласить» is a bookish, elevated verb for crying out or proclaiming, drawn from the same Church-Slavonic «глас» (voice) family as «глашатай» (herald). The narrator chooses it over plain «сказал» to mark the orator's grand declamatory manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совокупность","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"совокупность","lemma":"совокупность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of губит","gloss":"the sum"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фактов","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"фактов","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies совокупность","gloss":"of the facts"},{"surface":"губит","lemma":"губить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ruins"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of клиента","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"клиента","lemma":"клиент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of губит","gloss":"client"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, addressing the jury","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies заседатели","gloss":"jury"},{"surface":"заседатели","lemma":"заседатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to господа (vocative)","gloss":"jurors"},{"surface":"возгласил","lemma":"возгласить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical main verb of the quotative frame","gloss":"he proclaimed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возгласил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the correction","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of клиента","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"клиента","lemma":"клиент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of губит (w16)","gloss":"client"},{"surface":"губит","lemma":"губить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"ruins"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-настоящему","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-настоящему","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"настоящему","lemma":"по-настоящему","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-настоящему","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies факт","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies факт","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of губит (w16)","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of труп","gloss":"this is"},{"surface":"труп","lemma":"труп","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"the corpse"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies труп","gloss":"of the old man"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старика","gloss":"the father"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b12-c13-s2","source":"Будь простое убийство, и вы при ничтожности, при бездоказательности, при фантастичности фактов, если рассматривать каждый из них в отдельности, а не в совокупности, — отвергли бы обвинение, по крайней мере усумнились бы губить судьбу человека по одному лишь предубеждению против него, которое, увы, он так заслужил!","translation":"Were this a simple murder, then you — given the triviality, the want of proof, the fantastical character of the facts, if each is weighed on its own rather than all together — you would have rejected the charge, or would at the very least have hesitated to wreck a man's life merely on the strength of a prejudice against him, a prejudice that, alas, he has so richly earned!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будь простое убийство","title":"Inverted conditional with imperative","body":"«Будь…» here is the imperative of «быть» used to open a hypothetical condition — \"were this a simple murder.\" Russian can replace «если бы было» with this bare inverted imperative, a crisp, slightly elevated way of framing an unreal supposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отвергли бы … усумнились бы","title":"Conditional with particle бы","body":"The main clause runs in the irrealis: past-tense verbs «отвергли», «усумнились» plus the particle «бы» give the counterfactual \"you would have rejected … would have hesitated.\" This is the apodosis answering the inverted «будь…» condition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"при ничтожности, при бездоказательности, при фантастичности","title":"Anaphoric «при» + prepositional","body":"The preposition «при» governs the prepositional case and here means \"given, in view of.\" Its threefold repetition with abstract nouns in -ость builds a rhetorical crescendo — a hallmark of the courtroom oration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"усумнились бы","title":"\"would have hesitated/doubted\"","body":"«Усумниться» (here in older spelling with -ум-) is a perfective of «сомневаться», to come to doubt or hesitate. The bookish prefixed form fits the lawyer's formal register; modern Russian would more often write «усомнились бы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, conditional (imperative form used as 'if it were'), imperfective","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"were [it]"},{"surface":"простое","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies убийство","gloss":"a simple"},{"surface":"убийство","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Будь","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"resumes the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отвергли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ничтожности","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"ничтожности","lemma":"ничтожность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвергли","gloss":"the triviality"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бездоказательности","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"бездоказательности","lemma":"бездоказательность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ничтожности","gloss":"the lack of proof"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фантастичности","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"фантастичности","lemma":"фантастичность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ничтожности","gloss":"the fantastical nature"},{"surface":"фактов","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies фантастичности","gloss":"of the facts"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассматривать","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"рассматривать","lemma":"рассматривать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отвергли","gloss":"weighing"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of рассматривать","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies каждый","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отдельности","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"отдельности","lemma":"отдельность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассматривать","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совокупности","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking совокупности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"совокупности","lemma":"совокупность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with отдельности","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"отвергли","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would reject"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of отвергли","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отвергли","gloss":"the charge"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"усумнились","lemma":"усомниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to отвергли","gloss":"would hesitate"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of усумнились","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"губить","lemma":"губить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of усумнились","gloss":"to wreck"},{"surface":"судьбу","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of губить","gloss":"the life"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies судьбу","gloss":"of a man"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предубеждению","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies предубеждению","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предубеждению","gloss":"mere"},{"surface":"предубеждению","lemma":"предубеждение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies судьбу","gloss":"prejudice"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies предубеждению","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заслужил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"увы","lemma":"увы","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical exclamation","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заслужил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заслужил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"заслужил","lemma":"заслужить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on которое","gloss":"has earned"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b12-c13-s3","source":"Но тут не простое убийство, а отцеубийство!","translation":"But here it is no simple murder — it is parricide!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не простое убийство, а отцеубийство","title":"Contrastive «а» after negation","body":"The pattern «не X, а Y» (\"not X but rather Y\") uses the contrastive conjunction «а» to correct and replace, not merely add. It throws the full weight onto «отцеубийство», the word the whole speech turns on."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отцеубийство","title":"\"parricide\"","body":"A compound of «отец» (father) + «убийство» (killing/murder), literally \"father-murder.\" It is the gravest of crimes in the moral world of the novel, and the chapter title «Прелюбодей мысли» plays on this whole register of sin and judgment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase, 'here it is'","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простое","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"простое","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies убийство","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"убийство","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominal of the clause","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"отцеубийство","lemma":"отцеубийство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with убийство","gloss":"parricide"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b12-c13-s4","source":"Это импонирует, и до такой степени, что даже самая ничтожность и бездоказательность обвиняющих фактов становится уже не столь ничтожною и не столь бездоказательною, и это в самом непредубежденном даже уме.","translation":"That impresses, and to such a degree that even the very triviality and groundlessness of the incriminating facts ceases to seem so trivial and so groundless — and this in even the least prejudiced mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"становится … не столь ничтожною","title":"Predicate instrumental absent; long-form adjective","body":"«Становится» (becomes) governs an instrumental predicate, but here the predicate is the comparative phrase «не столь ничтожною», kept in long-form instrumental feminine «-ою» — the older, more literary variant of «-ой». The verb of becoming frames triviality as a state being entered into."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"импонирует","title":"\"impresses, commands respect\"","body":"«Импонировать» (from French/German) means to impress, to carry weight with someone. A fashionable foreign borrowing in 19th-century educated speech — slightly showy in the mouth of the polished Petersburg advocate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of импонирует","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"импонирует","lemma":"импонировать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"impresses"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of степени","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of импонирует","gloss":"a degree"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of становится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самая","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ничтожность","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"ничтожность","lemma":"ничтожность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of становится","gloss":"triviality"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бездоказательность","lemma":"бездоказательность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ничтожность","gloss":"groundlessness"},{"surface":"обвиняющих","lemma":"обвинять","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies фактов","gloss":"incriminating"},{"surface":"фактов","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ничтожность и бездоказательность","gloss":"of the facts"},{"surface":"становится","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"becomes"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничтожною","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ничтожною","lemma":"ничтожный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of становится","gloss":"trivial"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бездоказательною","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"бездоказательною","lemma":"бездоказательный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ничтожною","gloss":"groundless"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of an elided verb parallel to становится","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"непредубежденном","lemma":"непредубеждённый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"unprejudiced"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of это (elided verb)","gloss":"mind"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b12-c13-s5","source":"Ну как оправдать такого подсудимого?","translation":"Well, how is one to acquit such a defendant?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как оправдать такого подсудимого","title":"Dative-less infinitive of deliberation","body":"«Как оправдать?» — \"how is one to acquit?\" — uses a bare infinitive to pose a deliberative question with no stated subject, an impersonal construction where English supplies \"one.\" «Оправдать» is perfective: the question is about achieving the single act of acquittal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оправдать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"оправдать","lemma":"оправдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is one to acquit"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of подсудимого","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оправдать","gloss":"a defendant"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b12-c13-s6","source":"А ну как он убил и уйдет ненаказанным — вот что чувствует каждый в сердце своем почти невольно, инстинктивно.","translation":"But what if he killed and walks away unpunished? — that is what each of us feels in his heart, almost involuntarily, by instinct.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ну как он убил и уйдет","title":"«А ну как» — colloquial \"what if\"","body":"«А ну как…» is an idiomatic colloquial frame for an anxious supposition, \"but what if…\". Note the aspect shift: perfective past «убил» (he killed — a completed deed) into perfective present «уйдёт», which carries future meaning (\"and will walk away\")."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в сердце своем","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«Своём» (one's own) refers back to the clause's own subject «каждый» — each in *his own* heart. Using «его» instead would point to someone else's heart; «свой» keeps the possession anchored to the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom 'а ну как' ('what if')","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom 'а ну как', introduces убил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уйдет","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"ненаказанным","lemma":"ненаказанный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of уйдет","gloss":"unpunished"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что (idiom 'вот что')","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of чувствует","gloss":"is what"},{"surface":"чувствует","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствует","gloss":"each one"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of чувствует","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невольно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"невольно","lemma":"невольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствует","gloss":"involuntarily"},{"surface":"инстинктивно","lemma":"инстинктивно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with невольно","gloss":"instinctively"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b12-c13-s7","source":"Да, страшная вещь пролить кровь отца, — кровь родившего, кровь любившего, кровь жизни своей для меня не жалевшего, с детских лет моих моими болезнями болевшего, всю жизнь за мое счастье страдавшего и лишь моими радостями, моими успехами жившего!","translation":"Yes, it is a fearful thing to spill a father's blood — the blood of the man who begot him, who loved him, who did not begrudge his own life for his sake, who from my earliest years ached with my every illness, who suffered his whole life long for my happiness and lived only by my joys, my successes!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"родившего … любившего … не жалевшего … болевшего … страдавшего … жившего","title":"Chain of past active participles","body":"Six past active participles in «-вшего» (genitive masculine), each replacing a «который»-clause: \"the one who begot, who loved, who did not begrudge…\". This dense participial chain, all modifying «кровь… отца», is pure literary high style — a cascade of relative clauses compressed into single words."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кровь … кровь … кровь","title":"Anaphora and genitive of \"of\"","body":"The fourfold repetition of «кровь» followed by genitive phrases («кровь родившего» = blood *of the one who begot*) is rhetorical anaphora. Each genitive expands what \"a father's blood\" means, building emotional pressure through grammatical accumulation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"болезнями болевшего","title":"Instrumental of cause/means with «болеть»","body":"«Болеть» here takes the instrumental «болезнями моими» — \"ached *with* my illnesses,\" the instrumental naming what he suffered by. The figura etymologica «болезнями болевшего» (illnesses + the one who ached) is a deliberate poetic echo."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"страшная","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вещь","gloss":"fearful"},{"surface":"вещь","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, subject complement","gloss":"a thing"},{"surface":"пролить","lemma":"пролить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject clause, modifies вещь","gloss":"to spill"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пролить","gloss":"the blood"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кровь","gloss":"of a father"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to кровь (w5)","gloss":"the blood"},{"surface":"родившего","lemma":"родить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies кровь (w7)","gloss":"of him who begot [him]"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кровь (w7)","gloss":"the blood"},{"surface":"любившего","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies кровь (w9)","gloss":"of him who loved [him]"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кровь (w9)","gloss":"the blood"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of жалевшего","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of жалевшего","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жалевшего","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"жалевшего","lemma":"жалеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies кровь (w11)","gloss":"who did not begrudge"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"детских","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of болевшего (with с)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of лет","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"моими","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of болезнями","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"болезнями","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of болевшего","gloss":"illnesses"},{"surface":"болевшего","lemma":"болеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies кровь (w11)","gloss":"who ached"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of страдавшего (duration)","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастье","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of счастье","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"счастье","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of страдавшего","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"страдавшего","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies кровь (w11)","gloss":"who suffered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies моими","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"моими","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of радостями","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"радостями","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of жившего","gloss":"joys"},{"surface":"моими","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of успехами","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"успехами","lemma":"успех","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with радостями","gloss":"successes"},{"surface":"жившего","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with страдавшего (w30), modifies кровь (w11)","gloss":"who lived"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b12-c13-s8","source":"О, убить такого отца — да это невозможно и помыслить!","translation":"Oh, to kill such a father — why, the very thought of it is impossible!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да это невозможно и помыслить","title":"Impersonal «невозможно» + infinitive","body":"«Невозможно помыслить» is an impersonal predicative: an invariable «-о» word plus an infinitive, with no nominative subject — \"it is impossible even to conceive.\" The particle «да» here is exclamatory (\"why, …!\"), and «и» before the infinitive means \"even.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"помыслить","title":"\"to conceive, to so much as think\"","body":"«Помыслить» is a perfective, bookish-archaic verb for \"to conceive a thought,\" loftier than plain «подумать». It belongs to the elevated, almost homiletic register the lawyer adopts when speaking of the sacred bond of fatherhood."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject of невозможно","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"a father"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker, 'why'","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive subject of невозможно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"is impossible"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помыслить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"помыслить","lemma":"помыслить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with убить, complement of невозможно","gloss":"to imagine"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b12-c13-s9","source":"Господа присяжные, что такое отец, настоящий отец, что это за слово такое великое, какая страшно великая идея в наименовании этом?","translation":"Gentlemen of the jury, what is a father, a true father — what is this word, so great, what fearfully great idea lies in that very name?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что это за слово такое великое","title":"«что за» — \"what kind of\"","body":"«Что за слово!» is a fixed exclamatory/interrogative idiom (modelled on German *was für*) meaning \"what a word!\" or \"what kind of word.\" The added «такое» and trailing «великое» intensify the wonder — a stacking of emphatic markers typical of impassioned speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в наименовании этом","title":"Postposed demonstrative for emphasis","body":"Placing «этом» *after* its noun «наименовании» (rather than the usual «в этом наименовании») is a marked, rhetorical word order — \"in that very name.\" The inversion lends solemn weight, a frequent device in elevated 19th-century oratory."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, addressing the jury","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to Господа, vocative","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of отец","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom 'что такое' (what is)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of что такое","gloss":"a father"},{"surface":"настоящий","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отец (w7)","gloss":"a true"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец (w5)","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of слово","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of слово","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слово (idiom 'что за слово')","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun in the idiom 'что это за слово'","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of великое","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to слово","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of идея","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies великая","gloss":"fearfully"},{"surface":"великая","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies идея","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"идея","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the exclamatory clause","gloss":"an idea"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наименовании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наименовании","lemma":"наименование","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of идея (lies in)","gloss":"the name"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of наименовании","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b12-c13-s10","source":"Мы сейчас только указали отчасти, что такое и чем должен быть истинный отец.","translation":"We have just now indicated, in part, what a true father is and what he ought to be.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем должен быть истинный отец","title":"Instrumental predicate after «быть»","body":"The indirect question «чем должен быть … отец» uses the instrumental interrogative «чем» as predicate of the infinitive «быть» — \"what [a father] ought to be.\" After «быть», «стать» and the like, the predicate noun or pronoun stands in the instrumental, not the nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of указали","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указали","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас (idiom 'сейчас только')","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"указали","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have indicated"},{"surface":"отчасти","lemma":"отчасти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указали","gloss":"in part"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of отец","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom 'что такое' (what is)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of должен быть","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with что такое","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"истинный","lemma":"истинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"a true"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of что такое / чем должен быть","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b12-c13-s11","source":"В настоящем же деле, которым мы так все теперь заняты, которым болят наши души, — в настоящем деле отец, покойный Федор Павлович Карамазов, нисколько не подходил под то понятие об отце, которое сейчас сказалось нашему сердцу.","translation":"But in the present case, the case that so engrosses us all now, the case that makes our souls ache — in the present case the father, the late Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov, in no way answered to that conception of a father which has just now spoken itself to our hearts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которым мы так все теперь заняты, которым болят наши души","title":"Relative «который» in two cases","body":"Two parallel «который»-clauses both take the instrumental form «которым», but for different reasons: «заняты которым» (occupied *with* which — instrumental governed by the short adjective) and «болят души которым» here works as an instrumental of cause. The relative agrees in gender/number with «дело» but takes the case its own clause demands."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нисколько не подходил под то понятие, которое … сказалось","title":"Correlative «то … которое» and reflexive «-ся»","body":"«То понятие, которое сказалось» sets up a correlative demonstrative «то» pointing forward to its relative clause. «Сказалось» is the reflexive-middle of «сказать» — \"spoke itself, made itself felt\" — using «-ся» to render an intransitive, almost spontaneous event."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"настоящем","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies настоящем","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подходил","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заняты","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive заняты","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies все","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заняты","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"заняты","lemma":"занять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on деле","gloss":"engrosses"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of болят","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"болят","lemma":"болеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on заняты","gloss":"ache"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of болят","gloss":"souls"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"настоящем","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подходил","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подходил","gloss":"the father"},{"surface":"покойный","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Федор","gloss":"the late"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"нисколько","lemma":"нисколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подходил","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подходил","lemma":"подходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered to"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking понятие","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of понятие","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"понятие","lemma":"понятие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подходил","gloss":"conception"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отце","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"отце","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies понятие","gloss":"a father"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сказалось","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказалось","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"сказалось","lemma":"сказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on понятие","gloss":"has spoken itself"},{"surface":"нашему","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердцу","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"сердцу","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of сказалось","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b12-c13-s12","source":"Это беда.","translation":"That is a calamity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это беда.","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"\"That is a calamity\" — Russian uses no verb \"to be\" in the present, so subject «это» and predicate nominative «беда» simply stand side by side. The blunt, copula-less sentence lands like a verdict."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of беда","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"беда","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a calamity"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b12-c13-s13","source":"Да, действительно, иной отец похож на беду.","translation":"Yes, indeed, a certain kind of father is very like a calamity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"иной отец","title":"«иной» — \"a certain kind of\"","body":"«Иной» here does not mean \"another\" but \"a certain sort of, this or that\" — \"a certain kind of father.\" It generalizes without specifying, a slightly bookish flavor of \"some fathers there are who…\"."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"похож на беду","title":"Short adjective «похож» + «на» + accusative","body":"«Похож» is the short (predicative) form of «похожий» (similar), and it governs «на» plus the accusative «беду»: \"is like a calamity.\" Short adjectives serve only as predicates and are especially common in this terse, sententious register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to похож","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to похож","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"a certain kind of"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of похож","gloss":"a father"},{"surface":"похож","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is like"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беду","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"беду","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похож","gloss":"a calamity"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b12-c13-s14","source":"Рассмотрим же эту беду поближе — ведь ничего не надо бояться, господа присяжные, ввиду важности предстоящего решения.","translation":"Let us look at this calamity more closely, then — for there is nothing to fear, gentlemen of the jury, given the gravity of the decision before us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рассмотрим же эту беду поближе","title":"Imperative + insistent «же»","body":"«Рассмотрим» is a first-person-plural perfective used as a hortative (\"let us examine\"); the particle «же» adds urging insistence (\"let us, then, …\"). «Поближе» is a softened comparative, \"a bit closer.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не надо бояться","title":"Impersonal «надо» + genitive of negation","body":"«Надо бояться» is an impersonal modal (\"one must fear\"), and the verb «бояться» normally takes the genitive of its object; under negation, «ничего» (genitive of «ничто») gives \"there is nothing to fear.\" Note the negative concord: «ничего … не»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рассмотрим","lemma":"рассмотреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let us look at"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Рассмотрим","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of беду","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"беду","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Рассмотрим","gloss":"calamity"},{"surface":"поближе","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Рассмотрим","gloss":"more closely"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of надо","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to Рассмотрим","gloss":"is necessary"},{"surface":"бояться","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to fear"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, addressing the jury","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"ввиду","lemma":"ввиду","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking важности","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"важности","lemma":"важность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition ввиду, modifying надо","gloss":"the gravity"},{"surface":"предстоящего","lemma":"предстоящий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies решения","gloss":"impending"},{"surface":"решения","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies важности","gloss":"decision"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b12-c13-s15","source":"Мы даже особенно не должны бояться теперь и, так сказать, отмахиваться от иной идеи, как дети или пугливые женщины, по счастливому выражению высокоталантливого обвинителя.","translation":"We must not, just now, be especially afraid and, so to speak, wave off some idea like children or timid women — to borrow the felicitous phrase of the highly gifted prosecutor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отмахиваться от иной идеи, как дети или пугливые женщины","title":"Imperfective infinitive of habit","body":"«Отмахиваться» is imperfective — to keep waving (something) off, a repeated, characteristic gesture, hence the comparison \"like children or timid women.\" «От иной идеи» shows «от» governing the genitive (\"away from some idea\")."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по счастливому выражению","title":"\"to use the felicitous phrase of\"","body":"«По счастливому выражению (кого-то)» is a polished formula for crediting a turn of phrase to someone — \"in the apt/felicitous phrase of.\" The advocate uses it to ironically echo the prosecutor's own words back at him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies особенно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должны","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies должны","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"бояться","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"be afraid"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бояться","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical idiom with так","gloss":"to speak","note":"так сказать is a fixed parenthetical meaning 'so to speak'."},{"surface":"отмахиваться","lemma":"отмахиваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бояться","gloss":"wave off"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идеи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies идеи","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"идеи","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отмахиваться","gloss":"an idea"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison modifying отмахиваться","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"compared to Мы, subject of elided verb","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"пугливые","lemma":"пугливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies женщины","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with дети","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выражению","gloss":"to borrow"},{"surface":"счастливому","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражению","gloss":"felicitous"},{"surface":"выражению","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отмахиваться, бояться","gloss":"the phrase"},{"surface":"высокоталантливого","lemma":"высокоталантливый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обвинителя","gloss":"highly gifted"},{"surface":"обвинителя","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies выражению","gloss":"of the prosecutor"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b12-c13-s16","source":"Но в своей горячей речи уважаемый мой противник (и противник еще прежде, чем я произнес мое первое слово), мой противник несколько раз воскликнул: „Нет, я никому не дам защищать подсудимого, я не уступлю его защиту защитнику, приехавшему из Петербурга, — я обвинитель, я и защитник!“","translation":"But in his fervent speech my esteemed adversary (and an adversary already before I had uttered my first word), my adversary cried out several times: 'No, I shall let no one else defend the accused; I will not yield his defense to a defender who has come up from Petersburg — I am the prosecutor, and I am the defender too!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приехавшему из Петербурга","title":"Past active participle as modifier","body":"«Приехавшему» is the past active participle of «приехать» (to arrive), agreeing in dative with «защитнику» — \"to a defender who has come.\" The participle compresses a whole «который приехал» clause into one word, and «приехать» is a prefixed perfective verb of motion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я никому не дам защищать","title":"Negative concord with «никому»","body":"«Никому не дам» — \"I shall give no one [the chance],\" with the negative pronoun «никому» (dative) and the verb both negated: Russian requires the «не» even when an «ни»-word is present. «Дам» is perfective present = future."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking речи","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речи","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"горячей","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies речи","gloss":"fervent"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"уважаемый","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies противник","gloss":"esteemed"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of противник","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"противник","lemma":"противник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic, resumed as subject at w20","gloss":"adversary"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"противник","lemma":"противник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to противник","gloss":"an adversary"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies противник","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of произнес","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прежде","gloss":"had uttered"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"первое","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произнес","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of противник","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"противник","lemma":"противник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"adversary"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to дам","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дам","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of дам","gloss":"to no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to воскликнул","gloss":"will let"},{"surface":"защищать","lemma":"защищать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of дам","gloss":"defend"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of защищать","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уступлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уступлю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уступлю","lemma":"уступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дам","gloss":"will yield"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of защиту","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"защиту","lemma":"защита","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of уступлю","gloss":"defense"},{"surface":"защитнику","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of уступлю","gloss":"to a defender"},{"surface":"приехавшему","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"clause modifying защитнику","gloss":"who has come"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербурга","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Петербурга","lemma":"петербург","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приехавшему","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обвинитель","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"обвинитель","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to дам","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with обвинитель","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"защитник","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with я","gloss":"the defender"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b12-c13-s17","source":"Вот что он несколько раз воскликнул и, однако же, забыл упомянуть, что если страшный подсудимый целые двадцать три года столь благодарен был всего только за один фунт орехов, полученных от единственного человека, приласкавшего его ребенком в родительском доме, то, обратно, не мог же ведь такой человек и не помнить, все эти двадцать три года, как он бегал босой у отца „на заднем дворе, без сапожек, и в панталончиках на одной пуговке“, по выражению человеколюбивого доктора Герценштубе.","translation":"That is what he cried out several times, and yet he forgot to mention that, if the fearful defendant was for fully twenty-three years so grateful for nothing more than a single pound of nuts received from the one and only person who had ever shown him kindness as a child in his father's house, then, conversely, such a man surely could not have failed to remember, all those twenty-three years, how he had run barefoot at his father's place 'in the back yard, without boots, in little trousers held by a single button' — to use the phrase of that lover of his fellow men, Dr. Herzenstube.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мог же ведь … и не помнить","title":"Double negation = strong assertion","body":"«Не мог … не помнить» is a litotes — \"could not but remember,\" i.e. surely did remember. The piled particles «же» and «ведь» both press the appeal to shared sense (\"surely, after all\"), giving the clause its insistent, conversational charge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"полученных от единственного человека, приласкавшего его","title":"Stacked participles, genitive","body":"Two participles modify nouns here: «полученных» (passive past, \"received\") agrees with «орехов» in genitive, and «приласкавшего» (active past, \"who had shown affection\") agrees with «человека». The agent of the receiving is marked by «от» + genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"без сапожек, и в панталончиках на одной пуговке","title":"Pitying diminutives","body":"«Сапожки» (little boots), «панталончики» (little trousers), «пуговка» (little button) pile on diminutive suffixes not to mean \"small\" but to evoke pathos — the neglected little boy. The cluster of -очк-/-еньк- forms tugs at the jury's pity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"That's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Вот","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with воскликнул","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"упомянуть","lemma":"упомянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of забыл","gloss":"to mention"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause complement of упомянуть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of благодарен","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"страшный","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подсудимый","gloss":"fearful"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of благодарен","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"целые","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies года","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on три","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on года","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial (duration) modifying благодарен","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благодарен","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"благодарен","lemma":"благодарный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of если-clause (subject подсудимый)","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to благодарен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фунт","gloss":"in all"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фунт","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фунт","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies фунт","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"фунт","lemma":"фунт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of благодарен (object of за)","gloss":"pound"},{"surface":"орехов","lemma":"орех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies фунт","gloss":"of nuts"},{"surface":"полученных","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying орехов","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"единственного","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"the only"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полученных","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"приласкавшего","lemma":"приласкать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying человека","gloss":"who had shown kindness to"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приласкавшего","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ребенком","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of приласкавшего","gloss":"as a child"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"родительском","lemma":"родительский","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"his father's"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приласкавшего","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlative 'then' introducing the main clause, paired with если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"обратно","lemma":"обратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"conversely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of упомянуть","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помнить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помнить","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of года","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of года","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on три","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on года","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial (duration) modifying помнить","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бегал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бегал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бегал","lemma":"бегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"object clause of помнить","gloss":"had run"},{"surface":"босой","lemma":"босой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of бегал","gloss":"barefoot"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бегал","gloss":"his father's"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"заднем","lemma":"задний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дворе","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"дворе","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бегал","gloss":"yard"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сапожек","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сапожек","lemma":"сапожок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with дворе","gloss":"boots"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking панталончиках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"панталончиках","lemma":"панталончики","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with дворе","gloss":"little trousers"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пуговке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies пуговке","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"пуговке","lemma":"пуговка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies панталончиках","gloss":"button"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выражению","gloss":"to borrow"},{"surface":"выражению","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying бегал","gloss":"the phrase"},{"surface":"человеколюбивого","lemma":"человеколюбивый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доктора","gloss":"kind-hearted"},{"surface":"доктора","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies выражению","gloss":"of Dr."},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to доктора","gloss":"Herzenstube"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b12-c13-s18","source":"О господа присяжные, зачем нам рассматривать ближе эту „беду“, повторять то, что все уже знают!","translation":"Oh, gentlemen of the jury, why should we look more closely at this 'calamity,' why repeat what everyone already knows!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зачем нам рассматривать … повторять","title":"Dative «нам» + infinitive","body":"«Зачем нам рассматривать?» is a dative-subject impersonal: the experiencers «нам» stand in the dative and the predicate is the bare infinitive — \"why [is it] for us to examine?\" The two imperfective infinitives mark the action as drawn-out, distasteful repetition."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation preceding vocative address","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассматривать","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of рассматривать","gloss":"should we"},{"surface":"рассматривать","lemma":"рассматривать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main predicate (infinitive) of the clause","gloss":"examine"},{"surface":"ближе","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассматривать","gloss":"more closely"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of беду","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"беду","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of рассматривать","gloss":"calamity"},{"surface":"повторять","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рассматривать, under зачем нам","gloss":"repeat"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of повторять","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знают","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знают","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знают","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"знают","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b12-c13-s19","source":"Что встретил мой клиент, приехав сюда к отцу? И зачем, зачем изображать моего клиента бесчувственным, эгоистом, чудовищем?","translation":"What did my client meet with when he came here, to his father? And why, why must we paint my client as unfeeling, an egotist, a monster?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приехав сюда к отцу","title":"Perfective gerund (деепричастие)","body":"«Приехав» is the perfective past gerund of «приехать» — \"having arrived.\" It names an action completed just before the main verb «встретил» and shares its subject (\"my client\"); this terse non-finite form is a staple of literary narration. «Приехать» is itself a prefixed perfective motion verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"изображать моего клиента бесчувственным, эгоистом, чудовищем","title":"Instrumental of the predicate object","body":"After «изображать (кого) кем» (to portray someone *as* something), the complements «бесчувственным, эгоистом, чудовищем» all stand in the instrumental — the case of the assumed or attributed role. Three instrumentals in a row hammer the unjust caricature."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of встретил","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"встретил","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did meet with"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of клиент","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"клиент","lemma":"клиент","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встретил","gloss":"client"},{"surface":"приехав","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on встретил","gloss":"having come"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехав","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приехав","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изображать","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изображать","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"изображать","lemma":"изображать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"must we paint"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of клиента","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"клиента","lemma":"клиент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of изображать","gloss":"client"},{"surface":"бесчувственным","lemma":"бесчувственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of изображать","gloss":"unfeeling"},{"surface":"эгоистом","lemma":"эгоист","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бесчувственным","gloss":"an egotist"},{"surface":"чудовищем","lemma":"чудовище","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with бесчувственным","gloss":"a monster"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b12-c13-s20","source":"Он безудержен, он дик и буен, вот мы теперь его судим за это, а кто виноват в судьбе его, кто виноват, что при хороших наклонностях, при благородном чувствительном сердце он получил такое нелепое воспитание?","translation":"He is unrestrained, he is wild and headstrong — and here we are now judging him for it — but who is to blame for his fate, who is to blame that, for all his good inclinations, for all his noble and sensitive heart, he received so preposterous an upbringing?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто виноват … кто виноват, что …","title":"Short adjective «виноват» + «что»-clause","body":"«Виноват» is the short predicative form of «виноватый» (guilty/to blame), used here in the recurring question «кто виноват?» — \"who is to blame?\". The second instance opens a «что»-clause naming the fault. The phrase famously echoes Herzen's title *Кто виноват?*"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"при хороших наклонностях, при благородном чувствительном сердце","title":"Concessive «при» + prepositional","body":"Here «при» again takes the prepositional and means \"for all, despite\" — \"for all his good inclinations, his noble heart.\" Each adjective agrees in case with its noun, making the concession ring out twice."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безудержен … дик и буен","title":"Short adjectives of temperament","body":"«Безудержен» (unrestrained), «дик» (wild), «буен» (turbulent, riotous) are all short predicative forms, terse and absolute. «Буйный» especially is a key word for Mitya throughout — the untamed, headstrong Karamazov nature."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of безудержен","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"безудержен","lemma":"безудержный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is unrestrained"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дик","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"дик","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with безудержен","gloss":"is wild"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"буен","lemma":"буйный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with безудержен","gloss":"headstrong"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies судим","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of судим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies судим","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of судим","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"судим","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"are judging"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of судим","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of виноват","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of а-clause","gloss":"is to blame"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судьбе","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"судьбе","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виноват","gloss":"the fate"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of судьбе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of виноват","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, repeated question, introduces что-clause","gloss":"is to blame"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of получил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наклонностях","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"хороших","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies наклонностях","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"наклонностях","lemma":"наклонность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of получил","gloss":"inclinations"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"благородном","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"чувствительном","lemma":"чувствительный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"sensitive"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of получил","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of получил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"получил","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of виноват","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of воспитание","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"нелепое","lemma":"нелепый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воспитание","gloss":"preposterous"},{"surface":"воспитание","lemma":"воспитание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of получил","gloss":"upbringing"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b12-c13-s21","source":"Учил ли его кто-нибудь уму-разуму, просвещен ли он в науках, любил ли кто его хоть сколько-нибудь в его детстве?","translation":"Did anyone teach him sense and reason, was he given any schooling, did anyone love him even a little in his childhood?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Учил ли его кто-нибудь … просвещен ли он … любил ли кто","title":"Yes/no questions with «ли»","body":"Three parallel questions are formed with the enclitic particle «ли», each fronting the focused verb: «учил ли…», «просвещён ли…», «любил ли…» — \"did anyone teach…, was he taught…, did anyone love…\". «Ли» gives a formal, literary cadence to this triple interrogation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"просвещен ли он в науках","title":"Short passive participle as predicate","body":"«Просвещён» is the short form of the past passive participle «просвещённый» (enlightened/educated), forming a passive predicate — \"was he educated.\" The short passive participle plus (implied) «быть» is the standard way to state a result or condition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уму-разуму","title":"«уму-разуму» — \"sense and reason\"","body":"A fixed reduplicative idiom, «учить уму-разуму» = to teach (someone) sense, to bring up properly. Both nouns are dative; the doubling «ум-разум» (mind-reason) is a folksy paired formula common in spoken and proverbial Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Учил","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did teach"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Учил","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Учил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Учил","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Учил","gloss":"(-ever)","note":"кто-нибудь is one indefinite pronoun ('anyone'), split across two tokens."},{"surface":"уму","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Учил","gloss":"sense","note":"уму-разуму is the idiom 'good sense', both nouns dative after учить."},{"surface":"разуму","lemma":"разум","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Учил","gloss":"and reason"},{"surface":"просвещен","lemma":"просветить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Учил, main predicate of second question","gloss":"was he given schooling"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies просвещен","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of просвещен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking науках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"науках","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of просвещен","gloss":"the sciences"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Учил","gloss":"did love"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сколько","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"(-ever)","note":"сколько-нибудь is one indefinite adverb ('at all'), split across two tokens."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of детстве","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"детстве","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of любил","gloss":"childhood"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b12-c13-s22","source":"Мой клиент рос покровительством божиим, то есть как дикий зверь.","translation":"My client grew up under the protection of God — that is to say, like a wild beast.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рос покровительством божиим","title":"Instrumental of means","body":"«Покровительством божиим» is instrumental — \"grew up *by/under* God's protection,\" the instrumental naming the means (here bitterly ironic). «Божиим» is the older long instrumental of the possessive adjective «божий» (God's)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"то есть как дикий зверь","title":"Bitter gloss with «то есть»","body":"«То есть» (\"that is to say\") normally clarifies; here it delivers a sardonic equation — \"under God's protection — *that is*, like a wild beast.\" The lawyer's irony: divine providence as the only parenting Mitya got."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of клиент","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"клиент","lemma":"клиент","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рос","gloss":"client"},{"surface":"рос","lemma":"расти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew up"},{"surface":"покровительством","lemma":"покровительство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рос","gloss":"protection"},{"surface":"божиим","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies покровительством","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть","gloss":"that","note":"«то есть» is a fixed idiom meaning \"that is (to say).\""},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking зверь","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"дикий","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies зверь","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"зверь","lemma":"зверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как, comparing клиент's growing up to a beast's","gloss":"beast"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b12-c13-s23","source":"Он, может быть, жаждал увидеть отца после долголетней разлуки, он, может быть, тысячу раз перед тем, вспоминая как сквозь сон свое детство, отгонял отвратительные призраки, приснившиеся ему в его детстве, и всею душой жаждал оправдать и обнять отца своего!","translation":"He may, perhaps, have longed to see his father after the long years of separation; perhaps a thousand times before that, recalling his childhood as though through a dream, he drove off the loathsome specters that had haunted his boyhood, and with his whole soul longed to forgive his father and embrace him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вспоминая как сквозь сон","title":"Imperfective gerund of simultaneity","body":"«Вспоминая» is the imperfective present gerund of «вспоминать» — \"while recalling,\" an action running at the same time as the main verb «отгонял». It shares the subject (\"he\") and adds attendant circumstance, as the деепричастие characteristically does."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"призраки, приснившиеся ему","title":"Past active participle of a «-ся» verb","body":"«Приснившиеся» is the past active participle of the reflexive «присниться» (to be dreamt, to appear in a dream), agreeing with «призраки» — \"the specters that had appeared to him in dreams.\" «Присниться» takes a dative experiencer «ему»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всею душой жаждал … обнять отца своего","title":"Instrumental + reflexive possessive","body":"«Всею душой» is instrumental of manner (\"with his whole soul\"), with the archaic long ending «-ею». «Отца своего» uses the reflexive possessive «свой», anchoring the father to the clause's subject — *his own* father."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жаждал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может (idiom: may be, perhaps)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"жаждал","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"longed"},{"surface":"увидеть","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of жаждал","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увидеть","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разлуки","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"долголетней","lemma":"долголетний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies разлуки","gloss":"long-lasting"},{"surface":"разлуки","lemma":"разлука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of после","gloss":"separation"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отгонял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть (perhaps), modifies отгонял","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может (idiom: may be, perhaps)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"тысячу","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отгонял","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of перед","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вспоминая","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отгонял","gloss":"recalling"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking сон","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"сквозь","lemma":"сквозь","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сон","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминая (via сквозь)","gloss":"a dream"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of детство","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"детство","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вспоминая","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"отгонял","lemma":"отгонять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жаждал (main verb of the он ... тысячу раз clause)","gloss":"drove off"},{"surface":"отвратительные","lemma":"отвратительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies призраки","gloss":"loathsome"},{"surface":"призраки","lemma":"призрак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of отгонял","gloss":"specters"},{"surface":"приснившиеся","lemma":"присниться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying призраки","gloss":"that had haunted"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of приснившиеся","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of детстве","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"детстве","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приснившиеся","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всею","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душой","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"душой","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жаждал","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"жаждал","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отгонял","gloss":"longed"},{"surface":"оправдать","lemma":"оправдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of жаждал","gloss":"to forgive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обнять","lemma":"обнять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with оправдать","gloss":"to embrace"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оправдать/обнять","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"his own"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b12-c13-s24","source":"И что ж?","translation":"And what then?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И что ж?","title":"Reduced particle «ж» (= «же»)","body":"«Что ж?» — \"And what then?\" — uses «ж», the post-vowel short form of the emphatic particle «же». It marks an expectant, rhetorical pivot, inviting the listener to brace for the disappointing answer."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b12-c13-s25","source":"Его встречают одними циническими насмешками, подозрительностью и крючкотворством из-за спорных денег; он слышит лишь разговоры и житейские правила, от которых воротит сердце, ежедневно „за коньячком“, и, наконец, зрит отца, отбивающего у него, у сына, на его же сыновние деньги, любовницу, — о господа присяжные, это отвратительно и жестоко!","translation":"He is met with nothing but cynical jeers, suspicion, and pettifogging quibbles over disputed money; daily, 'over the brandy,' he hears only talk and rules of living that turn the heart; and at last he beholds his father luring away his mistress — his, the son's — and with the son's own money: oh, gentlemen of the jury, it is loathsome and cruel!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его встречают одними циническими насмешками","title":"Indefinite-subject 3rd-pl + instrumental","body":"«Встречают» (they meet) has no named subject — the third-person plural alone expresses an impersonal \"he is met.\" «Одними насмешками» is instrumental of means (\"with nothing but jeers\"); «одними» here means \"only, nothing but.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зрит отца, отбивающего … любовницу","title":"Present active participle in a clause","body":"«Отбивающего» is the present active participle of «отбивать» (to lure/win away), agreeing with «отца» in the accusative — \"the father who is luring away.\" It compresses an ongoing «который отбивает» into one modifier inside the perception verb «зрит»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зрит","title":"«зрит» — \"beholds\"","body":"«Зрит» is the archaic/Church-Slavonic-flavored present of «зреть» (to see, behold), far loftier than «видит». The solemn verb heightens the horror of the climactic vision: the son *beholds* his father stealing his mistress."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"крючкотворством … „за коньячком“","title":"«крючкотворство» and the brandy diminutive","body":"«Крючкотворство» is \"pettifoggery, legal hair-splitting\" (literally \"hook-making\"). «За коньячком» uses the affectionate-ironic diminutive of «коньяк» — Fyodor Pavlovich's cozy \"over the little brandy,\" the genial setting of his cynical talk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встречают","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"встречают","lemma":"встречать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is met with"},{"surface":"одними","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies насмешками","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"циническими","lemma":"цинический","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies насмешками","gloss":"cynical"},{"surface":"насмешками","lemma":"насмешка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of встречают","gloss":"jeers"},{"surface":"подозрительностью","lemma":"подозрительность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with насмешками","gloss":"suspicion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крючкотворством","lemma":"крючкотворство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with насмешками","gloss":"chicanery"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition из-за, marking денег","gloss":"because","note":"«из-за» (split here as из / за) is a compound preposition meaning \"because of, over.\""},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition из-за, marking денег","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"спорных","lemma":"спорный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies денег","gloss":"disputed"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of из-за","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слышит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"слышит","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with встречают","gloss":"hears"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разговоры","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"разговоры","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of слышит","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"житейские","lemma":"житейский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies правила","gloss":"everyday"},{"surface":"правила","lemma":"правило","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with разговоры","gloss":"rules"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of воротит","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"воротит","lemma":"воротить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on правила","gloss":"turns","note":"Impersonal idiom «воротит сердце» = \"it sickens/turns the heart.\""},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of воротит (impersonal construction)","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ежедневно","lemma":"ежедневно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышит","gloss":"daily"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коньячком","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"коньячком","lemma":"коньячок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышит","gloss":"brandy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зрит","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"зрит","lemma":"зреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слышит","gloss":"beholds"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of зрит","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"отбивающего","lemma":"отбивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying отца","gloss":"luring away"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сына","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to него (clarifying: from him, the son)","gloss":"the son"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньги","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies его (emphatic: his very own)","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"сыновние","lemma":"сыновний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"son's"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отбивающего (via на: with the money)","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"любовницу","lemma":"любовница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отбивающего","gloss":"mistress"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the exclamation господа присяжные","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, coordinated with присяжные","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to господа (vocative: gentlemen of the jury)","gloss":"jurors"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of отвратительно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"отвратительно","lemma":"отвратительный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"loathsome"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жестоко","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with отвратительно","gloss":"cruel"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b12-c13-s26","source":"И этот же старик всем жалуется на непочтительность и жестокость сына, марает его в обществе, вредит ему, клевещет на него, скупает его долговые расписки, чтобы посадить его в тюрьму!","translation":"And this same old man goes about complaining to everyone of his son's disrespect and cruelty, blackens his name in society, does him harm, slanders him, buys up his promissory notes so as to throw him into prison!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"жалуется … марает … вредит … клевещет … скупает","title":"Imperfective present of habit","body":"A string of imperfective present verbs paints the old man's habitual, ongoing campaign of malice — \"complains, blackens, harms, slanders, buys up.\" The imperfective makes these not single acts but a continuous course of conduct."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы посадить его в тюрьму","title":"Purpose clause with «чтобы»","body":"«Чтобы посадить» introduces purpose — \"so as to put him in prison.\" When the subject of «чтобы» is the same as the main clause, it takes an infinitive (here perfective «посадить»); only with a different subject would it require a past-form irrealis."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этот","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жалуется","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of жалуется","gloss":"to everyone"},{"surface":"жалуется","lemma":"жаловаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"complains"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking непочтительность","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"непочтительность","lemma":"непочтительность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жалуется","gloss":"disrespect"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жестокость","lemma":"жестокость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with непочтительность","gloss":"cruelty"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies непочтительность/жестокость","gloss":"of his son"},{"surface":"марает","lemma":"марать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жалуется","gloss":"blackens"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of марает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"обществе","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of марает","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"вредит","lemma":"вредить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жалуется","gloss":"harms"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of вредит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"клевещет","lemma":"клеветать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жалуется","gloss":"slanders"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of клевещет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"скупает","lemma":"скупать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жалуется","gloss":"buys up"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of расписки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"долговые","lemma":"долговой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies расписки","gloss":"promissory"},{"surface":"расписки","lemma":"расписка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of скупает","gloss":"notes"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of посадить","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"посадить","lemma":"посадить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on скупает","gloss":"to throw"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посадить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тюрьму","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"тюрьму","lemma":"тюрьма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посадить","gloss":"prison"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b12-c13-s27","source":"Господа присяжные, эти души, эти на вид жестокосердые, буйные и безудержные люди, как мой клиент, бывают, и это чаще всего, чрезвычайно нежны сердцем, только этого не выказывают.","translation":"Gentlemen of the jury, these souls, these people who seem hard-hearted, turbulent, and unrestrained — like my client — are often, indeed most often, exceedingly tender at heart; they simply do not show it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на вид жестокосердые, буйные и безудержные люди","title":"Long-form adjectives in apposition","body":"Here the qualities come as long-form attributive adjectives «жестокосердые, буйные, безудержные» modifying «люди» — contrast the short predicative forms «дик, буен» used earlier (s20). Long forms describe the type as a settled category, \"people who are hard-hearted…\"."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чрезвычайно нежны сердцем","title":"Short adjective + instrumental of respect","body":"«Нежны» is the short predicative form of «нежный» (tender), and «сердцем» is an instrumental of respect — \"tender *as to* the heart,\" i.e. tender-hearted. This instrumental \"in what respect\" is a neat, compact construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, coordinated with присяжные","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to Господа","gloss":"jurors"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to люди","gloss":"souls"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of люди","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom на вид, modifies жестокосердые","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom на вид (seemingly), modifies жестокосердые","gloss":"appearance","note":"«на вид» is idiomatic for \"seemingly, to look at.\""},{"surface":"жестокосердые","lemma":"жестокосердый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"hard-hearted"},{"surface":"буйные","lemma":"буйный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with жестокосердые","gloss":"turbulent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безудержные","lemma":"безудержный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with жестокосердые","gloss":"unrestrained"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of бывают","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking клиент","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of клиент","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"клиент","lemma":"клиент","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"comparison clause modifying люди","gloss":"client"},{"surface":"бывают","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking люди to predicate нежны","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of чаще","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"чаще","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies нежны","gloss":"more often"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom чаще всего (most often)","gloss":"of all","note":"«чаще всего» is idiomatic for \"most often.\""},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нежны","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"нежны","lemma":"нежный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate complement of люди (via бывают)","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нежны","gloss":"at heart"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не выказывают","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выказывают","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выказывают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выказывают","lemma":"выказывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бывают","gloss":"show"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b12-c13-s28","source":"Не смейтесь, не смейтесь над моею идеей!","translation":"Do not laugh, do not laugh at my idea!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не смейтесь … над моею идеей","title":"Negated imperative + reflexive verb","body":"«Не смейтесь» is a negative imperative (plural/polite) of the reflexive «смеяться» (to laugh), which exists only in the «-ся» form. It governs «над» + instrumental «идеей» — to laugh *at* something. The doubling «не смейтесь, не смейтесь» is pleading repetition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смейтесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смейтесь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смейтесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смейтесь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смейтесь","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking моею","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"моею","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of идеей","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"идеей","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смейтесь","gloss":"idea"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b12-c13-s29","source":"Талантливый обвинитель смеялся давеча над моим клиентом безжалостно, выставляя, что он любит Шиллера, любит „прекрасное и высокое“.","translation":"The gifted prosecutor was mocking my client mercilessly a little while ago, holding up against him that he loves Schiller, that he loves 'the beautiful and the lofty.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смеялся … выставляя, что он любит Шиллера","title":"Imperfective gerund + «что»-clause","body":"«Выставляя» is the imperfective gerund of «выставлять» (to put forward, hold up) — a simultaneous action accompanying «смеялся». It then opens a «что»-clause reporting the charge (\"that he loves Schiller\")."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"\"a little while ago\"","body":"«Давеча» is a colloquial, now archaic adverb meaning \"a short time ago, earlier today.\" We render it \"a little while ago.\" It recurs through the speech («давеча я сказал») to point back to earlier moments of the same trial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Талантливый","lemma":"талантливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обвинитель","gloss":"gifted"},{"surface":"обвинитель","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смеялся","gloss":"prosecutor"},{"surface":"смеялся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was mocking"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеялся","gloss":"a while ago"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking клиентом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of клиентом","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"клиентом","lemma":"клиент","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеялся","gloss":"client"},{"surface":"безжалостно","lemma":"безжалостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеялся","gloss":"mercilessly"},{"surface":"выставляя","lemma":"выставлять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on смеялся","gloss":"pointing out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of выставляя","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"Шиллера","lemma":"Шиллер","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"Schiller"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"прекрасное","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"the beautiful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"высокое","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with прекрасное","gloss":"the lofty"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b12-c13-s30","source":"Я бы не стал над этим смеяться на его месте, на месте обвинителя!","translation":"I would not have laughed at that, were I in his place — in the prosecutor's place!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я бы не стал … смеяться … на его месте","title":"Conditional «бы» with leading pronoun","body":"The irrealis «я бы не стал смеяться» (\"I would not have laughed\") places «бы» right after the topic «я», as the mobile particle often does, leaning on the first stressed word. «На его месте» (\"in his place\") supplies the implicit condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with стал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have started"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этим","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеяться","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"смеяться","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to laugh"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеяться","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to месте (his place, i.e. the prosecutor's place)","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"обвинителя","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"prosecutor's"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b12-c13-s31","source":"Да, эти сердца — о, дайте мне защитить эти сердца, столь редко и столь несправедливо понимаемые, — эти сердца весьма часто жаждут нежного, прекрасного и справедливого, и именно как бы в контраст себе, своему буйству, своей жестокости, — жаждут бессознательно, и именно жаждут.","translation":"Yes, these hearts — oh, let me defend these hearts, so rarely and so unjustly understood — these hearts very often thirst for the tender, the beautiful, the just, precisely as a kind of counterpoise to themselves, to their own turbulence, their own cruelty; they thirst unconsciously, and thirst they truly do.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь редко и столь несправедливо понимаемые","title":"Present passive participle (rare, bookish)","body":"«Понимаемые» is the present passive participle of «понимать» — \"[hearts] that are understood,\" agreeing with «сердца». This «-мый» passive is markedly literary and uncommon in speech, and its insertion mid-flow is pure rhetorical high style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"жаждут … как бы в контраст себе, своему буйству","title":"Reflexive «себя»/«свой» + «как бы»","body":"«Себе» (dative of the reflexive «себя») and «своему буйству» both point back to the subject «эти сердца» — a counterpoise *to themselves, to their own* turbulence. «Как бы» softens to \"as it were, a kind of.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"именно жаждут","title":"Emphatic word order at the close","body":"Ending on «жаждут бессознательно, и именно жаждут» repeats the verb in final, stressed position — the comment that is the real news. «Именно» (\"precisely, truly\") drives the rhetorical insistence home."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the sentence","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"fronted topic, resumed by эти сердца as object of защитить","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the exclamation дайте мне защитить","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"дайте","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дайте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"защитить","lemma":"защитить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дайте","gloss":"defend"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of защитить","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies редко","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"редко","lemma":"редко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимаемые","gloss":"rarely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несправедливо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"несправедливо","lemma":"несправедливый","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with редко","gloss":"unjustly"},{"surface":"понимаемые","lemma":"понимаемый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"participial clause modifying сердца","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of жаждут","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жаждут","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"жаждут","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (эти сердца жаждут)","gloss":"long for"},{"surface":"нежного","lemma":"нежный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of жаждут","gloss":"the tender"},{"surface":"прекрасного","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нежного","gloss":"the beautiful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"справедливого","lemma":"справедливый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нежного","gloss":"the just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifies контраст","gloss":"as if","note":"«как бы» is idiomatic for \"as if, sort of.\""},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking контраст","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"контраст","lemma":"контраст","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying жаждут","gloss":"counterpoise"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of контраст","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of буйству","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"буйству","lemma":"буйство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with себе","gloss":"turbulence"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жестокости","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"жестокости","lemma":"жестокость","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with себе","gloss":"cruelty"},{"surface":"жаждут","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жаждут (repetition for emphasis)","gloss":"thirst"},{"surface":"бессознательно","lemma":"бессознательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жаждут","gloss":"unconsciously"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жаждут","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"жаждут","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жаждут (repetition for emphasis)","gloss":"thirst"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b12-c13-s32","source":"Страстные и жестокие снаружи, они до мучения способны полюбить, например, женщину, и непременно духовною и высшею любовью.","translation":"Passionate and cruel on the surface, they are capable of loving — a woman, for instance — to the point of torment, and inevitably with a spiritual and exalted love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"до мучения способны полюбить","title":"«до» + genitive of degree; perfective infinitive","body":"«До мучения» — \"to the point of torment\" — uses «до» + genitive to mark extreme degree. «Полюбить» is the perfective \"to fall in love / come to love,\" its prefix «по-» marking the onset of the state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"духовною и высшею любовью","title":"Instrumental of manner + archaic ending","body":"«Любовью» is instrumental naming the manner of loving (\"with a spiritual and exalted love\"); the modifiers carry the older long instrumental ending «-ою/-ею» (духовною, высшею), a literary archaism common in Dostoevsky."}],"words":[{"surface":"Страстные","lemma":"страстный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies они","gloss":"passionate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жестокие","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with Страстные","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"снаружи","lemma":"снаружи","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Страстные","gloss":"outwardly"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of способны","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мучения","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мучения","lemma":"мучение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of способны","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"способны","lemma":"способный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"полюбить","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of способны","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying женщину","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"женщину","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of полюбить","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies духовною","gloss":"inevitably"},{"surface":"духовною","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with высшею, modifies любовью","gloss":"spiritual"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"высшею","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with духовною, modifies любовью","gloss":"exalted"},{"surface":"любовью","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полюбить","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b12-c13-s33","source":"Опять-таки не смейтесь надо мной: это именно так всего чаще бывает в этих натурах!","translation":"Again, do not laugh at me: it is precisely this that happens most often in such natures!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Опять-таки","title":"«опять-таки» — \"once again, all the same\"","body":"«Опять-таки» combines «опять» (again) with the emphatic clitic «-таки» (\"after all, even so\"), a conversational connective resuming a point — \"again, I say.\" It keeps the spoken, button-holing rhythm of the address."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это именно так … бывает в этих натурах","title":"Iterative «бывает»","body":"«Бывает» (the imperfective of «быть» in its frequentative sense) means \"it happens, it tends to be\" — a habitual, recurring truth, not a single fact. «Всего чаще» (\"most often of all\") reinforces the generalization."}],"words":[{"surface":"Опять","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom опять-таки, modifies смейтесь","gloss":"again","note":"«опять-таки» is idiomatic for \"yet again, once more.\""},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom опять-таки","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смейтесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смейтесь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"at","note":"«надо» is a variant of the preposition «над» used before мной."},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бывает","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывает","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всего чаще (most often)","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"чаще","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies бывает","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"бывает","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking натурах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of натурах","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"натурах","lemma":"натура","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бывает","gloss":"natures"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b12-c13-s34","source":"Они только не могут скрыть свою страстность, подчас очень грубую, — вот это и поражает, вот это и замечают, а внутри человека не видят.","translation":"It is only that they cannot conceal their passion, often a very coarse one — and that is just what strikes the eye, that is just what people notice, while inside the man they do not see.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот это и поражает, вот это и замечают","title":"Emphatic «вот … и» framing","body":"The «вот это и + verb» construction spotlights the topic and asserts \"that is *just* what strikes / what people notice.\" The presentative «вот» plus emphatic «и» is a vivid, oral device for pointing at the salient thing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а внутри человека не видят","title":"Contrastive «а» + indefinite 3rd-pl","body":"«А» here is the mild contrastive \"while/whereas,\" pivoting from what people *do* notice to what they fail to see. «Не видят» again has an unnamed third-plural subject — \"they don't see [inside],\" i.e. \"one doesn't see.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"скрыть","lemma":"скрыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"conceal"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of страстность","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"страстность","lemma":"страстность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скрыть","gloss":"passion"},{"surface":"подчас","lemma":"подчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грубую","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грубую","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"грубую","lemma":"грубый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies страстность (parenthetical apposition)","gloss":"coarse"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поражает","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поражает (emphatic)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"поражает","lemma":"поражать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"strikes"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of замечают","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замечают (emphatic)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"замечают","lemma":"замечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the third clause, coordinated with поражает","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"внутри","lemma":"внутри","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видят","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видят","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the fourth clause","gloss":"see"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b12-c13-s35","source":"Напротив, все их страсти утоляются быстро, но около благородного, прекрасного существа, этот по-видимому грубый и жестокий человек ищет обновления, ищет возможности исправиться, стать лучшим, сделаться высоким и честным — „высоким и прекрасным“, как ни осмеяно это слово!","translation":"On the contrary, all their passions are quickly stilled; but in the presence of a noble, beautiful being, this seemingly coarse and cruel man seeks renewal, seeks the chance to mend himself, to become better, to make himself lofty and honorable — 'lofty and beautiful,' however much that phrase has been ridiculed!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ищет … стать лучшим, сделаться высоким и честным","title":"Instrumental predicate after «стать/сделаться»","body":"Both «стать» and the reflexive «сделаться» (to become) take an instrumental predicate: «лучшим», «высоким и честным» — \"to become better, lofty and honorable.\" The instrumental marks the new role being assumed. «Сделаться» adds «-ся» for the change-of-state middle sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ни осмеяно это слово","title":"Concessive «как ни» + short passive participle","body":"«Как ни осмеяно» is a concessive — \"however much … has been ridiculed.\" «Ни» here is not negation but the concessive intensifier paired with «как»; «осмеяно» is the short past passive participle of «осмеять» (to deride)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the sentence, contrastive","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of страсти","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of страсти","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"страсти","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of утоляются","gloss":"passions"},{"surface":"утоляются","lemma":"утоляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are stilled"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утоляются","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking существа","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"благородного","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существа","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"прекрасного","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with благородного","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"существа","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ищет","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ищет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb (split token)","role":"part of the phrase по-видимому, with видимому","gloss":"seemingly"},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb (split token)","role":"part of the phrase по-видимому, with по; modifies человек","gloss":"seemingly"},{"surface":"грубый","lemma":"грубый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"coarse"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жестокий","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with грубый","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ищет","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ищет","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seeks"},{"surface":"обновления","lemma":"обновление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ищет","gloss":"renewal"},{"surface":"ищет","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ищет (w19)","gloss":"seeks"},{"surface":"возможности","lemma":"возможность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ищет","gloss":"the chance"},{"surface":"исправиться","lemma":"исправиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of возможности","gloss":"to mend himself"},{"surface":"стать","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with исправиться","gloss":"to become"},{"surface":"лучшим","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стать","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"сделаться","lemma":"сделаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with исправиться","gloss":"to make himself"},{"surface":"высоким","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of сделаться","gloss":"lofty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"честным","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with высоким","gloss":"honorable"},{"surface":"высоким","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"quoted restatement of высоким (w27)","gloss":"lofty","note":"The narrator repeats the phrase in quotation marks, echoing his own words."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прекрасным","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with высоким (w30)","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause with ни","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"forms как ни (concessive) with как; modifies осмеяно","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"осмеяно","lemma":"осмеять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the как ни concessive clause","gloss":"has been mocked"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of осмеяно","gloss":"phrase"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b12-c13-s36","source":"Давеча я сказал, что не позволю себе дотронуться до романа моего клиента с госпожою Верховцевой.","translation":"A little while ago I said that I would not permit myself to touch upon my client's romance with Mademoiselle Verkhovtseva.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что не позволю себе дотронуться","title":"Reflexive «себе» + «до» + genitive","body":"«Не позволю себе» — \"I shall not allow myself,\" with the dative reflexive «себе». «Дотронуться до» governs the genitive «романа» (\"to touch upon the romance\"); «дотронуться» is the perfective «-ся» verb of touching."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"a little while ago"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позволю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"позволю","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"will permit"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of позволю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"дотронуться","lemma":"дотронуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позволю","gloss":"to touch"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking романа","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"романа","lemma":"роман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дотронуться","gloss":"romance"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of клиента","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"клиента","lemma":"клиент","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies романа","gloss":"client's"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking госпожою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"госпожою","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies романа","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Верховцевой","lemma":"Верховцева","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожою","gloss":"Verkhovtseva"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b12-c13-s37","source":"Но, однако, полслова-то можно сказать: мы слышали давеча не показание, а лишь крик исступленной и отмщающей женщины, и не ей, о, не ей укорять бы в измене, потому что она сама изменила!","translation":"And yet a half-word may be said: what we heard a little while ago was not testimony but only the cry of a frenzied and avenging woman, and it is not for her — oh, not for her — to reproach anyone with betrayal, for she herself was the one who betrayed!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"полслова-то можно сказать","title":"Topic clitic «-то» + impersonal «можно»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «полслова» emphasizes the known topic — \"a *half-word*, at least, may be said.\" «Можно сказать» is an impersonal modal (no nominative subject). Distinguish this topic-marking «-то» from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не ей укорять бы в измене","title":"Dative + «бы» + infinitive (it is not for her to…)","body":"«Не ей укорять» is a dative-of-the-doer construction — \"it is not for her to reproach.\" The added «бы» softens to a reproachful conditional flavor. «Укорять в» governs «в» + prepositional «измене» (to reproach *with/for* betrayal)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to можно","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"полслова","lemma":"полслово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"a half-word"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies полслова","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one may"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слышали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышали","gloss":"a little while ago"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слышали","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies крик","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"крик","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with показание","gloss":"the cry"},{"surface":"исступленной","lemma":"исступлённый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщины","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отмщающей","lemma":"отмщать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with исступленной","gloss":"avenging"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies крик","gloss":"woman's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ей","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of укорять","gloss":"for her"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ей","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of укорять","gloss":"for her"},{"surface":"укорять","lemma":"укорять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"predicate of the impersonal не ей... construction","gloss":"to reproach"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"conditional particle with укорять","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking измене","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"измене","lemma":"измена","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of укорять","gloss":"betrayal"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb (part of phrase)","role":"part of the phrase потому что, with что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part of phrase)","role":"part of the phrase потому что, with потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of изменила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying она","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"изменила","lemma":"изменить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the потому что clause","gloss":"betrayed"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b12-c13-s38","source":"Если б имела хоть сколько-нибудь времени, чтоб одуматься, не дала бы она такого свидетельства!","translation":"Had she had even a little time to collect herself, she would never have given such evidence!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если б имела … не дала бы она","title":"Full conditional period with «бы»","body":"A complete unreal conditional: protasis «если б имела … время» (the «б» = «бы»; subject «она» dropped) and apodosis «не дала бы она». Both verbs are past-tense plus «бы» — the standard irrealis pattern for \"had she had …, she would never have given.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб одуматься","title":"Purpose «чтоб» + perfective infinitive","body":"«Чтоб» (a reduced «чтобы») introduces purpose with the perfective infinitive «одуматься» — \"to collect herself, think better of it.\" Same-subject purpose takes the infinitive; «одуматься» is the perfective «-ся» verb of coming to one's senses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имела","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with имела","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"имела","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on дала","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies времени","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько-нибудь","morphology":"adverb (part of phrase)","role":"part of the phrase сколько-нибудь, with нибудь; depends on времени","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"сколько-нибудь","morphology":"particle (part of phrase)","role":"part of the phrase сколько-нибудь, with сколько; determiner of времени","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имела","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of одуматься","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"одуматься","lemma":"одуматься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on имела","gloss":"collect herself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дала","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have given"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of дала","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of свидетельства","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"свидетельства","lemma":"свидетельство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дала","gloss":"evidence"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b12-c13-s39","source":"О, не верьте ей, нет, не „изверг“ клиент мой, как она его называла!","translation":"Oh, do not believe her — no, my client is no 'fiend,' as she called him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не „изверг“ клиент мой","title":"Zero copula + fronted negated predicate","body":"\"My client is no fiend\" — with no verb \"to be,\" the negated predicate noun «не „изверг“» comes first for emphasis, the subject «клиент мой» (itself inverted) after. The whole order is rhetorically arranged around the rejected label."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изверг","title":"«изверг» — \"monster, fiend\"","body":"«Изверг» is a strong word for a monstrous, inhuman brute (literally \"one cast out\"). Set in quotation marks, it echoes Katerina Ivanovna's own epithet for Mitya, which the lawyer indignantly throws back."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верьте","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"верьте","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of верьте","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to верьте","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изверг","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"изверг","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement (elided есть) of клиент","gloss":"a fiend"},{"surface":"клиент","lemma":"клиент","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (elided есть)","gloss":"client"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of клиент","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of называла","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of называла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of называла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"называла","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the как clause","gloss":"called"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b12-c13-s40","source":"Распятый человеколюбец, собираясь на крест свой, говорил: „Аз есмь пастырь добрый, пастырь добрый полагает душу свою за овцы, да ни одна не погибнет…“","translation":"As he went up to his cross, the crucified lover of mankind said: 'I am the Good Shepherd; the good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep, that not one of them should perish…'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"собираясь на крест свой","title":"Imperfective gerund + reflexive «свой»","body":"«Собираясь» is the imperfective gerund of «собираться» (to be about to, to make ready) — \"as he was going up to.\" «Крест свой» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» — *his own* cross, anchored to the subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да ни одна не погибнет","title":"Optative «да» + negative concord","body":"«Да … не погибнет» uses «да» + perfective future as an optative/jussive — \"that not one should perish.\" «Ни одна … не» is negative concord (the «ни»-word still requires «не» on the verb). «Овцы» here keeps the Slavonic accusative-plural form after «за»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Распятый","lemma":"распятый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеколюбец","gloss":"crucified"},{"surface":"человеколюбец","lemma":"человеколюбец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"lover of mankind"},{"surface":"собираясь","lemma":"собираться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорил","gloss":"as he prepared"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крест","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"крест","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of собираясь","gloss":"cross"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of крест","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Аз","lemma":"аз","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, archaic (Church Slavonic)","role":"subject of есмь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"есмь","lemma":"есмь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first, singular, archaic (Church Slavonic, = быть)","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"пастырь","lemma":"пастырь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есмь","gloss":"shepherd"},{"surface":"добрый","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пастырь","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"пастырь","lemma":"пастырь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of полагает","gloss":"shepherd"},{"surface":"добрый","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пастырь","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"полагает","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"lays down"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of полагает","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking овцы","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"овцы","lemma":"овца","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of полагает","gloss":"the sheep"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction, archaic","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одна","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of погибнет","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погибнет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"погибнет","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the да clause","gloss":"should perish"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b12-c13-s41","source":"Не погубим и мы души человеческой!","translation":"Let us, too, not destroy a human soul!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не погубим и мы души человеческой","title":"Hortative + genitive of negation","body":"«Не погубим» is a first-plural perfective used as a hortative under negation — \"let us not destroy.\" The object «души человеческой» stands in the genitive, the genitive of negation drawing the negated object out of the accusative; «и мы» = \"we too.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погубим","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"погубим","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"destroy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies мы","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of погубим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of погубим","gloss":"a soul"},{"surface":"человеческой","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies души","gloss":"human"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b12-c13-s42","source":"Я спрашивал сейчас: что такое отец, и воскликнул, что это великое слово, драгоценное наименование.","translation":"I asked just now: what is a father — and I exclaimed that it is a great word, a precious name.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я спрашивал … и воскликнул","title":"Imperfective vs perfective past","body":"The pairing contrasts aspect: «спрашивал» (imperfective, the drawn-out asking \"I was asking\") against «воскликнул» (perfective, the single completed \"I exclaimed\"). The two aspects let one sentence hold both ongoing process and punctual event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спрашивал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"спрашивал","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрашивал","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the embedded question что такое отец","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of что такое (\"what is\"); modifies отец","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of что такое","gloss":"a father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with спрашивал","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слово","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of слово","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of воскликнул","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"драгоценное","lemma":"драгоценный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies наименование","gloss":"precious"},{"surface":"наименование","lemma":"наименование","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with слово","gloss":"name"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b12-c13-s43","source":"Но со словом, господа присяжные, надо обращаться честно, и я позволю назвать предмет собственным его словом, собственным наименованием: такой отец, как убитый старик Карамазов, не может и недостоин называться отцом.","translation":"But a word, gentlemen of the jury, must be handled honestly, and I shall permit myself to call the thing by its own word, its own name: such a father as the murdered old man Karamazov neither can nor deserves to be called a father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо обращаться честно","title":"Impersonal «надо» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Надо обращаться» is an impersonal obligation (\"one must handle\") with no nominative subject. «Обращаться» is imperfective — handling words is a continuous practice, not a single act; «обращаться с» governs the instrumental «словом»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не может и недостоин называться отцом","title":"Instrumental predicate after «называться»","body":"«Называться отцом» — \"to be called a father\" — takes the instrumental predicate «отцом» after the reflexive «называться». «Недостоин» is a short adjective (\"is unworthy\"); «и» before it links the two negated predicates emphatically."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаться","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"обращаться","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"be treated"},{"surface":"честно","lemma":"честно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обращаться","gloss":"honestly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of позволю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"позволю","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with надо","gloss":"shall permit myself"},{"surface":"назвать","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позволю","gloss":"to call"},{"surface":"предмет","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of назвать","gloss":"the thing"},{"surface":"собственным","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies словом","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of словом","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of назвать","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"собственным","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies наименованием","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"наименованием","lemma":"наименование","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with словом","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отец","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"a father"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking старик","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"убитый","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"murdered"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying отец","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старик","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies недостоин","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"недостоин","lemma":"недостойный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with может","gloss":"deserve"},{"surface":"называться","lemma":"называться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может and недостоин","gloss":"be called"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of называться","gloss":"a father"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b12-c13-s44","source":"Любовь к отцу, не оправданная отцом, есть нелепость, есть невозможность.","translation":"Love for a father that the father has not earned is an absurdity, an impossibility.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не оправданная отцом","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«Не оправданная» is the (long, attributive) past passive participle of «оправдать» (to justify/deserve), modifying «любовь» — \"love not earned.\" The agent stands in the instrumental: «отцом» = *by the father*, the standard way Russian names a passive agent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"есть нелепость, есть невозможность","title":"Emphatic copula «есть»","body":"Russian normally drops \"to be\" in the present, but here the explicit «есть» (\"is\") is retained for solemn, definitional force — \"is an absurdity, is an impossibility.\" Its repetition gives the sentence an oracular, axiomatic ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Любовь","gloss":"a father"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оправданная","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оправданная","lemma":"оправдать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Любовь","gloss":"earned"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of оправданная","gloss":"by the father"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"нелепость","lemma":"нелепость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject complement of есть","gloss":"an absurdity"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"невозможность","lemma":"невозможность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject complement of the second есть","gloss":"an impossibility"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b12-c13-s45","source":"Нельзя создать любовь из ничего, из ничего только бог творит.","translation":"One cannot create love out of nothing; only God creates out of nothing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из ничего только бог творит","title":"«из» + genitive; emphatic word order","body":"«Из ничего» (\"out of nothing\") has «из» governing the genitive «ничего». The fronting of «из ничего» before the subject «бог» throws the contrast into relief: out of nothing — *only God* creates. «Творит» is the lofty verb for divine creation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one cannot"},{"surface":"создать","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Нельзя","gloss":"create"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of создать","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ничего","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of создать","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ничего","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of творит","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бог","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of творит","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"творит","lemma":"творить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"creates"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b12-c13-s46","source":"„Отцы, не огорчайте детей своих“, — пишет из пламенеющего любовью сердца своего апостол.","translation":"'Fathers, provoke not your children,' the Apostle writes out of a heart blazing with love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не огорчайте детей своих","title":"Negated imperative + reflexive «свой»","body":"«Не огорчайте» is the imperfective negative imperative — with negation, Russian prefers the imperfective for general prohibitions (\"do not [ever] provoke\"). «Детей своих» uses «свой» (your own children) and stands in accusative=genitive by animacy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies огорчайте","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"огорчайте","lemma":"огорчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"provoke"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of огорчайте","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of детей","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"пишет","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"writes"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердца","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"пламенеющего","lemma":"пламенеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying сердца","gloss":"blazing"},{"surface":"любовью","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пламенеющего","gloss":"with love"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пишет","gloss":"a heart"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"апостол","lemma":"апостол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пишет","gloss":"the Apostle"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b12-c13-s47","source":"Не ради моего клиента привожу теперь эти святые слова, я для всех отцов вспоминаю их.","translation":"It is not for my client's sake that I invoke these holy words now; I recall them for all fathers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не ради моего клиента … я для всех отцов вспоминаю их","title":"Fronted «не ради …» for contrast","body":"The negated purpose phrase «не ради моего клиента» (\"not for my client's sake\") is fronted, setting up the corrective \"but for all fathers.\" «Ради» and «для» both govern the genitive; the parallel «ради … / для …» structures the antithesis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ради","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ради","lemma":"ради","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking клиента","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of клиента","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"клиента","lemma":"клиент","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привожу","gloss":"client's"},{"surface":"привожу","lemma":"приводить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"invoke"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привожу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"святые","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of привожу","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вспоминаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцов","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of отцов","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"отцов","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вспоминаю","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"вспоминаю","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with привожу","gloss":"recall"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вспоминаю","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b12-c13-s48","source":"Кто мне дал эту власть, чтоб учить отцов?","translation":"Who gave me this authority, to instruct fathers?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто мне дал эту власть, чтоб учить отцов?","title":"Dative recipient + purpose «чтоб»","body":"«Мне дал» — \"gave to me,\" with the dative recipient «мне.» «Чтоб учить отцов» is a purpose infinitive (\"in order to instruct fathers\"); «отцов» is genitive=accusative by animacy, object of «учить»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of власть","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"власть","lemma":"власть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of учить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"учить","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on дал","gloss":"instruct"},{"surface":"отцов","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of учить","gloss":"fathers"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b12-c13-s49","source":"Никто.","translation":"No one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никто.","title":"Negative pronoun standing alone","body":"«Никто» (no one) answers the rhetorical question as a one-word verdict. Normally it would demand «не» on a verb (negative concord), but here, with the verb elided, the negative pronoun delivers the whole negation by itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no one"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b12-c13-s50","source":"Но как человек и гражданин взываю — vivos voco!","translation":"But as a man and a citizen I make my appeal — vivos voco!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как человек и гражданин взываю","title":"«как» + nominative of role","body":"«Как человек и гражданин» — \"as a man and a citizen\" — uses «как» with the nominative to state the capacity in which one acts (unlike English, no case change). «Взываю» is the lofty, Slavonic-flavored \"I appeal, I cry out.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking человек","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взываю","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гражданин","lemma":"гражданин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with человек","gloss":"a citizen"},{"surface":"взываю","lemma":"взывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I appeal"},{"surface":"vivos","lemma":"vivos","morphology":"word, Latin","role":"in apposition to взываю","gloss":"the living","note":"Latin epigraph vivos voco (\"I call the living\"), from Schiller/the bell inscription; left untranslated in the original."},{"surface":"voco","lemma":"voco","morphology":"word, Latin","role":"depends on vivos","gloss":"I call","note":"See note on vivos: together vivos voco means \"I call the living.\""}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b12-c13-s51","source":"Мы на земле недолго, мы делаем много дел дурных и говорим слов дурных.","translation":"We are on this earth but a short while; we do many evil deeds and speak many evil words.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"много дел дурных … слов дурных","title":"Genitive plural after «много»","body":"Quantity words like «много» govern the genitive plural: «много дел» (deeds), «много слов» (words), with the postposed adjective «дурных» (evil) agreeing in genitive plural. Note the zero-ending genitives «дел», «слов»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мы на земле недолго","title":"Zero copula with adverbial predicate","body":"\"We are on this earth but a short while\" has no verb — the present \"to be\" is unexpressed, leaving subject «мы» and the adverbial «недолго» to carry the sentence. A spare, aphoristic frame for the homiletic close."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of недолго","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of недолго","gloss":"this earth"},{"surface":"недолго","lemma":"недолго","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"briefly"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of делаем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"делаем","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with недолго","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дел","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"дел","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of делаем","gloss":"deeds"},{"surface":"дурных","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies дел","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорим","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with недолго","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of говорим","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"дурных","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"evil"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b12-c13-s52","source":"А потому будем же все ловить удобную минуту совместного общения нашего, чтобы сказать друг другу и хорошее слово.","translation":"And so let us all seize the convenient moment of our being together, to say a kind word to one another as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будем же все ловить … минуту","title":"Hortative «будем» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Будем ловить» is the compound imperfective future of «быть» + infinitive, here used as a hortative — \"let us [all] seize.\" The insistent «же» urges; «ловить» (imperfective) frames the seizing as an ongoing practice. «Все» = \"all of us.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы сказать друг другу … хорошее слово","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + reciprocal «друг другу»","body":"«Чтобы сказать» gives purpose with a perfective infinitive (a single kind word). «Друг другу» is the fixed reciprocal phrase \"to one another,\" with the second element declined to the case the verb requires — here dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ловить","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of ловить","gloss":"let us"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ловить","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ловить","lemma":"ловить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seize"},{"surface":"удобную","lemma":"удобный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"convenient"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ловить","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"совместного","lemma":"совместный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общения","gloss":"shared"},{"surface":"общения","lemma":"общение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"togetherness"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общения","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ловить","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"pronoun, nominative (part of phrase)","role":"part of the idiom друг другу (\"one another\"), with другу","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"другу","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"pronoun, dative (part of phrase)","role":"part of the idiom друг другу, with друг; indirect object of сказать","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies слово","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"хорошее","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"a word"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b12-c13-s53","source":"Так и я: пока я на этом месте, я пользуюсь моею минутой.","translation":"So it is with me: while I stand in this place, I make use of my moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пока я на этом месте, я пользуюсь моею минутой","title":"«пока» clause + instrumental object","body":"«Пока» (\"while, so long as\") opens a temporal clause. «Пользоваться» governs the instrumental — «минутой» — so \"I make use *of* my moment\" puts the object in the instrumental, not the accusative; «моею» again shows the archaic long ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пользуюсь","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пользуюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause я на этом месте","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb in the пока clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement (elided verb) in the пока clause","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пользуюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пользуюсь","lemma":"пользоваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"make use of"},{"surface":"моею","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минутой","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"минутой","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пользуюсь","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b12-c13-s54","source":"Недаром эта трибуна дарована нам высшею волей — с нее слышит нас вся Россия.","translation":"Not for nothing has this tribune been granted to us by a higher will — from it all Russia hears us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дарована нам высшею волей","title":"Short passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«Дарована» is the short past passive participle of «даровать» (to grant), forming a passive predicate — \"has been granted.\" The dative «нам» is the recipient, and «высшею волей» is the instrumental agent: granted *by* a higher will."}],"words":[{"surface":"Недаром","lemma":"недаром","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дарована","gloss":"not for nothing"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of трибуна","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"трибуна","lemma":"трибуна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive дарована","gloss":"tribune"},{"surface":"дарована","lemma":"даровать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has been granted"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дарована","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"высшею","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies волей","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"волей","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent complement of дарована","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"слышит","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"hears"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of слышит","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Россия","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Россия","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of слышит","gloss":"Russia"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b12-c13-s55","source":"Не для здешних только отцов говорю, а ко всем отцам восклицаю: „Отцы, не огорчайте детей своих!“","translation":"I speak not for the fathers here alone, but I cry out to all fathers: 'Fathers, provoke not your children!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не для здешних только отцов … а ко всем отцам","title":"Negation-correction with case shift","body":"The «не … а …» frame again corrects: «не для … отцов» (genitive after «для») is overturned by «а ко всем отцам» (dative after «к»). Watch the prepositions drive different cases — «для» + genitive, «к» + dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцов","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"здешних","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies отцов","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отцов","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"отцов","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of для","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I speak"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of отцам","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"отцам","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of восклицаю","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"восклицаю","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорю","gloss":"I cry out"},{"surface":"Отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, subject of огорчайте","gloss":"Fathers"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies огорчайте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"огорчайте","lemma":"огорчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"provoke"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of огорчайте","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of детей","gloss":"your own"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b12-c13-s56","source":"Да исполним прежде сами завет Христов и тогда только разрешим себе спрашивать и с детей наших.","translation":"Let us first fulfill the commandment of Christ ourselves, and only then permit ourselves to demand it of our children too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да исполним прежде сами завет Христов","title":"Optative «да» + 1st-pl perfective","body":"«Да исполним» pairs the exhortative particle «да» with a first-plural perfective for a solemn \"let us fulfill,\" loftier than a plain imperative. «Сами» (\"ourselves\") and «прежде» (\"first\") stress that the demand falls on the fathers first."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"завет Христов","title":"«завет Христов» — \"Christ's commandment/covenant\"","body":"«Завет» is a weighty Slavonic word meaning covenant, testament, or commandment (as in «Ветхий/Новый Завет», the Old/New Testament). «Христов» is the possessive adjective \"Christ's,\" an old short-form possessive — *the commandment of Christ*."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"optative marker of исполним","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"исполним","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let us fulfill"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исполним","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, plural","role":"modifies исполним","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"завет","lemma":"завет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of исполним","gloss":"commandment"},{"surface":"Христов","lemma":"христов","morphology":"possessive adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies завет","gloss":"of Christ"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разрешим","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase тогда только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"разрешим","lemma":"разрешить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with исполним","gloss":"let us permit"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of разрешим","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"спрашивать","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of разрешим","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies детей (also)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of спрашивать","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of детей","gloss":"our"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b12-c13-s57","source":"Иначе мы не отцы, а враги детям нашим, а они не дети наши, а враги нам, и мы сами себе сделали их врагами!","translation":"Otherwise we are not fathers but enemies to our children, and they are not our children but enemies to us — and we ourselves have made them our enemies!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иначе мы не отцы, а враги … а они не дети наши, а враги нам","title":"Zero-copula antithesis with «не … а»","body":"Four copula-less clauses in chiastic «не X, а Y» pattern — \"we are not fathers but enemies; they are not children but enemies.\" With no verb \"to be,\" the bare nominatives «отцы / враги / дети / враги» do all the work, and «а» pivots each contrast."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы сами себе сделали их врагами","title":"Reflexive «себе» + predicate instrumental","body":"«Сделали их врагами» — \"made them enemies\" — puts the resulting predicate «врагами» in the instrumental (made them *into* enemies). The dative reflexive «себе» (\"for/to ourselves\") and intensive «сами» drive home the self-indictment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause отцы","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отцы","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отцы","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate of мы","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"враги","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with отцы","gloss":"enemies"},{"surface":"детям","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of враги","gloss":"to children"},{"surface":"нашим","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of детям","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дети","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дети","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate of они","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of дети","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"враги","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with дети","gloss":"enemies"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of враги","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сделали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of сделали","gloss":"for ourselves"},{"surface":"сделали","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of сделали","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"врагами","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"complement of сделали","gloss":"into enemies"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b12-c13-s58","source":"„В ню же меру мерите, возмерится и вам“ — это не я уже говорю, это Евангелие предписывает: мерить в ту меру, в которую и вам меряют.","translation":"'With what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again' — that is no longer I who speak; it is the Gospel that ordains it: to mete out in the same measure that is meted out to you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"возмерится и вам","title":"Impersonal reflexive in -ся","body":"«Возмерится» (it shall be measured) is a reflexive verb in -ся used impersonally and passively — there is no stated subject doing the measuring. This Gospel line (Matthew 7:2) keeps the archaic Slavonic «в ню же» (= «в ту, в которую», \"with what\"), which Fetyukovich then restates in plain modern Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"В ню же меру мерите","title":"Church-Slavonic relative «в ню же»","body":"«В ню же» is Church Slavonic for \"into which / with what\": «ню» is an old accusative-feminine pronoun (= modern «её/ту»), and «же» the relativizing particle. Modern Russian must paraphrase it «в ту меру, в которую» — exactly as the lawyer does in the same breath."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меру","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ню","lemma":"яже","morphology":"pronoun, relative, accusative, feminine, singular, archaic (Church Slavonic)","role":"relative determiner of меру","gloss":"which","note":"Archaic/Church Slavonic pronoun (from иже/я/е), part of the Gospel quotation (Matthew 7:2)."},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying ню","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"меру","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of preposition В","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"мерите","lemma":"мерить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"you mete","note":"Archaic/Church Slavonic quotation (Matthew 7:2): present tense 'ye mete,' not an imperative."},{"surface":"возмерится","lemma":"возмериться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мерите","gloss":"it shall be measured"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вам","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of возмерится","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic, correlate of я","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic, correlate of Евангелие","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Евангелие","lemma":"евангелие","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of предписывает","gloss":"the Gospel"},{"surface":"предписывает","lemma":"предписывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"prescribes"},{"surface":"мерить","lemma":"мерить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of предписывает","gloss":"to measure"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меру","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of меру","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"меру","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мерить","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которую","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of меряют","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меряют","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of меряют","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"меряют","lemma":"мерить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on меру","gloss":"they measure"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b12-c13-s59","source":"Как же винить детей, если они нам меряют в нашу меру?","translation":"How, then, are we to blame our children, if they mete out to us in our own measure?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же винить детей, если они нам меряют в нашу меру?","title":"Deliberative infinitive + «же»; conditional «если»","body":"«Как же винить?» is a deliberative infinitive question (\"how, then, are we to blame?\") with insistent «же». The «если»-clause states a real condition (indicative «меряют»), not an unreal one — hence no «бы». «В нашу меру» = «в» + accusative for the measure meted."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies винить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"винить","lemma":"винить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blame"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of винить","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of меряют","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of меряют","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of меряют","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"меряют","lemma":"мерить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on винить","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меру","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашу","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of меру","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"меру","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of меряют","gloss":"measure"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b12-c13-s60","source":"Недавно в Финляндии одна девица, служанка, была заподозрена, что она тайно родила ребенка.","translation":"Not long ago in Finland a certain young woman, a servant, was suspected of having secretly given birth to a child.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была заподозрена, что она тайно родила ребенка","title":"Short passive participle + «что»-clause","body":"«Была заподозрена» is a periphrastic passive: «была» + the short past passive participle of «заподозрить» (to suspect) — \"was suspected.\" It is followed unusually by a «что»-clause spelling out the suspicion. «Родила» is perfective: the single completed act of giving birth."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"одна девица, служанка","title":"«девица» and «служанка»","body":"«Девица» is an older, slightly formal word for an unmarried young woman/maiden; «одна» here means \"a certain\" (introducing a new figure), not \"one.\" «Служанка» is a (female) servant or maid — her low station is central to the cautionary anecdote Fetyukovich is about to tell."}],"words":[{"surface":"Недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заподозрена","gloss":"recently"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Финляндии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Финляндии","lemma":"финляндия","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заподозрена","gloss":"Finland"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies девица","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"девица","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive заподозрена","gloss":"young woman"},{"surface":"служанка","lemma":"служанка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to девица","gloss":"a servant"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of заподозрена","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"заподозрена","lemma":"заподозрить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suspected"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of родила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of родила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тайно","lemma":"тайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies родила","gloss":"secretly"},{"surface":"родила","lemma":"родить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заподозрена","gloss":"had given birth"},{"surface":"ребенка","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of родила","gloss":"a child"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b12-c13-s61","source":"Стали следить за нею и на чердаке дома, в углу за кирпичами, нашли ее сундук, про который никто не знал, его отперли и вынули из него трупик новорожденного и убитого ею младенца.","translation":"They began to watch her, and in the attic of the house, in a corner behind the bricks, they found her trunk, which no one had known of; they unlocked it and drew out the little corpse of a newborn infant she had killed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стали следить","title":"«стать» + imperfective infinitive = 'began to'","body":"The perfective past «стали» here is a phasal auxiliary: «стать» plus an imperfective infinitive («следить») means 'began / set about doing'. The whole sentence then chains perfective events — «нашли… отперли… вынули» — against this inceptive opening."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"про который никто не знал","title":"«который» relative clause with negative concord","body":"«который» agrees with «сундук» in gender/number but takes its own case as object of «про». Note the obligatory double negative «никто… не знал» — negative concord, where «не» on the verb is required even beside «никто»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"трупик","title":"«трупик» — the diminutive of «труп»","body":"«труп» is 'corpse'; the suffix -ик shrinks it to 'little corpse'. Here the diminutive is not cute but unbearably pitying — Dostoevsky uses it of the murdered newborn to wring the heart of the jury."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"убитого ею младенца","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental of agent","body":"«убитого» is a long-form past passive participle ('killed'), declined to agree with «младенца» in the genitive. Its agent stands in the instrumental — «ею» ('by her') — the standard way Russian names who did the deed in a participial phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they began"},{"surface":"следить","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Стали","gloss":"to watch"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чердаке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чердаке","lemma":"чердак","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нашли","gloss":"the attic"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чердаке","gloss":"of the house"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with чердаке","gloss":"a corner"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кирпичами","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"кирпичами","lemma":"кирпич","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies углу","gloss":"the bricks"},{"surface":"нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Стали","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сундук","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сундук","lemma":"сундук","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нашли","gloss":"trunk"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking который","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on сундук","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отперли","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"отперли","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with нашли","gloss":"unlocked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вынули","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with отперли","gloss":"drew out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынули","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"трупик","lemma":"трупик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вынули","gloss":"the little corpse"},{"surface":"новорожденного","lemma":"новорождённый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies младенца","gloss":"newborn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убитого","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying младенца","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"ею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убитого","gloss":"by her"},{"surface":"младенца","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies трупик","gloss":"infant"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b12-c13-s62","source":"В том же сундуке нашли два скелета уже рожденных прежде ею младенцев и ею же убитых в минуту рождения, в чем она и повинилась.","translation":"In the same trunk they found the skeletons of two more infants she had borne earlier and likewise killed at the moment of birth, which she confessed to.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ею же убитых","title":"Emphatic «же» pinning the agent","body":"The particle «же» here is not the conjunction but an emphatic clitic glued to «ею» — 'by her, the very same one'. It insists that the same woman both bore and killed the infants, sharpening the horror Fetyukovich (the defence counsel) is conjuring for the jury."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рожденных прежде ею младенцев","title":"Stacked participial modifiers","body":"«рожденных… убитых» are two coordinated past passive participles modifying «младенцев», all in the genitive plural. Packing two participial phrases onto one noun is a hallmark of bookish 19th-century syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в чем она и повинилась","title":"Reflexive «-ся» verb of confession","body":"«повиниться» ('to confess one's guilt') exists only in the «-ся» form. The «и» before it is the emphatic particle 'indeed', and «в чём» ('to which') links back to the whole crime as the object of the prepositional «в»."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сундуке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сундуке","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies том","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"сундуке","lemma":"сундук","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нашли","gloss":"trunk"},{"surface":"нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they found"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on скелета","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"скелета","lemma":"скелет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нашли","gloss":"skeletons"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рожденных","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"рожденных","lemma":"родить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying младенцев","gloss":"born"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рожденных","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"ею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рожденных","gloss":"by her"},{"surface":"младенцев","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies скелета","gloss":"infants"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убитых","gloss":"by her"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ею","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"убитых","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with рожденных","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убитых","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"рождения","lemma":"рождение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"of birth"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, relative, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повинилась","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of повинилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повинилась","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"повинилась","lemma":"повиниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by в чем","gloss":"confessed"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b12-c13-s63","source":"Господа присяжные, это ли мать детей своих?","translation":"Gentlemen of the jury, is this a mother to her children?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это ли мать детей своих?","title":"Rhetorical question with «ли»","body":"The interrogative particle «ли» fronts the focused word «это» to form a rhetorical yes/no question — 'is THIS a mother?'. The reflexive possessive «своих» ('her own') ties the children back to the clause's implied subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the vocative phrase","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Господа","gloss":"jurors"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, complement of это","gloss":"a mother"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies мать","gloss":"of children"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of детей","gloss":"her own"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b12-c13-s64","source":"Да, она их родила, но мать ли она им?","translation":"Yes, she gave birth to them — but is she a mother to them?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"но мать ли она им?","title":"«ли» again, with dative «им»","body":"A second «ли» question balances the first sentence. «им» is the dative — 'a mother TO them' — the dative of the person to whom a relation holds, contrasting the biological act «родила» with the relational claim."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of родила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of родила","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"родила","lemma":"родить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"gave birth to"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, complement of она","gloss":"a mother"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мать","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of мать","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of мать","gloss":"to them"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b12-c13-s65","source":"Осмелится ли кто из нас произнести над ней священное имя матери?","translation":"Would any one of us dare to pronounce over her the sacred name of mother?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Осмелится ли кто из нас произнести","title":"Perfective future + «ли» = 'would anyone dare'","body":"«осмелится» is the simple (perfective) future of «осмелиться» — conjugated like a present but future in sense — wrapped in a «ли» rhetorical question. «кто из нас» is the partitive 'who among us'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"произнести над ней священное имя","title":"«произнести над» — to pronounce over","body":"«произнести над кем-то» evokes the language of ritual — words spoken over a person, as in a blessing or sacrament. Paired with «священное имя матери» ('the sacred name of mother'), it lifts motherhood to something liturgical."}],"words":[{"surface":"Осмелится","lemma":"осмелиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will dare"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Осмелится","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Осмелится","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"partitive complement of кто","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"произнести","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Осмелится","gloss":"to pronounce"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнести","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"священное","lemma":"священный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies имя","gloss":"sacred"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произнести","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies имя","gloss":"of mother"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b12-c13-s66","source":"Будем смелы, господа присяжные, будем дерзки даже, мы даже обязаны быть таковыми в настоящую минуту и не бояться иных слов и идей, подобно московским купчихам, боящимся „металла“ и „жупела“.","translation":"Let us be bold, gentlemen of the jury, let us be daring even — indeed we are bound to be so at this very moment, and not to fear certain words and ideas, like the Moscow merchants' wives who dread the 'metal' and the 'bugbear.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будем смелы… будем дерзки","title":"Hortatory compound future as exhortation","body":"«будем» + short adjective is a first-person-plural call to action ('let us be bold'). «смелы» and «дерзки» are short-form adjectives — the predicative form that carries this absolute, declarative ring in elevated prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обязаны быть таковыми","title":"Predicate instrumental «таковыми»","body":"After «быть» the predicate stands in the instrumental: «таковыми» ('such') is the instrumental plural of the bookish demonstrative «таковой». The pattern names an assumed role or quality rather than a fixed identity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"купчихам, боящимся „металла“","title":"Present active participle of «бояться»","body":"«боящимся» is the present active participle of the reflexive «бояться» ('to fear'), agreeing with «купчихам» in the dative plural and itself governing the genitive «металла» that fear demands. It compresses a «которые боятся» clause into one word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to смелы","gloss":"let us be"},{"surface":"смелы","lemma":"смелый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate complement of Будем","gloss":"bold"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the vocative phrase","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"jurors"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to дерзки","gloss":"let us be"},{"surface":"дерзки","lemma":"дерзкий","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate complement of будем","gloss":"daring"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дерзки","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обязаны","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обязаны","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"обязаны","lemma":"обязанный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate of мы","gloss":"are bound"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to таковыми","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"таковыми","lemma":"таковой","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of обязаны","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"настоящую","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"this present"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of таковыми","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бояться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бояться","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with быть","gloss":"to fear"},{"surface":"иных","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of бояться","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"идей","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with слов","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"подобно","lemma":"подобно","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking купчихам","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"московским","lemma":"московский","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies купчихам","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"купчихам","lemma":"купчиха","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"complement of подобно","gloss":"merchants' wives"},{"surface":"боящимся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, dative, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying купчихам","gloss":"who fear"},{"surface":"металла","lemma":"металл","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of боящимся","gloss":"the 'metal'"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жупела","lemma":"жупел","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with металла","gloss":"the 'bugbear'"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b12-c13-s67","source":"Нет, докажем, напротив, что прогресс последних лет коснулся и нашего развития и скажем прямо: родивший не есть еще отец, а отец есть — родивший и заслуживший.","translation":"No — let us prove, on the contrary, that the progress of recent years has touched our development too, and let us say plainly: the one who begets is not yet a father; a father is the one who begets and earns the name.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"докажем, напротив, что прогресс… коснулся","title":"Hortatory perfective + «что»-clause","body":"«докажем» ('let us prove') is again a 1pl perfective future used as an exhortation, opening a «что»-clause of reported fact. «коснулся» governs the genitive «развития» — «коснуться» ('to touch upon') always takes the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"родивший не есть еще отец","title":"Substantivized participle + the copula «есть»","body":"«родивший» ('the one who has begotten') is a past active participle used as a noun — the begetter. The overt present-tense copula «есть» ('is'), normally dropped in Russian, is retained here for aphoristic, almost legal solemnity: 'the begetter is not yet a father'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"докажем","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let us prove"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying докажем","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of коснулся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прогресс","lemma":"прогресс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of коснулся","gloss":"progress"},{"surface":"последних","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies прогресс","gloss":"of years"},{"surface":"коснулся","lemma":"коснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of докажем","gloss":"has touched"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нашего","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of развития","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"развития","lemma":"развитие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of коснулся","gloss":"development"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажем","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with докажем","gloss":"let us say"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажем","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"родивший","lemma":"родить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"the one who begets"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"a father"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"a father"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"родивший","lemma":"родить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"the one who begets"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заслуживший","lemma":"заслужить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with родивший","gloss":"and earns it"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b12-c13-s68","source":"О, конечно, есть и другое значение, другое толкование слова „отец“, требующее, чтоб отец мой, хотя бы и изверг, хотя бы и злодей своим детям, оставался бы все-таки моим отцом, потому только, что он родил меня.","translation":"Oh, of course there is another meaning too, another reading of the word 'father,' one that demands that my father — though he be a fiend, though he be a villain to his children — should remain my father all the same, simply because he begot me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"требующее, чтоб отец мой… оставался бы","title":"«чтобы» of demand with doubled «бы»","body":"«требующее» (present active participle of «требовать») opens a «чтоб»-clause of demand, which takes the irrealis past-form verb. Note the redundant extra «бы» on «оставался бы» — a colloquial reinforcement of the «чтоб» that already contains «бы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы и изверг, хотя бы и злодей","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» — 'even if'","body":"«хотя бы» with «и» builds a concessive 'though he be / even were he' — the «бы» making it hypothetical. The pair «изверг» / «злодей» ('monster' / 'villain') are bare predicate nouns in the nominative after an elided copula."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изверг","title":"«изверг» — a monster, a fiend","body":"A strong word: literally 'one cast out (of nature)', «изверг» means a brute or fiend, someone outside humanity. It is the harshest of the chapter's escalating epithets for the unworthy father."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying есть","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies другое","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies значение","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"значение","lemma":"значение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"meaning"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies толкование","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"толкование","lemma":"толкование","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with значение","gloss":"interpretation"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies толкование","gloss":"of the word"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to слова","gloss":"'father'"},{"surface":"требующее","lemma":"требующий","morphology":"adjective/participle, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clause modifying толкование","gloss":"demanding"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оставался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставался","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отец","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of изверг","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изверг","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"изверг","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, concessive clause modifying отец","gloss":"a monster"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of злодей","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies злодей","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"злодей","lemma":"злодей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, coordinated with изверг","gloss":"a villain"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of детям","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"детям","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"complement of злодей","gloss":"to his children"},{"surface":"оставался","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чтоб-clause","gloss":"should remain"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional/subjunctive marker","role":"auxiliary of оставался","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки, modifies оставался","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отцом","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of оставался","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of родил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of родил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"родил","lemma":"родить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on оставался","gloss":"begot"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of родил","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b12-c13-s69","source":"Но это значение уже, так сказать, мистическое, которое я не понимаю умом, а могу принять лишь верой, или, вернее сказать, на веру, подобно многому другому, чего не понимаю, но чему религия повелевает мне, однако же, верить.","translation":"But this meaning is already, so to speak, a mystical one, which I cannot grasp with my reason but can accept only on faith, or, more exactly, take on trust — like much else that I do not understand, but that religion nonetheless commands me to believe.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которое я не понимаю умом, а могу принять лишь верой","title":"Instrumental of means «умом»… «верой»","body":"«умом» ('with the reason') and «верой» ('by faith') are instrumentals of means — the faculty through which one apprehends. The contrastive «а» pivots between them: not by intellect but by faith."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего не понимаю, но чему религия повелевает мне… верить","title":"Genitive of negation and dative government","body":"After negated «не понимаю», the object slides into the genitive «чего» (genitive of negation). Then «чему» is dative because «верить» ('to believe in') governs the dative, while «повелевает мне» also takes a dative — 'commands me'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"верой… на веру","title":"«верой» vs «на веру»","body":"A deliberate near-pun: «принять верой» is 'to accept by faith', while «принять на веру» is the idiom 'to take on trust', sight unseen. The speaker corrects himself to the more skeptical second phrasing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of значение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"значение","lemma":"значение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate мистическое, copula elided)","gloss":"meaning"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мистическое","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical idiom так сказать (so to speak)","gloss":"speak","note":"так сказать is a fixed parenthetical, \"so to speak\" — not the sentence's main verb."},{"surface":"мистическое","lemma":"мистический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective of значение","gloss":"mystical"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying значение","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"умом","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of понимаю","gloss":"with reason"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with понимаю","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"accept"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верой","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"верой","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принять","gloss":"by faith"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"вернее","lemma":"вернее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom вернее сказать","gloss":"more precisely"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical idiom вернее сказать (more precisely put)","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веру","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"веру","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принять (on trust)","gloss":"trust"},{"surface":"подобно","lemma":"подобно","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другому","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"многому","lemma":"многое","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition подобно","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"другому","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies многому","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимаю (genitive under negation)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying другому","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative complement of верить (fronted), in the relative clause coordinated with понимаю","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"религия","lemma":"религия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of повелевает","gloss":"religion"},{"surface":"повелевает","lemma":"повелевать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying другому, coordinated with понимаю","gloss":"commands"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of повелевает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повелевает","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"верить","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of повелевает","gloss":"believe"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b12-c13-s70","source":"Но в таком случае это пусть и останется вне области действительной жизни.","translation":"But in that case let it stay outside the realm of actual life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть и останется вне области","title":"«пусть» + perfective future as a concession","body":"«пусть» plus a 3rd-person perfective future («останется») forms a third-person imperative / concession — 'let it remain'. «вне» governs the genitive «области действительной жизни» ('outside the realm of actual life')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of останется","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of останется","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies останется","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies останется (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"останется","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will remain"},{"surface":"вне","lemma":"вне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking области","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"области","lemma":"область","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of останется","gloss":"realm"},{"surface":"действительной","lemma":"действительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies области","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b12-c13-s71","source":"В области же действительной жизни, которая имеет не только свои права, но и сама налагает великие обязанности, — в этой области мы, если хотим быть гуманными, христианами наконец, мы должны и обязаны проводить убеждения, лишь оправданные рассудком и опытом, проведенные чрез горнило анализа, словом, действовать разумно, а не безумно, как во сне и в бреду, чтобы не нанести вреда человеку, чтобы не измучить и не погубить человека.","translation":"But in the realm of actual life — which has not only its rights, but itself imposes great obligations — in this realm we, if we wish to be humane, to be Christians at last, we must and are bound to be guided by convictions that have been justified by reason and experience, that have passed through the crucible of analysis: in a word, to act sensibly and not senselessly, as in a dream or a delirium, so as to do no harm to a human being, so as not to torment and destroy him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В области же действительной жизни… в этой области","title":"Topic fronting with resumptive repetition","body":"The prepositional phrase «в области… действительной жизни» is fronted as the topic, then resumed by «в этой области» after a long parenthesis — a classic topic-comment structure that lets the heavy modifier breathe before the main clause arrives. The «же» marks the contrastive shift of topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"убеждения, лишь оправданные… проведенные чрез горнило","title":"Chained past passive participles","body":"Two past passive participles, «оправданные» ('justified') and «проведенные» ('passed through'), modify «убеждения» in parallel. This dense participial layering, plus the bookish «чрез» (for «через»), is high oratorical style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не нанести вреда… чтобы не измучить и не погубить","title":"Purpose «чтобы» with genitive of negation","body":"The «чтобы» purpose clauses take the perfective infinitive. Under the negated «не нанести», the object «вреда» appears in the genitive (genitive of negation), the natural case for a harm one seeks to avoid."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"горнило анализа","title":"«горнило» — the crucible / furnace","body":"An elevated, almost Biblical word for a smith's furnace or refining crucible. «горнило анализа» — 'the crucible of analysis' — casts cold reason as a purifying fire, the rhetorical centerpiece of the sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking области","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"области","lemma":"область","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of должны","gloss":"realm"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies области","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"действительной","lemma":"действительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies области","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of имеет","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"имеет","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying жизни","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"correlates with но и (not only... but also)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of права","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of имеет","gloss":"rights"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of налагает (=которая)","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"налагает","lemma":"налагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with имеет","gloss":"imposes"},{"surface":"великие","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies обязанности","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"обязанности","lemma":"обязанность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of налагает","gloss":"obligations"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking области","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of области","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"области","lemma":"область","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of должны (resumptive)","gloss":"realm"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотим","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хотим","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on должны","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula, complement of хотим","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"гуманными","lemma":"гуманный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"humane"},{"surface":"христианами","lemma":"христианин","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with гуманными","gloss":"Christians"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies христианами","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны (repeated)","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"main predicate of the sentence (elided быть)","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обязаны","lemma":"обязанный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with должны","gloss":"are bound"},{"surface":"проводить","lemma":"проводить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должны and обязаны","gloss":"apply"},{"surface":"убеждения","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of проводить","gloss":"convictions"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оправданные","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"оправданные","lemma":"оправдать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying убеждения","gloss":"justified"},{"surface":"рассудком","lemma":"рассудок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of оправданные","gloss":"by reason"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опытом","lemma":"опыт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with рассудком","gloss":"by experience"},{"surface":"проведенные","lemma":"провести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying убеждения, coordinated with оправданные","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горнило","gloss":"through","note":"чрез is an archaic/literary variant of через (\"through\")."},{"surface":"горнило","lemma":"горнило","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition чрез","gloss":"crucible"},{"surface":"анализа","lemma":"анализ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies горнило","gloss":"of analysis"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical (in a word), introduces действовать","gloss":"in a word"},{"surface":"действовать","lemma":"действовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должны and обязаны, coordinated with проводить","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"разумно","lemma":"разумно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies действовать","gloss":"sensibly"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies безумно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"безумно","lemma":"безумно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with разумно, modifies действовать","gloss":"senselessly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative phrase (как во сне)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сне","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как, modifies безумно","gloss":"a dream"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бреду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бреду","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сне","gloss":"delirium"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нанести","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нанести","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нанести","lemma":"нанести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying действовать","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"вреда","lemma":"вред","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нанести (genitive under negation)","gloss":"harm"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of нанести","gloss":"to a person"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of измучить","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies измучить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"измучить","lemma":"измучить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause coordinated with нанести, modifies действовать","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погубить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"погубить","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with измучить","gloss":"destroy"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of погубить (shared with измучить)","gloss":"a person"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b12-c13-s72","source":"Вот, вот тогда это и будет настоящим христианским делом, не мистическим только, а разумным и уже истинно человеколюбивым делом…»","translation":"There — there, then, will it be a truly Christian work, not merely a mystical one, but a reasonable and genuinely humane work…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будет настоящим христианским делом","title":"Predicate instrumental after future «быть»","body":"After the future «будет», the predicate noun phrase goes into the instrumental: «настоящим христианским делом» ('a truly Christian work'). This is the regular rule — a complement of «быть» in the future or past takes the instrumental, not the nominative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"человеколюбивым","title":"«человеколюбивый» — loving of mankind","body":"A compound of «человек» (man) + «любить» (to love), 'philanthropic, humane'. The noun «человеколюбие» is itself faintly Church-Slavonic in shape and a key value-word in the novel's debate about Christian love."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle introducing the clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда (emphatic repetition)","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to делом","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"настоящим","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies делом","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"христианским","lemma":"христианский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies делом","gloss":"Christian"},{"surface":"делом","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of будет","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мистическим","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мистическим","lemma":"мистический","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies делом (w9)","gloss":"mystical"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мистическим","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"разумным","lemma":"разумный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies делом (w19)","gloss":"reasonable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies человеколюбивым","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"истинно","lemma":"истинно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies человеколюбивым","gloss":"genuinely"},{"surface":"человеколюбивым","lemma":"человеколюбивый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with разумным","gloss":"humane"},{"surface":"делом","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of будет (repeated)","gloss":"work"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b12-c13-s73","source":"В этом месте сорвались было сильные рукоплескания из многих концов залы, но Фетюкович даже замахал руками, как бы умоляя не прерывать и чтобы дали ему договорить.","translation":"At this point loud applause broke out in many parts of the hall, but Fetyukovich even waved his hands, as though imploring them not to interrupt and to let him finish.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сорвались было сильные рукоплескания","title":"The particle «было» of an interrupted action","body":"«было» after a perfective past marks an action that started or nearly happened but was cut off — 'applause broke out (but was checked)'. It perfectly suits the scene: the clapping begins and Fetyukovich waves it down."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы умоляя не прерывать","title":"Imperfective gerund «умоляя»","body":"«умоляя» is the present (imperfective) gerund of «умолять» ('imploring'), expressing a simultaneous attendant action shared with the main subject Fetyukovich. The «как бы» ('as though') softens it to a semblance."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сорвались","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"сорвались","lemma":"сорваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke out"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle (было-construction, marks an interrupted action)","role":"modifies сорвались","gloss":"started to","note":"verb + было marks an action that began but was then cut short — \"broke out, only to be stopped.\""},{"surface":"сильные","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies рукоплескания","gloss":"loud"},{"surface":"рукоплескания","lemma":"рукоплескание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of сорвались","gloss":"applause"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking концов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies концов","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"концов","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition из","gloss":"corners"},{"surface":"залы","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies концов","gloss":"of the hall"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"Фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замахал","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замахал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"замахал","lemma":"замахать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сорвались","gloss":"waved"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of замахал","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы (as though)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"умоляя","lemma":"умолять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on замахал","gloss":"imploring"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прерывать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прерывать","lemma":"прерывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умоляя","gloss":"to interrupt"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дали","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"дали","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of чтобы-clause, coordinated with прерывать (second object of умоляя)","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"договорить","lemma":"договорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дали","gloss":"finish"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b12-c13-s74","source":"Всё тотчас затихло.","translation":"Everything fell silent at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё тотчас затихло","title":"Inceptive perfective «затихло»","body":"The prefix за- on «затихнуть» gives the perfective sense of entering a state — 'fell silent / went quiet'. The neuter «всё… затихло» treats the whole hall as a single mass."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of затихло","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затихло","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"затихло","lemma":"затихнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b12-c13-s75","source":"Оратор продолжал:","translation":"The orator went on:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Оратор продолжал","title":"«оратор» — the orator","body":"Throughout the courtroom chapters Fetyukovich is repeatedly named «оратор» ('orator, speaker'), a word that frames his speech as a feat of rhetoric. The imperfective «продолжал» ('went on') suits resumed, ongoing speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оратор","lemma":"оратор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"the orator"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b12-c13-s76","source":"«Думаете ли вы, господа присяжные, что такие вопросы могут миновать детей наших, положим, уже юношей, положим, уже начинающих рассуждать?","translation":"\"Do you suppose, gentlemen of the jury, that such questions can pass our children by — once they have grown, let us say, into youths, once they have begun, let us say, to reason?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Думаете ли вы… что такие вопросы могут миновать","title":"«ли» question opening a «что»-clause","body":"«Думаете ли вы» is the polite, literary way to frame a yes/no question with «ли», here introducing an embedded «что»-clause. «миновать детей» — 'to pass the children by' — takes a direct object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"положим, уже юношей… уже начинающих рассуждать","title":"«положим» as a parenthetical 'let us say'","body":"«положим» (1pl perfective future of «положить», used idiomatically) means 'let us suppose / say'. «начинающих рассуждать» is a present active participle modifying «юношей» ('youths who are beginning to reason'), in the accusative-of-animate matching «детей»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you think"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the sentence as a yes/no question, modifies Думаете","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, in apposition with вы","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to господа (vocative)","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of вопросы","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of могут","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Думаете","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"миновать","lemma":"миновать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"bypass"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of миновать","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of детей","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"положим","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical (let's say), modifies юношей","gloss":"let's say"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies юношей","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"юношей","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to детей (predicative, as youths)","gloss":"as youths"},{"surface":"положим","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical (let's say), modifies начинающих","gloss":"let's say"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинающих","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"начинающих","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective","role":"in apposition to детей (as beginning to reason)","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"рассуждать","lemma":"рассуждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинающих","gloss":"to reason"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b12-c13-s77","source":"Нет, не могут, и не будем спрашивать от них невозможного воздержания!","translation":"No, they cannot, and let us not demand of them an impossible abstinence!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не будем спрашивать от них невозможного воздержания","title":"Negated imperfective future + genitive of negation","body":"«не будем спрашивать» is the negated compound (imperfective) future — a 1pl exhortation 'let us not demand'. The negated abstract object «невозможного воздержания» takes the genitive (genitive of negation)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection answering the previous question","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спрашивать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of спрашивать (hortative)","gloss":"let us"},{"surface":"спрашивать","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, with auxiliary будем","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of спрашивать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"невозможного","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воздержания","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"воздержания","lemma":"воздержание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of спрашивать","gloss":"abstinence"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b12-c13-s78","source":"Вид отца недостойного, особенно сравнительно с отцами другими, достойными, у других детей, его сверстников, невольно подсказывает юноше вопросы мучительные.","translation":"The sight of an unworthy father, especially by comparison with the worthy fathers of other children, his own peers, involuntarily prompts in the youth tormenting questions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"невольно подсказывает юноше вопросы","title":"Dative recipient «юноше»","body":"«подсказывать» ('to prompt, suggest to') governs a dative of the person — «юноше» ('to the youth') — and an accusative of the thing prompted, «вопросы мучительные». The heavy subject «вид отца недостойного…» is fronted, with the verb arriving late."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вопросы мучительные","title":"Postposed adjective for weight","body":"Placing «мучительные» ('tormenting') after its noun «вопросы», rather than before, is a marked, literary inversion that gives the adjective rhetorical emphasis — the questions are, above all, tormenting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подсказывает","gloss":"the sight"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Вид","gloss":"of a father"},{"surface":"недостойного","lemma":"недостойный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"unworthy"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сравнительно","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"сравнительно","lemma":"сравнительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase сравнительно с (in comparison with), modifies Вид","gloss":"in comparison"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отцами","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"другими","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies отцами","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"достойными","lemma":"достойный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with другими","gloss":"worthy"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies детей","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of у, specifies whose fathers (отцами)","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сверстников","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сверстников","lemma":"сверстник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to детей (his peers)","gloss":"peers"},{"surface":"невольно","lemma":"невольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подсказывает","gloss":"involuntarily"},{"surface":"подсказывает","lemma":"подсказывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"prompts"},{"surface":"юноше","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подсказывает","gloss":"to the youth"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of подсказывает","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"мучительные","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"tormenting"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b12-c13-s79","source":"Ему по-казенному отвечают на эти вопросы: „Он родил тебя, и ты кровь его, а потому ты и должен любить его“.","translation":"To these questions he is given the stock official answer: 'He begot you, and you are his blood, and therefore you must love him.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему по-казенному отвечают","title":"Impersonal third-plural 'they answer'","body":"An unspecified-subject 3pl («отвечают») with the dative «ему» is Russian's way of saying 'he is answered / one answers him'. «по-казенному» is an adverb 'in an official, bureaucratic manner'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по-казенному","title":"«казенный» — official, governmental, formulaic","body":"From «казна» (the state treasury), «казенный» means 'belonging to the state' and, by extension, 'stock, rote, soullessly official'. The adverb «по-казенному» dismisses the pious answer as a hollow formula."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отвечают","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-казённому","morphology":"first part of the compound adverb по-казённому","role":"part of по-казённому, modifies отвечают","gloss":"in an","note":"по-казённому is one compound adverb, \"in a rote/official manner\" — spaCy split it into two tokens."},{"surface":"казенному","lemma":"по-казённому","morphology":"second part of the compound adverb по-казённому","role":"part of по-казённому, modifies отвечают","gloss":"official way"},{"surface":"отвечают","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he is answered"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of вопросы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отвечают","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of родил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"родил","lemma":"родить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"begot"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of родил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of predicate кровь (elided copula)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun (elided есть), coordinated with родил","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кровь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies должен (emphatic)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, main verb-equivalent of the clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b12-c13-s80","source":"Юноша невольно задумывается: „Да разве он любил меня, когда рождал, — спрашивает он, удивляясь всё более и более, — разве для меня он родил меня: он не знал ни меня, ни даже пола моего в ту минуту, в минуту страсти, может быть разгоряченной вином, и только разве передал мне склонность к пьянству — вот все его благодеяния… Зачем же я должен любить его, за то только, что он родил меня, а потом всю жизнь не любил меня?“","translation":"The youth involuntarily falls to thinking: 'But did he love me when he begot me,' he asks, wondering more and more, 'did he beget me for my sake? He knew neither me nor even my sex at that moment, the moment of passion, perhaps heated by wine, and he passed on to me only a leaning toward drink — that is the sum of his benefactions… Why, then, must I love him, merely because he begot me and then went his whole life without loving me?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да разве он любил меня, когда рождал","title":"«разве» of incredulous challenge + imperfective","body":"«разве» introduces a question expecting the answer 'no' — 'did he REALLY love me?'. Both «любил» and «рождал» are imperfective pasts, viewing the loving and the begetting as states/processes, not points."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"удивляясь всё более и более","title":"Imperfective gerund «удивляясь»","body":"The present gerund of «удивляться» ('wondering, growing astonished') describes an action running alongside «спрашивает». «всё более и более» ('more and more') is a stock intensifying comparative phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он не знал ни меня, ни даже пола моего","title":"Correlative «ни… ни» with genitive of negation","body":"«ни… ни» ('neither… nor') intensifies the negation «не знал», and its objects drop into the genitive: «ни меня, ни… пола моего» (genitive of negation). The double «ни» is negative concord par excellence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"склонность к пьянству… благодеяния","title":"«благодеяния» — 'benefactions', bitterly ironic","body":"«благодеяние» ('good deed, benefaction') is an elevated, almost ledger-of-virtues word; here it is savagely ironic — the only 'gift' the father passed down is «склонность к пьянству», a leaning to drink."}],"words":[{"surface":"Юноша","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задумывается","gloss":"the youth"},{"surface":"невольно","lemma":"невольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задумывается","gloss":"involuntarily"},{"surface":"задумывается","lemma":"задумываться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"falls to thinking"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"opens the quoted rhetorical question, paired with разве","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"turns the clause into a rhetorical question","gloss":"did","note":"да разве together mark a rhetorical challenge, rendered 'but did...'"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to задумывается","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рождал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"рождал","lemma":"рождать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on любил","gloss":"begot"},{"surface":"спрашивает","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to задумывается","gloss":"asks"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спрашивает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"удивляясь","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спрашивает","gloss":"wondering"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies более","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивляясь","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with более","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"turns the clause into a rhetorical question","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of родил","gloss":"my sake"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of родил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"родил","lemma":"родить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to спрашивает","gloss":"beget"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of родил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to родил","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пола","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пола","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with меня","gloss":"sex"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пола","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"restates в минуту, marking минуту страсти","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to минуту (w35)","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"страсти","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"of passion"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies разгоряченной","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"разгоряченной","lemma":"разгорячённый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies страсти","gloss":"heated"},{"surface":"вином","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of разгоряченной","gloss":"by wine"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies передал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies передал","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"передал","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"passed on"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of передал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"склонность","lemma":"склонность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of передал","gloss":"a leaning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пьянству","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"пьянству","lemma":"пьянство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies склонность","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies все","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of благодеяния","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of благодеяния","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"благодеяния","lemma":"благодеяние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"predicate noun of the elliptical clause introduced by вот","gloss":"benefactions"},{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Зачем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, governs любить","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of любить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of родил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of родил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"родил","lemma":"родить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of то","gloss":"begot"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of родил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration, modifies любил","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with родил","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b12-c13-s81","source":"О, вам, может быть, представляются эти вопросы грубыми, жестокими, но не требуйте же от юного ума воздержания невозможного: „Гони природу в дверь, она влетит в окно“, — а главное, главное, не будем бояться „металла“ и „жупела“ и решим вопрос так, как предписывает разум и человеколюбие, а не так, как предписывают мистические понятия.","translation":"Oh, these questions may strike you, perhaps, as coarse and cruel; but do not demand of a young mind an impossible abstinence: 'Drive nature out the door, and it will fly in at the window' — and above all, above all, let us not fear the 'metal' and the 'bugbear,' but settle the question as reason and love of mankind prescribe, and not as mystical notions prescribe.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вам… представляются эти вопросы грубыми, жестокими","title":"Dative experiencer + instrumental predicate","body":"«представляться» ('to seem') takes a dative experiencer («вам», 'to you') while the quality seemed takes the instrumental: «грубыми, жестокими» ('coarse, cruel'). A neat double-case impersonal feel — they seem so TO you."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не требуйте же… воздержания невозможного","title":"Negative imperative with insistent «же»","body":"«не требуйте» is the plural imperative of «требовать», and the negated object «воздержания невозможного» stands in the genitive (genitive of negation). The particle «же» adds urgent insistence — 'do NOT demand…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Гони природу в дверь, она влетит в окно","title":"A proverb of nature's return","body":"'Drive nature out the door and it flies in at the window' — a saying (ultimately from Destouches/Horace, widely current in Russian) meaning nature cannot be suppressed. «Гони» is the imperative of «гнать», «влетит» the perfective future 'will fly in'."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of представляются","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies представляются","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"представляются","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seem"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of вопросы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of представляются","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"грубыми","lemma":"грубый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of представляются","gloss":"coarse"},{"surface":"жестокими","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with грубыми","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies требуйте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"требуйте","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with представляются","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies требуйте","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"юного","lemma":"юный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ума","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of требуйте","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"воздержания","lemma":"воздержание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of требуйте","gloss":"abstinence"},{"surface":"невозможного","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воздержания","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"Гони","lemma":"гнать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted proverb","gloss":"Drive"},{"surface":"природу","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Гони","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверь","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Гони","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of влетит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"влетит","lemma":"влететь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Гони","gloss":"will fly in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окно","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of влетит","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies бояться","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeated for emphasis, parenthetical","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бояться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of бояться","gloss":"let us"},{"surface":"бояться","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with представляются","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"металла","lemma":"металл","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бояться","gloss":"the 'metal'"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жупела","lemma":"жупел","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with металла","gloss":"the 'bugbear'","note":"жупел is an archaic word for brimstone/bugbear; paired with металл ('metal', i.e. a pistol) it is a stock rhetorical scare-phrase mocked here."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"решим","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with бояться","gloss":"let us settle"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of решим","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решим, correlative with как","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предписывает","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"предписывает","lemma":"предписывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on так","gloss":"prescribes"},{"surface":"разум","lemma":"разум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предписывает","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"человеколюбие","lemma":"человеколюбие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with разум","gloss":"love of mankind"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with так","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предписывают","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"предписывают","lemma":"предписывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on так","gloss":"prescribe"},{"surface":"мистические","lemma":"мистический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies понятия","gloss":"mystical"},{"surface":"понятия","lemma":"понятие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of предписывают","gloss":"notions"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b12-c13-s82","source":"Как же решить его?","translation":"How, then, is it to be settled?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же решить его?","title":"Infinitive question with modal «же»","body":"A bare perfective infinitive «решить» in a question expresses deliberation — 'how is one to settle it?'. «же» colours it with rhetorical engagement, almost 'how on earth then…'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решить","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"решить","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"settle"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of решить","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b12-c13-s83","source":"А вот как: пусть сын станет пред отцом своим и осмысленно спросит его самого: „Отец, скажи мне: для чего я должен любить тебя?","translation":"Why, like this: let the son stand before his father and ask him, with full understanding: 'Father, tell me — why must I love you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть сын станет пред отцом своим","title":"Third-person imperative «пусть» + perfective","body":"«пусть» plus the perfective future «станет» forms the 3rd-person imperative 'let the son stand'. «пред» is the bookish/archaic form of «перед» ('before'), governing the instrumental «отцом своим»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"осмысленно спросит его самого","title":"Intensive «сам» — 'him himself'","body":"«его самого» pairs the object pronoun with the intensifier «сам» in the accusative, 'ask him himself / the man himself'. The adverb «осмысленно» means 'with full understanding, knowingly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies станет","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of станет","gloss":"the son"},{"surface":"станет","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to как","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of станет","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отцом","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"осмысленно","lemma":"осмысленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросит","gloss":"with understanding"},{"surface":"спросит","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with станет","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спросит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies его","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing the father","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to спросит","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажи","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of должен","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of скажи","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b12-c13-s84","source":"Отец, докажи мне, что я должен любить тебя?“ — и если этот отец в силах и в состоянии будет ответить и доказать ему, — то вот и настоящая нормальная семья, не на предрассудке лишь мистическом утверждающаяся, а на основаниях разумных, самоотчетных и строго гуманных.","translation":"Father, prove to me that I must love you' — and if this father has it in his power and is able to answer and prove it to him, then there you have a real, normal family, resting not on mere mystical prejudice but on grounds that are reasonable, self-accountable, and strictly humane.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если этот отец в силах и в состоянии будет ответить","title":"Conditional «если» with split future","body":"A real (not irrealis) condition with «если». The idioms «в силах» and «в состоянии» ('has the power / is able') take the future copula «будет» of «быть» ('will be able / in a position'); «ответить и доказать» are dependent perfective infinitives complementing the idiom, not a compound future (which would be «быть» + an imperfective infinitive)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не на предрассудке… а на основаниях разумных","title":"Contrastive «не… а» with prepositional","body":"«не… а» ('not… but') sets the false ground against the true one, both in the prepositional after «на» («предрассудке» / «основаниях»). The reflexive participle «утверждающаяся» ('resting upon') governs «на»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"самоотчетных","title":"«самоотчетный» — self-accountable","body":"A rare compound (само- 'self' + «отчет» 'account/report') meaning 'answerable to oneself, rationally self-justifying'. It belongs to the chapter's vocabulary of reason replacing inherited authority."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"докажи","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative clause","gloss":"prove"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of докажи","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of докажи","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ответить","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отец","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответить","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ответить","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with силах","gloss":"a state"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of ответить","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"ответить","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"доказать","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with ответить","gloss":"prove"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of доказать","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle, pairs with если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies семья","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies семья","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"настоящая","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies семья","gloss":"real"},{"surface":"нормальная","lemma":"нормальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies семья","gloss":"normal"},{"surface":"семья","lemma":"семья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the elliptical clause introduced by то...вот","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утверждающаяся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предрассудке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"предрассудке","lemma":"предрассудок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of утверждающаяся","gloss":"prejudice"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мистическом","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"мистическом","lemma":"мистический","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies предрассудке","gloss":"mystical"},{"surface":"утверждающаяся","lemma":"утверждающийся","morphology":"verb, present, middle, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"participle clause modifying семья","gloss":"resting"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking основаниях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"основаниях","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"complement of утверждающаяся, coordinated with предрассудке","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"разумных","lemma":"разумный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies основаниях","gloss":"reasonable"},{"surface":"самоотчетных","lemma":"самоотчётный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"coordinated with разумных","gloss":"self-accountable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гуманных","gloss":"strictly"},{"surface":"гуманных","lemma":"гуманный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"coordinated with разумных","gloss":"humane"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b12-c13-s85","source":"В противном случае, если не докажет отец, — конец тотчас же этой семье: он не отец ему, а сын получает свободу и право впредь считать отца своего за чужого себе и даже врагом своим.","translation":"In the contrary case, if the father cannot prove it, that family is at an end on the instant: he is no father to him, and the son gains the freedom and the right henceforth to regard his father as a stranger to him, and even as his enemy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он не отец ему","title":"Negated zero-copula predicate + dative","body":"With no copula in the present, «он не отец ему» negates the predicate noun directly — 'he is no father to him'. «ему» is the dative of relation: a father TO him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"считать отца своего за чужого… и даже врагом своим","title":"«считать за» vs «считать» + instrumental","body":"Two ways to say 'regard as' sit side by side: «считать за чужого» (за + accusative) and «считать… врагом своим» (bare instrumental). Both express the predicate of «считать», a vivid display of its dual government."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"противном","lemma":"противный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"contrary"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement introducing the sentence","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of докажет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies докажет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"докажет","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on конец","gloss":"proves"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of докажет","gloss":"the father"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the elliptical main clause","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies конец","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of семье","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"семье","lemma":"семья","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of конец","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of он не отец ему","gloss":"a father"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of отец","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of получает","gloss":"the son"},{"surface":"получает","lemma":"получать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отец","gloss":"gains"},{"surface":"свободу","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of получает","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with свободу","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies считать","gloss":"henceforth"},{"surface":"считать","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of право","gloss":"to regard"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of считать","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks чужого as the predicate of считать","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"чужого","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with врагом, complement of считать","gloss":"a stranger"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"complement of чужого","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies врагом","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"врагом","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with чужого, complement of считать","gloss":"an enemy"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of врагом","gloss":"his own"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b12-c13-s86","source":"Наша трибуна, господа присяжные, должна быть школой истины и здравых понятий!»","translation":"Our tribune, gentlemen of the jury, must be a school of truth and of sound ideas!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"должна быть школой истины","title":"Predicate instrumental after «быть»","body":"After «должна быть» the predicate noun «школой» goes to the instrumental ('must be a school'), governing the genitives «истины и здравых понятий» that follow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наша","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of трибуна","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"трибуна","lemma":"трибуна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of должна","gloss":"tribune"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"parenthetical vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"должна","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to школой","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"школой","lemma":"школа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of должна","gloss":"a school"},{"surface":"истины","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies школой","gloss":"of truth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"здравых","lemma":"здравый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies понятий","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"понятий","lemma":"понятие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with истины","gloss":"ideas"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b12-c13-s87","source":"Здесь оратор был прерван рукоплесканиями неудержимыми, почти исступленными.","translation":"Here the orator was cut short by applause that could not be held back, applause almost frenzied.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оратор был прерван рукоплесканиями","title":"Periphrastic passive + instrumental agent","body":"«был прерван» is the past passive (short participle of «прервать» + «был») — 'was interrupted'. The agent / means stands in the instrumental: «рукоплесканиями» ('by applause')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступленными","title":"«исступленный» — frenzied, ecstatic","body":"«исступление» is a state of being beside oneself — frenzy, rapture, ecstasy. The applause is «почти исступленными» ('almost frenzied'), a word Dostoevsky loves for crowds and souls pushed past control."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прерван","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"оратор","lemma":"оратор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive прерван","gloss":"the orator"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of прерван","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"прерван","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cut short"},{"surface":"рукоплесканиями","lemma":"рукоплескание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of прерван","gloss":"by applause"},{"surface":"неудержимыми","lemma":"неудержимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies рукоплесканиями","gloss":"unrestrained"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исступленными","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"исступленными","lemma":"исступлённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with неудержимыми","gloss":"frenzied"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b12-c13-s88","source":"Конечно, аплодировала не вся зала, но половина-то залы все-таки аплодировала.","translation":"Of course it was not the whole hall that applauded, but a good half of the hall applauded all the same.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"половина-то залы","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «половина» highlights a known topic — 'a good half, mind you, of the hall'. This is the topic-marking «-то», distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies аплодировала","gloss":"Of course"},{"surface":"аплодировала","lemma":"аплодировать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"applauded"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of зала","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"зала","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of аплодировала","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"половина","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of аплодировала","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic suffix on половина","gloss":"at least","note":"the enclitic -то on половина-то adds emphasis, roughly 'at least half'."},{"surface":"залы","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половина","gloss":"of the hall"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies аплодировала, part of все-таки","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"аплодировала","lemma":"аплодировать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with аплодировала","gloss":"applauded"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b12-c13-s89","source":"Аплодировали отцы и матери.","translation":"Fathers and mothers applauded.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Аплодировали отцы и матери","title":"Verb-first word order for new information","body":"Putting the imperfective «аплодировали» before its subject «отцы и матери» throws the weight onto WHO applauded — the new, telling information that fathers and mothers cheered the demolition of fatherhood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Аплодировали","lemma":"аплодировать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"applauded"},{"surface":"отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Аплодировали","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with отцы","gloss":"mothers"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b12-c13-s90","source":"Сверху, где сидели дамы, слышались визги и крики.","translation":"From above, where the ladies were seated, came shrieks and cries.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слышались визги и крики","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as impersonal/passive 'were heard'","body":"«слышаться» (the «-ся» form of «слышать») means 'to be heard, to be audible'. Here it is intransitive/middle: «слышались визги» — 'shrieks were heard / came', with the verb fronted before its subjects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сверху","lemma":"сверху","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышались","gloss":"From above"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидели","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"сидели","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Сверху","gloss":"were seated"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of сидели","gloss":"the ladies"},{"surface":"слышались","lemma":"слышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"визги","lemma":"визг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of слышались","gloss":"shrieks"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крики","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with визги","gloss":"cries"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b12-c13-s91","source":"Махали платками.","translation":"They waved their handkerchiefs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Махали платками","title":"Subjectless imperfective + instrumental object","body":"A bare 3pl «махали» with no subject ('they / people waved'). «махать» governs the instrumental of the thing waved — «платками» ('with handkerchiefs'), the instrumental of means."}],"words":[{"surface":"Махали","lemma":"махать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"They waved"},{"surface":"платками","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Махали","gloss":"handkerchiefs"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b12-c13-s92","source":"Председатель изо всей силы начал звонить в колокольчик.","translation":"The presiding judge began ringing his little bell with all his might.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал звонить в колокольчик","title":"«начать» + imperfective infinitive; «звонить в»","body":"«начал» (phasal 'began') requires the imperfective infinitive «звонить». «звонить в колокольчик» uses «в» + accusative — one rings INTO a bell. «изо всей силы» is the idiom 'with all one's might'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"колокольчик","title":"«колокольчик» — the little bell","body":"A diminutive of «колокол» (bell): the small hand-bell the presiding judge rings for order. The diminutive «-чик» here simply marks the object's small size, not affection."}],"words":[{"surface":"Председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"The presiding judge"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начал","gloss":"his might"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"звонить","lemma":"звонить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"ringing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колокольчик","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"колокольчик","lemma":"колокольчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of звонить","gloss":"his little bell"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b12-c13-s93","source":"Он был видимо раздражен поведением залы, но «очистить» залу, как угрожал недавно, решительно не посмел: аплодировали и махали платками оратору даже сзади сидевшие на особых стульях сановные лица, старички со звездами на фраках, так что, когда угомонился шум, председатель удовольствовался лишь прежним строжайшим обещанием «очистить» залу, а торжествующий и взволнованный Фетюкович стал опять продолжать свою речь.","translation":"He was plainly vexed by the conduct of the hall, but he simply did not dare to 'clear' it, as he had threatened to do not long before: applauding and waving their handkerchiefs at the orator were even the dignitaries of rank seated behind, in the special chairs — old men with stars on their dress coats — so that, when the noise had subsided, the presiding judge contented himself merely with his former most severe promise to 'clear' the hall, and Fetyukovich, triumphant and stirred, set about resuming his speech.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был видимо раздражен поведением залы","title":"Short passive participle + instrumental cause","body":"«раздражен» is the short past passive participle ('vexed, irritated'), joined to «был» for a stative passive. The cause/agent takes the instrumental: «поведением залы» ('by the conduct of the hall')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"решительно не посмел","title":"Perfective «посметь» under negation","body":"«не посмел» is the negated perfective past of «посметь» ('to dare') — 'he simply did not dare'. The perfective frames it as a single, decisive non-act; «решительно» reinforces 'flatly, decidedly'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже сзади сидевшие… сановные лица","title":"Past active participle «сидевшие»","body":"«сидевшие» (past active participle of «сидеть») modifies «сановные лица» — 'the dignitaries who were sitting behind'. The participle, with its adverb «сзади», compresses a relative clause into the noun phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"угомонился","title":"«угомониться» — to quiet down, settle","body":"A colloquial perfective «-ся» verb meaning 'to calm down, grow still' (of noise or unruly people). «когда угомонился шум» — 'when the noise had settled down'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive раздражен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of раздражен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражен","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"раздражен","lemma":"раздражить","morphology":"participle, past, passive, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"vexed"},{"surface":"поведением","lemma":"поведение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздражен","gloss":"by the conduct"},{"surface":"залы","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies поведением","gloss":"of the hall","note":"Зала is the older/archaic form of зал (hall); this is genitive singular, not the tagger's nominative plural."},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"очистить","lemma":"очистить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitival complement of посмел","gloss":"to clear"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of очистить","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of угрожал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"угрожал","lemma":"угрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"comparative clause modifying посмел","gloss":"he had threatened"},{"surface":"недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies угрожал","gloss":"not long before"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмел","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посмел","lemma":"посметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with раздражен","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"аплодировали","lemma":"аплодировать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to посмел","gloss":"were applauding"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"махали","lemma":"махать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with аплодировали","gloss":"were waving"},{"surface":"платками","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of махали","gloss":"their handkerchiefs"},{"surface":"оратору","lemma":"оратор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of аплодировали","gloss":"the orator"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лица","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сзади","lemma":"сзади","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидевшие","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"сидевшие","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying лица","gloss":"who were sitting"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стульях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"особых","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies стульях","gloss":"special"},{"surface":"стульях","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидевшие","gloss":"chairs"},{"surface":"сановные","lemma":"сановный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies лица","gloss":"high-ranking"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of аплодировали","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"старички","lemma":"старичок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with лица","gloss":"old men"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking звездами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"звездами","lemma":"звезда","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies старички","gloss":"stars"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фраках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"фраках","lemma":"фрак","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies звездами","gloss":"their dress coats"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of удовольствовался","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of угомонился","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"угомонился","lemma":"угомониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on удовольствовался","gloss":"had subsided"},{"surface":"шум","lemma":"шум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of угомонился","gloss":"the noise"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удовольствовался","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"удовольствовался","lemma":"удовольствоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the так что clause","gloss":"contented himself"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обещанием","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"прежним","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обещанием","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"строжайшим","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, superlative, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обещанием","gloss":"most severe"},{"surface":"обещанием","lemma":"обещание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of удовольствовался","gloss":"promise"},{"surface":"очистить","lemma":"очистить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies обещанием","gloss":"to clear"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of очистить","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"торжествующий","lemma":"торжествовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies Фетюкович","gloss":"triumphant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взволнованный","lemma":"взволнованный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with торжествующий","gloss":"stirred"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with удовольствовался","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжать","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to continue"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of продолжать","gloss":"speech"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b12-c13-s94","source":"«Господа присяжные заседатели, вы помните ту страшную ночь, о которой так много еще сегодня говорили, когда сын, через забор, проник в дом отца и стал наконец лицом к лицу с своим, родившим его, врагом и обидчиком.","translation":"\"Gentlemen of the jury, you remember that fearful night, of which so much has been said again today, when the son, climbing over the fence, made his way into his father's house and stood at last face to face with the man who had begotten him — his enemy and his offender.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал… лицом к лицу с своим, родившим его, врагом","title":"Past active participle inside an instrumental phrase","body":"The whole phrase after «с» is instrumental (after «с» 'with'): «с… врагом», and embedded in it is the past active participle «родившим» ('who had begotten'), agreeing in the instrumental with «врагом». A dense, layered modifier typical of the oration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"через забор, проник в дом","title":"Prefixed perfective «проникнуть» of penetration","body":"«проник» (perfective past of «проникнуть») 'made his way in, penetrated', here through «через забор» ('over the fence', «через» + accusative). The perfective marks the single completed entry into «дом отца»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the vocative phrase","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies заседатели","gloss":"jury"},{"surface":"заседатели","lemma":"заседатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to Господа","gloss":"members"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of помните","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"страшную","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"fearful"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of помните","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of говорили","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on ночь","gloss":"has been said"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проник","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проник","gloss":"the son"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забор","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"забор","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проник","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"проник","lemma":"проникнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"made his way"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проник","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"his father's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проник","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"face","note":"Idiom лицом к лицу = \"face to face.\""},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"лицу","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking своим","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of врагом","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"родившим","lemma":"родить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"clause modifying врагом","gloss":"who had begotten"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of родившим","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"врагом","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition с, complement of лицом","gloss":"enemy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обидчиком","lemma":"обидчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with врагом","gloss":"offender"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b12-c13-s95","source":"Изо всех сил настаиваю — не за деньгами он прибежал в ту минуту: обвинение в грабеже есть нелепость, как я уже и изложил прежде.","translation":"With all my strength I insist — it was not for money that he came running at that moment: the charge of robbery is an absurdity, as I have already set forth before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не за деньгами он прибежал","title":"Fronted negation «не за деньгами»","body":"The negation attaches not to the verb but to the phrase «за деньгами» ('for money', за + instrumental of purpose), fronted for contrast — 'it was NOT for money that he came running'. «прибежал» is prefixed perfective 'came running'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обвинение в грабеже есть нелепость","title":"Retained copula «есть» in a definition","body":"The overt «есть» ('is') in a present-tense equation is bookish and emphatic, lending the statement the weight of a thesis: 'the charge of robbery IS an absurdity'. «обвинение в грабеже» uses «в» + prepositional for the charge's content."}],"words":[{"surface":"Изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сил","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of настаиваю","gloss":"strength","note":"Idiom изо всех сил = \"with all one's might.\""},{"surface":"настаиваю","lemma":"настаивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I insist"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies деньгами","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгами","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of прибежал","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прибежал","lemma":"прибежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to настаиваю","gloss":"came running"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибежал","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"the charge"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грабеже","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"грабеже","lemma":"грабёж","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обвинение","gloss":"robbery"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking обвинение and нелепость","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"нелепость","lemma":"нелепость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"an absurdity"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of изложил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of изложил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изложил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изложил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"изложил","lemma":"изложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on есть","gloss":"have set forth"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изложил","gloss":"before"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b12-c13-s96","source":"И не убить, о нет, вломился он к нему; если б имел преднамеренно этот умысел, то озаботился бы по крайней мере заранее хоть оружием, а медный пест он схватил инстинктивно, сам не зная зачем.","translation":"Nor was it to kill — oh no — that he broke in upon him; had he harbored this design beforehand, he would at the least have seen to a weapon in advance, but the brass pestle he snatched up by instinct, without himself knowing why.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б имел… умысел, то озаботился бы","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"An irrealis 'if… then' built on past-tense forms plus «бы» (here clipped to «б»): «если б имел… то озаботился бы» — 'had he had the design, he would have seen to…'. This is the standard contrary-to-fact construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватил инстинктивно, сам не зная зачем","title":"Negated imperfective gerund «не зная»","body":"«не зная» is the present gerund of «знать» under negation — 'not knowing', a simultaneous circumstance of «схватил». «сам» intensifies: 'he himself not knowing why'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"медный пест","title":"«пест» — the brass pestle","body":"«пест» is a pestle, the heavy club for a mortar («ступа»); «медный» 'made of copper/brass'. This «роковой пест» (fatal pestle) is the murder weapon, a recurring object in the trial chapters."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose infinitive modifying вломился","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation, parenthetical","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"вломился","lemma":"вломиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вломился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вломился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имел","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with имел","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on озаботился","gloss":"had harbored"},{"surface":"преднамеренно","lemma":"преднамеренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"premeditatedly"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of умысел","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"умысел","lemma":"умысел","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"design"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of озаботился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"озаботился","lemma":"озаботиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"apodosis verb of the если-clause","gloss":"would have seen to"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of озаботился","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"measure","note":"Idiom по крайней мере = \"at least.\""},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озаботился","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оружием","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"оружием","lemma":"оружие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of озаботился","gloss":"a weapon"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"медный","lemma":"медный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пест","gloss":"brass"},{"surface":"пест","lemma":"пест","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"pestle"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with озаботился","gloss":"snatched up"},{"surface":"инстинктивно","lemma":"инстинктивно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватил","gloss":"by instinct"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies зная","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зная","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on схватил","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зная","gloss":"why"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b12-c13-s97","source":"Пусть он обманул отца знаками, пусть он проник к нему — я сказал уже, что ни на одну минуту не верю этой легенде, но пусть, так и быть, предположим ее на одну минуту!","translation":"Let us grant that he deceived his father with the signals, let us grant that he made his way in to him — I have already said that I do not for a single moment believe this legend, but let it be, so be it, let us suppose it for one moment!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть он обманул… пусть он проник","title":"Concessive «пусть» with the past tense","body":"«пусть» plus a past-tense verb concedes a point for argument — 'granted that he deceived… granted that he made his way in'. It is the rhetorical 'let us suppose', not a command here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так и быть, предположим ее на одну минуту","title":"Hortative perfective «предположим»","body":"«предположим» (1pl perfective future of «предположить») works as 'let us suppose'. The fixed phrase «так и быть» means 'so be it, very well then', conceding grudgingly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обманул","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обманул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"обманул","lemma":"обмануть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"deceived"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обманул","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"знаками","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of обманул","gloss":"with signals"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies проник","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проник","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"проник","lemma":"проникнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обманул","gloss":"made his way"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проник","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, introduces что-clause","gloss":"have said"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of верю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies минуту","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верю","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of легенде","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"легенде","lemma":"легенда","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of верю","gloss":"legend"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предположим","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так и быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom так и быть","gloss":"be it"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom так и быть","gloss":"be","note":"Idiom так и быть = \"so be it, very well.\""},{"surface":"предположим","lemma":"предположить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb, hortative (let us suppose)","gloss":"let us suppose"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предположим","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies минуту","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предположим","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b12-c13-s98","source":"Господа присяжные, клянусь вам всем, что есть свято, будь это не отец ему, а посторонний обидчик, он, пробежав по комнатам и удостоверясь, что этой женщины нет в этом доме, он убежал бы стремглав, не сделав сопернику своему никакого вреда, ударил бы, толкнул его, может быть, но и только, ибо ему было не до того, ему было некогда, ему надо было знать, где она.","translation":"Gentlemen of the jury, I swear to you by all that is holy: had this been no father to him but some stranger who had wronged him, then, having run through the rooms and made sure that the woman was not in that house, he would have rushed away headlong, doing his rival no harm whatever; he might have struck him, shoved him, perhaps — but no more, for he had no thought to spare for it, no time; what he needed was to know where she was.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"клянусь вам всем, что есть свято","title":"Reflexive «клясться» + instrumental of oath","body":"«клянусь» (1sg of the «-ся» verb «клясться» 'to swear') governs the instrumental of what one swears by: «всем, что есть свято» ('by all that is holy'). The dative «вам» names the addressee."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будь это не отец ему, а посторонний обидчик","title":"«будь» — imperative-as-conditional","body":"The bare imperative «будь» ('were it') stands in for «если бы это был» — an idiomatic conditional, 'had this been not his father but some stranger'. The «не… а» contrast pivots between father and outsider."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пробежав… и удостоверясь… он убежал бы","title":"Chained perfective gerunds before a conditional","body":"Two perfective past gerunds, «пробежав» ('having run through') and «удостоверясь» ('having made sure'), stack up the prior actions before the main «убежал бы» (conditional 'would have fled'). «удостоверясь» governs «что»-clause content."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему было не до того, ему было некогда","title":"Dative-subject impersonals «было не до того», «некогда»","body":"Two subjectless impersonals with the dative experiencer «ему»: «не до того» ('he had no thought to spare for it') and «некогда» ('there was no time'). Both frame Mitya's state with no nominative subject — the dative bears the feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Господа","gloss":"jury"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of клянусь","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of клянусь (by which)","gloss":"by everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on всем","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"свято","lemma":"свят","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional copula introducing hypothesis","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будь","gloss":"a father"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отец","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"посторонний","lemma":"посторонний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обидчик","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"обидчик","lemma":"обидчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отец, predicate complement of будь","gloss":"offender"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убежал (resumptive)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пробежав","lemma":"пробежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on убежал","gloss":"having run through"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнатам","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"комнатам","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пробежав","gloss":"the rooms"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"удостоверясь","lemma":"удостовериться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пробежав","gloss":"having made sure"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщины","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"the woman"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of удостоверясь","gloss":"was not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of доме","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убежал","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"apodosis verb of the conditional clause introduced by будь","gloss":"would have run away"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of убежал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"стремглав","lemma":"стремглав","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убежал","gloss":"headlong"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделав","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сделав","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on убежал","gloss":"doing"},{"surface":"сопернику","lemma":"соперник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сделав","gloss":"his rival"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сопернику","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вреда","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"вреда","lemma":"вред","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сделав","gloss":"harm"},{"surface":"ударил","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to убежал (hypothetical alternative)","gloss":"might have struck"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of ударил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"толкнул","lemma":"толкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ударил","gloss":"shoved"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of толкнул","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies ударил/толкнул","gloss":"perhaps","note":"Idiom может быть = \"perhaps, maybe.\""},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom но и только","gloss":"only","note":"Idiom но и только = \"but that's all, no more.\""},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause ему было не до того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of было","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to того","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"up to","note":"Idiom не до того = \"no time/mind for that.\""},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition до","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of было некогда","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to некогда","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"некогда","lemma":"некогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement (there was no time)","gloss":"no time"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of надо","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, parallel clause (he needed)","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause где она, complement of знать","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the clause где она","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b12-c13-s99","source":"Но отец, отец — о, всё сделал лишь вид отца, его ненавистника с детства, его врага, его обидчика, а теперь — чудовищного соперника!","translation":"But the father, the father — oh, the mere sight of the father did it all: the father who had hated him from childhood, his enemy, his offender, and now — his monstrous rival!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё сделал лишь вид отца","title":"Appositive chain in the nominative","body":"«вид отца» ('the sight of the father') is the subject of «сделал» ('did it all'), then expanded by a trailing appositive chain — «его ненавистника… его врага… соперника» — each phrase reframing the father with rising fury."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ненавистника","title":"«ненавистник» — one who hates","body":"From «ненавидеть» ('to hate'), «ненавистник» is the agent noun 'a hater'. «его ненавистника с детства» — 'his hater from childhood' — the father is cast not merely as hated but as the active hater."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"fronted topic, resumed by вид отца","gloss":"the father"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"the father"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"the sight"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"of the father"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ненавистника","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ненавистника","lemma":"ненавистник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"his hater"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детства","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"детства","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ненавистника","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies врага","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"врага","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"enemy"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обидчика","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"обидчика","lemma":"обидчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"offender"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical dependent of соперника","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"чудовищного","lemma":"чудовищный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies соперника","gloss":"monstrous"},{"surface":"соперника","lemma":"соперник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"rival"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b12-c13-s100","source":"Ненавистное чувство охватило его невольно, неудержимо, рассуждать нельзя было: всё поднялось в одну минуту!","translation":"A feeling of hatred seized him involuntarily, irresistibly; there was no reasoning to be done: everything rose up in a single moment!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассуждать нельзя было","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + infinitive","body":"«нельзя было» plus the imperfective infinitive «рассуждать» is the impersonal 'there was no reasoning to be done / one could not reason'. No subject — the impossibility is stated of the moment itself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё поднялось в одну минуту","title":"Reflexive «подняться» of surging emotion","body":"«поднялось» (perfective past of the «-ся» verb «подняться») is the middle 'rose up, surged'. «всё» as a neuter mass subject — 'everything rose up at once' — captures the instantaneous flood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ненавистное","lemma":"ненавистный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"hateful"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of охватило","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"охватило","lemma":"охватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of охватило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"невольно","lemma":"невольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies охватило","gloss":"involuntarily"},{"surface":"неудержимо","lemma":"неудержимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with невольно","gloss":"irresistibly"},{"surface":"рассуждать","lemma":"рассуждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to reason"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of было (impossible)","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поднялось","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"поднялось","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"rose up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies минуту","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднялось","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b12-c13-s101","source":"Это был аффект безумства и помешательства, но и аффект природы, мстящей за свои вечные законы безудержно и бессознательно, как и всё в природе.","translation":"It was the seizure of madness and derangement, but also the seizure of nature, avenging its eternal laws unrestrainedly and unconsciously, as all things do in nature.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"аффект природы, мстящей за свои вечные законы","title":"Present active participle «мстящей»","body":"«мстящей» (present active participle of «мстить» 'to avenge') agrees with «природы» in the genitive — 'nature avenging its eternal laws'. «мстить за» takes «за» + accusative for what is avenged. «свои» is the reflexive possessive, nature's own laws."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of аффект","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to аффект","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"аффект","lemma":"аффект","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the seizure"},{"surface":"безумства","lemma":"безумство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies аффект","gloss":"of madness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помешательства","lemma":"помешательство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with безумства","gloss":"derangement"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"аффект","lemma":"аффект","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with аффект","gloss":"the seizure"},{"surface":"природы","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies аффект","gloss":"of nature"},{"surface":"мстящей","lemma":"мстить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying природы","gloss":"avenging"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking законы","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of законы","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"вечные","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies законы","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"законы","lemma":"закон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of мстящей","gloss":"laws"},{"surface":"безудержно","lemma":"безудержно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мстящей","gloss":"unrestrainedly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бессознательно","lemma":"бессознательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with безудержно","gloss":"unconsciously"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb in the comparison clause","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking природе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"природе","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb, modifies всё","gloss":"nature"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b12-c13-s102","source":"Но убийца и тут не убил — я утверждаю это, я кричу про это — нет, он лишь махнул пестом в омерзительном негодовании, не желая убить, не зная, что убьет.","translation":"But even then the killer did not kill — I assert this, I cry it aloud — no, he merely swung the pestle in his sickened indignation, not wishing to kill, not knowing that he would kill.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"убийца и тут не убил","title":"Paradoxical cognate negation","body":"«убийца… не убил» — 'the killer did not kill' — yokes the agent noun «убийца» (from «убить») to its own negated verb, a deliberate paradox. The «и тут» means 'even here, even then'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не желая убить, не зная, что убьет","title":"Parallel negated gerunds + perfective future","body":"Two present gerunds, «не желая» and «не зная», describe attendant states of «махнул». The embedded «что убьет» uses the perfective future («убьет», 'that he would kill') for a single completed future-in-the-past event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"the killer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of утверждаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"утверждаю","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to убил","gloss":"assert"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of утверждаю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of кричу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"кричу","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with утверждаю","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кричу","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to утверждаю","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of махнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies махнул","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"махнул","lemma":"махнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with утверждаю","gloss":"swung"},{"surface":"пестом","lemma":"пест","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of махнул","gloss":"the pestle"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking негодовании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"омерзительном","lemma":"омерзительный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies негодовании","gloss":"sickened"},{"surface":"негодовании","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of махнул","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"желая","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on махнул","gloss":"wishing"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желая","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зная","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on убить","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of зная","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убьет","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of зная","gloss":"he would kill"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b12-c13-s103","source":"Не будь этого рокового песта в руках его, и он бы только избил отца, может быть, но не убил бы его.","translation":"Had that fatal pestle not been in his hand, he would only have beaten his father, perhaps, but he would not have killed him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не будь этого рокового песта… он бы только избил","title":"Negated «будь» as counterfactual condition","body":"«не будь» + genitive «этого рокового песта» means 'had this fatal pestle not been (there)' — a counterfactual condition (with genitive of negation for the absent thing). The result clause «он бы… избил» uses «бы» for the unrealized outcome."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the counterfactual clause (не будь = 'had ... not been')","gloss":"been","note":"'Не будь X' is an idiom meaning 'had X not been [there]', built on the imperative of быть."},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of песта","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"рокового","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies песта","gloss":"fatal"},{"surface":"песта","lemma":"пест","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of будь","gloss":"pestle"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of будь","gloss":"the hand"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies руках","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of избил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of избил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies избил","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"избил","lemma":"избить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"have beaten"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of избил","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps","note":"'может быть' together is idiomatic for 'perhaps'."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have killed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of убил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b12-c13-s104","source":"Убежав, он не знал, убит ли поверженный им старик.","translation":"As he fled, he did not know whether the old man he had struck down was dead.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Убежав, он не знал, убит ли поверженный им старик","title":"Perfective gerund + embedded «ли»","body":"«Убежав» (perfective gerund, 'having fled') opens the sentence with a prior action. The embedded indirect question uses «ли» for 'whether': «убит ли… старик» — 'whether the old man was killed', with short passive participle «убит»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поверженный им старик","title":"Past passive participle «поверженный»","body":"«поверженный» ('struck down, laid low', a bookish participle of «повергнуть») modifies «старик», with its agent «им» in the instrumental — 'the old man struck down BY him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Убежав","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on знал","gloss":"having fled"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"убит","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"was dead"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убит","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"поверженный","lemma":"поверженный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying старик","gloss":"struck down"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of поверженный","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive убит","gloss":"the old man"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b12-c13-s105","source":"Такое убийство не есть убийство.","translation":"Such a killing is no murder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Такое убийство не есть убийство","title":"Negated copula «не есть» in a maxim","body":"The overt negated present copula «не есть» gives a defiant, definitional ring: 'such a killing IS not a killing'. The retained «есть» (normally omitted) makes this one of three drum-beat sentences (s105–107) pronouncing a thesis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of убийство","gloss":"Such"},{"surface":"убийство","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"a killing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"убийство","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"murder"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b12-c13-s106","source":"Такое убийство не есть и отцеубийство.","translation":"Such a killing is no parricide either.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отцеубийство","title":"«отцеубийство» — parricide","body":"A compound of «отец» (father) + «убить» (to kill): the killing of one's father, the gravest crime at the novel's center. The whole speech labors to deny that this word can attach to Mitya's act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of убийство","gloss":"Such"},{"surface":"убийство","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"a killing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отцеубийство","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"отцеубийство","lemma":"отцеубийство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"parricide"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b12-c13-s107","source":"Нет, убийство такого отца не может быть названо отцеубийством.","translation":"No, the killing of such a father cannot be called parricide.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"убийство такого отца не может быть названо отцеубийством","title":"Passive infinitive + predicate instrumental","body":"«не может быть названо» is a passive ('cannot be called', short participle «названо» + «быть»), and what it is called takes the instrumental: «отцеубийством». Combine modal «не может», passive, and the predicate-instrumental rule in one phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to может","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"убийство","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"the killing"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убийство","gloss":"a father"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of названо","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"названо","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"отцеубийством","lemma":"отцеубийство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of названо","gloss":"parricide"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b12-c13-s108","source":"Такое убийство может быть причтено к отцеубийству лишь по предрассудку!","translation":"Such a killing can be reckoned parricide only by prejudice!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"может быть причтено к отцеубийству лишь по предрассудку","title":"Passive «причтено» + dative «к»; «по предрассудку»","body":"«причтено» (short past passive of «причесть» 'to reckon, count') joins «быть» in a passive; «к отцеубийству» uses «к» + dative for 'reckoned TO parricide'. «по предрассудку» ('out of prejudice') uses «по» + dative of cause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"причтено","title":"«причесть» — to reckon, to count among","body":"A bookish, slightly archaic verb «причесть/причитать к» ('to count toward, ascribe to'). Its formal weight suits the oratorical register, casting parricide as a mere bookkeeping label imposed «по предрассудку»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of убийство","gloss":"Such"},{"surface":"убийство","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"a killing"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of причтено","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"причтено","lemma":"причесть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"reckoned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцеубийству","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"отцеубийству","lemma":"отцеубийство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of причтено","gloss":"parricide"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предрассудку","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предрассудку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"предрассудку","lemma":"предрассудок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of причтено","gloss":"prejudice"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b12-c13-s109","source":"Но было ли, было ли это убийство в самом деле, взываю я к вам снова и снова из глубины души моей!","translation":"But was there — was there really a murder at all? — I appeal to you again and again, from the depths of my soul!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но было ли, было ли это убийство","title":"Reduplicated «было ли» of urgent doubt","body":"The yes/no «ли» question is doubled — «было ли, было ли» — for emotional insistence, 'was there, was there really…'. Repetition under «ли» is a favorite device of Fetyukovich's pleading."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"взываю я к вам… из глубины души моей","title":"«взывать к» + dative; genitive after «из»","body":"«взываю к вам» ('I appeal to you') governs «к» + dative. «из глубины души моей» nests genitives after «из» ('from the depths of my soul'). Inverting «взываю я» (verb before pronoun) heightens the rhetorical pitch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to убийство","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to убийство","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of убийство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"убийство","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"a murder"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies убийство","gloss":"fact","note":"'в самом деле' is idiomatic for 'really/indeed/at all'."},{"surface":"взываю","lemma":"взывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I appeal"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of взываю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of взываю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взываю","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with снова","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глубины","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"глубины","lemma":"глубина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взываю","gloss":"the depths"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies глубины","gloss":"of soul"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b12-c13-s110","source":"Господа присяжные, вот мы осудим его, и он скажет себе: „Эти люди ничего не сделали для судьбы моей, для воспитания, для образования моего, чтобы сделать меня лучшим, чтобы сделать меня человеком.","translation":"Gentlemen of the jury, here we shall condemn him, and he will say to himself: 'These people did nothing for my fate, for my rearing, for my education, to make me better, to make me a man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот мы осудим его, и он скажет себе","title":"Perfective futures with reflexive «себе»","body":"Both «осудим» ('we shall condemn') and «скажет» ('he will say') are perfective futures of single completed acts. «скажет себе» uses the reflexive dative «себе» ('to himself'), the subject's own person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы сделать меня лучшим, чтобы сделать меня человеком","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + predicate instrumental","body":"«чтобы сделать» (purpose + perfective infinitive) is followed by predicate instrumentals on the object: «сделать меня лучшим… человеком» — 'to make me better… a man'. After «сделать кого кем», the resulting quality goes to the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, head of the phrase","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Господа","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осудим","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of осудим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"осудим","lemma":"осудить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by вот","gloss":"will condemn"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of осудим","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скажет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with осудим","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of скажет","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"Эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of люди","gloss":"These"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сделали","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of сделали","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сделали","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"direct speech complement of скажет","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судьбы","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"судьбы","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделали","gloss":"my fate"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of судьбы","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воспитания","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"воспитания","lemma":"воспитание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделали","gloss":"my rearing"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образования","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"образования","lemma":"образование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with воспитания","gloss":"education"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies образования","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сделали","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"лучшим","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of сделать","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сделали, coordinated with сделать","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of сделать","gloss":"a man"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b12-c13-s111","source":"Эти люди не накормили и не напоили меня, и в темнице нагого не посетили, и вот они же сослали меня в каторгу.","translation":"These people did not feed me and did not give me drink, and naked in prison they did not visit me — and now these same people have sent me away to penal servitude.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"они же сослали меня в каторгу","title":"Emphatic «же» + perfective «сослали»","body":"«они же» — 'these very same people' — the insistent «же». «сослали» (perfective of «сослать» 'to exile, send to penal servitude') governs «в каторгу» (в + accusative of destination)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of люди","gloss":"These"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of накормили","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies накормили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"накормили","lemma":"накормить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies напоили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"напоили","lemma":"напоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with накормили","gloss":"give drink"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of напоили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темнице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"темнице","lemma":"темница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посетили","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"нагого","lemma":"нагой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посетили","gloss":"naked"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посетили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посетили","lemma":"посетить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with накормили","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies они","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сослали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies они","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"сослали","lemma":"сослать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with накормили","gloss":"sent away"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of сослали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каторгу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"каторгу","lemma":"каторга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сослали","gloss":"penal servitude"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b12-c13-s112","source":"Я сквитался, я ничего им теперь не должен и никому не должен во веки веков.","translation":"I am quits with them; I owe them nothing now, and owe no one anything for ever and ever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никому не должен во веки веков","title":"Negative concord with dative «никому»","body":"«никому… не должен» — 'owe no one' — the negative pronoun «никому» (dative) plus obligatory «не», a textbook double negative. «должен» (be obligated) takes a dative of the creditor."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сквитался… во веки веков","title":"«сквитаться» and «во веки веков»","body":"«сквитаться» (colloquial «-ся» perfective) means 'to be quits, square accounts'. «во веки веков» is the Church-Slavonic liturgical 'for ever and ever' (the close of prayers) — its sacred ring jars against the bookkeeping of «сквитался»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сквитался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сквитался","lemma":"сквитаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am quits"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of должен","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of должен","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сквитался","gloss":"owe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of должен","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сквитался","gloss":"owe"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веков","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"веки","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"part of the phrase во","gloss":"ages"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies веки","gloss":"of ages"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b12-c13-s113","source":"Они злы, и я буду зол.","translation":"They are wicked, and I shall be wicked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Они злы, и я буду зол","title":"Short adjective «злы» / «зол» as predicate","body":"«злы» (short plural) and «зол» (short masculine) are predicative short forms of «злой» ('wicked, evil'), stating an absolute condition. The compound future «буду зол» pairs «быть» with the adjective for 'I shall be wicked'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of злы","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"злы","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of зол","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to зол","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"зол","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with злы","gloss":"wicked"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b12-c13-s114","source":"Они жестоки, и я буду жесток“.","translation":"They are cruel, and I shall be cruel.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Они жестоки, и я буду жесток","title":"Parallel short adjective + compound future","body":"Mirroring the previous sentence: short forms «жестоки» / «жесток» ('cruel') in absolute predication, then «буду жесток» (imperfective future of being). The deliberate symmetry of s113–114 makes the threat ring like a refrain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of жестоки","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"жестоки","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of жесток","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to жесток","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"жесток","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with жестоки","gloss":"cruel"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b12-c13-s115","source":"Вот что он скажет, господа присяжные!","translation":"That is what he will say, gentlemen of the jury!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот что он скажет","title":"Correlative «вот что» fronting the comment","body":"«вот что он скажет» ('that is what he will say') uses «что» as a free relative after «вот», fronting the whole reported speech as the topic before the perfective future «скажет». A common spotlighting structure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скажет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, head of the phrase","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"of the jury"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b12-c13-s116","source":"И клянусь: обвинением вашим вы только облегчите его, совесть его облегчите, он будет проклинать пролитую им кровь, а не сожалеть о ней.","translation":"And I swear: by your condemnation you will only make it easier for him — you will ease his conscience — and he will curse the blood he spilled rather than grieve over it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обвинением вашим вы только облегчите его","title":"Instrumental of means, fronted","body":"«обвинением вашим» ('by your condemnation') is an instrumental of means, fronted before the subject «вы» for emphasis. «облегчите» is the perfective future 'you will ease / make easier', repeated with «совесть его облегчите»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проклинать пролитую им кровь, а не сожалеть о ней","title":"Contrastive «а не» with case shift","body":"«а не» opposes two infinitives: «проклинать… кровь» (accusative object) vs «сожалеть о ней» (о + prepositional, since «сожалеть о» governs the prepositional). «пролитую им» is a past passive participle, 'shed by him', agent in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"обвинением","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of облегчите","gloss":"by condemnation"},{"surface":"вашим","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"modifies обвинением","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of облегчите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies облегчите","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"облегчите","lemma":"облегчить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of клянусь","gloss":"will ease"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of облегчите","gloss":"it, for him"},{"surface":"совесть","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of облегчите","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of совесть","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"облегчите","lemma":"облегчить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with облегчите","gloss":"will ease"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проклинать","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of проклинать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"проклинать","lemma":"проклинать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with облегчите","gloss":"curse"},{"surface":"пролитую","lemma":"пролить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying кровь","gloss":"spilled"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of пролитую","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of проклинать","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сожалеть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сожалеть","lemma":"сожалеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with проклинать","gloss":"grieve"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сожалеть","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b12-c13-s117","source":"Вместе с тем вы погубите в нем возможного еще человека, ибо он останется зол и слеп на всю жизнь.","translation":"At the same time you will destroy in him the man who might still have been, for he will remain wicked and blind his whole life long.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"погубите в нем возможного еще человека","title":"Perfective future + animate accusative","body":"«погубите» ('you will destroy', perfective future) governs the animate accusative «возможного… человека» (= genitive form for an animate masculine). «ещё» here means 'still possible', the man he might yet have become."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — bookish 'for, because'","body":"«ибо» is an archaic, elevated causal conjunction ('for, inasmuch as'), at home in Scripture and oratory rather than everyday speech. Its use here lifts the register of the climactic plea."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погубите","gloss":"At the same time"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Вместе","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of погубите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"погубите","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will destroy"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of погубите","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"возможного","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of погубите","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of останется","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of останется","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"останется","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of погубите","gloss":"will remain"},{"surface":"зол","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"complement of останется","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слеп","lemma":"слепой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with зол","gloss":"blind"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of останется","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b12-c13-s118","source":"Но хотите ли вы наказать его страшно, грозно, самым ужасным наказанием, какое только можно вообразить, но с тем чтобы спасти и возродить его душу навеки?","translation":"But do you wish to punish him fearfully, terribly, with the most dreadful punishment imaginable, yet so as to save and to revive his soul forever?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотите ли вы наказать его… но с тем чтобы спасти","title":"«ли» question + purpose «чтобы»","body":"«хотите ли вы» is a polite «ли» question. The clause «с тем чтобы спасти и возродить» is a purpose construction ('so as to save and revive'), the «с тем» reinforcing «чтобы» before the perfective infinitives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самым ужасным наказанием, какое только можно вообразить","title":"Superlative «самым» + relative «какое»","body":"«самым ужасным» is the periphrastic superlative ('the most dreadful'), here in the instrumental agreeing with «наказанием» (instrument of the action). «какое только можно вообразить» is a relative clause, 'that one can possibly imagine'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you wish"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотите","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хотите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"наказать","lemma":"наказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотите","gloss":"to punish"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of наказать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наказать","gloss":"fearfully"},{"surface":"грозно","lemma":"грозно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with страшно","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ужасным","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"ужасным","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies наказанием","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"наказанием","lemma":"наказание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of наказать","gloss":"punishment"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of можно","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"relative clause on наказанием","gloss":"can be"},{"surface":"вообразить","lemma":"вообразить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"imagined"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom с тем чтобы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying наказать","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возродить","lemma":"возродить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with спасти","gloss":"revive"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спасти and возродить","gloss":"forever"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b12-c13-s119","source":"Если так, то подавите его вашим милосердием!","translation":"If so, then overwhelm him with your mercy!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подавите его вашим милосердием","title":"Imperative + instrumental of means","body":"«подавите» is the plural imperative of «подавить» ('overwhelm, crush'), and the means stands in the instrumental: «вашим милосердием» ('with your mercy'). The whole line is the speech's emotional pivot from punishment to grace."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the conditional clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подавите","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"подавите","lemma":"подавить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"overwhelm"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подавите","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вашим","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of милосердием","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"милосердием","lemma":"милосердие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подавите","gloss":"mercy"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b12-c13-s120","source":"Вы увидите, вы услышите, как вздрогнет и ужаснется душа его: „Мне ли снести эту милость, мне ли столько любви, я ли достоин ее“, — вот что он воскликнет!","translation":"You will see, you will hear, how his soul will shudder and stand aghast: 'Is it for me to bear this mercy, for me to be given so much love — am I worthy of it?' — that is what he will exclaim!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как вздрогнет и ужаснется душа его","title":"Perfective futures of sudden reaction","body":"«вздрогнет» ('will shudder') and «ужаснется» (reflexive «ужаснуться», 'will be horror-struck') are perfective futures naming single, instantaneous reactions. «как» here is exclamatory-relative, 'how his soul will shudder'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне ли снести эту милость, мне ли столько любви, я ли достоин ее","title":"Triple «ли» of self-doubt; dative «мне»","body":"Three «ли» questions in a row: the dative «мне ли снести» ('is it for me to bear…') is a dative-subject construction with an infinitive of fitness, and «я ли достоин» uses the short adjective «достоин» ('worthy') governing the genitive «ее»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of увидите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"увидите","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will see"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of услышите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"услышите","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with увидите","gloss":"will hear"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вздрогнет","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вздрогнет","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of услышите","gloss":"will shudder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ужаснется","lemma":"ужаснуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнет","gloss":"will stand aghast"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ужаснется","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душа","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of снести (dative construction)","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question, modifies Мне","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"снести","lemma":"снести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"to bear"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of милость","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"милость","lemma":"милость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of снести","gloss":"mercy"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of implied снести (dative construction)","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question, modifies мне","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of столько (object of implied снести)","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of достоин","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question, modifies достоин","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"достоин","lemma":"достойный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the clause (я ... достоин)","gloss":"worthy"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of достоин","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of воскликнет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"воскликнет","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the вот-clause","gloss":"will exclaim"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b12-c13-s121","source":"О, я знаю, я знаю это сердце, это дикое, но благородное сердце, господа присяжные.","translation":"Oh, I know it, I know this heart — this wild, yet noble heart, gentlemen of the jury.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это дикое, но благородное сердце","title":"Repeated demonstrative «это»","body":"«Это сердце» — «this heart» — uses the near demonstrative «этот» (neuter «это») agreeing with the neuter noun «сердце». Fetyukovich repeats «это сердце» for rhetorical insistence, the demonstrative pinning the abstract idea down as if it stood physically before the jury."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дикое, но благородное","title":"Adjectives agreeing in the neuter","body":"Both «дикое» (wild) and «благородное» (noble) take the neuter singular ending «-ое» to agree with «сердце». «Но» is the adversative conjunction 'but', staging the paradox at the heart of Dmitri's character."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation introducing the sentence","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the repeated знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated main verb (emphasis)","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of the second сердце","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дикое","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies the second сердце","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"благородное","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with дикое","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"appositive to сердце (direct object of знаю)","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, addressing the jury","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to господа","gloss":"jury"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b12-c13-s122","source":"Оно преклонится пред вашим подвигом, оно жаждет великого акта любви, оно загорится и воскреснет навеки.","translation":"It will bow down before your act of mercy, it thirsts for some great deed of love, it will catch fire and rise again forever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Оно преклонится... оно жаждет... оно загорится и воскреснет","title":"Aspect driving the rhetorical surge","body":"The verbs alternate present «жаждет» (it thirsts — ongoing state) with perfective futures «преклонится», «загорится», «воскреснет» (will bow, will catch fire, will rise again). The perfectives are conjugated like a present but mean a single completed future event, building a prophetic crescendo."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"преклонится пред","title":"«преклониться» — to bow down","body":"An elevated verb of reverent bowing, with the bookish preposition «пред» (a Slavonicising variant of «перед», 'before'). The register is liturgical — one bows «пред» an icon or an altar — lending the heart's submission a sacral colouring."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воскреснет","title":"«воскреснуть» — to rise again","body":"The verb of resurrection: «воскреснуть» is what Christ does at Easter («Христос воскресе»). Applied to Dmitri's heart it casts his moral rebirth as a personal resurrection — central to Dostoevsky's theme of redemption through suffering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of преклонится","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"преклонится","lemma":"преклониться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will bow down"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подвигом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вашим","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of подвигом","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"подвигом","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of преклонится","gloss":"deed"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of жаждет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"жаждет","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with преклонится","gloss":"thirsts for"},{"surface":"великого","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies акта","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"акта","lemma":"акт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of жаждет","gloss":"deed"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies акта","gloss":"of love"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of загорится","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"загорится","lemma":"загореться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with преклонится","gloss":"will catch fire"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воскреснет","lemma":"воскреснуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with загорится","gloss":"will rise again"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскреснет","gloss":"forever"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b12-c13-s123","source":"Есть души, которые в ограниченности своей обвиняют весь свет.","translation":"There are souls that, in their narrowness, lay the blame upon the whole world.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"души, которые в ограниченности своей обвиняют","title":"Relative «который» as subject","body":"«Которые» agrees with its plural antecedent «души» and stands in the nominative because it is the subject of «обвиняют» within its own clause. The relative clause is set off by a comma, as Russian always requires."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в ограниченности своей","title":"Reflexive «свой» + inverted order","body":"«Своей» is the reflexive possessive, pointing back to the clause's subject «души» — 'in their own narrowness'. The bookish word order, possessive after the noun («ограниченности своей» rather than «своей ограниченности»), gives the phrase an archaic, elevated weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of Есть","gloss":"souls"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обвиняют","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ограниченности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ограниченности","lemma":"ограниченность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обвиняют","gloss":"narrowness"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ограниченности","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"обвиняют","lemma":"обвинять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on души","gloss":"blame"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свет","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обвиняют","gloss":"world"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b12-c13-s124","source":"Но подавите эту душу милосердием, окажите ей любовь, и она проклянет свое дело, ибо в ней столько добрых зачатков.","translation":"But overwhelm such a soul with mercy, show it love, and it will curse the very deed it did, for there is so much good seed in it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подавите эту душу... окажите ей любовь","title":"Imperatives in a conditional sequence","body":"«Подавите» (overwhelm) and «окажите» (show) are plural/polite imperatives in «-ите». Linked with «и она проклянет» they form Russia's 'imperative-as-condition' pattern: 'do X, and Y will happen' = 'if you do X, Y will happen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"окажите ей любовь","title":"Dative «ей» — the indirect object","body":"«Ей» is the dative of «она» (the soul): 'show love to it'. The set phrase «оказать любовь / помощь / внимание» governs the dative of the person who receives the action."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — for, because (bookish)","body":"«Ибо» is the archaic, biblical 'for/because', far more solemn than everyday «потому что». It recurs through this passage, giving Fetyukovich's plea the cadence of Scripture or a sermon."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"добрых зачатков","title":"«зачатки» — seeds, rudiments","body":"«Зачаток» means a germ, embryo, or first rudiment of something; «столько добрых зачатков» = 'so many good seeds'. The metaphor of latent goodness waiting to sprout in even a hardened soul is quintessential Dostoevsky."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"подавите","lemma":"подавить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"overwhelm"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подавите","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"милосердием","lemma":"милосердие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подавите","gloss":"with mercy"},{"surface":"окажите","lemma":"оказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with подавите","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of окажите","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of окажите","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проклянет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"проклянет","lemma":"проклясть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подавите","gloss":"will curse"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of проклянет","gloss":"deed"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of зачатков","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies зачатков (locative: in it)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зачатков","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"добрых","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies зачатков","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"зачатков","lemma":"зачаток","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"logical subject of the existential clause","gloss":"seeds"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b12-c13-s125","source":"Душа расширится и узрит, как бог милосерд и как люди прекрасны и справедливы.","translation":"The soul will open wide and behold how merciful God is, and how beautiful and just men are.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"расширится... узрит","title":"Twin perfective futures","body":"«Расширится» (will widen — with reflexive «-ся» marking the intransitive change of state) and «узрит» (will behold) are both perfective futures conjugated like a present. The «-ся» turns 'widen' into something happening to the soul itself, not done to an object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"узрит","title":"«узреть» — to behold (Church-Slavonic)","body":"An elevated, Slavonic verb for 'see/behold', much loftier than «увидеть». It belongs to the language of vision and revelation, fitting a soul that 'beholds' God's mercy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бог милосерд и как люди прекрасны","title":"Short-form predicate adjectives","body":"«Милосерд» (merciful), «прекрасны» (beautiful), «справедливы» (just) are short-form adjectives, used only as predicates. The short form sounds bookish and weighty here, asserting these as essential truths rather than passing attributes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of расширится","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"расширится","lemma":"расшириться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will expand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"узрит","lemma":"узреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расширится","gloss":"will behold"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of милосерд","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of милосерд","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"милосерд","lemma":"милосердный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, modifies бог","gloss":"is merciful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прекрасны","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of прекрасны and справедливы","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"прекрасны","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of люди","gloss":"are beautiful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"справедливы","lemma":"справедливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"coordinated with прекрасны","gloss":"are just"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b12-c13-s126","source":"Его ужаснет, его подавит раскаяние и бесчисленный долг, предстоящий ему отселе.","translation":"He will be horrified, he will be crushed by remorse and by the boundless debt now laid before him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его ужаснет, его подавит раскаяние","title":"Object-first word order","body":"The accusative object «его» (him) is fronted before its verbs «ужаснет» / «подавит», while the grammatical subject «раскаяние и... долг» comes last. Russian's free order lets the felt experience (the man) lead and the cause (remorse, debt) land as the new, weighty information."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"долг, предстоящий ему отселе","title":"Present active participle «предстоящий»","body":"«Предстоящий» is a present active participle ('that lies ahead, awaiting'), agreeing with «долг» and governing the dative «ему». It compresses a «который»-clause ('the debt which lies before him') into a single bookish modifier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отселе","title":"«отселе» — henceforth (archaic)","body":"An archaic adverb meaning 'from here / from now on', the literary cousin of «отсюда» / «отныне». Its old-fashioned ring elevates the moment into something almost scriptural."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ужаснет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ужаснет","lemma":"ужаснуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will horrify"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подавит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"подавит","lemma":"подавить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ужаснет","gloss":"will crush"},{"surface":"раскаяние","lemma":"раскаяние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ужаснет and подавит","gloss":"remorse"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бесчисленный","lemma":"бесчисленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies долг","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"долг","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with раскаяние","gloss":"debt"},{"surface":"предстоящий","lemma":"предстоять","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying долг","gloss":"awaiting"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of предстоящий","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"отселе","lemma":"отселе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предстоящий","gloss":"henceforth","note":"Archaic adverb meaning \"from now on.\""}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b12-c13-s127","source":"И не скажет он тогда: „Я сквитался“, а скажет: „Я виноват пред всеми людьми и всех людей недостойнее“.","translation":"And then he will not say, 'I have squared my accounts,' but rather, 'I am guilty before all men, and of all men the least worthy.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Я сквитался","title":"«сквитаться» — to settle the score","body":"A colloquial, bookkeeping verb: 'I'm even, I've squared accounts'. Set against the language of remorse and debt («долг») that surrounds it, the phrase voices the cold, transactional view of justice the speaker wants the jury to reject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всех людей недостойнее","title":"Comparative governing the genitive","body":"«Недостойнее» is the predicative comparative 'less worthy / least worthy', and «всех людей» is genitive plural — Russian expresses 'than all men' by putting the standard of comparison in the genitive after the comparative form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я виноват пред всеми людьми","title":"«виноват» + instrumental after «пред»","body":"«Виноват» is a short adjective ('guilty'); «пред всеми людьми» uses the bookish «пред» governing the instrumental ('before/in the face of all people'). The line is the novel's moral keynote — universal mutual responsibility, 'each guilty before all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скажет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сквитался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сквитался","lemma":"сквитаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"direct speech complement of скажет","gloss":"have settled up"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with скажет","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виноват","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"direct speech complement of second скажет","gloss":"am guilty"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людьми","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of людьми","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"людьми","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of виноват","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of людей","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of недостойнее (comparison)","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"недостойнее","lemma":"недостойный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate, coordinated with виноват","gloss":"least worthy"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b12-c13-s128","source":"В слезах раскаяния и жгучего страдальческого умиления он воскликнет: „Люди лучше, чем я, ибо захотели не погубить, а спасти меня!“","translation":"In tears of repentance and burning, anguished tenderness he will cry out: 'Men are better than I, for they chose not to destroy me, but to save me!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умиления","title":"«умиление» — tender emotion","body":"«Умиление» is a key Dostoevskian and Orthodox word: a melting, reverent tenderness of heart, often the prelude to repentance and grace. There is no single English equivalent; 'tender emotion' or 'rapt tenderness' only approximates its spiritual charge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Люди лучше, чем я","title":"Suppletive comparative «лучше»","body":"«Лучше» ('better') is the irregular, suppletive comparative of «хороший» — not formed by suffix but a separate root. Here it takes the «чем»-construction ('better than I'), the alternative to the genitive of comparison."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"захотели не погубить, а спасти","title":"Contrastive «не... а...»","body":"«Не погубить, а спасти» — 'not to destroy, but to save' — uses «не... а...» to replace one option with its opposite (distinct from «но»). The two perfective infinitives «погубить» / «спасти» frame the soul's destiny as a single decisive choice."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слезах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"слезах","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of воскликнет","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"раскаяния","lemma":"раскаяние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слезах","gloss":"of repentance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жгучего","lemma":"жгучий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies умиления","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"страдальческого","lemma":"страдальческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies умиления","gloss":"anguished"},{"surface":"умиления","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with раскаяния","gloss":"tenderness"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"воскликнет","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will cry out"},{"surface":"Люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of лучше","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"direct speech complement of воскликнет","gloss":"are better"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of я","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"complement of лучше","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захотели","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"захотели","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"gives the reason, clause on Люди","gloss":"chose"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погубить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"погубить","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотели","gloss":"to destroy"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with погубить","gloss":"to save"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b12-c13-s129","source":"О, вам так легко это сделать, этот акт милосердия, ибо при отсутствии всяких чуть-чуть похожих на правду улик вам слишком тяжело будет произнести: „Да, виновен“.","translation":"Oh, it is so easy for you to do this, this act of mercy, for in the absence of any evidence that bears even the faintest resemblance to the truth, it will be too hard for you to pronounce: 'Yes, guilty.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вам так легко это сделать","title":"Dative-subject impersonal","body":"«Вам... легко сделать» — 'it is easy for you to do' — is an impersonal construction: no nominative subject, the experiencer «вам» in the dative, and a neuter/adverbial predicate «легко». Contrast «вам... тяжело будет произнести» later in the same sentence, the mirror image."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"при отсутствии всяких... улик","title":"Genitive after «отсутствие»","body":"«Отсутствие» (absence) governs the genitive of what is absent: «всяких... улик» is genitive plural ('of any evidence whatever'). The preposition «при» + prepositional «отсутствии» means 'in the presence/case of', here ironically 'given the absence of'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чуть-чуть похожих на правду","title":"«чуть-чуть» — the merest bit","body":"«Чуть-чуть» is an intensive reduplication of «чуть» meaning 'ever so slightly, the merest little bit'. Modifying «похожих на правду» ('resembling the truth'), it sharpens the lawyer's claim that not a shred of the evidence even faintly looks true."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation introducing the sentence","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"logical subject of легко (dative construction)","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легко","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"легко","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"is easy"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on легко","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of акт","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"акт","lemma":"акт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to это (direct object of сделать)","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"милосердия","lemma":"милосердие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies акт","gloss":"of mercy"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тяжело","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отсутствии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отсутствии","lemma":"отсутствие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of тяжело","gloss":"absence"},{"surface":"всяких","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of улик","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of чуть-чуть, modifies похожих","gloss":"even the"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of чуть-чуть, modifies похожих","gloss":"slightest"},{"surface":"похожих","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"clause modifying улик","gloss":"resembling"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правду","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похожих","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"улик","lemma":"улика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies отсутствии","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"logical subject of тяжело (dative construction)","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тяжело","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"тяжело","lemma":"тяжёлый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the second clause","gloss":"is hard"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula/auxiliary of тяжело","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"произнести","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on тяжело","gloss":"to pronounce"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the quoted clause","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b12-c13-s130","source":"Лучше отпустить десять виновных, чем наказать одного невинного — слышите ли, слышите ли вы этот величавый голос из прошлого столетия нашей славной истории?","translation":"Better to acquit ten of the guilty than to punish one innocent man — do you hear it, do you hear that majestic voice out of the past century of our glorious history?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лучше отпустить десять виновных, чем наказать одного невинного","title":"«лучше... чем» with infinitives","body":"'Better to release... than to punish...' pairs the comparative «лучше» with «чем» joining two perfective infinitives «отпустить» / «наказать». «Десять виновных» and «одного невинного» are substantivised adjectives (the guilty, the innocent man), in the genitive/accusative their objects require."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слышите ли, слышите ли вы","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«Слышите ли вы?» is a formal yes/no question: the enclitic «ли» follows the focused verb «слышите». More literary and emphatic than mere question intonation, it suits the orator's rising appeal, doubled for force."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"отпустить","lemma":"отпустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Лучше","gloss":"to acquit"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on виновных","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"виновных","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of отпустить","gloss":"guilty ones"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of наказать","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"наказать","lemma":"наказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отпустить","gloss":"to punish"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies невинного","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"невинного","lemma":"невинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of наказать","gloss":"innocent man"},{"surface":"слышите","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question, modifies слышите","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"слышите","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"repeated main verb (emphasis)","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question, modifies слышите","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слышите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голос","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"величавый","lemma":"величавый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голос","gloss":"majestic"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слышите","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столетия","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"прошлого","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies столетия","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"столетия","lemma":"столетие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of голос (из)","gloss":"century"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of истории","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"славной","lemma":"славный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies истории","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"истории","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies столетия","gloss":"history"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b12-c13-s131","source":"Мне ли, ничтожному, напоминать вам, что русский суд есть не кара только, но и спасение человека погибшего!","translation":"Is it for me, an insignificant man, to remind you that the Russian court is not punishment alone, but also the salvation of a man who is lost!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне ли, ничтожному, напоминать вам","title":"Rhetorical «ли» + dative «мне»","body":"«Мне ли напоминать вам?» — 'Is it for me to remind you?' — fronts the dative «мне» with the particle «ли» to form a rhetorical, self-deprecating question. «Ничтожному» is a substantivised adjective in apposition, also dative, agreeing with «мне»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"русский суд есть не кара только, но и спасение","title":"Bookish copula «есть»","body":"Modern Russian normally drops the present 'to be', but here the explicit «есть» (is) gives a formal, almost legal-definitional weight. «Не... только, но и...» = 'not only... but also'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спасение человека погибшего","title":"Past active participle «погибший»","body":"«Погибшего» is the past active participle of «погибнуть» ('one who has perished/is lost'), here substantivised and in the genitive after «спасение» — 'the salvation of a man who is lost'. The postposed order «человека погибшего» heightens the solemn register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of напоминать (dative construction)","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question, modifies Мне","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"ничтожному","lemma":"ничтожный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to Мне","gloss":"insignificant one"},{"surface":"напоминать","lemma":"напоминать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to remind"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of напоминать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"русский","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суд","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of напоминать","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кара","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"кара","lemma":"кара","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject complement of есть","gloss":"punishment"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кара","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"спасение","lemma":"спасение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with кара","gloss":"salvation"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спасение","gloss":"of a man"},{"surface":"погибшего","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"who is lost"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b12-c13-s132","source":"Пусть у других народов буква и кара, у нас же дух и смысл, спасение и возрождение погибших.","translation":"Let other peoples keep the letter of the law and its penalty; with us there is the spirit and the meaning, the salvation and the regeneration of the lost.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть у других народов буква и кара, у нас же дух","title":"Hortative «пусть» + contrastive «же»","body":"«Пусть» + a clause means 'let (it be that)...', conceding a point. The verbless halves («буква и кара» / «дух и смысл») rely on zero copula, and «же» in «у нас же» marks the sharp contrast: 'but with US, by contrast'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возрождение погибших","title":"Substantivised participle «погибших»","body":"«Погибших» — genitive plural of the past active participle «погибший» used as a noun, 'of the lost / the perished ones'. Russian freely turns participles into nouns for whole human categories (the fallen, the saved, the dead)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народов","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies народов","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"народов","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of the existential clause (у + genitive)","gloss":"peoples"},{"surface":"буква","lemma":"буква","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the implied clause","gloss":"the letter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кара","lemma":"кара","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with буква","gloss":"the penalty"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement (у нас = with us)","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нас","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the implied clause","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смысл","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with дух","gloss":"the meaning"},{"surface":"спасение","lemma":"спасение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with дух","gloss":"the salvation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возрождение","lemma":"возрождение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with дух","gloss":"the rebirth"},{"surface":"погибших","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies возрождение","gloss":"of the lost"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b12-c13-s133","source":"И если так, если действительно такова Россия и суд ее, то — вперед Россия, и не пугайте, о, не пугайте нас вашими бешеными тройками, от которых омерзительно сторонятся все народы!","translation":"And if this is so, if Russia and her courts are indeed such as this, then — forward, Russia, and do not frighten us, oh, do not frighten us with your frenzied troikas, from which all the nations recoil in loathing!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если так, если действительно такова Россия","title":"Conditional «если» + short «такова»","body":"Doubled «если» ('if... if indeed') builds an emphatic real condition. «Такова» is the short feminine form of «таков» ('such'), a predicate agreeing with «Россия» — bookish for 'if Russia is indeed such'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не пугайте, о, не пугайте нас","title":"Negated imperfective imperative","body":"«Не пугайте» is the imperfective imperative under negation — 'do not frighten', a general prohibition. Negative commands in Russian strongly prefer the imperfective; the doubling with «о» makes it a beseeching cry."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of так","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies такова","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of такова","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies такова","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"такова","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, clause modifying так","gloss":"is such"},{"surface":"Россия","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of такова","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Россия","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, possessive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies суд","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative with если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamation, modifies implied verb","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"Россия","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"addressed, subject of вперед","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the first пугайте","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"пугайте","lemma":"пугать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb (first instance)","gloss":"frighten"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel to the second пугайте","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the second пугайте","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"пугайте","lemma":"пугать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"repeated main verb (emphasis)","gloss":"frighten"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of пугайте","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"вашими","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of тройками","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"бешеными","lemma":"бешеный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies тройками","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"тройками","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пугайте","gloss":"troikas"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of сторонятся","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"омерзительно","lemma":"омерзительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сторонятся","gloss":"with loathing"},{"surface":"сторонятся","lemma":"сторониться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тройками","gloss":"shun"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of народы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"народы","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сторонятся","gloss":"nations"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b12-c13-s134","source":"Не бешеная тройка, а величавая русская колесница торжественно и спокойно прибудет к цели.","translation":"Not a frenzied troika, but a majestic Russian chariot will arrive at its goal, solemnly and serenely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не бешеная тройка, а величавая русская колесница","title":"Corrective «не... а...»","body":"«Не... а...» again replaces a rejected image with the right one — 'not a frenzied troika, but a majestic chariot'. Both nouns stand in the nominative as the subject of «прибудет»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"колесница","title":"«колесница» — chariot","body":"«Колесница» is a stately, archaic-poetic word for a chariot (of triumph, of Scripture, of fire). Substituting it for the wild «тройка» recasts Russia's onward motion as solemn and providential rather than reckless."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"торжественно и спокойно прибудет","title":"Perfective future «прибудет»","body":"«Прибудет» is the perfective future of «прибыть» ('will arrive'), one completed arrival, framed by the adverbs «торжественно и спокойно». The perfective fixes the chariot's triumph as a single, certain destination reached."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бешеная","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бешеная","lemma":"бешеный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тройка","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"тройка","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"contrasted with колесница (subject)","gloss":"troika"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"величавая","lemma":"величавый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies колесница","gloss":"majestic"},{"surface":"русская","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies колесница","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"колесница","lemma":"колесница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибудет","gloss":"chariot"},{"surface":"торжественно","lemma":"торжественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибудет","gloss":"solemnly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with торжественно","gloss":"serenely"},{"surface":"прибудет","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will arrive"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цели","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"цели","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибудет","gloss":"goal"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b12-c13-s135","source":"В ваших руках судьба моего клиента, в ваших руках и судьба нашей правды русской.","translation":"In your hands lies the fate of my client; in your hands, too, lies the fate of our Russian truth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В ваших руках судьба моего клиента","title":"Fronted prepositional + zero copula","body":"«В ваших руках» (prepositional after «в» = location) is fronted for emphasis, with no verb 'to be' — the present copula is simply unspoken. The repeated «в ваших руках» across both clauses is anaphora, hammering the jury's responsibility."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"судьба нашей правды русской","title":"Postposed adjective «правды русской»","body":"The adjective follows its noun — «правды русской» instead of «русской правды» — a poetic inversion that throws weight onto 'Russian'. «Правда» here is both 'truth' and 'justice/righteousness', the double sense English cannot hold at once."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of руках","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement (locative: in your hands)","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"судьба","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of клиента","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"клиента","lemma":"клиент","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies судьба","gloss":"client"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of руках","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement (locative: in your hands)","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies судьба (also/too)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"судьба","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the second clause","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правды","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"правды","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies судьба","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"русской","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies правды","gloss":"Russian"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b12-c13-s136","source":"Вы спасете ее, вы отстоите ее, вы докажете, что есть кому ее соблюсти, что она в хороших руках!»","translation":"You will save it, you will defend it, you will prove that there are those to guard it, that it is in good hands!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы спасете ее, вы отстоите ее, вы докажете","title":"Triad of perfective futures","body":"«Спасете», «отстоите», «докажете» are three perfective futures ('will save, will defend, will prove'), each conjugated like a present but meaning a completed act. The triple «вы... вы... вы...» drives the closing exhortation as a single resolute future."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что есть кому ее соблюсти","title":"Impersonal «есть кому» + infinitive","body":"«Есть кому соблюсти» is an impersonal idiom: «кому» (dative of «кто») plus an infinitive means 'there is someone to guard it'. The dative names the implied agent in this subjectless 'there is someone who can' construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"соблюсти","title":"«соблюсти» — to keep, preserve","body":"A formal, elevated verb for keeping or guarding something inviolate — one «соблюдает» a law, a fast, or a sacred trust. Applied to «нашу правду русскую», it casts the jury as keepers of a holy charge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of спасете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спасете","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will save"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of спасете","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отстоите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отстоите","lemma":"отстоять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with спасете","gloss":"will defend"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отстоите","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of докажете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"докажете","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with спасете","gloss":"will prove"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of докажете","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"dative logical subject of соблюсти","gloss":"someone to"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of соблюсти","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"соблюсти","lemma":"соблюсти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of кому, depends on есть","gloss":"guard"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of она","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (в хороших руках)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"хороших","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies руках","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of она (в хороших руках)","gloss":"hands"}]}]}