{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b12-c14","title":{"source":"XIV. Мужички за себя постояли","translated":"The Peasants Stand Firm"},"section":"Book XII — A Judicial Error","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c14","lines":168},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c13","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/epi-c1","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b12-c14-s1","source":"Так кончил Фетюкович, и разразившийся на этот раз восторг слушателей был неудержим, как буря.","translation":"So Fetyukovich ended, and the rapture that burst from his hearers this time was as ungovernable as a storm.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разразившийся на этот раз восторг","title":"Past active participle as adjective","body":"«Разразившийся» is a past active participle from «разразиться» (to burst out), formed with -вший- and declined to agree with «восторг» (masc. nom.). It packs a whole который-clause — 'the rapture that burst out' — into one bookish modifier set before its noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был неудержим, как буря","title":"Short-form predicate adjective","body":"«Неудержим» is the short (predicative) form of «неудержимый» (ungovernable, irrepressible), agreeing in masculine singular with «восторг». The short form is bookish and states a quality as an absolute condition — exactly the rhetorical heightening Dostoevsky wants here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончил","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кончил","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разразившийся","lemma":"разразиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying восторг","gloss":"that burst forth"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разразившийся","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"восторг","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of неудержим","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"слушателей","lemma":"слушатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies восторг","gloss":"of the hearers"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to неудержим","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"неудержим","lemma":"неудержимый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of восторг","gloss":"ungovernable"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with буря","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"буря","lemma":"буря","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"object of comparison как","gloss":"a storm"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b12-c14-s2","source":"Было уже и немыслимо сдержать его: женщины плакали, плакали и многие из мужчин, даже два сановника пролили слезы.","translation":"There was no longer any thought of restraining it: women wept, many of the men wept too, and even two high officials let their tears fall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Было уже и немыслимо сдержать его","title":"Impersonal predicate with infinitive","body":"An impersonal construction with no nominative subject: the neuter «было» plus the invariable predicate «немыслимо» ('unthinkable') governs the infinitive «сдержать». This subjectless 'it was unthinkable to...' frame is one of Russian's commonest ways to state a state of affairs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"женщины плакали, плакали и многие из мужчин","title":"Imperfective for repeated, ongoing action","body":"«Плакали» is imperfective past — weeping viewed as an ongoing, collective process, not a single completed act. Its repetition («плакали, плакали») and fronting before the second subject «многие из мужчин» build the swell of emotion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сановник","title":"«сановник» — high official","body":"A «сановник» is a dignitary of high civil rank, a man of the upper bureaucracy. That even «два сановника» (two such grandees) shed tears measures how completely Fetyukovich's speech overwhelmed the courtroom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to немыслимо","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies немыслимо","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies немыслимо","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"немыслимо","lemma":"немыслимый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"unthinkable"},{"surface":"сдержать","lemma":"сдержать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on немыслимо","gloss":"to restrain"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сдержать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of плакали","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"плакали","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to немыслимо","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"плакали","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with плакали, subject многие","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies многие","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of second плакали","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мужчин","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"мужчин","lemma":"мужчина","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies многие","gloss":"the men"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies два","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on сановника","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"сановника","lemma":"сановник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пролили","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"пролили","lemma":"пролить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with плакали","gloss":"shed"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пролили","gloss":"tears"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b12-c14-s3","source":"Председатель покорился и даже помедлил звонить в колокольчик: «Посягать на такой энтузиазм значило бы посягать на святыню» — как кричали потом у нас дамы.","translation":"The presiding judge gave way and even held off ringing his bell: \"To trespass on such enthusiasm would be to trespass on something sacred\" — as our ladies afterward cried.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"помедлил звонить в колокольчик","title":"«колокольчик» — the presiding bell","body":"«Колокольчик» is the diminutive of «колокол» (bell): the little handbell the presiding judge rings to call order. «Помедлил» (perfective of «медлить») captures him hesitating, putting off the moment of ringing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Посягать на такой энтузиазм значило бы посягать на святыню","title":"Conditional «бы» with infinitive subject","body":"The infinitive «посягать» ('to encroach') serves as the subject, and «значило бы» (neuter past + the particle «бы») makes the whole sentence hypothetical: 'would mean'. The «бы» is the irrealis marker that turns the statement into a 'would-be' inference."}],"words":[{"surface":"Председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of покорился","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"покорился","lemma":"покориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave way"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помедлил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"помедлил","lemma":"помедлить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with покорился","gloss":"held off"},{"surface":"звонить","lemma":"звонить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of помедлил","gloss":"ringing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колокольчик","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"колокольчик","lemma":"колокольчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of звонить","gloss":"bell","note":"звонить в колокольчик, \"ring a bell,\" takes в + accusative rather than a direct object."},{"surface":"Посягать","lemma":"посягать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject complement of значило","gloss":"to trespass"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking энтузиазм","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of энтузиазм","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"энтузиазм","lemma":"энтузиазм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Посягать","gloss":"enthusiasm"},{"surface":"значило","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to помедлил","gloss":"would mean"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks значило as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"посягать","lemma":"посягать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of значило","gloss":"to trespass"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking святыню»","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"святыню»","lemma":"святыня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посягать","gloss":"something sacred"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кричали","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"кричали","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to значило","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричали","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of кричали","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of кричали","gloss":"the ladies"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b12-c14-s4","source":"Сам оратор был искренно растроган.","translation":"The orator himself was sincerely moved.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был искренно растроган","title":"Short passive participle","body":"«Растроган» is the short past passive participle of «растрогать» (to move, touch deeply), joined to «был» to form a periphrastic passive — 'was moved'. The short form names the resulting state of the orator."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies оратор","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"оратор","lemma":"оратор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of растроган","gloss":"the orator"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to растроган","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies растроган","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"растроган","lemma":"растрогать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement of оратор","gloss":"moved"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b12-c14-s5","source":"И вот в такую-то минуту и поднялся еще раз «обменяться возражениями» наш Ипполит Кириллович.","translation":"And it was at just such a moment that our Ippolit Kirillovich rose once more \"to exchange objections.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в такую-то минуту","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «такую-то» is the emphatic clitic, not the indefinite one: it underlines a known, pointed moment — 'at just such a moment'. It singles out the dramatic timing of Ippolit Kirillovich's rising."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поднялся","title":"Reflexive «-ся»: change of state","body":"«Поднялся» (perfective of «подниматься/подняться») carries the intransitive reflexive «-ся»: he rose, lifted himself up. Here «-ся» marks a change of bodily posture rather than a true reflexive 'oneself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes минуту","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"attaches to такую for emphasis","gloss":"just","note":"The suffix particle -то adds emphasis to такую, \"just such.\""},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднялся","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes поднялся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying поднялся","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"обменяться","lemma":"обменяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of поднялся","gloss":"to exchange"},{"surface":"возражениями","lemma":"возражение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"indirect object of обменяться","gloss":"objections"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Ипполит","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднялся","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b12-c14-s6","source":"Его завидели с ненавистью: «Как? Что это? Это он-то смеет еще возражать?» — залепетали дамы.","translation":"They eyed him with loathing: \"What? What is this? He actually dares to object again?\" — the ladies began to murmur.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его завидели с ненавистью","title":"Object fronting and instrumental of manner","body":"The object pronoun «его» is fronted as topic before the verb «завидели» (perfective, 'caught sight of'), and «с ненавистью» uses the instrumental after «с» to state the manner — 'with hatred'. Free word order lets the loathed man stand first."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это он-то смеет еще возражать?","title":"Indignant «-то» on the pronoun","body":"«Он-то» again uses the emphatic clitic «-то», dripping with the ladies' indignation: 'He, of all people, dares...'. The clitic spotlights the contrast between his presumption and his disgraced position."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"залепетали","title":"«залепетать» — to start babbling","body":"«Залепетали» pairs the inceptive prefix «за-» ('begin to') with «лепетать» (to babble, prattle, as a child or flustered adult does). It paints the ladies dissolving into an agitated, half-articulate murmur."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of завидели","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"завидели","lemma":"завидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught sight of"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ненавистью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ненавистью","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завидели","gloss":"loathing"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"What!"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominal, with subject это","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun highlighting он","gloss":"is it that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смеет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"attaches to он for emphasis","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"смеет","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dares"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возражать?»","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"возражать?»","lemma":"возражать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of смеет","gloss":"to object"},{"surface":"залепетали","lemma":"залепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to смеет","gloss":"began to murmur"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of залепетали","gloss":"the ladies"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b12-c14-s7","source":"Но если бы даже залепетали дамы целого мира, и в их главе сама прокурорша, супруга Ипполита Кирилловича, то и тогда бы его нельзя было удержать в это мгновение.","translation":"But even had all the ladies of the whole world begun to murmur, and at their head the prosecutor's own wife, the spouse of Ippolit Kirillovich, even then there would have been no holding him back at that instant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы даже залепетали дамы... то и тогда бы его нельзя было удержать","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"A full hypothetical: «если бы» + past «залепетали» in the protasis, answered by «то и тогда бы... нельзя было удержать» in the apodosis. The doubled «бы» and past-tense forms build a vivid 'even if X had happened, still Y could not have been done'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его нельзя было удержать","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» with genitive-style object","body":"The impersonal modal «нельзя» plus «было» and an infinitive states impossibility with no subject — 'it was impossible to restrain him'. The pronoun «его» is the object of «удержать»; the whole frame is a textbook subjectless construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of залепетали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks если as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies залепетали","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"залепетали","lemma":"залепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on нельзя","gloss":"began to murmur"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of залепетали","gloss":"the ladies"},{"surface":"целого","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мира","gloss":"of the whole"},{"surface":"мира","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дамы","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking главе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of главе","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"главе","lemma":"глава","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies прокурорша (at their head)","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies прокурорша","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"прокурорша","lemma":"прокурорша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated subject with дамы, of залепетали","gloss":"the prosecutor's wife"},{"surface":"супруга","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to прокурорша","gloss":"the spouse"},{"surface":"Ипполита","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to супруга","gloss":"of Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кирилловича","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполита","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause after если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks нельзя as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of удержать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"there was no way"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"удержать","lemma":"удержать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to hold back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of удержать","gloss":"instant"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b12-c14-s8","source":"Он был бледен, он сотрясался от волнения; первые слова, первые фразы, выговоренные им, были даже и непонятны; он задыхался, плохо выговаривал, сбивался.","translation":"He was pale, he was trembling with agitation; the first words, the first phrases he uttered were scarcely even intelligible; he gasped for breath, spoke the words badly, kept losing his thread.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он был бледен, он сотрясался от волнения","title":"Short adjective and reflexive verb","body":"«Бледен» is the short predicative form of «бледный» (pale), stating his condition; «сотрясался» carries «-ся» as a middle/intransitive verb, 'shook, was convulsed', with «от волнения» (genitive after «от») naming the cause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"первые фразы, выговоренные им, были даже и непонятны","title":"Past passive participle with instrumental agent","body":"«Выговоренные» is the past passive participle of «выговорить» (to utter), agreeing with «фразы» and taking its agent «им» in the instrumental — 'phrases uttered by him'. The instrumental of agent is the standard partner of a passive participle."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сбивался","title":"«сбиваться» — to lose one's thread","body":"«Сбивался» (imperfective, with «-ся») means to get confused, to stumble off track in speaking. Alongside «задыхался» (gasped) and «плохо выговаривал» (spoke badly), the three imperfectives stack into a portrait of a man unravelling at the lectern."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бледен","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to бледен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"бледен","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сотрясался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сотрясался","lemma":"сотрясаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бледен","gloss":"was trembling"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнения","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"волнения","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сотрясался","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"первые","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with бледен","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"первые","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies фразы","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"фразы","lemma":"фраза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of непонятны","gloss":"phrases"},{"surface":"выговоренные","lemma":"выговорить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying фразы","gloss":"uttered"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of выговоренные","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to непонятны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies непонятны","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies непонятны","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"непонятны","lemma":"непонятный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"coordinated with бледен","gloss":"unintelligible"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задыхался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"задыхался","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бледен","gloss":"gasped for breath"},{"surface":"плохо","lemma":"плохо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выговаривал","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"выговаривал","lemma":"выговаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бледен","gloss":"spoke the words"},{"surface":"сбивался","lemma":"сбиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бледен","gloss":"kept faltering"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b12-c14-s9","source":"Впрочем, скоро поправился.","translation":"Soon, however, he recovered himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"скоро поправился","title":"Perfective of recovery","body":"«Поправился» is perfective ('recovered himself, righted himself'), with «-ся» marking the change of state. Against the imperfective stumbling of the previous sentence, this single perfective marks the turning point — the moment he found his footing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Впрочем","title":"«впрочем» — 'however, then again'","body":"«Впрочем» is a bookish discourse marker that qualifies or partly retracts what was just said — 'however', 'but then'. It pivots the narration from his floundering to his recovery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to поправился","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поправился","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"поправился","lemma":"поправиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recovered himself"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b12-c14-s10","source":"Но из этой второй речи его я приведу лишь несколько фраз.","translation":"But of this second speech of his I shall cite only a few phrases.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я приведу лишь несколько фраз","title":"Perfective future of «привести»","body":"«Приведу» is the perfective present-form of «привести» here meaning 'I will cite/adduce' — a completed future act with no auxiliary. «Несколько фраз» takes the genitive plural «фраз» after the quantifier «несколько»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking речи","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речи","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"второй","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies речи","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приведу","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies речи","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приведу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"приведу","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall cite"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on фраз","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"фраз","lemma":"фраза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of приведу","gloss":"phrases"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b12-c14-s11","source":"«…Нас упрекают, что мы насоздавали романов.","translation":"\"…We are reproached with having invented novels.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нас упрекают, что мы насоздавали романов","title":"Indefinite-subject «упрекают» + что-clause","body":"«Упрекают» ('they reproach') has an unstated plural subject — the impersonal 'one reproaches us', with «нас» the object. «Что» opens the subordinate clause of content. The verb «насоздавали» (perfective, prefix «на-» of accumulation) governs the genitive «романов», 'piled up a heap of novels'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of упрекают","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"упрекают","lemma":"упрекать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are reproached"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of насоздавали","gloss":"with having"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of насоздавали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"насоздавали","lemma":"насоздавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of упрекают","gloss":"invented"},{"surface":"романов","lemma":"роман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of насоздавали","gloss":"novels"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b12-c14-s12","source":"А что же у защитника, как не роман на романе?","translation":"But what is the defence's case, if not novel piled upon novel?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что же у защитника, как не роман на романе?","title":"Contrastive «а» and insistent «же»","body":"The sentence opens with contrastive «а» ('but, and on the other hand') and the modal particle «же», which sharpens the rhetorical jab: 'And what, then...?'. «У защитника» is the «у» + genitive possessive frame — 'what does the defence have'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"роман на романе","title":"«роман на романе» — novel upon novel","body":"The idiom 'X на X-е' stacks a noun on itself to mean 'one X after another, an endless pile of'. Here «роман на романе» mocks the defence for spinning fiction after fiction; «роман» means both 'novel' and, by extension, a far-fetched made-up story."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking защитника","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"защитника","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of что","gloss":"the defense"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of роман","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies роман","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"роман","lemma":"роман","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement paired with что (как не...)","gloss":"novel"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking романе","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"романе","lemma":"роман","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роман","gloss":"novel"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b12-c14-s13","source":"Не доставало только стихов.","translation":"All that was wanting was verse.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не доставало только стихов","title":"Genitive of negation with «не доставало»","body":"«Не доставало» ('was lacking') is impersonal and negated, so its logical subject «стихов» stands in the genitive plural — the genitive of an absent subject. Literally 'only verse was wanting'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доставало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"доставало","lemma":"доставать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was lacking"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стихов","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"стихов","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of доставало","gloss":"verse"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b12-c14-s14","source":"Федор Павлович в ожидании любовницы разрывает конверт и бросает его на пол.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovich, while awaiting his mistress, tears open the envelope and flings it to the floor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разрывает конверт и бросает его на пол","title":"Historical present in the imperfective","body":"«Разрывает» and «бросает» are imperfective present, used as a vivid 'historical present' to re-enact a past scene before the jury's eyes. The prosecutor mockingly retells the defence's reconstruction as if it were unfolding now."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в ожидании любовницы","title":"Genitive after «в ожидании»","body":"«В ожидании» ('while awaiting') is a set prepositional phrase that governs the genitive «любовницы» — 'in expectation of his mistress'. It compresses a temporal clause into a noun phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разрывает","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ожидании","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ожидании","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of разрывает","gloss":"awaiting"},{"surface":"любовницы","lemma":"любовница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ожидании","gloss":"his mistress"},{"surface":"разрывает","lemma":"разрывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tears open"},{"surface":"конверт","lemma":"конверт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разрывает","gloss":"the envelope"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бросает","lemma":"бросать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with разрывает","gloss":"flings"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросает","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пол","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросает","gloss":"the floor"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b12-c14-s15","source":"Приводится даже, что он говорил при этом удивительном случае.","translation":"We are even told what he said on that remarkable occasion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приводится даже, что он говорил","title":"Reflexive passive «приводится»","body":"«Приводится» uses «-ся» to form an imperfective passive — 'it is even cited/adduced' — with no named agent. This impersonal passive lets the prosecutor report the defence's claims while keeping them at arm's length."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приводится","lemma":"приводиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we are told"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Приводится","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Приводится","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"удивительном","lemma":"удивительный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"remarkable"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"occasion"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b12-c14-s16","source":"Да разве это не поэма?","translation":"Now, is that not a poem?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да разве это не поэма?","title":"«разве» in a rhetorical question","body":"«Да» opens with appeal, and «разве» frames an incredulous rhetorical question expecting agreement — 'surely this is a poem, isn't it?'. With «не», it presses the listener toward 'yes, of course it is'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поэма","title":"«поэма» — a long narrative poem","body":"«Поэма» is not just any poem but an extended narrative or epic one (like Pushkin's or Byron's). The prosecutor's repeated «поэма» sneers that the defence has composed a flight of Romantic fiction, not a legal argument."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the utterance","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the rhetorical question","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поэма","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поэма","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поэма","lemma":"поэма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a poem"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b12-c14-s17","source":"И где доказательство, что он вынул деньги, кто слышал, что он говорил?","translation":"And where is the proof that he took out the money — who heard what he said?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И где доказательство, что он вынул деньги","title":"Perfective «вынул» in reported content","body":"«Вынул» is perfective past of «вынуть» (to take out) — a single completed act, the very point in dispute. The «что»-clause reports the alleged fact whose proof the prosecutor demands."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"доказательство","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of где","gloss":"the proof"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вынул","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вынул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying доказательство","gloss":"took out"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to где","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of слышал","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b12-c14-s18","source":"Слабоумный идиот Смердяков, преображенный в какого-то байроновского героя, мстящего обществу за свою незаконнорожденность, — разве это не поэма в байроновском вкусе?","translation":"The feeble-minded idiot Smerdyakov, transformed into some sort of Byronic hero avenging himself on society for his illegitimate birth — is that not a poem in the Byronic taste?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"преображенный в какого-то байроновского героя","title":"Past passive participle with «преобразить»","body":"«Преображенный» is the past passive participle of «преобразить» (to transfigure), agreeing with «Смердяков». «В + accusative» («в героя») names the result of the transformation. Note «преображенный» echoes the religious «Преображение» (Transfiguration), heightening the irony."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мстящего обществу за свою незаконнорожденность","title":"Present active participle governing dative","body":"«Мстящего» is the present active participle of «мстить» (to take revenge), agreeing with «героя» (animate acc.). The verb «мстить» governs the dative «обществу» ('revenge on society'), and «свою» is the reflexive possessive pointing back to the hero himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слабоумный","lemma":"слабоумный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies идиот","gloss":"feeble-minded"},{"surface":"идиот","lemma":"идиот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поэма","gloss":"idiot"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to идиот","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"преображенный","lemma":"преобразить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying идиот","gloss":"transformed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking героя","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of героя","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"attaches to какого for indefiniteness","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"байроновского","lemma":"байроновский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies героя","gloss":"Byronic"},{"surface":"героя","lemma":"герой","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of преображенный","gloss":"hero"},{"surface":"мстящего","lemma":"мстить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying героя","gloss":"avenging himself"},{"surface":"обществу","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of мстящего","gloss":"on society"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking незаконнорожденность,","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of незаконнорожденность,","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"незаконнорожденность,","lemma":"незаконнорожденность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мстящего","gloss":"illegitimate birth"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the rhetorical question","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поэма","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поэма","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поэма","lemma":"поэма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a poem"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вкусе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"байроновском","lemma":"байроновский","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вкусе","gloss":"Byronic"},{"surface":"вкусе","lemma":"вкус","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поэма","gloss":"taste"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b12-c14-s19","source":"А сын, вломившийся к отцу, убивший его, но в то же время и не убивший, это уж даже и не роман, не поэма, это сфинкс, задающий загадки, которые и сам, уж конечно, не разрешит.","translation":"And the son, who broke in upon his father and killed him, yet at the same time did not kill him — that is no longer even a novel, no longer a poem; it is a sphinx, posing riddles which it most certainly will never solve itself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вломившийся к отцу, убивший его, но... и не убивший","title":"Chain of past active participles","body":"Three past active participles in -вший («вломившийся», «убивший», «не убивший») pile up as modifiers of «сын», a hallmark of dense literary syntax. The paradox 'killed... yet did not kill' is built by simply negating the third with «не»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"загадки, которые и сам... не разрешит","title":"Relative «который» in the accusative","body":"«Которые» agrees with «загадки» (riddles, fem. pl.) in gender/number but takes the accusative as object of «не разрешит» — 'riddles which it will not solve'. «Разрешит» is perfective future ('will solve'), and «и сам» = 'itself, of all things'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic, resumed by это","gloss":"the son"},{"surface":"вломившийся","lemma":"вломиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying сын","gloss":"who broke in"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вломившийся","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"убивший","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying сын","gloss":"who killed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убивший","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убивший","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убивший","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убивший","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with убивший","gloss":"did not kill"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of роман, resuming сын","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies даже","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies роман","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies роман","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies роман","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"роман","lemma":"роман","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a novel"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поэма","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поэма","lemma":"поэма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with роман","gloss":"a poem"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сфинкс","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сфинкс","lemma":"сфинкс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of это","gloss":"a sphinx"},{"surface":"задающий","lemma":"задавать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying сфинкс","gloss":"posing"},{"surface":"загадки","lemma":"загадка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of задающий","gloss":"riddles"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of разрешит, referring to загадки","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the subject of разрешит (сфинкс itself)","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разрешит","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разрешит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разрешит","lemma":"разрешить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"will solve"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b12-c14-s20","source":"Коль убил, так убил, а как же это, коли убил, так не убил — кто поймет это?","translation":"If he killed, then he killed; but how is this — if he killed, then he did not kill — who is to make sense of that?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Коль ... коли","title":"«коль» / «коли» — folksy 'if'","body":"«Коль» (and its fuller «коли») is a colloquial, folk-flavoured conjunction for «если» (if). The prosecutor drops into peasant-style speech — 'if he killed, then he killed' — to mock the defence's paradox in the people's own blunt logic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто поймет это?","title":"Perfective future «поймёт»","body":"«Поймёт» is the perfective future of «понять» (to understand) — 'who will [ever] make sense of this?'. The rhetorical question with «кто» implies the answer 'no one'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"he killed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"he killed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to как","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"he killed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"did not kill"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of поймет","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"поймет","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to убил","gloss":"will understand"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поймет","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b12-c14-s21","source":"Затем возвещают нам, что наша трибуна есть трибуна истины и здравых понятий, и вот с этой трибуны „здравых понятий“ раздается, с клятвою, аксиома, что называть убийство отца отцеубийством есть только один предрассудок!","translation":"Then it is proclaimed to us that our rostrum is a rostrum of truth and sound principles, and yet from this rostrum of \"sound principles\" there resounds, under oath, the axiom that to call the murder of a father parricide is nothing but a prejudice!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"наша трибуна есть трибуна истины","title":"Archaic copula «есть»","body":"Modern Russian drops the present-tense 'to be', but here «есть» is retained as an emphatic, bookish copula — 'our rostrum IS a rostrum of truth'. This solemn «есть» belongs to the elevated, oratorical register the prosecutor is parodying."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"называть убийство отца отцеубийством есть только один предрассудок","title":"Instrumental of the predicate with «называть»","body":"«Называть X Y-ом» ('to call X a Y') puts the naming complement in the instrumental: «отцеубийством» (instrumental of «отцеубийство», parricide). The whole infinitive phrase is then equated, via «есть», with «предрассудок»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвещают","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"возвещают","lemma":"возвещать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal 'it is proclaimed')","gloss":"it is proclaimed"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of возвещают","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"наша","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of трибуна","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"трибуна","lemma":"трибуна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"rostrum"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"трибуна","lemma":"трибуна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"a rostrum"},{"surface":"истины","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies трибуна (w8)","gloss":"of truth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"здравых","lemma":"здравый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies понятий","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"понятий","lemma":"понятие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with истины, modifies трибуна (w8)","gloss":"principles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two clauses (возвещают ... и раздается)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раздается","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трибуны","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of трибуны","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"трибуны","lemma":"трибуна","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздается","gloss":"rostrum"},{"surface":"здравых","lemma":"здравый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies понятий","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"понятий","lemma":"понятие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies трибуны","gloss":"principles"},{"surface":"раздается","lemma":"раздаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with возвещают, main verb of the second clause","gloss":"resounds"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking клятвою","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"клятвою","lemma":"клятва","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздается","gloss":"oath"},{"surface":"аксиома","lemma":"аксиома","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of раздается","gloss":"the axiom"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть (w29)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"называть","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive subject of есть (w29)","gloss":"to call"},{"surface":"убийство","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of называть","gloss":"the murder"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убийство","gloss":"of a father"},{"surface":"отцеубийством","lemma":"отцеубийство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of называть","gloss":"parricide"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (w24)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies предрассудок","gloss":"a mere"},{"surface":"предрассудок","lemma":"предрассудок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть (w29)","gloss":"prejudice"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b12-c14-s22","source":"Но если отцеубийство есть предрассудок и если каждый ребенок будет допрашивать своего отца: „Отец, зачем я должен любить тебя?“ — то что станется с нами, что станется с основами общества, куда денется семья?","translation":"But if parricide is a prejudice, and if every child is to interrogate his own father — \"Father, why must I love you?\" — then what is to become of us, what is to become of the foundations of society, where will the family go?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если отцеубийство есть предрассудок и если каждый ребенок будет допрашивать","title":"Real conditional with compound future","body":"A real (not hypothetical) «если»-conditional: no «бы». «Будет допрашивать» is the imperfective compound future (будет + infinitive) — an ongoing, repeated future act, 'will go on interrogating'. The apodosis follows with «то...»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что станется с нами... куда денется семья","title":"Perfective future «станется» / «денется»","body":"«Станется» and «денется» are perfective futures of «статься» (to become of) and «деться» (to get to, vanish to), both with «-ся». The trio of anxious questions — 'what will become of us, where will the family go' — drives the rhetorical climax."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"отцеубийство","lemma":"отцеубийство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"parricide"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"предрассудок","lemma":"предрассудок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"a prejudice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of допрашивать","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ребенок","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"ребенок","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of допрашивать","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of допрашивать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"допрашивать","lemma":"допрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"interrogate"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of допрашивать","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, opens the quoted speech","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"тебя?“","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumes the если-clauses, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of станется","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"станется","lemma":"статься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will become"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of станется","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of станется (w26)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"станется","lemma":"статься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with станется (w22)","gloss":"will become"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking основами","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"основами","lemma":"основа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of станется (w26)","gloss":"the foundations"},{"surface":"общества","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies основами","gloss":"of society"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies денется","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"денется","lemma":"деться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with станется","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"семья","lemma":"семья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of денется","gloss":"the family"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b12-c14-s23","source":"Отцеубийство — это, видите ли, только „жупел“ московской купчихи.","translation":"Parricide — it is, you see, merely the \"bogy\" of a Moscow merchant's wife.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"видите ли","title":"«видите ли» — ironic 'you see'","body":"«Видите ли» ('you see') uses the particle «ли» in a frozen parenthetical that here drips sarcasm — a mock-deferential 'as you can plainly see'. It signals the prosecutor's contempt for the dismissive view he is quoting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отцеубийство","lemma":"отцеубийство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, predicate nominal is жупел","gloss":"Parricide"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"links Отцеубийство and жупел","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase видите ли","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жупел","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"жупел","lemma":"жупел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"bogy","note":"Archaic/rhetorical word for an imaginary terror invoked to frighten — a bugbear."},{"surface":"московской","lemma":"московский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies купчихи","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"купчихи","lemma":"купчиха","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жупел","gloss":"merchant's wife"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b12-c14-s24","source":"Самые драгоценные, самые священные заветы в назначении и в будущности русского суда представляются извращенно и легкомысленно, чтобы только добиться цели, добиться оправдания того, что нельзя оправдать.","translation":"The most precious, the most sacred tenets concerning the calling and the future of Russian justice are presented in a distorted and frivolous way, all to gain one end — to win the acquittal of what cannot be acquitted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Самые драгоценные, самые священные заветы","title":"Superlative with «самый»","body":"The periphrastic superlative is built with «самый» ('most'), which declines and agrees with its adjective and noun: «самые драгоценные, самые священные заветы» (the most precious, most sacred tenets). The doubling intensifies the rhetorical reverence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"представляются извращенно и легкомысленно","title":"Reflexive passive «представляются»","body":"«Представляются» uses «-ся» as an impersonal/agentless passive — 'are presented'. The adverbs «извращенно» (distortedly) and «легкомысленно» (frivolously) describe the manner of presentation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы только добиться цели","title":"Purpose clause with «чтобы»","body":"«Чтобы» + the infinitive «добиться» opens a purpose clause — 'merely in order to achieve the goal'. «Добиться» (perfective) governs the genitive «цели» / «оправдания», the genitive its object regularly takes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies драгоценные","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"драгоценные","lemma":"драгоценный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies заветы","gloss":"precious"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies священные","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"священные","lemma":"священный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies заветы","gloss":"sacred"},{"surface":"заветы","lemma":"завет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of представляются","gloss":"tenets"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking назначении","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"назначении","lemma":"назначение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies заветы","gloss":"the calling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking будущности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"будущности","lemma":"будущность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with назначении, modifies заветы","gloss":"the future"},{"surface":"русского","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суда","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies будущности","gloss":"of justice"},{"surface":"представляются","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are presented"},{"surface":"извращенно","lemma":"извращённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представляются","gloss":"in a distorted way"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"легкомысленно","lemma":"легкомысленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with извращенно","gloss":"frivolously"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of добиться","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies добиться","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"добиться","lemma":"добиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on представляются","gloss":"gain"},{"surface":"цели","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of добиться","gloss":"one end"},{"surface":"добиться","lemma":"добиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with добиться (w19)","gloss":"win"},{"surface":"оправдания","lemma":"оправдание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of добиться (w21)","gloss":"the acquittal"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies оправдания","gloss":"of that which"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of оправдать, relative pronoun referring to того","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal predicate governing оправдать","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"оправдать","lemma":"оправдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"be acquitted"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b12-c14-s25","source":"„О, подавите его милосердием“, — восклицает защитник, а преступнику только того и надо, и завтра же все увидят, как он будет подавлен!","translation":"\"Oh, crush him with mercy,\" exclaims the defence — but that is the very thing the criminal wants, and tomorrow everyone will see how thoroughly he has been crushed!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"О, подавите его милосердием","title":"Imperative + instrumental of means","body":"«Подавите» is the polite/plural imperative of «подавить» (to crush, suppress), and «милосердием» is the instrumental — the means by which: 'crush him WITH mercy'. The instrumental of instrument turns mercy into a weapon."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"преступнику только того и надо","title":"Dative experiencer with «надо»","body":"«Преступнику... надо» is the dative-subject construction: the criminal (dative) is the one to whom something is needful — 'that's the very thing the criminal needs'. «Только того и надо» is an idiomatic 'that's all he wants'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как он будет подавлен","title":"Compound future passive","body":"«Будет подавлен» joins the future of «быть» with the short past passive participle «подавлен» — a future passive, 'he will be crushed'. The biting irony: the 'crushing by mercy' will be all too visible tomorrow."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"opens the quotation","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"подавите","lemma":"подавить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crush"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подавите","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"милосердием“,","lemma":"милосердие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of подавите","gloss":"with mercy"},{"surface":"восклицает","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"reporting verb of the second clause","gloss":"exclaims"},{"surface":"защитник","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицает","gloss":"the defence"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"преступнику","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of надо","gloss":"the criminal"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive object of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying надо","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидят","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завтра","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of увидят","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"увидят","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"will see"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подавлен","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive подавлен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of подавлен","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"подавлен","lemma":"подавить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of увидят","gloss":"crushed"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b12-c14-s26","source":"Да и не слишком ли скромен защитник, требуя лишь оправдания подсудимого?","translation":"And is the defence not too modest, besides, in demanding merely the acquittal of the accused?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не слишком ли скромен защитник","title":"Question particle «ли» with short adjective","body":"«Ли» fronts the focused «не слишком» to form a rhetorical yes/no question — 'is the defence not too modest?'. «Скромен» is the short predicative form of «скромный» (modest), the bookish predicate form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"требуя лишь оправдания подсудимого","title":"Present gerund «требуя»","body":"«Требуя» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») of «требовать» (to demand), expressing an action simultaneous with the main clause — 'in demanding'. «Требовать» governs the genitive «оправдания»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слишком","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скромен","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"скромен","lemma":"скромный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"modest"},{"surface":"защитник","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скромен","gloss":"the defence"},{"surface":"требуя","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on скромен","gloss":"in demanding"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оправдания","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"оправдания","lemma":"оправдание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of требуя","gloss":"the acquittal"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies оправдания","gloss":"of the accused"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b12-c14-s27","source":"Отчего бы не потребовать учреждения стипендии имени отцеубийцы, для увековечения его подвига в потомстве и в молодом поколении?","translation":"Why not call for the founding of a scholarship in the name of the parricide, to immortalize his exploit among posterity and the younger generation?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отчего бы не потребовать учреждения стипендии","title":"Suggestion with «бы» + infinitive","body":"«Отчего бы не» + infinitive is an idiomatic, sarcastically polite suggestion — 'why not...?'. The particle «бы» softens it into a hypothetical proposal. «Потребовать» governs the genitive «учреждения стипендии»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потребовать","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional/optative","role":"forms the optative with не...потребовать","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потребовать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"потребовать","lemma":"потребовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"call for"},{"surface":"учреждения","lemma":"учреждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of потребовать","gloss":"the founding"},{"surface":"стипендии","lemma":"стипендия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies учреждения","gloss":"of a scholarship"},{"surface":"имени","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies стипендии","gloss":"in the name"},{"surface":"отцеубийцы","lemma":"отцеубийца","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies имени","gloss":"of the parricide"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking увековечения","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"увековечения","lemma":"увековечение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of потребовать","gloss":"immortalize"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of подвига","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"подвига","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies увековечения","gloss":"exploit"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking потомстве","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"потомстве","lemma":"потомство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies увековечения","gloss":"posterity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поколении","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"молодом","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies поколении","gloss":"younger"},{"surface":"поколении","lemma":"поколение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with потомстве","gloss":"generation"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b12-c14-s28","source":"Исправляются Евангелие и религия: это, дескать, всё мистика, а вот у нас лишь настоящее христианство, уже проверенное анализом рассудка и здравых понятий.","translation":"The Gospel and religion are amended: all that, they say, is mysticism, whereas we alone possess the true Christianity, already verified by the analysis of reason and sound principles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Исправляются Евангелие и религия","title":"Fronted reflexive passive","body":"«Исправляются» (passive «-ся», 'are corrected/amended') is fronted before its subjects «Евангелие и религия» for rhetorical weight — the scandalous predicate hits first. This topic-comment inversion drives the prosecutor's mounting outrage."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — reportative 'they say'","body":"«Дескать» is a colloquial reportative particle flagging that the words are someone else's claim, often sceptically — 'so they say, supposedly'. It lets the prosecutor voice the opponents' position while sneering at it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Исправляются","lemma":"исправляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are amended"},{"surface":"Евангелие","lemma":"евангелие","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Исправляются","gloss":"the Gospel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"религия","lemma":"религия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Евангелие","gloss":"religion"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the predicate мистика","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, reportative","role":"parenthetical, marks reported speech","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мистика","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мистика","lemma":"мистика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"mysticism"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the у нас clause","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique possessor, у нас = we have","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies настоящее","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"настоящее","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies христианство","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"христианство","lemma":"христианство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of existential clause (у нас есть христианство)","gloss":"Christianity"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проверенное","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"проверенное","lemma":"проверить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying христианство","gloss":"verified"},{"surface":"анализом","lemma":"анализ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of проверенное","gloss":"by the analysis"},{"surface":"рассудка","lemma":"рассудок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies анализом","gloss":"of reason"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"здравых","lemma":"здравый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies понятий","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"понятий","lemma":"понятие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with рассудка","gloss":"principles"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b12-c14-s29","source":"И вот воздвигают пред нами лжеподобие Христа!","translation":"And so they raise up before us a false likeness of Christ!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лжеподобие","title":"«лжеподобие» — a false likeness","body":"A coinage from «лже-» ('false', as in лжепророк, false prophet) + «подобие» (likeness, image). «Лжеподобие Христа» is a 'false image of Christ' — and «подобие» recalls Genesis's 'image and likeness' of God, so the word implies a blasphemous counterfeit."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воздвигают","title":"«воздвигать» — to raise up (elevated)","body":"«Воздвигают» is a bookish, Church-tinged verb for raising or erecting (a monument, a temple) — far loftier than ordinary «поднимать». Its solemnity sharpens the accusation that the defence sets up an idol — a false Christ — before the people."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies воздвигают","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"воздвигают","lemma":"воздвигать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they raise up"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of воздвигают","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"лжеподобие","lemma":"лжеподобие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of воздвигают","gloss":"a false likeness"},{"surface":"Христа","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лжеподобие","gloss":"of Christ"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b12-c14-s30","source":"''В ню же меру мерите, возмерится и вам,'' восклицает защитник и в тот же миг выводит, что Христос заповедал мерить в ту меру, в которую и вам отмеряют, — и это с трибуны истины и здравых понятий!","translation":"\"With what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again,\" exclaims the defence, and in the very same breath deduces that Christ commanded us to measure with the same measure that is meted out to you — and this from the rostrum of truth and sound principles!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"В ню же меру мерите","title":"Church Slavonic scripture","body":"This line quotes the Gospel (Matthew 7:2, 'with what measure ye mete') in Old Church Slavonic, not modern Russian: 'в ню же' = 'in which', 'мерите' = 'you measure'. Dostoevsky keeps the archaic liturgical form to give it the weight of holy scripture. Similarly 'Ты бо еси бог наш' (s34) means 'For Thou art our God' in Church Slavonic ('бо' = for, 'еси' = thou art)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Христос заповедал мерить в ту меру, в которую и вам отмеряют","title":"Correlative «ту... в которую»","body":"The correlative pair «в ту меру, в которую» ('with that measure with which') ties the main clause to the relative clause; «которую» is accusative after «в». «Отмеряют» is an indefinite-subject present, 'they measure out [to you]'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"восклицает... и в тот же миг выводит","title":"Vivid present pair","body":"«Восклицает» and «выводит» are imperfective present used vividly to dramatize the defence's reasoning as it happens — 'exclaims... and deduces'. «Выводить» here means 'to deduce, draw a conclusion'."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меру","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ню","lemma":"иже","morphology":"pronoun, archaic Church Slavonic, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"relative pronoun, modifies меру","gloss":"which","note":"Church Slavonic Gospel quotation (Matthew 7:2): archaic relative 'ню же' = 'which'."},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the archaic relative ню же","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"меру","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мерите","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"мерите","lemma":"мерить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"ye mete"},{"surface":"возмерится","lemma":"возмериться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мерите","gloss":"it shall be measured"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вам","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of возмерится","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"восклицает","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"reporting verb, subject защитник","gloss":"exclaims"},{"surface":"защитник","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицает","gloss":"the defence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of миг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выводит","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"выводит","lemma":"выводить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with восклицает","gloss":"deduces"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заповедал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Христос","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заповедал","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"заповедал","lemma":"заповедать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of выводит","gloss":"commanded"},{"surface":"мерить","lemma":"мерить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заповедал","gloss":"to measure"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меру","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of меру","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"меру","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мерить","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которую","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отмеряют","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вам","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of отмеряют","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"отмеряют,","lemma":"отмерять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate of the которую-clause","gloss":"is measured out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of an elided verb (cf. раздается)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трибуны","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"трибуны","lemma":"трибуна","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb, modifies это","gloss":"the rostrum"},{"surface":"истины","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies трибуны","gloss":"of truth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"здравых","lemma":"здравый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies понятий","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"понятий","lemma":"понятие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with истины","gloss":"principles"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b12-c14-s31","source":"Мы заглядываем в Евангелие лишь накануне речей наших для того, чтобы блеснуть знакомством все-таки с довольно оригинальным сочинением, которое может пригодиться и послужить для некоторого эффекта, по мере надобности, всё по размеру надобности!","translation":"We glance into the Gospel only on the eve of our speeches, so as to make a show of acquaintance, after all, with a fairly original composition that may come in handy and serve for a certain effect — as far as need requires, all according to the measure of need!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лишь накануне речей наших для того, чтобы блеснуть знакомством","title":"Purpose «для того, чтобы»","body":"«Для того, чтобы» + infinitive «блеснуть» is the heavy bookish form of a purpose clause — 'precisely in order to show off'. «Блеснуть знакомством» governs the instrumental «знакомством» (acquaintance), the means of the showing-off."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сочинением, которое может пригодиться и послужить","title":"Relative «которое» as subject","body":"«Которое» agrees with «сочинением» (neut.) but stands as nominative subject of its own clause — 'which may come in handy and serve'. Two perfective infinitives «пригодиться» / «послужить» depend on «может»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"довольно оригинальным сочинением","title":"«сочинение» — a literary 'composition'","body":"Calling the Gospel «довольно оригинальное сочинение» (a fairly original composition) is bitingly ironic: «сочинение» is the flat word for an authored literary work or even a schoolboy's essay. The prosecutor mimics the cynics who treat Scripture as just another clever book."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заглядываем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"заглядываем","lemma":"заглядывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Евангелие","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Евангелие","lemma":"евангелие","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заглядываем","gloss":"the Gospel"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies накануне","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"накануне","lemma":"накануне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking речей","gloss":"on the eve of"},{"surface":"речей","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заглядываем","gloss":"our speeches"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies речей","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"correlative with чтобы (для того, чтобы = in order to)","gloss":"the purpose"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of блеснуть","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"блеснуть","lemma":"блеснуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on того","gloss":"make a show"},{"surface":"знакомством","lemma":"знакомство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of блеснуть","gloss":"of acquaintance"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки, modifies блеснуть","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки, modifies блеснуть","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сочинением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оригинальным","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"оригинальным","lemma":"оригинальный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сочинением","gloss":"original"},{"surface":"сочинением","lemma":"сочинение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of блеснуть","gloss":"composition"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on сочинением","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"пригодиться","lemma":"пригодиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"come in handy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"послужить","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with пригодиться","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эффекта","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"некоторого","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of эффекта","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"эффекта","lemma":"эффект","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послужить","gloss":"effect"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking надобности","gloss":"as far as"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по мере","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"надобности","lemma":"надобность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of мере, adverbial on заглядываем","gloss":"need requires"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial particle modifying по размеру надобности","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking размеру","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"размеру","lemma":"размер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заглядываем","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"надобности","lemma":"надобность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies размеру","gloss":"of need"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b12-c14-s32","source":"А Христос именно велит не так делать, беречься так делать, потому что злобный мир так делает, мы же должны прощать и ланиту свою подставлять, а не в ту же меру отмеривать, в которую мерят нам наши обидчики.","translation":"But Christ bids us precisely not to act so, to beware of acting so, because it is the wicked world that acts so; we, however, must forgive and turn the other cheek, and not mete out with the same measure that our offenders mete out to us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Христос именно велит не так делать, беречься так делать","title":"Negation «не» before the verb phrase","body":"«Велит не так делать» negates the manner, not the verb of commanding — 'bids us NOT to act so'. «Беречься» ('to beware', reflexive) then governs the infinitive «так делать», layering the warning."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ланиту свою подставлять","title":"«ланита» — Church Slavonic 'cheek'","body":"«Ланита» is the elevated Church-Slavonic word for «щека» (cheek). «Подставлять ланиту» renders the Gospel's 'turn the other cheek' (Matthew 5:39) in sacred register, lending the moral its full scriptural solemnity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обидчики","title":"«обидчик» — one who wrongs you","body":"An «обидчик» is a person who has offended or wronged you («обидеть» = to offend, hurt). It is the standard word in prayers of forgiveness ('forgive our offenders'), so it carries a churchly, penitential coloring fitting the Gospel argument."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Христос","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of велит","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies велит","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"велит","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bids"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of велит","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"беречься","lemma":"беречься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"second complement of велит, coordinated with делать","gloss":"beware of"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делать (w10)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of беречься","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of делает","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"злобный","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мир","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of делает","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делает","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"делает","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the causal clause (потому что)","gloss":"acts"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate of the new main clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"прощать","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ланиту","lemma":"ланита","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подставлять","gloss":"cheek"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ланиту","gloss":"one's own"},{"surface":"подставлять","lemma":"подставлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with прощать, complement of должны","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates отмеривать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меру","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of меру","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"меру","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отмеривать","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"отмеривать","lemma":"отмеривать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подставлять","gloss":"mete out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которую","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мерят","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"мерят","lemma":"мерить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of отмеривать","gloss":"mete out"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of мерят","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of обидчики","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"обидчики","lemma":"обидчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of мерят","gloss":"offenders"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b12-c14-s33","source":"Вот чему учил нас бог наш, а не тому, что запрещать детям убивать отцов есть предрассудок.","translation":"This is what our God taught us, and not that to forbid children to kill their fathers is a prejudice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот чему учил нас бог наш, а не тому, что...","title":"Correlative «чему... тому»","body":"«Учить» governs the dative of the thing taught, so the correlatives appear in the dative: «чему» ('that which') answered by «не тому, что» ('not that which'). The contrastive «а не» pivots between the true teaching and the false."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чему","gloss":"this is"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of учил","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"учил","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taught"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of учил","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of учил","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of бог","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with чему (w2), oblique complement of учил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"запрещать","lemma":"запрещать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive subject of есть","gloss":"to forbid"},{"surface":"детям","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of запрещать","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"убивать","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of запрещать","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"отцов","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of убивать","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"предрассудок","lemma":"предрассудок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"a prejudice"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b12-c14-s34","source":"И не станем мы поправлять с кафедры истины и здравых понятий Евангелие бога нашего, которого защитник удостоивает назвать лишь „распятым человеколюбцем“, в противоположность всей православной России, взывающей к нему: „Ты бо еси бог наш!..“»","translation":"And we shall not set about amending, from the pulpit of truth and sound principles, the Gospel of our God, whom the defence condescends to call merely a \"crucified lover of mankind,\" in opposition to all Orthodox Russia, which cries out to Him: \"For Thou art our God!..\"\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не станем мы поправлять","title":"«стать» as future auxiliary","body":"«Не станем поправлять» uses perfective «стать» as an auxiliary of intention/inception with an imperfective infinitive — 'we shall not set about amending'. It is a vivid alternative to the plain «будем» future, stressing resolve."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Евангелие бога нашего, которого защитник удостоивает назвать","title":"Relative «которого» (animate genitive)","body":"«Которого» refers to «бога» (God), taking the animate genitive form as object of «назвать» — 'whom the defence condescends to name'. «Удостоивать назвать» = deign/condescend to call, dripping with sarcasm."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies станем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"станем","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall set about"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of станем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"поправлять","lemma":"поправлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of станем","gloss":"amending"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кафедры","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кафедры","lemma":"кафедра","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поправлять","gloss":"the pulpit"},{"surface":"истины","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кафедры","gloss":"of truth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"здравых","lemma":"здравый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies понятий","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"понятий","lemma":"понятие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with истины","gloss":"principles"},{"surface":"Евангелие","lemma":"евангелие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поправлять","gloss":"the Gospel"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Евангелие","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of бога","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of назвать","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"защитник","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удостоивает","gloss":"the defence"},{"surface":"удостоивает","lemma":"удостоивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on бога","gloss":"condescends"},{"surface":"назвать","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of удостоивает","gloss":"to call"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies человеколюбцем","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"распятым","lemma":"распятый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеколюбцем","gloss":"crucified"},{"surface":"человеколюбцем","lemma":"человеколюбец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of назвать","gloss":"lover of mankind"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking противоположность","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"противоположность","lemma":"противоположность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поправлять","gloss":"opposition"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of России","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"православной","lemma":"православный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies России","gloss":"Orthodox"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies противоположность","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"взывающей","lemma":"взывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying России","gloss":"crying out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взывающей","gloss":"Him"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of еси","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"бо","lemma":"бо","morphology":"particle","role":"particle emphasizing the clause","gloss":"for","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic emphatic particle, roughly \"for/indeed.\""},{"surface":"еси","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, archaic, second, singular","role":"copula linking Ты to бог","gloss":"art","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic 2nd-person singular of \"to be,\" from the liturgical formula \"Ты бо еси Бог наш.\""},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of еси","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of бог","gloss":"our"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b12-c14-s35","source":"Тут председатель вступился и осадил увлекшегося, попросив его не преувеличивать, оставаться в должных границах, и проч., и проч., как обыкновенно говорят в таких случаях председатели.","translation":"Here the presiding judge intervened and reined in the carried-away speaker, asking him not to exaggerate, to keep within proper bounds, and so on, and so forth, as presiding judges customarily say on such occasions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"осадил увлекшегося, попросив его не преувеличивать","title":"Participle as noun + gerund","body":"«Увлекшегося» is a past active participle used substantively — 'the carried-away one', i.e. the over-excited speaker. «Попросив» is a perfective past gerund ('having asked'), and «попросить» takes the infinitive «не преувеличивать» as its complement."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и проч., и проч.","title":"«и прочее» — 'and so forth'","body":"«И проч.» abbreviates «и прочее» ('and the rest, etcetera'); doubled, it conveys the formulaic, tired phrasing of officialdom. The narrator wryly notes the presiding judge said the usual boilerplate 'such presiding judges customarily say'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вступился","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вступился","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"вступился","lemma":"вступиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"intervened"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"осадил","lemma":"осадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вступился","gloss":"reined in"},{"surface":"увлекшегося","lemma":"увлечься","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"direct object of осадил","gloss":"the carried-away speaker"},{"surface":"попросив","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on осадил","gloss":"asking"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of попросив","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies преувеличивать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"преувеличивать","lemma":"преувеличивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of попросив","gloss":"to exaggerate"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with преувеличивать","gloss":"to remain"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking границах","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"должных","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies границах","gloss":"proper"},{"surface":"границах","lemma":"граница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of оставаться","gloss":"bounds"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"coordinated with границах","gloss":"so on","note":"Abbreviation for \"прочее,\" used like English \"etc.\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"repeats the phrase и проч.","gloss":"so forth"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорят","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"обыкновенно","lemma":"обыкновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорят","gloss":"customarily"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on осадил","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of случаях","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорят","gloss":"occasions"},{"surface":"председатели","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of говорят","gloss":"presiding judges"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b12-c14-s36","source":"Да и зала была неспокойна.","translation":"Indeed, the courtroom too was uneasy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да и зала была неспокойна","title":"Additive «да и» + short adjective","body":"«Да и» is an additive connector — 'and besides, moreover'. «Неспокойна» is the short feminine predicative form of «неспокойный» (restless, uneasy), agreeing with «зала» (the hall/courtroom)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"зала","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of неспокойна","gloss":"the courtroom"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to неспокойна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"неспокойна","lemma":"неспокойный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing зала","gloss":"uneasy"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b12-c14-s37","source":"Публика шевелилась, даже восклицала в негодовании.","translation":"The public stirred, and even cried out in indignation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Публика шевелилась, даже восклицала в негодовании","title":"Imperfective of stirring activity","body":"«Шевелилась» («-ся», 'stirred, moved') and «восклицала» are imperfective past, viewing the public's agitation as an ongoing process. «В негодовании» (prepositional after «в») names the state of indignation it was in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Публика","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of шевелилась","gloss":"the public"},{"surface":"шевелилась","lemma":"шевелиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stirred"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies восклицала","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"восклицала","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with шевелилась","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking негодовании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"негодовании","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of восклицала","gloss":"indignation"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b12-c14-s38","source":"Фетюкович даже и не возражал, он взошел только, чтобы, приложив руку к сердцу, обиженным голосом проговорить несколько слов, полных достоинства.","translation":"Fetyukovich did not even reply; he rose only to say, with his hand laid on his heart, in an injured voice, a few words full of dignity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взошел только, чтобы, приложив руку к сердцу... проговорить","title":"Purpose «чтобы» framing a gerund","body":"«Чтобы» + infinitive «проговорить» states his purpose in rising, and nested inside is the perfective past gerund «приложив» ('having laid [his hand]') describing the attendant gesture. The gerund shares the subject of the main clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несколько слов, полных достоинства","title":"Genitive of quality «полных достоинства»","body":"«Полный» ('full of') governs the genitive: «полных достоинства» = 'full of dignity', agreeing with «слов» (genitive plural after «несколько»). The chain «несколько слов, полных...» shows the genitive doing double duty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возражал","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возражал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces даже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возражал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"возражал","lemma":"возражать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"replied"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"взошел","lemma":"взойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возражал","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взошел","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проговорить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"приложив","lemma":"приложить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорить","gloss":"placing"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of приложив","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сердцу","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приложив","gloss":"his heart"},{"surface":"обиженным","lemma":"обиженный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"injured"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорить","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"проговорить","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose complement of взошел","gloss":"to utter"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on слов","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of проговорить","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"полных","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"full of"},{"surface":"достоинства","lemma":"достоинство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of полных","gloss":"dignity"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b12-c14-s39","source":"Он слегка только и насмешливо опять коснулся «романов» и «психологии» и к слову ввернул в одном месте: «Юпитер, ты сердишься, стало быть, ты не прав», чем вызвал одобрительный и многочисленный смешок в публике, ибо Ипполит Кириллович уже совсем был не похож на Юпитера.","translation":"He merely touched again, lightly and mockingly, on the \"novels\" and the \"psychology,\" and at one point slipped in, by the way: \"Jupiter, you are angry, therefore you are in the wrong\" — which drew an approving and copious titter from the public, for Ippolit Kirillovich no longer bore the slightest resemblance to Jupiter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ввернул","title":"«ввернуть» — to slip in (a remark)","body":"«Ввернуть» literally 'to screw in', idiomatically 'to slip in / insert' a sly word or apt remark mid-flow. «К слову ... ввернул» = 'slipped in, by the way' — capturing Fetyukovich's deft, casual barb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем вызвал... смешок","title":"Connective relative «чем»","body":"«Чем» here is the instrumental of «что» used as a connective relative referring to the whole preceding clause — 'by which / whereby he provoked'. «Вызвать» (perfective) governs the accusative «смешок»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of коснулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"слегка","lemma":"слегка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies коснулся","gloss":"lightly"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слегка","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"насмешливо","lemma":"насмешливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies коснулся","gloss":"mockingly"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies коснулся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"коснулся","lemma":"коснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"touched on"},{"surface":"романов","lemma":"роман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of коснулся","gloss":"the novels"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"психологии","lemma":"психология","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with романов","gloss":"the psychology"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom к слову","gloss":"by the"},{"surface":"слову","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom к слову","gloss":"way","note":"\"К слову\" is an idiom meaning \"by the way, incidentally.\""},{"surface":"ввернул","lemma":"ввернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with коснулся","gloss":"slipped in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies месте","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ввернул","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"Юпитер","lemma":"юпитер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address introducing the quotation","gloss":"Jupiter"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сердишься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сердишься","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause (in apposition to месте)","gloss":"are angry"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of idiom стало быть (therefore)","gloss":"it follows"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom стало быть (therefore)","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прав","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прав","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прав","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сердишься","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of вызвал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"вызвал","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сердишься","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"одобрительный","lemma":"одобрительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смешок","gloss":"approving"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"многочисленный","lemma":"многочисленный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with одобрительный","gloss":"copious"},{"surface":"смешок","lemma":"смешок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вызвал","gloss":"titter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking публике","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"публике","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смешок","gloss":"the public"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of похож","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of похож","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похож","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to похож","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies похож","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"похож","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"resembling"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Юпитера","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Юпитера","lemma":"юпитер","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похож","gloss":"Jupiter"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b12-c14-s40","source":"Затем на обвинение, что будто он разрешает молодому поколению убивать отцов, Фетюкович с глубоким достоинством заметил, что и возражать не станет.","translation":"Then, to the charge that he supposedly permits the younger generation to kill their fathers, Fetyukovich observed, with profound dignity, that he would not even reply to it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будто он разрешает молодому поколению убивать отцов","title":"Reported claim with «будто»","body":"«Будто» introduces a reported allegation the narrator marks as doubtful — 'as though, supposedly'. «Разрешать» governs the dative of the permitted person «молодому поколению» plus the infinitive «убивать» (imperfective: killing as a general practice)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и возражать не станет","title":"«не станет» refusing to act","body":"«Не станет возражать» = 'will not even reply' — «стать» as a future auxiliary of intent with the imperfective infinitive. The word order (object/adverb before «не станет») throws weight onto the refusal itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обвинение","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"the charge"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заметил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разрешает","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разрешает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"разрешает","lemma":"разрешать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заметил","gloss":"permits"},{"surface":"молодому","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies поколению","gloss":"the younger"},{"surface":"поколению","lemma":"поколение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of разрешает","gloss":"generation"},{"surface":"убивать","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of разрешает","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"отцов","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of убивать","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking достоинством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"глубоким","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies достоинством","gloss":"profound"},{"surface":"достоинством","lemma":"достоинство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"dignity"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"observed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of станет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возражать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"возражать","lemma":"возражать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of станет","gloss":"to reply"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies станет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"станет","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заметил","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b12-c14-s41","source":"Насчет же «Христова лжеподобия» и того, что он не удостоил назвать Христа богом, а назвал лишь «распятым человеколюбцем», что «противно-де православию и не могло быть высказано с трибуны истины и здравых понятий», — Фетюкович намекнул на «инсинуацию» и на то, что, собираясь сюда, он по крайней мере рассчитывал, что здешняя трибуна обеспечена от обвинений, «опасных для моей личности как гражданина и верноподданного…»","translation":"As for the \"false likeness of Christ\" and the fact that he had not deigned to call Christ God but had called Him merely a \"crucified lover of mankind\" — which was \"contrary, forsooth, to Orthodoxy and could not have been pronounced from the rostrum of truth and sound principles\" — Fetyukovich hinted at an \"insinuation\" and at the fact that, in coming here, he had at least counted on this rostrum being secure from accusations \"dangerous to my person as a citizen and a loyal subject…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что противно-де православию","title":"Reportative particle «-де»","body":"«-де» is a clitic reportative particle (kin to «дескать»), flagging the words as a quoted claim of others — 'contrary, forsooth, to Orthodoxy'. «Противно» governs the dative «православию» ('contrary TO Orthodoxy')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"собираясь сюда, он... рассчитывал","title":"Present gerund of attendant circumstance","body":"«Собираясь» is the imperfective present gerund of «собираться» ('preparing/intending [to come]'), simultaneous with the main verb «рассчитывал» ('he counted on'). It compresses 'as he was setting out to come here' into one word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лжеподобия","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Насчет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Христова","lemma":"христов","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лжеподобия","gloss":"Christ's"},{"surface":"лжеподобия","lemma":"лжеподобие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"false likeness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with лжеподобия","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of удостоил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удостоил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удостоил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"удостоил","lemma":"удостоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"deigned"},{"surface":"назвать","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of удостоил","gloss":"to call"},{"surface":"Христа","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of назвать","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"богом","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of назвать","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"назвал","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with удостоил","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies человеколюбцем","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"распятым","lemma":"распятый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеколюбцем","gloss":"crucified"},{"surface":"человеколюбцем","lemma":"человеколюбец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of назвал","gloss":"lover of mankind"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"противно","lemma":"противно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"contrary"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"particle marking reported speech, modifies противно","gloss":"forsooth","note":"Reportative particle flagging the words as someone else's claim, not the narrator's."},{"surface":"православию","lemma":"православие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of противно","gloss":"to Orthodoxy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of назвал","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of высказано","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"высказано","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трибуны","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"трибуны","lemma":"трибуна","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of высказано","gloss":"the rostrum"},{"surface":"истины","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies трибуны","gloss":"of truth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"здравых","lemma":"здравый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies понятий»,","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"понятий»,","lemma":"понятие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with истины","gloss":"principles"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of намекнул","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"намекнул","lemma":"намекнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hinted"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking инсинуацию","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"инсинуацию","lemma":"инсинуация","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of намекнул","gloss":"an insinuation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with инсинуацию","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассчитывал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"собираясь","lemma":"собираться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on рассчитывал","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies собираясь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассчитывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom по крайней мере (at least)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"рассчитывал","lemma":"рассчитывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on то","gloss":"counted on"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обеспечена","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"здешняя","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies трибуна","gloss":"this local"},{"surface":"трибуна","lemma":"трибуна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive обеспечена","gloss":"the rostrum"},{"surface":"обеспечена","lemma":"обеспечить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рассчитывал","gloss":"secured"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обвинений","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"обвинений","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of обеспечена","gloss":"accusations"},{"surface":"опасных","lemma":"опасный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies обвинений","gloss":"dangerous"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking личности","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of личности","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"личности","lemma":"личность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опасных","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking гражданина","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"гражданина","lemma":"гражданин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опасных","gloss":"a citizen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"верноподданного","lemma":"верноподданный","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with гражданина","gloss":"a loyal subject"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b12-c14-s42","source":"Но при этих словах председатель осадил и его, и Фетюкович, поклонясь, закончил свой ответ, провожаемый всеобщим одобрительным говором залы.","translation":"But at these words the presiding judge reined him in too, and Fetyukovich, with a bow, brought his reply to a close, accompanied by a general murmur of approval throughout the courtroom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Фетюкович, поклонясь, закончил свой ответ","title":"Perfective gerund «поклонясь»","body":"«Поклонясь» is a perfective past gerund of «поклониться» (to bow), here with the older -сь form; it names the completed accompanying act — 'with a bow / having bowed' — before the main perfective «закончил»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"провожаемый всеобщим одобрительным говором","title":"Present passive participle with instrumental agent","body":"«Провожаемый» is the rare present passive participle (-емый) of «провожать» (to see off, accompany), agreeing with «Фетюкович». Its agent «говором» stands in the instrumental — 'accompanied by a murmur'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of словах","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of осадил","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осадил","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"осадил","lemma":"осадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reined in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes его","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of осадил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закончил","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"поклонясь","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on закончил","gloss":"bowing"},{"surface":"закончил","lemma":"закончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with осадил","gloss":"brought to a close"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ответ","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of закончил","gloss":"reply"},{"surface":"провожаемый","lemma":"провожать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying ответ","gloss":"accompanied"},{"surface":"всеобщим","lemma":"всеобщий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies говором","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"одобрительным","lemma":"одобрительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies говором","gloss":"approving"},{"surface":"говором","lemma":"говор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of провожаемый","gloss":"murmur"},{"surface":"залы","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies говором","gloss":"of the courtroom"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b12-c14-s43","source":"Ипполит же Кириллович, по мнению наших дам, был «раздавлен навеки».","translation":"Ippolit Kirillovich, in the opinion of our ladies, was \"crushed forever.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по мнению наших дам, был «раздавлен навеки»","title":"Short passive participle «раздавлен»","body":"«Раздавлен» is the short past passive participle of «раздавить» (to crush, squash), with «был» forming the past passive — 'was crushed'. «По мнению наших дам» ('in the ladies' opinion') frames the verdict as their melodramatic exaggeration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive раздавлен","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ипполит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мнению","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мнению","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздавлен","gloss":"the opinion"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of дам","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies мнению","gloss":"of ladies"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of раздавлен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"раздавлен","lemma":"раздавить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crushed"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздавлен","gloss":"forever"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b12-c14-s44","source":"Затем предоставлено было слово самому подсудимому.","translation":"Then the floor was given to the accused himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"предоставлено было слово самому подсудимому","title":"Impersonal passive + dative recipient","body":"«Предоставлено было слово» is a periphrastic passive (neuter short participle «предоставлено» + «было») with the recipient in the dative — «самому подсудимому» ('to the accused himself'). «Слово» here means 'the floor, the right to speak'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предоставлено","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"предоставлено","lemma":"предоставить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was given"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of предоставлено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive предоставлено","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подсудимому","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"подсудимому","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of предоставлено","gloss":"the accused"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b12-c14-s45","source":"Митя встал, но сказал немного.","translation":"Mitya stood up, but said little.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митя встал, но сказал немного","title":"Two perfectives moving the narrative","body":"«Встал» and «сказал» are perfective past — two completed events advancing the scene one step at a time. «Митя» is the affectionate diminutive of «Дмитрий», the narrator's familiar, sympathetic name for the defendant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood up"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"little"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b12-c14-s46","source":"Он был страшно утомлен и телесно, и духовно.","translation":"He was terribly worn out, both in body and in spirit.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"страшно утомлен и телесно, и духовно","title":"Short passive participle + paired adverbs","body":"«Утомлён» is the short past passive participle of «утомить» (to exhaust), with «был» giving the state 'was worn out'. The correlative «и... и...» ('both... and...') links the adverbs «телесно» / «духовно» (in body / in spirit)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive утомлен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of утомлен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утомлен","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"утомлен","lemma":"утомить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"worn out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"телесно","lemma":"телесно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with утомлен","gloss":"in body"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"духовно","lemma":"духовно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with утомлен","gloss":"in spirit"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b12-c14-s47","source":"Вид независимости и силы, с которым он появился утром в залу, почти исчез.","translation":"The air of independence and strength with which he had appeared in the courtroom that morning had all but vanished.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вид... с которым он появился утром в залу, почти исчез","title":"Relative «с которым» (instrumental)","body":"«С которым» refers to «вид» (air, look) and takes the instrumental after «с» — 'the air WITH WHICH he had appeared'. The long relative clause is embedded between subject «вид» and verb «исчез» (perfective, 'vanished')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of исчез","gloss":"the air"},{"surface":"независимости","lemma":"независимость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Вид","gloss":"of independence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with независимости","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of появился","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of появился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"появился","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Вид","gloss":"had appeared"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of появился","gloss":"that morning"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of появился","gloss":"the courtroom"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исчез","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"исчез","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"vanished"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b12-c14-s48","source":"Он как будто что-то пережил в этот день на всю жизнь, научившее и вразумившее его чему-то очень важному, чего он прежде не понимал.","translation":"It was as though he had lived through something in that single day that would last him all his life, something that had taught him and brought home to him a matter of great importance which he had not understood before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто что-то пережил... научившее и вразумившее его","title":"Past active participles modifying «что-то»","body":"«Научившее» and «вразумившее» are past active participles (neut., agreeing with «что-то») used substantivally — 'something that had taught and enlightened him'. The indefinite «что-то» («-то» = specific but unnamed) keeps the experience mysterious."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чему-то очень важному, чего он прежде не понимал","title":"Genitive of negation with «не понимал»","body":"Under the negated «не понимал», the object shifts to genitive: «чего» (genitive of «что») — 'which he had not understood'. «Чему-то важному» before it is dative, governed by «вразумить» / 'enlighten as to'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пережил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of пережил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of пережил","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of phrase что (что-то = something)","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"пережил","lemma":"пережить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived through"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пережил","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пережил","gloss":"his life"},{"surface":"научившее","lemma":"научить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying что-то","gloss":"that taught"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вразумившее","lemma":"вразумить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with научившее","gloss":"brought home to"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вразумившее","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of вразумившее","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"part of phrase чему (чему-то = something)","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важному","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"важному","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чему-то","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying важному","gloss":"had understood"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b12-c14-s49","source":"Голос его ослабел, он уже не кричал, как давеча.","translation":"His voice had grown weak; he no longer shouted, as he had earlier.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он уже не кричал, как давеча","title":"Imperfective for prior habit","body":"«Кричал» is imperfective past — the repeated, characteristic shouting of before, now negated: 'he no longer shouted'. «Давеча» is a folksy adverb 'a while ago, earlier (today)', coloring the narrator's intimate voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ослабел","gloss":"his voice"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"possessive modifier of Голос","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ослабел","lemma":"ослабеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had grown weak"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричал (with не: 'no longer')","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кричал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ослабел","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison давеча","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of как, modifies кричал","gloss":"earlier"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b12-c14-s50","source":"В словах его послышалось что-то новое, смирившееся, побежденное и приникшее.","translation":"In his words there could be heard something new — humbled, vanquished, and bowed down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"послышалось что-то новое, смирившееся, побежденное и приникшее","title":"Participles as predicate epithets","body":"Three participles modify «что-то»: «смирившееся» (past active reflexive, 'that had grown humble'), «побеждённое» (past passive, 'vanquished'), and «приникшее» (past active, 'bowed down, drooping'). The pile-up renders the new note in Mitya's voice with lyrical density."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"В словах его послышалось","title":"Fronted locative + reflexive perfective","body":"The locative phrase «в словах его» is fronted as the topic, and «послышалось» («-ся», impersonal perfective, 'there could be heard') follows. This is the spare, evocative word order of literary description."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of послышалось","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"possessive modifier of словах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"послышалось","lemma":"послышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could be heard"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of послышалось, forms что-то with то","gloss":"something","note":"что-то is a compound indefinite pronoun, 'something.'"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"forms что-то together with что","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"новое","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"смирившееся","lemma":"смириться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with новое, modifies что-то","gloss":"humbled"},{"surface":"побежденное","lemma":"победить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with новое, modifies что-то","gloss":"vanquished"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приникшее","lemma":"приникнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with новое, modifies что-то","gloss":"bowed down"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b12-c14-s51","source":"«Что мне сказать, господа присяжные!","translation":"\"What am I to say, gentlemen of the jury!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что мне сказать","title":"Dative subject + infinitive of deliberation","body":"«Что мне сказать?» is the dative-experiencer construction with a deliberative infinitive — literally 'what is there for me to say?'. The dative «мне» marks the one faced with the impossible task; there is no nominative subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative logical subject of сказать","gloss":"am I to"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main predicate of the sentence (impersonal construction)","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, head of phrase with присяжные","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to господа","gloss":"of the jury"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b12-c14-s52","source":"Суд мой пришел, слышу десницу божию на себе.","translation":"My judgment has come; I feel the right hand of God upon me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"десницу божию","title":"«десница» — Church Slavonic 'right hand'","body":"«Десница» is the elevated Church-Slavonic word for the right hand, used almost only of God's hand of power and judgment. «Десница божия на себе» ('the right hand of God upon me') casts Mitya's reckoning in scriptural, providential terms."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Суд мой пришел","title":"Perfective «пришёл» of arrival","body":"«Пришёл» is the perfective past of the prefixed motion verb «прийти» (to come, arrive) — a completed event: 'my judgment has come'. «Суд» here is not the court but the divine judgment/reckoning that has now fallen upon him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"judgment"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Суд","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has come"},{"surface":"слышу","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"I feel"},{"surface":"десницу","lemma":"десница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of слышу","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"божию","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies десницу","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of слышу","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b12-c14-s53","source":"Конец беспутному человеку!","translation":"It is the end of a dissolute man!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беспутному человеку","title":"«беспутный» — dissolute, wayward","body":"«Беспутный» (from «без» + «путь», 'without a path') means dissolute, profligate, leading a wayward life. Mitya brands himself with this word and repeats its root («беспутен» in s56) — a key term of his self-judgment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun governing человеку","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"беспутному","lemma":"беспутный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"dissolute"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of Конец","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b12-c14-s54","source":"Но как богу исповедуясь, и вам говорю: „В крови отца моего — нет, не виновен!“","translation":"But, as though confessing to God, I say to you as well: \"Of my father's blood — no, I am not guilty!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как богу исповедуясь, и вам говорю","title":"Present gerund «исповедуясь»","body":"«Исповедуясь» is the imperfective present gerund of «исповедоваться» ('to confess', a reflexive, churchly verb), simultaneous with «говорю» — 'as if confessing to God, I say to you'. «Богу» is dative, the one confessed to."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"В крови отца моего — нет, не виновен","title":"Genitive «отца моего» + short adjective","body":"«Отца моего» is genitive of 'father' with possessive «моего» (note the inverted, weighty word order). «Виновен» is the short predicative form of «виновный» (guilty), the form used for legal guilt — 'I am not guilty'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of исповедуясь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of исповедуясь","gloss":"to God"},{"surface":"исповедуясь","lemma":"исповедоваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорю","gloss":"confessing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновен","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крови","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection preceding виновен","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виновен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the quoted clause, governs крови","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b12-c14-s55","source":"В последний раз повторяю: „Не я убил“.","translation":"For the last time I repeat: \"It was not I who killed him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не я убил","title":"Negated topic «не я»","body":"«Не я убил» negates the subject, not the verb — 'it was not I who killed'. Russian places «не» directly before the focused word «я», so the whole weight falls on disclaiming himself as the agent."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторяю","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я (negates the subject)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of повторяю","gloss":"killed him"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b12-c14-s56","source":"Беспутен был, но добро любил.","translation":"Dissolute I was, but I loved what is good.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Беспутен был, но добро любил","title":"Short adjective + dropped pronoun","body":"«Беспутен был» is a short predicative adjective with the pronoun «я» dropped (the verb and sense supply it), and the fronting of «беспутен» gives terse, confessional weight. «Добро любил» = 'I loved the good', with «добро» (the good, goodness) as object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Беспутен","lemma":"беспутный","morphology":"adjective, short form, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"dissolute"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (copula, subject я elided)","gloss":"I was"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"добро","lemma":"добро","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"I loved"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b12-c14-s57","source":"Каждый миг стремился исправиться, а жил дикому зверю подобен.","translation":"Every moment I strove to mend myself, yet I lived like a wild beast.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Каждый миг стремился исправиться, а жил дикому зверю подобен","title":"Contrastive «а» + dative of comparison","body":"The contrastive «а» pivots between aspiration and reality. «Подобен» (short adjective, 'like') governs the dative «дикому зверю» — 'like a wild beast'. Both verbs are imperfective past, framing a habitual struggle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of миг","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal modifier of стремился","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"стремился","lemma":"стремиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject я elided)","gloss":"I strove"},{"surface":"исправиться","lemma":"исправиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of стремился","gloss":"to mend myself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"жил","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стремился","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"дикому","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies зверю","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"зверю","lemma":"зверь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of подобен","gloss":"beast"},{"surface":"подобен","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of жил","gloss":"like"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b12-c14-s58","source":"Спасибо прокурору, многое мне обо мне сказал, чего и не знал я, но неправда, что убил отца, ошибся прокурор!","translation":"I thank the prosecutor; he told me much about myself that I had not known, but it is not true that I killed my father — the prosecutor is mistaken!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"многое мне обо мне сказал, чего и не знал я","title":"Genitive of negation «чего не знал»","body":"Under the negated «не знал», the object is genitive: «чего» (genitive of «что») — 'which I did not know'. Note also «обо мне» (prepositional after «о», 'about me') beside dative «мне», a deliberate echo: he told me about myself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ошибся прокурор","title":"Reflexive «ошибиться»","body":"«Ошибся» is the perfective past of «ошибиться» (to be mistaken), a verb existing only in the «-ся» form. The verb-first order «ошибся прокурор» throws the emphasis onto the act of error."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спасибо","lemma":"спасибо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thank you"},{"surface":"прокурору","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Спасибо","gloss":"to the prosecutor"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многий","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, subject elided (прокурор)","gloss":"he told"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"that which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying многое","gloss":"I had known"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"неправда","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"it is not true"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of неправда","gloss":"I killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ошибся","lemma":"ошибиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"was wrong"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ошибся","gloss":"the prosecutor"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b12-c14-s59","source":"Спасибо и защитнику, плакал, его слушая, но неправда, что я убил отца, и предполагать не надо было!","translation":"I thank the defence too; I wept as I listened to him — but it is not true that I killed my father, and there was no call even to suppose it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"плакал, его слушая","title":"Present gerund «слушая»","body":"«Слушая» is the imperfective present gerund of «слушать» (to listen to), expressing simultaneity with «плакал» — 'I wept while listening to him'. The object «его» precedes the gerund, a natural Russian order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"предполагать не надо было","title":"Impersonal «не надо было» + infinitive","body":"«Не надо было» ('there was no need / one ought not') is an impersonal modal with the infinitive «предполагать» — 'there was no call even to suppose it'. The subjectless construction states the absence of any warrant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спасибо","lemma":"спасибо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thank you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"защитнику","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Спасибо","gloss":"to the defence"},{"surface":"плакал","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Спасибо (subject я elided)","gloss":"I wept"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слушая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"слушая","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on плакал","gloss":"listening to"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"неправда","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"it is not true"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of неправда","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"предполагать","lemma":"предполагать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to suppose"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the final clause","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b12-c14-s60","source":"А докторам не верьте, я в полном уме, только душе моей тяжело.","translation":"And do not believe the doctors; I am in my full senses, only my soul is heavy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"докторам не верьте","title":"Imperative with dative object","body":"«Не верьте» is the negated plural/polite imperative of «верить» (to believe, trust), which governs the dative — «докторам» ('the doctors'). 'Do not believe the doctors' — Mitya rejecting the medical experts who called him deranged."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только душе моей тяжело","title":"Dative subject of feeling","body":"«Душе моей тяжело» is the dative-experiencer pattern: the dative «душе моей» ('to my soul') with the impersonal predicate «тяжело» ('it is heavy/hard') — 'only my soul is heavy'. The construction places the burden on the soul itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"докторам","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of верьте","gloss":"the doctors"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верьте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верьте","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the clause, predicate уме","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"полном","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of я","gloss":"senses"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies душе","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of тяжело","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душе","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"тяжело","lemma":"тяжёлый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"is heavy"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b12-c14-s61","source":"Коли пощадите, коль отпустите — помолюсь за вас.","translation":"If you spare me, if you let me go — I will pray for you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Коли… коль","title":"«коли / коль» — folksy 'if'","body":"«коли» (and its clipped form «коль») is a colloquial, archaic-flavoured equivalent of «если» ('if'). Mitya's plea slips into this homely, almost peasant register — the same world the chapter title invokes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пощадите… отпустите… помолюсь","title":"Perfective futures of promise","body":"All three verbs are perfective: «пощадите» (spare) and «отпустите» (release) are perfective presents reading as future after «коль», and «помолюсь» means 'I will pray' — a single completed act. Perfective conjugation carries no auxiliary; the future sits in the ending."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"помолюсь","title":"Reflexive «-ся» in «молиться»","body":"«помолюсь» carries the clitic «-сь» (the post-vowel form of «-ся»): «молиться» (to pray) exists only as a reflexive verb, like «бояться» and «смеяться». The «-ся» here is lexical, not a true reflexive meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of пощадите","gloss":"if","note":"Archaic/colloquial conditional conjunction, equivalent to если."},{"surface":"пощадите","lemma":"пощадить","morphology":"verb, non-past, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause introduced by Коли","gloss":"you spare me"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of отпустите","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"отпустите","lemma":"отпустить","morphology":"verb, non-past, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause introduced by коль","gloss":"you let me go"},{"surface":"помолюсь","lemma":"помолиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main clause verb, apodosis of the conditional","gloss":"I will pray"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of помолюсь","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b12-c14-s62","source":"Лучшим стану, слово даю, перед богом его даю.","translation":"I will become a better man, I give my word, I give it before God.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лучшим стану","title":"Instrumental after «стать»","body":"«стану» (I will become) takes its predicate in the instrumental: «лучшим» ('a better [man]') is instrumental, not nominative. After «стать» and «быть» the role one assumes is framed in the instrumental — the case of the temporary or assumed predicate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"перед богом","title":"«перед» + instrumental","body":"The preposition «перед» ('before, in the presence of') governs the instrumental: «богом». Mitya swears 'before God' — the case is fixed by the preposition, half of its meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лучшим","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стану","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"стану","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will become"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of даю","gloss":"my word"},{"surface":"даю","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стану","gloss":"I give"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"богом","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of second даю","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of second даю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"даю","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стану","gloss":"I give"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b12-c14-s63","source":"А коль осудите — сам сломаю над головой моей шпагу, а сломав, поцелую обломки!","translation":"And if you condemn me — I will break my own sword above my head, and having broken it, I will kiss the fragments!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а сломав, поцелую обломки","title":"Perfective gerund «сломав»","body":"«сломав» is a perfective past «деепричастие» ('having broken'): the suffix «-в» marks a prior completed action sharing the main subject, here followed by «поцелую» (I will kiss). It compresses 'after I have broken it' into one word — a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сломаю над головой моей шпагу","title":"Breaking the sword above one's head","body":"«шпага» is the light dueling/officer's sword. Ceremonially breaking a condemned officer's sword above his head was the ritual of military degradation — Mitya, a former officer, theatrically pledges to perform his own disgrace."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обломки","title":"«обломки» — broken fragments","body":"«обломки» (from «ломать», to break) are the shards or wreckage left after something snaps — the splintered pieces of the broken sword that he vows to kiss."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of осудите","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"осудите","lemma":"осудить","morphology":"verb, non-past, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause introduced by коль","gloss":"you condemn me"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular, emphatic","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying subject of сломаю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"сломаю","lemma":"сломать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main clause verb, apodosis of the conditional","gloss":"I will break"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking головой","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сломаю","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of головой","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"шпагу","lemma":"шпага","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сломаю","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сломав","lemma":"сломать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with сломаю","gloss":"having broken it"},{"surface":"поцелую","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сломаю","gloss":"I will kiss"},{"surface":"обломки","lemma":"обломок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of поцелую","gloss":"fragments"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b12-c14-s64","source":"Но пощадите, не лишите меня бога моего, знаю себя: возропщу!","translation":"But spare me, do not deprive me of my God; I know myself — I shall fall to murmuring against Him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не лишите меня бога моего","title":"Genitive of negation: «бога»","body":"«лишить» ('to deprive of') already governs the genitive, and under the negative imperative «не лишите» the object «бога моего» firmly stays genitive — 'do not deprive me of my God'. The genitive marks the thing withheld or absent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возропщу","title":"Perfective future «возропщу»","body":"«возропщу» is the perfective future of the bookish «возроптать» — 'I will break into murmuring/grumbling'. The «воз-» prefix and perfective aspect mark a single decisive lapse into complaint against God."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возропщу","title":"«возроптать» — to murmur against God","body":"A Church-Slavonic-flavoured, biblical verb: «роптать»/«возроптать» is the murmuring of the Israelites against God in the wilderness. Mitya's word reaches for Scripture — to lose his God would be to fall into impious complaint."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пощадите","lemma":"пощадить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spare me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лишите","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"лишите","lemma":"лишить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with пощадите","gloss":"deprive"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of лишите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"second object of лишите","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of бога","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to пощадите","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"возропщу","lemma":"возроптать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to знаю","gloss":"I shall murmur against Him"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b12-c14-s65","source":"Тяжело душе моей, господа… пощадите!»","translation":"My soul is heavy, gentlemen… spare me!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тяжело душе моей","title":"Dative-subject construction","body":"There is no nominative subject: «тяжело» is an impersonal predicate and «душе моей» ('to my soul') stands in the dative as the experiencer — 'it is heavy for my soul'. This dative-experiencer frame is the native shape of Dostoevsky's inner anguish."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"господа","title":"«господа» — gentlemen of the court","body":"«господа» is the plural of «господин», the standard formal 'gentlemen'. Addressing the courtroom, Mitya uses the deferential vocative-by-nominative typical of public 19th-century speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тяжело","lemma":"тяжёлый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, predicative","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"is heavy"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Тяжело","gloss":"my soul"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душе","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"пощадите","lemma":"пощадить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spare me"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b12-c14-s66","source":"Он почти упал на свое место, голос его пресекся, последнюю фразу он едва выговорил.","translation":"He all but collapsed onto his seat; his voice broke off, and the last phrase he scarcely got out at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти упал… пресекся… едва выговорил","title":"Chain of perfective past events","body":"Three perfectives in the past — «упал» (collapsed), «пресекся» (broke off), «выговорил» (got out) — move the moment forward event by event. Perfective past narrates discrete completed actions, against any imperfective background."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"голос его пресекся","title":"Middle «-ся» in «пресекся»","body":"«пресекся» (the voice 'broke off, gave out') uses «-ся» for an intransitive change of state: the voice failed of itself, with no external agent. This is the middle/inchoative use of the reflexive clitic, not a true reflexive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of упал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упал","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"упал","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"collapsed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of место","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of упал","gloss":"seat"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пресекся","gloss":"his voice"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"possessive modifier of голос","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пресекся","lemma":"пресечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with упал","gloss":"broke off"},{"surface":"последнюю","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фразу","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"фразу","lemma":"фраза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выговорил","gloss":"phrase"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"едва","lemma":"едва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выговорил","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"выговорил","lemma":"выговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with упал","gloss":"got out"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b12-c14-s67","source":"Затем суд приступил к постановке вопросов и начал спрашивать у сторон заключений.","translation":"Then the court proceeded to frame the questions and began asking the parties for their closing submissions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приступил к постановке… начал спрашивать","title":"«приступить к» + dative; phase verb + infinitive","body":"«приступить к» ('to set about, proceed to') governs the dative «постановке». Then «начал спрашивать» pairs the phase verb «начать» with an imperfective infinitive — phase verbs (begin, continue, finish) require the imperfective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приступил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приступил","gloss":"the court"},{"surface":"приступил","lemma":"приступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"proceeded"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постановке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"постановке","lemma":"постановка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приступил","gloss":"the framing"},{"surface":"вопросов","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies постановке","gloss":"of questions"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приступил","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"спрашивать","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторон","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"сторон","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of спрашивать","gloss":"the parties"},{"surface":"заключений","lemma":"заключение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of спрашивать","gloss":"for closing submissions"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b12-c14-s68","source":"Но не описываю подробности.","translation":"But I will not describe the details.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но не описываю подробности","title":"Imperfective present + dropped «я»","body":"«описываю» is imperfective present in the 1st person; the subject pronoun «я» is dropped because the ending already marks it. The narrator — Dostoevsky's chronicler voice — declines to dwell on procedure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies описываю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"описываю","lemma":"описывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will describe"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of описываю","gloss":"the details"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b12-c14-s69","source":"Наконец-то присяжные встали, чтоб удалиться для совещаний.","translation":"At last the jurors rose, to withdraw for their deliberations.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб удалиться для совещаний","title":"«чтоб(ы)» + infinitive of purpose","body":"«чтоб» (the clipped «чтобы») introduces a purpose clause; with a same-subject goal it takes the infinitive «удалиться» ('to withdraw') rather than a past-form clause. 'In order to withdraw for deliberations.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Наконец-то","title":"«-то» of relief","body":"The clitic «-то» on «наконец» ('at last') adds an emphatic, emotionally invested colouring — 'at long last', with a note of impatience finally satisfied. It marks the awaited event as the long-anticipated topic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встали, forms наконец-то with то","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"forms наконец-то together with Наконец","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"наконец-то is an emphatic compound: 'at long last.'"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of встали","gloss":"the jurors"},{"surface":"встали","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of удалиться","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"удалиться","lemma":"удалиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on встали","gloss":"withdraw"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking совещаний","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"совещаний","lemma":"совещание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of удалиться","gloss":"deliberations"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b12-c14-s70","source":"Председатель был очень утомлен, а потому и сказал им очень слабое напутственное слово: «Будьте-де беспристрастны, не внушайтесь красноречивыми словами защиты, но, однако же, взвесьте, вспомните, что на вас лежит великая обязанность», и проч., и проч.","translation":"The presiding judge was very tired, and so he gave them only a feeble parting word: \"Be impartial, forsooth, do not let yourselves be swayed by the eloquent words of the defence, but weigh it all, nonetheless, and remember that a great responsibility rests upon you,\" and so on, and so forth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Будьте-де","title":"The reportative particle «-де»","body":"«-де» is an archaic, colloquial hearsay particle meaning roughly 'so he said / supposedly', flagging the words as quoted at second hand. Our 'forsooth' renders its faintly ironic, distancing tone as the narrator paraphrases the judge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будьте… не внушайтесь… взвесьте, вспомните","title":"String of imperatives","body":"The charge to the jury is a chain of plural/polite imperatives in «-те»: «будьте» (be), «не внушайтесь» (don't be swayed), «взвесьте» (weigh), «вспомните» (remember). Aspect varies — imperfective «не внушайтесь» for an ongoing caution, perfective «взвесьте/вспомните» for the decisive acts demanded."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на вас лежит великая обязанность","title":"Idiom «на ком лежит обязанность»","body":"Literally 'a great duty lies upon you' — «на вас» here is «на» + the prepositional case (the stative 'rest/lie upon someone', лежать на ком-л.), not the accusative; «вас» is the syncretic acc./prep. form of «вы». With «лежит» it renders responsibility as a weight resting on a person. «обязанность» is the nominative subject; word order delays it for rhetorical weight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"напутственное слово","title":"«напутствие» — a parting word","body":"«напутственное слово» is the formal 'send-off' address — the words of guidance given to someone setting out (here, the jury going to deliberate). The root «путь» ('road') makes it literally a 'word for the road'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of утомлен","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to утомлен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утомлен","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"утомлен","lemma":"утомлённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"tired"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал, emphatic with потому","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with утомлен","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слабое","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"слабое","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"feeble"},{"surface":"напутственное","lemma":"напутственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"parting"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"Будьте","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause, copula for беспристрастны","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"reportative particle","role":"reportative particle attached to Будьте","gloss":"forsooth","note":"Archaic reportative particle marking indirectly quoted speech."},{"surface":"беспристрастны","lemma":"беспристрастный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate complement of Будьте","gloss":"impartial"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies внушайтесь","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"внушайтесь","lemma":"внушаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with беспристрастны","gloss":"be swayed"},{"surface":"красноречивыми","lemma":"красноречивый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies словами","gloss":"eloquent"},{"surface":"словами","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of внушайтесь","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"защиты","lemma":"защита","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies словами","gloss":"of the defence"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взвесьте","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"взвесьте","lemma":"взвесить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with вспомните","gloss":"weigh"},{"surface":"вспомните","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with беспристрастны","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лежит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of лежит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вспомните","gloss":"rests"},{"surface":"великая","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обязанность","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"обязанность","lemma":"обязанность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лежит","gloss":"responsibility"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"coordinated with лежит","gloss":"so on","note":"Abbreviation of прочее, 'and so on.'"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"repeats and coordinates with the first проч","gloss":"so forth"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b12-c14-s71","source":"Присяжные удалились, и наступил перерыв заседания.","translation":"The jury withdrew, and a recess in the session began.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"удалились, и наступил перерыв","title":"Two perfective events","body":"«удалились» (withdrew) and «наступил» (set in, began) are perfective pasts marking two successive completed events. «наступить» of a period or state means it 'comes on' or 'sets in' — here the recess begins."}],"words":[{"surface":"Присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of удалились","gloss":"the jury"},{"surface":"удалились","lemma":"удалиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"withdrew"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наступил","lemma":"наступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with удалились","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"перерыв","lemma":"перерыв","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наступил","gloss":"a recess"},{"surface":"заседания","lemma":"заседание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies перерыв","gloss":"of the session"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b12-c14-s72","source":"Можно было встать, пройтись, обменяться накопившимися впечатлениями, закусить в буфете.","translation":"One could get up, walk about, exchange the impressions that had piled up, take a bite to eat at the buffet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Можно было встать, пройтись…","title":"Impersonal «можно было» + infinitives","body":"«можно было» ('it was possible / one could') is an impersonal modal predicate with no nominative subject, governing a string of perfective infinitives: «встать, пройтись, обменяться, закусить». The impersonal frame leaves the doer indefinite — 'one could…'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"накопившимися впечатлениями","title":"Past active participle «накопившимися»","body":"«накопившимися» is a past active participle from «накопиться» ('to accumulate'), in the instrumental plural to agree with «впечатлениями». It packs a «который»-clause ('impressions that had piled up') into one modifier — bookish economy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"закусить в буфете","title":"«закусить» / «буфет»","body":"«закусить» is to have a quick bite or snack (related to «кусать», to bite); «буфет» is the refreshment counter or sideboard. Even a midnight murder trial has its lobby buffet."}],"words":[{"surface":"Можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"встать","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Можно","gloss":"get up"},{"surface":"пройтись","lemma":"пройтись","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with встать","gloss":"walk about"},{"surface":"обменяться","lemma":"обменяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with встать","gloss":"exchange"},{"surface":"накопившимися","lemma":"накопиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, plural, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies впечатлениями","gloss":"accumulated"},{"surface":"впечатлениями","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of обменяться","gloss":"impressions"},{"surface":"закусить","lemma":"закусить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with встать","gloss":"take a bite"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking буфете","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"буфете","lemma":"буфет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закусить","gloss":"the buffet"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b12-c14-s73","source":"Было очень поздно, уже около часу пополуночи, но никто не разъезжался.","translation":"It was very late, already about one o'clock past midnight, but no one was leaving.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"около часу пополуночи","title":"«пополуночи» and the partitive «часу»","body":"«пополуночи» is a bookish 'past midnight, a.m.' (cf. «пополудни», p.m.). «около часу» uses the old partitive/genitive «часу» after «около» — 'around one o'clock'. The forms are period-elevated."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто не разъезжался","title":"Negative concord + imperfective «-ся»","body":"«никто… не» is obligatory negative concord — the «ни»-pronoun still requires «не» on the verb. «разъезжался» is imperfective with «-ся» (everyone 'dispersing, driving off'): the imperfective stresses that the leaving simply was not happening."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to поздно","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поздно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"поздно","lemma":"поздно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часу","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часу","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"часу","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of Было","gloss":"one o'clock"},{"surface":"пополуночи","lemma":"пополуночи","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часу","gloss":"past midnight"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of разъезжался","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разъезжался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разъезжался","lemma":"разъезжаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Было","gloss":"was leaving"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b12-c14-s74","source":"Все были так напряжены и настроены, что было не до покоя.","translation":"Everyone was so strung up and on edge that there was no thought of rest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так напряжены и настроены, что","title":"Short participles + result clause","body":"«напряжены» and «настроены» are short-form passive participles ('strung up', 'keyed up'), predicative only and agreeing in number. Paired with «так… что», they set up a degree-result clause: 'so tense that…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"было не до покоя","title":"Idiom «не до» + genitive","body":"«не до покоя» is the set construction «не до» + genitive — 'there was no thought of rest', 'no one was in any state for calm'. It conveys that one cannot spare attention for the named thing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of напряжены","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of напряжены","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напряжены","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"напряжены","lemma":"напрячь","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"strung up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"настроены","lemma":"настроить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with напряжены","gloss":"on edge"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, predicate не до покоя","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies до покоя","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking покоя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"покоя","lemma":"покой","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of было","gloss":"rest"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b12-c14-s75","source":"Все ждали, замирая сердцем, хотя, впрочем, и не все замирали сердцем.","translation":"Everyone waited with sinking heart — though not everyone's heart, it must be said, was sinking.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"замирая сердцем","title":"Imperfective gerund «замирая»","body":"«замирая» is a present (imperfective) «деепричастие» from «замирать» ('to grow faint, freeze') — 'with sinking heart', a simultaneous attendant circumstance to «ждали». «сердцем» is instrumental of respect ('faint as to the heart')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя, впрочем, и не все замирали","title":"Concessive «хотя» with corrective «впрочем»","body":"«хотя» ('although') opens a concession; «впрочем» ('though, then again') softens it into an afterthought. The narrator wryly qualifies his own sweeping 'everyone' — a characteristic turn of the chronicler's voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ждали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"ждали","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"замирая","lemma":"замирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ждали","gloss":"sinking"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of замирая","gloss":"with heart"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of замирали","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies the хотя-clause","gloss":"it must be said"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies не все","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies все","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of замирали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"замирали","lemma":"замирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the хотя-clause","gloss":"sank"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of замирали","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b12-c14-s76","source":"Дамы были лишь в истерическом нетерпении, но сердцами были спокойны: «Оправдание-де неминуемое».","translation":"The ladies were merely in a state of hysterical impatience, but in their hearts they were at ease: \"An acquittal, forsooth, is inevitable.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сердцами были спокойны","title":"Short adjective «спокойны» + instrumental","body":"«спокойны» is a short-form adjective, predicate only, plural agreeing with «дамы» — 'were at ease'. «сердцами» is instrumental of respect ('calm in their hearts'). The short form lends a fixed, summary quality."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Оправдание-де неминуемое","title":"«-де» + «неминуемое»","body":"Again the hearsay particle «-де» frames the ladies' confident verdict as a quoted commonplace. «неминуемый» means 'unavoidable, certain to come' (root «миновать», to pass by) — for them an acquittal cannot be escaped."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of нетерпении","gloss":"the ladies"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нетерпении","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нетерпении","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нетерпении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"истерическом","lemma":"истерический","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нетерпении","gloss":"hysterical"},{"surface":"нетерпении","lemma":"нетерпение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"impatience"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сердцами","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"complement of спокойны","gloss":"in heart"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to спокойны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"спокойны","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"coordinated with нетерпении","gloss":"at ease"},{"surface":"Оправдание","lemma":"оправдание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неминуемое","gloss":"an acquittal"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"reportative particle","role":"reportative particle in the quoted clause","gloss":"forsooth","note":"Archaic reportative particle marking indirectly quoted speech."},{"surface":"неминуемое","lemma":"неминуемый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of Оправдание","gloss":"inevitable"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b12-c14-s77","source":"Все они готовились к эффектной минуте общего энтузиазма.","translation":"They were all preparing themselves for the dramatic moment of general enthusiasm.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"готовились к… минуте","title":"Imperfective «-ся» + «к» + dative","body":"«готовились» is imperfective reflexive ('were preparing themselves'), the «-ся» making the verb intransitive/middle. «к эффектной минуте» shows «к» governing the dative — preparing 'toward' the moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of они","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of готовились","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"готовились","lemma":"готовиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were preparing"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуте","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"эффектной","lemma":"эффектный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуте","gloss":"dramatic"},{"surface":"минуте","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of готовились","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"общего","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies энтузиазма","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"энтузиазма","lemma":"энтузиазм","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of минуте","gloss":"of enthusiasm"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b12-c14-s78","source":"Признаюсь, и в мужской половине залы было чрезвычайно много убежденных в неминуемом оправдании.","translation":"I confess that on the men's side of the courtroom, too, there were a great many convinced of the inevitable acquittal.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"убежденных в неминуемом оправдании","title":"Substantivized participle + «в» + prepositional","body":"«убежденных» is a past passive participle used as a noun ('those convinced'), in the genitive plural after «много». «в… оправдании» shows «в» governing the prepositional to express the matter one is convinced 'of'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Признаюсь","title":"«признаюсь» — the chronicler's aside","body":"«признаюсь» ('I confess, I admit') is the reflexive present of «признаться». This first-person interjection is the signature of Dostoevsky's intrusive narrator, stepping forward to confide in the reader."}],"words":[{"surface":"Признаюсь","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I confess"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes мужской половине (\"too\")","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking половине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мужской","lemma":"мужской","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половине","gloss":"men's"},{"surface":"половине","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"half/side"},{"surface":"залы","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of половине","gloss":"of the hall"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"existential verb governing много","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"quantifies убежденных","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"убежденных","lemma":"убежденный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), genitive, plural","role":"genitive complement of много","gloss":"convinced people"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оправдании","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"неминуемом","lemma":"неминуемый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies оправдании","gloss":"inevitable"},{"surface":"оправдании","lemma":"оправдание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убежденных","gloss":"acquittal"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b12-c14-s79","source":"Иные радовались, другие же хмурились, а иные так просто повесили носы: не хотелось им оправдания!","translation":"Some rejoiced, others frowned, and some simply hung their heads: they did not want an acquittal!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иные… другие же… а иные","title":"«иные… другие… иные» with contrastive «а» and «же»","body":"The sentence balances three groups with «иные» ('some'), «другие» ('others') marked by the emphatic «же», and a third «иные» introduced by mild-contrastive «а». «а» and «же» are the untranslatable hinges that articulate the shifting reactions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хотелось им оправдания","title":"Dative subject + genitive of negation","body":"«не хотелось им» is an impersonal dative-experiencer construction ('they did not feel like…'), with «им» dative and the verb in neuter «-сь». The negated wished-for object «оправдания» drops to the genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"повесили носы","title":"Idiom «повесить нос»","body":"«повесить нос(ы)» literally 'to hang one's nose' is the set idiom for becoming downcast or crestfallen — to mope. Some in the crowd, perversely, were glum because they wanted a conviction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), nominative, plural","role":"subject of радовались","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"радовались","lemma":"радоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rejoiced"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), nominative, plural","role":"subject of хмурились","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes другие","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"хмурились","lemma":"хмуриться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with радовались","gloss":"frowned"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), nominative, plural","role":"subject of повесили","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просто","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повесили","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"повесили","lemma":"повесить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with радовались","gloss":"hung"},{"surface":"носы","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of повесили","gloss":"their heads","note":"Idiom \"повесить нос\" (\"hang one's nose\") means to look downcast, hence the translation \"hung their heads.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to повесили","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of хотелось","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"оправдания","lemma":"оправдание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хотелось","gloss":"an acquittal"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b12-c14-s80","source":"Сам Фетюкович был твердо уверен в успехе.","translation":"Fetyukovich himself was firmly assured of success.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сам Фетюкович был… уверен в успехе","title":"Intensifier «сам»; «уверен в» + prepositional","body":"«сам» ('himself, in person') intensifies the subject. «уверен» is a short-form adjective predicate, and «в успехе» shows «в» + prepositional for the matter one is sure 'of'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Фетюкович","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"Фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уверен","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уверен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверен","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"assured"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking успехе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"успехе","lemma":"успех","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уверен","gloss":"success"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b12-c14-s81","source":"Он был окружен, принимал поздравления, перед ним заискивали.","translation":"He was surrounded, he received congratulations, people fawned upon him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был окружен… перед ним заискивали","title":"Periphrastic passive + impersonal-plural","body":"«был окружен» is «быть» plus a short past passive participle — the periphrastic passive ('was surrounded'). «заискивали» is an agentless 3rd-plural ('people fawned'), Russian's way of saying 'one fawned' without naming a subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заискивали","title":"«заискивать» — to fawn, ingratiate","body":"«заискивать (перед кем)» is to curry favour, to fawn ingratiatingly before someone. The imperfective stresses the ongoing, repeated toadying of the crowd around the star lawyer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive окружен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of окружен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"окружен","lemma":"окружить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"surrounded"},{"surface":"принимал","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with окружен","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"поздравления","lemma":"поздравление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of принимал","gloss":"congratulations"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заискивали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"заискивали","lemma":"заискивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with окружен","gloss":"fawned"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b12-c14-s82","source":"— Есть, — сказал он в одной группе, как передавали потом, — есть эти невидимые нити, связующие защитника с присяжными.","translation":"\"There exist,\" he said in one group, as was reported afterward, \"there exist those invisible threads that bind the defence counsel to the jurors.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как передавали потом","title":"Impersonal-plural «передавали»","body":"«передавали» (3rd-plural, no subject) means 'as was reported / as people related afterward'. This subjectless plural lets the chronicler attribute the quotation to common report without a named source."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"связующие защитника с присяжными","title":"Bookish participle «связующие»","body":"«связующие» is an elevated present active participle ('binding, connecting'), an archaic Church-Slavonic-flavoured variant of «связывающие». It agrees with «нити» and governs «защитника… с присяжными» — the threads binding counsel to jurors."}],"words":[{"surface":"Есть,","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, existential, invariant","role":"existential verb, coordinated with second есть","gloss":"there exist"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quote","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking группе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies группе","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"группе","lemma":"группа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"group"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of передавали","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"передавали","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказал","gloss":"was reported"},{"surface":"потом,","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передавали","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, existential, invariant","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with the first Есть","gloss":"there exist"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of нити","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"невидимые","lemma":"невидимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies нити","gloss":"invisible"},{"surface":"нити","lemma":"нить","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"threads"},{"surface":"связующие","lemma":"связующий","morphology":"adjectival participle, present active, nominative, plural","role":"clause modifying нити","gloss":"binding"},{"surface":"защитника","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of связующие","gloss":"the defense counsel"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking присяжными","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"присяжными","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of связующие","gloss":"the jurors"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b12-c14-s83","source":"Они завязываются и предчувствуются еще во время речи.","translation":"They form and are felt in advance, even during the speech itself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"завязываются и предчувствуются","title":"Two «-ся» verbs: middle and passive","body":"«завязываются» ('form, are tied') is middle-intransitive «-ся»; «предчувствуются» ('are sensed in advance') is an imperfective passive «-ся» — the threads are felt by someone unnamed. Both show the range of the reflexive clitic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of завязываются","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"завязываются","lemma":"завязываться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"предчувствуются","lemma":"предчувствоваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with завязываются","gloss":"are felt beforehand"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition во время, marking время","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase во время","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of время","gloss":"the speech"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b12-c14-s84","source":"Я ощутил их, они существуют.","translation":"I sensed them; they exist.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ощутил их, они существуют","title":"Perfective vs imperfective in two clauses","body":"«ощутил» is perfective past — a single completed act of sensing them. «существуют» is imperfective present — a standing, ongoing fact ('they exist'). The aspect shift moves from event to enduring truth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ощутил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ощутил","lemma":"ощутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sensed"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ощутил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of существуют","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"существуют","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ощутил","gloss":"exist"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b12-c14-s85","source":"Дело наше, будьте спокойны.","translation":"Our case is won — rest easy.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дело наше, будьте спокойны","title":"Zero copula + reassuring imperative","body":"«Дело наше» has no verb — the present 'is' is a zero copula, leaving two nominatives ('our case [is] ours/won'). «будьте спокойны» is a polite imperative with the short adjective «спокойны»: 'rest easy'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of Дело","gloss":"is ours"},{"surface":"будьте","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to спокойны","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"спокойны","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate adjective with будьте","gloss":"calm"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b12-c14-s86","source":"— А вот что-то наши мужички теперь скажут? — проговорил один нахмуренный, толстый и рябой господин, подгородный помещик, подходя к одной группе разговаривавших господ.","translation":"\"Well, and what will our peasants say now, I wonder?\" said a scowling, stout, pockmarked gentleman, a landowner from just outside town, coming up to one group of gentlemen in conversation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то наши мужички теперь скажут","title":"Indefinite «что-то» as 'I wonder what'","body":"Here «что-то» is the interrogative «что» softened by «-то» into a musing 'what, I wonder' — not the indefinite pronoun 'something'. «скажут» is perfective future: 'what will our peasants say?'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подходя к одной группе","title":"Imperfective gerund «подходя»","body":"«подходя» is a present «деепричастие» from the prefixed motion verb «подходить» ('to approach') — 'coming up to', a simultaneous action framing «проговорил». «к группе» takes the dative after «к»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подгородный помещик","title":"«подгородный помещик» — a suburban landowner","body":"«помещик» is a landed gentry proprietor (an estate-owner); «подгородный» means 'just outside town, suburban'. He belongs to the provincial gentry whose chatter fills the recess."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рябой","title":"«рябой» — pockmarked","body":"«рябой» means pitted or marked, usually pockmarked (from smallpox scars) — a common 19th-century physical descriptor. Dostoevsky stacks «нахмуренный, толстый и рябой» for a vivid, unflattering thumbnail."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes что-то","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of что-то (indefinite pronoun), object of скажут","gloss":"something","note":"Спacy split the indefinite pronoun что-то into two tokens, что (w3) and то (w4); together they mean \"something.\""},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches to что forming что-то","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мужички","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"мужички","lemma":"мужичок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of скажут","gloss":"peasants"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажут","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"скажут?","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies господин","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"нахмуренный","lemma":"нахмуренный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies господин","gloss":"scowling"},{"surface":"толстый","lemma":"толстый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with нахмуренный","gloss":"stout"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рябой","lemma":"рябой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with нахмуренный","gloss":"pockmarked"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"подгородный","lemma":"подгородный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies помещик","gloss":"suburban"},{"surface":"помещик","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господин","gloss":"landowner"},{"surface":"подходя","lemma":"подходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"coming up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking группе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies группе","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"группе","lemma":"группа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подходя","gloss":"group"},{"surface":"разговаривавших","lemma":"разговаривать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies господ","gloss":"conversing"},{"surface":"господ","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies группе","gloss":"gentlemen"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b12-c14-s87","source":"— Да ведь не одни мужички.","translation":"\"It's not only peasants, though.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь не одни мужички","title":"Particles «да» and «ведь»","body":"«да» here is not 'yes' but a softening conversational opener ('well, but'); «ведь» appeals to shared knowledge ('after all, you know'). Together they make a mild, knowing correction — the very texture of spoken Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the whole clause","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одни","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мужички","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мужички","lemma":"мужичок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of the (elided) clause","gloss":"peasants"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b12-c14-s88","source":"Там четыре чиновника.","translation":"There are four officials among them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"четыре чиновника","title":"Genitive singular after «четыре»","body":"After the numeral «четыре», the counted noun takes the genitive singular: «чиновника». Numerals 2–4 govern the genitive singular, where 5 and up would take the genitive plural («пять чиновников»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies чиновника","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"чиновника","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject complement, quantified by четыре","gloss":"officials"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b12-c14-s89","source":"— Да, вот чиновники, — проговорил, подходя, член земской управы.","translation":"\"Yes, those officials,\" said a member of the rural council, coming up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"проговорил, подходя","title":"Gerund «подходя» again","body":"Once more an imperfective «деепричастие», «подходя» ('coming up'), frames the act of speaking — a small recurring stage-direction as new speakers join each group."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чиновники","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"чиновники,","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun (elided есть)","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"подходя","lemma":"подходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"coming up"},{"surface":"член","lemma":"член","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"a member"},{"surface":"земской","lemma":"земский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies управы","gloss":"zemstvo"},{"surface":"управы","lemma":"управа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies член","gloss":"council"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b12-c14-s90","source":"— А вы Назарьева-то, Прохора Ивановича, знаете, вот этот купец-то с медалью, присяжный-то?","translation":"\"And do you know that Nazaryev fellow, Prokhor Ivanovich — that merchant there with the medal, the one on the jury?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Назарьева-то… купец-то… присяжный-то","title":"Topic-marking clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» here is the emphatic topic-marker, not the indefinite particle: it flags each noun as the known thing under discussion ('that Nazaryev fellow, you know'). Its threefold repetition gives the speech its insistent, gossipy rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Назарьева, Прохора Ивановича, знаете","title":"Animate accusative = genitive","body":"«Назарьева» and «Прохора Ивановича» are animate masculine objects of «знаете», so their accusative borrows the genitive ending «-а». The name-plus-patronymic «Прохор Иванович» is the respectful mode of address."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Назарьева","lemma":"Назарьев","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"Nazaryev"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle following Назарьева","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"Colloquial -то attached to a noun for emphasis; not separately translatable."},{"surface":"Прохора","lemma":"Прохор","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Назарьева","gloss":"Prokhor"},{"surface":"Ивановича","lemma":"Иванович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Прохора","gloss":"Ivanovich"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этот","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of купец","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"купец","lemma":"купец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Назарьева","gloss":"merchant"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle following купец","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking медалью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"медалью","lemma":"медаль","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies купец","gloss":"a medal"},{"surface":"присяжный","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to купец","gloss":"juror"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle following присяжный","gloss":"(emphatic)"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b12-c14-s91","source":"— А что?","translation":"\"What of him?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"А что?","title":"«А что?» — 'What of it?'","body":"The bare «А что?» is an idiomatic conversational prompt — 'What about him? / What of it? / Why do you ask?' — inviting the interlocutor to go on. The opening «а» is the contrastive-shifting particle that hinges so much Russian dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b12-c14-s92","source":"— Ума палата.","translation":"\"A mind like a council chamber.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ума палата","title":"Idiom «ума палата»","body":"«Ума палата» literally 'a chamber-full of wit' is the set idiom for a very clever person — 'a wise head, a brilliant mind'. «палата» (chamber, hall) furnishes the image; our rendering 'a mind like a council chamber' keeps that flavour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of палата","gloss":"of mind"},{"surface":"палата","lemma":"палата","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"chamber","note":"\"Ума палата\" (lit. \"a chamber of mind\") is an idiom for someone very intelligent."}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b12-c14-s93","source":"— Да он всё молчит.","translation":"\"But he never says a word.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да он всё молчит","title":"Adverbial «всё» + imperfective","body":"«всё» here is not 'everything' but the adverb 'continually, all the time', intensifying the imperfective «молчит» ('keeps silent'). 'But he's forever silent / never says a word.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчит","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"молчит","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is silent"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b12-c14-s94","source":"— Молчит-то молчит, да ведь тем и лучше.","translation":"\"Says nothing, true enough — but that's all the better for it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Молчит-то молчит, да ведь тем и лучше","title":"Concessive verb-doubling «молчит-то молчит»","body":"Repeating the verb with «-то» between, «молчит-то молчит», is a concessive idiom: 'silent he may be, true — but…'. «да ведь» then turns the concession with the appealing particle «ведь», and «тем и лучше» means 'so much the better for it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молчит","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis (Молчит-то молчит)","gloss":"silent, yes"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle following Молчит","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"молчит","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is silent"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase тем","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate, coordinated with the first clause","gloss":"better"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b12-c14-s95","source":"Не то что петербургскому его учить, сам весь Петербург научит.","translation":"It's not for some Petersburg man to teach him; he could teach all Petersburg himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не то что петербургскому его учить","title":"Dative agent of the infinitive «учить»","body":"«петербургскому» (a Petersburg man) stands in the dative as the would-be agent of the infinitive «учить его» — 'it is not for a Petersburg man to teach him'. The dative-plus-infinitive frames who is (not) in a position to act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам весь Петербург научит","title":"Perfective future «научит» + intensive «сам»","body":"«научит» is the perfective future ('he will/could teach [thoroughly]'); «сам» intensifies the subject ('he himself'). The whole turn sets the silent local sage above the metropolitan experts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom не то что","gloss":"that","note":"\"Не то что\" is a set phrase meaning \"it's not that / far from.\""},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of петербургскому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"петербургскому","lemma":"петербургский","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of the infinitive учить","gloss":"a Petersburg man"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of учить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"учить","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive clause complement of то что","gloss":"to teach"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of научит (elided он)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Петербург","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Петербург","lemma":"Петербург","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of научит","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"научит","lemma":"научить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could teach"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b12-c14-s96","source":"Двенадцать человек детей, подумайте!","translation":"Twelve children — just think of it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Двенадцать человек детей","title":"Genitive plural after a high numeral; «человек»","body":"After «двенадцать», the count takes the genitive plural; the counting-word «человек» here keeps its special zero-ending genitive plural (not «людей») used after numerals. «детей» is the irregular genitive plural of «дети»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подумайте","title":"Imperative «подумайте» as appeal","body":"«подумайте» (perfective plural imperative, 'just think!') is used not as a literal command but as a rhetorical appeal to the listener — 'imagine that!'. The «-те» marks plural/polite address."}],"words":[{"surface":"Двенадцать","lemma":"двенадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies человек","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"subject, quantified by Двенадцать","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"подумайте","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"just think"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b12-c14-s97","source":"— Да помилуйте, неужто не оправдают? — кричал в другой группе один из молодых наших чиновников.","translation":"\"But have mercy, surely they won't fail to acquit him?\" cried one of our younger officials in another group.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужто не оправдают","title":"Doubt particle «неужто» + negated future","body":"«неужто» is a colloquial-archaic variant of «неужели» ('surely not? can it be that?'), expressing incredulous doubt. With the impersonal-plural future «не оправдают» ('they won't acquit') it means 'surely they won't fail to acquit?!'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Да помилуйте","title":"«помилуйте» — exclamation of protest","body":"«помилуйте» (lit. 'have mercy', perfective imperative of «помиловать») is bleached into an exclamation of remonstrance — 'come now! for goodness' sake!'. Its old religious force ('show mercy') survives faintly under the everyday protest."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"помилуйте","lemma":"помиловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have mercy"},{"surface":"неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оправдают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оправдают?","lemma":"оправдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"will acquit"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"quotative verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking группе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies группе","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"группе","lemma":"группа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кричал","gloss":"group"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричал","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чиновников","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"молодых","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies чиновников","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of чиновников","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"чиновников","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies один","gloss":"officials"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b12-c14-s98","source":"— Оправдают наверно, — послышался решительный голос.","translation":"\"They'll acquit him for certain,\" said a decisive voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Оправдают наверно","title":"Impersonal-plural «оправдают»","body":"«оправдают» is again the subjectless 3rd-plural perfective future — 'they'll acquit him', meaning 'the jury will'. Russian routinely leaves such generalized agents unnamed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"послышался решительный голос","title":"Inceptive «-ся» + delayed subject","body":"«послышался» ('was heard, came') uses «-ся» for a spontaneous emergence of sound. The subject «голос» follows the verb — a presentative word order that lets the new voice arrive as fresh information."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оправдают","lemma":"оправдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"will acquit"},{"surface":"наверно,","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Оправдают","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"послышался","lemma":"послышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"was heard"},{"surface":"решительный","lemma":"решительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голос","gloss":"decisive"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послышался","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b12-c14-s99","source":"— Стыдно, позорно было бы не оправдать! — восклицал чиновник.","translation":"\"It would be shameful, a disgrace, not to acquit him!\" exclaimed the official.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стыдно, позорно было бы не оправдать","title":"Conditional «было бы» + impersonal predicate","body":"«было бы» is the past-form-plus-«бы» conditional, here impersonal: 'it would be shameful'. The short predicatives «стыдно, позорно» take no subject, and the negated infinitive «не оправдать» is what would be shameful."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"predicate, coordinated with позорно","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"позорно","lemma":"позорно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"predicate, coordinated with Стыдно","gloss":"disgraceful"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking predicate to оправдать","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional mood","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оправдать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оправдать!","lemma":"оправдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive subject clause of Стыдно/позорно","gloss":"to acquit"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"quotative verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"чиновник","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"the official"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b12-c14-s100","source":"— Пусть он убил, но ведь отец и отец!","translation":"\"Grant that he killed him — but a father is a father, after all!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть он убил","title":"Concessive «пусть» — 'granted that'","body":"«пусть» normally forms a 3rd-person imperative ('let him…'), but here it is concessive — 'granted, suppose he did kill him'. The speaker concedes the deed only to argue past it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но ведь отец и отец","title":"«ведь» + emphatic repetition «отец и отец»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared feeling ('after all'), and the bare repetition «отец и отец» ('a father is a father') is an idiom of self-evident identity — no copula needed. The kinship is offered as moral mitigation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"killed him"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (elided copula), first of doubled отец","gloss":"a father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отец","gloss":"a father","note":"\"Отец и отец\" (\"a father is a father\") repeats the noun for rhetorical emphasis."}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b12-c14-s101","source":"И наконец, он был в таком исступлении…","translation":"And besides, he was in such a frenzy…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был в таком исступлении","title":"«в» + prepositional for a state","body":"«в таком исступлении» uses «в» + prepositional to express the state someone is in — 'in such a frenzy'. «такой» agrees with «исступлении» and intensifies it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступление","title":"«исступление» — frenzy, ecstasy of rage","body":"«исступление» is a key Dostoevskian word: a state of being beside oneself — frenzy, transport, delirium of passion. It is the very plea the defence builds on, that Mitya acted in an unhinged fury."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to исступлении","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of исступлении","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"исступлении","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"a frenzy"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b12-c14-s102","source":"Он действительно мог только махнуть пестом, и тот повалился.","translation":"He really may have done no more than swing the pestle, and the man dropped.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог только махнуть пестом, и тот повалился","title":"«махнуть» + instrumental; demonstrative «тот»","body":"«махнуть» ('to swing, give a wave') takes its object in the instrumental — «пестом», 'with the pestle', the instrument of motion. «тот» ('that one') then names the victim as the contrasting topic: 'and he (the other man) dropped'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пестом","title":"«пест» — the pestle","body":"«пест» is the brass pestle — the very weapon at the heart of the case, the object Mitya is accused of using to kill his father. Its casual mention here marks how the gossips have absorbed the trial's grim specifics."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies махнуть","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"махнуть","lemma":"махнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"swing"},{"surface":"пестом","lemma":"пест","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of махнуть","gloss":"the pestle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повалился","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"повалился","lemma":"повалиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"fell down"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b12-c14-s103","source":"Плохо только, что лакея тут притянули.","translation":"The one bad thing is that they dragged the lackey into it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что лакея тут притянули","title":"Animate accusative «лакея» + impersonal plural","body":"«лакея» is animate masculine accusative (= genitive ending «-я»), object of the subjectless 3rd-plural «притянули» ('they dragged in'). «притянуть» here means to drag someone needlessly into a matter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Плохо","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective (predicative), neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Плохо","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of притянули","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"лакея","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of притянули","gloss":"the lackey"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies притянули","gloss":"into it"},{"surface":"притянули","lemma":"притянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Плохо","gloss":"dragged"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b12-c14-s104","source":"Это просто смешной эпизод.","translation":"That is simply a ridiculous episode.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это просто смешной эпизод","title":"«это» + zero copula","body":"«Это… эпизод» links a demonstrative subject to a nominative predicate with no verb — the present-tense zero copula. «просто» ('simply, just') is the dismissive adverb flattening the matter to a mere comic interlude."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of эпизод","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смешной","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"смешной","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies эпизод","gloss":"ridiculous"},{"surface":"эпизод","lemma":"эпизод","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"episode"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b12-c14-s105","source":"Я бы на месте защитника так прямо и сказал: убил, но не виновен, вот и черт с вами!","translation":"In the defence counsel's place, I'd have said it straight out: he killed him, but he is not guilty — and the devil take you!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я бы… так прямо и сказал","title":"Conditional «бы» + emphatic «и»","body":"«Я бы… сказал» is the conditional ('I would have said'), «бы» joined to the past-form verb. «так прямо и» is an emphatic frame ('would have said it straight out, just like that'), the «и» underscoring the directness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на месте защитника","title":"«на месте» + genitive — 'in someone's place'","body":"«на месте защитника» ('in the defence counsel's place') uses «на месте» plus a genitive of the person — the idiom for 'if I were in his shoes'. It pairs naturally with the conditional «бы»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"черт с вами","title":"«черт с вами» — 'the devil take you'","body":"«черт с вами» is a dismissive set exclamation — 'to the devil with you / damn you all'. Coming after 'he's not guilty', it gives the imagined plea its reckless, contemptuous flourish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional mood of сказал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"the place"},{"surface":"защитника","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"the defense counsel's"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прямо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"straight out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes прямо","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have said"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сказал","gloss":"he killed him"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виновен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies черт","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies черт","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided verb (idiom черт с вами)","gloss":"the devil","note":"\"Черт с вами\" (\"the devil take you\" / \"never mind you\") is an idiomatic dismissive expression."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement in idiom черт с вами","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b12-c14-s106","source":"— Да он так и сделал, только «черт с вами» не сказал.","translation":"\"Well, that's just what he did, only he didn't say 'the devil take you.'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да он так и сделал","title":"«так и» — 'just so, exactly that'","body":"«так и сделал» means 'did exactly that, did just so' — the «так и» frame confirms the prior speaker's hypothetical was in fact realized. «да» again opens the reply with mild assent ('well, yes')."}],"words":[{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided verb (quoted phrase)","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement in idiom черт с вами","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сделал","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b12-c14-s107","source":"— Нет, Михаил Семеныч, почти что сказал, — подхватил третий голосок.","translation":"\"No, Mikhail Semyonych, he very nearly did say it,\" put in a third little voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"почти что сказал","title":"Hedge «почти что»","body":"«почти что» ('all but, very nearly') is a colloquial intensified hedge — stronger and chattier than plain «почти». 'He very nearly did say it.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Михаил Семеныч","title":"Contracted patronymic «Семеныч»","body":"«Семеныч» is the colloquial contraction of the patronymic «Семёнович». Name-plus-patronymic is the respectful familiar address; clipping it to «Семеныч» adds an easy, conversational warmth among the gentlemen."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голосок","title":"Diminutive «голосок»","body":"«голосок» is the diminutive of «голос» (voice) — a 'little voice', here colouring the third interjector as small, eager, or piping. The suffix «-ок» carries tone, not literal size."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Михаил","lemma":"Михаил","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"Семеныч","lemma":"Семёныч","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Михаил","gloss":"Semyonych"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom почти что","gloss":"almost","note":"\"Почти что\" is a colloquial intensified form of \"почти\" (\"almost\")."},{"surface":"сказал,","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"put in"},{"surface":"третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосок","gloss":"a third"},{"surface":"голосок","lemma":"голосок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"little voice"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b12-c14-s108","source":"— Помилуйте, господа, ведь оправдали же у нас великим постом актрису, которая законной жене своего любовника горло перерезала.","translation":"\"Have mercy, gentlemen — why, in Lent they acquitted that actress of ours who slit the throat of her lover's lawful wife.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оправдали же у нас… актрису","title":"Insistent «же» + impersonal plural","body":"«же» here insists and reminds ('why, after all they did acquit…'). «оправдали» is the subjectless 3rd-plural ('they acquitted'), and «у нас» means 'here among us, in our parts'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которая… горло перерезала","title":"Relative «которая»","body":"«которая» introduces a relative clause modifying «актрису», agreeing with it in gender/number (feminine singular) but taking nominative as the clause's own subject. «горло перерезала» — 'slit the throat', perfective past."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помилуйте","lemma":"помиловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have mercy"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оправдали","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"оправдали","lemma":"оправдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"acquitted"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оправдали","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of оправдали","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"великим","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies постом","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"постом","lemma":"пост","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оправдали","gloss":"Lent"},{"surface":"актрису","lemma":"актриса","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оправдали","gloss":"an actress"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of перерезала","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"законной","lemma":"законный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жене","gloss":"lawful"},{"surface":"жене","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of перерезала","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of любовника","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"любовника","lemma":"любовник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жене","gloss":"lover's"},{"surface":"горло","lemma":"горло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of перерезала","gloss":"throat"},{"surface":"перерезала","lemma":"перерезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on актрису","gloss":"cut"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b12-c14-s109","source":"— Да ведь не дорезала.","translation":"\"But she didn't finish cutting it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь не дорезала","title":"Prefix «до-» of completion","body":"«дорезать» adds the prefix «до-» ('to finish doing') to «резать»: «не дорезала» means 'didn't finish cutting (the throat)'. The «до-» marks the failure to carry the act through to its endpoint."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дорезала","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дорезала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дорезала","lemma":"дорезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finish cutting"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b12-c14-s110","source":"— Всё равно, всё равно, начала резать!","translation":"\"All the same, all the same — she'd begun to cut!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начала резать","title":"Phase verb «начала» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«начала резать» ('began to cut') pairs the perfective «начать» with the imperfective infinitive «резать» — phase verbs of beginning/continuing/finishing always take the imperfective."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Всё равно","title":"«всё равно» — 'all the same'","body":"«всё равно» is the fixed phrase 'it makes no difference, all the same'. Doubled for vehemence, it dismisses the objection: begun is as good as done."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всё равно","gloss":"all the same","note":"\"Всё равно\" is a set phrase meaning \"it makes no difference / all the same,\" repeated here for emphasis."},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase Всё","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the repeated idiom всё равно","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase всё","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"резать","lemma":"резать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начала","gloss":"to cut"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b12-c14-s111","source":"— А про детей-то как он? Великолепно!","translation":"\"And the bit about the children — how did he do it? Magnificent!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А про детей-то как он","title":"«про» + accusative; topic «-то»","body":"«про» ('about') governs the accusative «детей»; the «-то» marks 'the children' as the salient topic being recalled. The elliptical «как он» ('how [did] he [do it]') leans on context — admiring shorthand for Fetyukovich's set-piece on the children."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детей","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb","gloss":"the children"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle following детей","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the question, modifies он","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Великолепно","lemma":"великолепно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"magnificent"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b12-c14-s112","source":"— Великолепно.","translation":"\"Magnificent.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Великолепно","lemma":"великолепно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"magnificent"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b12-c14-s113","source":"— Ну, а про мистику-то, про мистику-то, а?","translation":"\"And what about the mysticism, the mysticism, eh?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"про мистику-то, про мистику-то, а","title":"Repetition + topic «-то» + tag «а»","body":"«про мистику» again uses «про» + accusative; doubling it with «-то» gives breathless eagerness, and the final «а?» is a tag inviting agreement ('eh?'). The whole line is pure excited gossip-rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker introducing the sentence","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мистику","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мистику","lemma":"мистика","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of про","gloss":"the mysticism"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on мистику","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мистику","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мистику","lemma":"мистика","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of про","gloss":"the mysticism"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on мистику","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"tag interjection seeking agreement","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b12-c14-s114","source":"— Да полноте вы о мистике, — вскричал еще кто-то, — вы вникните в Ипполита-то, в судьбу-то его отселева дня!","translation":"\"Oh, do leave off about the mysticism,\" cried someone else, \"think rather about Ippolit — about his fate from this day on!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да полноте вы о мистике","title":"«полноте» — 'enough! do leave off'","body":"«полноте» is a frozen plural imperative (from «полно», 'enough') meaning 'stop it, come now, leave off'. The added «вы» is reproachful emphasis, scolding the others off the topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы вникните в Ипполита-то","title":"Imperative «вникните» + «в» + accusative","body":"«вникните» ('go into, ponder deeply') is a perfective imperative; «в Ипполита» shows «в» + accusative (animate, = genitive ending). 'Think hard about Ippolit instead.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отселева","title":"Archaic «отселева» — 'from here/now on'","body":"«отселева» (also «отселе») is an archaic, folksy 'from here / from this point' — here temporal, 'from this day forward'. The old adverb gives the speaker's worry about Ippolit's future a quaint, heightened colour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle introducing полноте","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"полноте","lemma":"полно","morphology":"interjection, plural imperative","role":"main predicate, addressed to вы","gloss":"do leave off"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of полноте","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мистике","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мистике,","lemma":"мистика","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полноте","gloss":"the mysticism"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кто-то","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то,","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms кто-то with кто","gloss":"(indefinite suffix)"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вникните","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вникните","lemma":"вникнуть","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"think rather"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ипполита","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Ипполита","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вникните","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on Ипполита","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судьбу","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"судьбу","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вникните, coordinated with Ипполита","gloss":"the fate"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on судьбу","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies судьбу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"отселева","lemma":"отселева","morphology":"adverb","role":"quasi-prepositional adverb governing дня (genitive complement); together отселева дня modifies судьбу","gloss":"from this"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отселева","gloss":"day on","note":"отселева дня = 'from this day on', an archaic/dialectal phrase."}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b12-c14-s115","source":"Ведь ему завтрашний день его прокурорша за Митеньку глаза выцарапает.","translation":"Why, tomorrow his wife, the prosecutor's lady, will scratch his eyes out over Mitenka.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему завтрашний день… глаза выцарапает","title":"Dative possessor «ему» + accusative time","body":"«ему» is dative of the affected possessor — 'will scratch out his eyes' (lit. 'scratch out to him the eyes'). «завтрашний день» is an accusative of time ('tomorrow'), and «выцарапает» is perfective future."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прокурорша","title":"«прокурорша» — the prosecutor's wife","body":"The suffix «-ша» makes a feminine 'wife of' (or, in other words, a woman in the role): «прокурорша» is the prosecutor's lady. Colloquial and slightly dismissive, it suits the gossipy register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митеньку","title":"Affectionate diminutive «Митенька»","body":"«Митенька» is a tender diminutive of «Дмитрий» (Дмитрий → Митя → Митенька) — that the gossiping lady is imagined to dote on 'little Mitya' is the point of the joke. The «-енька» suffix drips affection."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выцарапает","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of выцарапает; dative of possession (whose eyes get scratched out)","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"завтрашний","lemma":"завтрашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"tomorrow's"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of time, modifies выцарапает","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies прокурорша","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"прокурорша","lemma":"прокурорша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выцарапает","gloss":"the prosecutor's wife"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митеньку","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"Митеньку","lemma":"Митенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of за","gloss":"Mitenka"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of выцарапает","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"выцарапает","lemma":"выцарапать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will scratch out"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b12-c14-s116","source":"— А она здесь?","translation":"\"Is she here?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А она здесь?","title":"Zero-copula question","body":"«А она здесь?» has no verb — present 'is' is unexpressed, leaving pronoun plus adverb ('And is she here?'). The opening «а» links it as a quick follow-up question."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of здесь","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b12-c14-s117","source":"— Чего здесь? Была бы здесь, здесь бы и выцарапала.","translation":"\"Here? If she were here, she'd have scratched them out here and now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Была бы здесь, здесь бы и выцарапала","title":"Counterfactual «бы» without «если»","body":"Both clauses use «бы» with a past-form verb for a counterfactual — and the 'if' clause «была бы здесь» drops «если» entirely (a common terse pattern): 'were she here, she'd have scratched them out right here'. The mobile «бы» leans on the fronted «здесь»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Чего здесь?","title":"Genitive «чего» as scornful 'here?!'","body":"«Чего здесь?» uses the genitive of «что» in a dismissive idiom — roughly 'here?! what do you mean here?' — brushing off the previous question with contempt. Colloquial «чего» for «что» is itself a register marker."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"elliptical exclamation questioning the previous remark","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"echoes здесь of the previous question","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"were she"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"marks conditional mood on Была","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of Была бы","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выцарапала","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"marks conditional mood on выцарапала","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выцарапала","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выцарапала","lemma":"выцарапать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"would have scratched them out"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b12-c14-s118","source":"Дома сидит, зубы болят. Хе-хе-хе!","translation":"She's sitting at home with a toothache. He-he-he!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дома сидит, зубы болят","title":"Two terse subjectless-feeling clauses","body":"«Дома сидит» drops the subject (she) — the ending and context carry it. «зубы болят» ('the teeth ache') states the ailment with the body part as grammatical subject, the idiomatic Russian way to say someone has a toothache."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидит","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she's sitting"},{"surface":"зубы","lemma":"зуб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of болят","gloss":"teeth"},{"surface":"болят","lemma":"болеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидит","gloss":"ache"},{"surface":"Хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with Хе","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with Хе","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b12-c14-s119","source":"— Хе-хе-хе!","translation":"\"He-he-he!\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with Хе","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with Хе","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b12-c14-s120","source":"В третьей группе.","translation":"In a third group.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В третьей группе","title":"«в» + prepositional, ordinal agreement","body":"«в третьей группе» ('in a third group') is «в» + prepositional for location; the ordinal «третьей» agrees with feminine «группе» in case and gender. This bare scene-heading hands the narration on to the next knot of talkers."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking группе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"третьей","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies группе","gloss":"a third"},{"surface":"группе","lemma":"группа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of В","gloss":"group"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b12-c14-s121","source":"— А ведь Митеньку-то, пожалуй, и оправдают.","translation":"— And after all, our Mitenka may just be acquitted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ведь","title":"The opening «А ведь»","body":"The clause is launched by two particles: contrastive «а» (a soft 'and yet') plus appealing «ведь» ('after all, you know'), inviting the listener to share an assumption. This little hinge is the texture of Dostoevsky's overheard crowd-talk."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митеньку-то","title":"Topic-marking clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «Митеньку» foregrounds him as the known topic ('as for Mitenka…'), not the indefinite «кто-то» sense. It throws the weight of the sentence forward onto «оправдают»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митеньку","title":"«Митенька», the tender diminutive of Dmitri","body":"«Митя» is the everyday short form of Дмитрий; the further «-енька» suffix in «Митенька» adds warmth and pity. From a knot of gossiping bystanders it sounds half-affectionate, half-condescending toward the accused."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оправдают","title":"Perfective future = a single outcome","body":"«Оправдают» (they will acquit) is a perfective verb conjugated like a present, which in Russian yields the simple future of one completed event. The 3rd-plural with no subject ('they') is the impersonal-passive 'he may be acquitted'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оправдают","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"Митеньку","lemma":"Митенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оправдают","gloss":"Mitenka"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on Митеньку","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оправдают","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оправдают","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"оправдают","lemma":"оправдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will acquit"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b12-c14-s122","source":"— Чего доброго, завтра весь «Столичный город» разнесет, десять дней пьянствовать будет.","translation":"— Most likely the whole \"Capital City\" will be in an uproar tomorrow, and he'll drink for ten days running.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Чего доброго","title":"«Чего доброго» — 'like as not'","body":"A fixed colloquial idiom, literally 'of what good', meaning 'quite possibly, I shouldn't wonder if'. It frames the following clause as an apprehensive guess."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разнесет","title":"«разнести» — to wreck / paint the town","body":"«Разнесёт» (perfective of «разносить») literally means 'to smash to pieces, scatter'; of a drunken spree it means to turn a place upside down. The «Столичный город» ('Capital City') is the name of a local tavern."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пьянствовать будет","title":"Compound imperfective future","body":"«Будет … пьянствовать» is the analytic future: conjugated «быть» plus the imperfective infinitive «пьянствовать» (to carouse), naming an ongoing, repeated action — fitting a ten-day binge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase чего доброго","gloss":"(fixed phrase)"},{"surface":"доброго","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"forms чего доброго, modifies the whole sentence","gloss":"most likely"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разнесет","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of город","gloss":"all of"},{"surface":"Столичный","lemma":"столичный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies город, part of the name","gloss":"Capital City"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разнесет","gloss":"(tavern name)"},{"surface":"разнесет","lemma":"разнести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be in an uproar"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies дней","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial genitive of duration, modifies пьянствовать будет","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"пьянствовать","lemma":"пьянствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with разнесет, main verb with будет","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary forming future tense of пьянствовать","gloss":"will"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b12-c14-s123","source":"— Эх ведь черт!","translation":"— Eh, the devil take it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Эх","title":"The interjection «эх»","body":"«Эх» is an expressive sigh of regret, resignation, or reckless feeling — untranslatable, somewhere between 'ah', 'eh', and 'oh well'. With «ведь черт!» it vents helpless exasperation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эх","lemma":"эх","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies черт","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamatory predicate","gloss":"the devil"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b12-c14-s124","source":"— Да черт-то черт, без черта не обошлось, где ж ему и быть, как не тут.","translation":"— Well, the devil's the devil; it didn't happen without the devil, and where else would he be if not here.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"черт-то черт","title":"Concessive «X-то X» pattern","body":"The frame «черт-то черт» ('the devil's the devil all right, but…') uses the topic clitic «-то» to concede a point before contradicting it. It is a lively spoken construction: 'granted he's the devil, still…'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"без черта не обошлось","title":"Reflexive «обойтись» + genitive after «без»","body":"«Не обошлось без черта» = 'it didn't come off without the devil', i.e. the devil had a hand in it. The reflexive «-ся» verb «обойтись» is impersonal here, and the preposition «без» governs the genitive «черта»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где ж ему и быть, как не тут","title":"Dative + infinitive rhetorical question","body":"«Где ж ему и быть» frames the question impersonally: the dative «ему» is the subject of the infinitive «быть» ('where is he to be?'). The particle «ж» (shortened «же») sharpens it, and «как не тут» answers it: 'where else but here?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of черт (equative clause)","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on the first черт","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominative, echoes subject","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черта","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"черта","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of без","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обошлось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обошлось","lemma":"обойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with черт","gloss":"didn't happen"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the rhetorical question, modifies быть","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of быть","gloss":"would he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the comparison clause","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b12-c14-s125","source":"— Господа, положим, красноречие. Но ведь нельзя же и отцам ломать головы безменами. Иначе до чего же дойдем?","translation":"— Gentlemen, granted it was eloquence. But you can't go cracking fathers' skulls open with steelyards. Otherwise where will we end up?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"положим","title":"«Положим» — concessive 'let's say'","body":"Literally a 1st-plural imperative 'let us suppose', «положим» works as a concessive particle: 'granted, suppose it was eloquence — but…'. It sets up the contrastive «но» that follows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нельзя же … ломать головы","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + dative experiencer","body":"«Нельзя … отцам ломать головы» is a subjectless modal: 'one mustn't crack fathers' skulls'. The dative «отцам» names those it concerns, and «нельзя» plus the imperfective infinitive «ломать» states a general prohibition. The particle «же» adds indignant emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до чего же дойдем","title":"Rhetorical perfective future","body":"«До чего дойдём?» ('what will we come to?') uses the perfective future «дойдём» of «дойти» (to reach an end-point) as an alarmed rhetorical question. The particle «же» again charges it with feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"положим","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"granted, let's say"},{"surface":"красноречие","lemma":"красноречие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of положим","gloss":"it was eloquence"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the impersonal clause","gloss":"you can't"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отцам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"отцам","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"logical subject of ломать, dependent on нельзя","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"ломать","lemma":"ломать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"go cracking"},{"surface":"головы","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of ломать","gloss":"skulls"},{"surface":"безменами","lemma":"безмен","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of ломать","gloss":"with steelyards"},{"surface":"Иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дойдем","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"дойдем","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will we end up"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b12-c14-s126","source":"— Колесница-то, колесница-то, помните?","translation":"— The chariot, the chariot — remember that?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Колесница-то, колесница-то","title":"Emphatic repetition with «-то»","body":"The doubled «колесница-то, колесница-то» with the topic clitic «-то» is excited spoken emphasis: 'the chariot, now — the chariot, remember?'. Russian foregrounds the known item rather than stressing with intonation alone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"колесница","title":"«Колесница» — a chariot, a lofty word","body":"«Колесница» is an elevated, even biblical word for a ceremonial chariot, opposed to the humble «телега» (peasant cart) in the next lines. The crowd mocks the defence lawyer's rhetoric for grandly turning a cart into a chariot."}],"words":[{"surface":"Колесница","lemma":"колесница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"the chariot"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on Колесница","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"колесница","lemma":"колесница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Колесница","gloss":"the chariot"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on the second колесница","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b12-c14-s127","source":"— Да, из телеги колесницу сделал.","translation":"— Yes, he turned a cart into a chariot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"телеги","title":"«Телега» — the plain peasant cart","body":"A «телега» is a rough four-wheeled work cart, the everyday vehicle of rural Russia. Set against «колесница», it makes the joke: the lawyer 'made a chariot out of a cart', dressing up squalid fact as grand drama."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking телеги","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"телеги","lemma":"телега","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of из","gloss":"a cart"},{"surface":"колесницу","lemma":"колесница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"a chariot"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he turned into"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b12-c14-s128","source":"— А завтра из колесницы телегу, «по мере надобности, всё по мере надобности».","translation":"— And tomorrow the chariot back into a cart, \"as the need requires, all of it as the need requires\".","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из колесницы телегу","title":"Ellipsis: «сделает» understood","body":"The verb «сделает» ('will make') is dropped and recovered from the previous line, leaving the bare contrast «из колесницы телегу» (out of a chariot, a cart). Such verb-gapping is natural in rapid spoken exchange."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по мере надобности","title":"«По мере надобности» — 'as need requires'","body":"A bureaucratic-bookish phrase, 'in proportion to the need', here quoted mockingly back at the lawyer. The crowd parrots his slippery, on-demand reasoning."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb (сделает)","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колесницы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"колесницы","lemma":"колесница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of из","gloss":"the chariot"},{"surface":"телегу","lemma":"телега","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of the elided verb","gloss":"a cart"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мере","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase по мере","gloss":"the measure"},{"surface":"надобности","lemma":"надобность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of по мере","gloss":"of need"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"appositive, restates the whole action","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мере","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase по мере","gloss":"the measure"},{"surface":"надобности","lemma":"надобность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of по мере","gloss":"of need","note":"«по мере надобности» = 'as the need requires', a bureaucratic set phrase quoted mockingly here."}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b12-c14-s129","source":"— Ловкий народ пошел. Правда-то есть у нас на Руси, господа, али нет ее вовсе?","translation":"— A crafty lot, this new breed. Is there any truth left among us here in Russia, gentlemen, or none at all?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ловкий народ пошел","title":"«Ловкий народ пошёл» — 'a slick breed nowadays'","body":"«Ловкий» means deft, cunning, slippery; «народ пошёл» ('the people that have come along') is a colloquial way of saying 'the sort you get these days'. The whole is a sour generalisation about a craftier modern world."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али","title":"«али» — folk variant of «или»","body":"«Али» is a colloquial, dialectal 'or', flavouring the speech as peasant and old-fashioned. «Правда-то есть … али нет ее вовсе?» — 'is there truth, or none at all?'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нет ее вовсе","title":"Genitive of negation with «нет»","body":"«Нет её вовсе» ('there is none of it at all') uses «нет» plus the genitive «её»: an absent thing in a negated existential takes the genitive, not the nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ловкий","lemma":"ловкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies народ","gloss":"crafty"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"a breed"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has come along"},{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on Правда","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"is there"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Руси","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Руси","lemma":"Русь","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the alternative clause","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause, coordinated with есть","gloss":"is there not"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive object of нет, refers to Правда","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b12-c14-s130","source":"Но зазвонил колокольчик.","translation":"But the bell rang.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но зазвонил колокольчик","title":"Inceptive prefix «за-»","body":"«Зазвонил» (perfective) carries the prefix «за-» marking the start of an action — 'the bell began to ring / rang out'. Russian packs 'started ringing' into one verb, and the verb-first order is dramatic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"колокольчик","title":"«колокольчик» — the little hand-bell","body":"The diminutive «-чик» on «колокол» (bell) gives «колокольчик», the small bell rung to call the court back to order. The suffix marks size, not affection here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зазвонил","lemma":"зазвонить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rang"},{"surface":"колокольчик","lemma":"колокольчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зазвонил","gloss":"the bell"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b12-c14-s131","source":"Присяжные совещались ровно час, ни больше, ни меньше.","translation":"The jury had deliberated for exactly an hour, no more, no less.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни больше, ни меньше","title":"Negative concord with «ни … ни»","body":"«Ни больше, ни мельше» ('neither more nor less') uses the intensifying «ни» twice for emphatic exactness. «ни» reinforces negation; here it underlines 'exactly an hour'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of совещались","gloss":"the jury"},{"surface":"совещались","lemma":"совещаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had deliberated"},{"surface":"ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies час","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration, modifies совещались","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with час","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"меньше","lemma":"меньше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with час","gloss":"less"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b12-c14-s132","source":"Глубокое молчание воцарилось, только что уселась снова публика.","translation":"A deep silence settled over the room the moment the spectators had taken their seats again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воцарилось","title":"«воцариться» — to reign / settle solemnly","body":"«Воцарилось» (reflexive «-ся», from «царь», tsar) literally means 'began to reign', used grandly of a silence taking hold. The royal metaphor lends the hush weight and ceremony."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что уселась снова публика","title":"«только что» + perfective past","body":"«Только что уселась» means 'had only just seated themselves'. The perfective past «уселась» (reflexive «усесться», to settle into a seat) marks a completed action, and the verb precedes its subject «публика» for narrative weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глубокое","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies молчание","gloss":"a deep"},{"surface":"молчание","lemma":"молчание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of воцарилось","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"воцарилось","lemma":"воцариться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"settled over the room"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только что, introduces the clause of уселась","gloss":"(that)"},{"surface":"уселась","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"had taken their seats"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уселась","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"публика","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of уселась","gloss":"the spectators"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b12-c14-s133","source":"Помню, как присяжные вступили в залу.","translation":"I remember how the jurors filed into the hall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как присяжные вступили в залу","title":"«как» as 'how / the way'","body":"Here «как» introduces not a comparison but the content of memory — 'I remember how the jurors filed in'. «вступили в залу» uses «в» + accusative for motion into the hall."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"залу","title":"«зала» — the older feminine 'hall'","body":"Dostoevsky uses the 19th-century feminine «зала» (declined «в залу») where modern Russian prefers the masculine «зал». The form dates and elevates the courtroom setting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I remember"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вступили","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of вступили","gloss":"the jurors"},{"surface":"вступили","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Помню","gloss":"filed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступили","gloss":"the hall"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b12-c14-s134","source":"Наконец-то!","translation":"At last!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Наконец-то!","title":"Emphatic «-то» on «наконец»","body":"«Наконец-то!» — 'at last!' — adds the emphatic clitic «-то» to «наконец» (finally), charging it with relief and impatience. The clitic intensifies an awaited, known outcome."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on Наконец","gloss":"(emphatic)"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b12-c14-s135","source":"Не привожу вопросов по пунктам, да я их и забыл.","translation":"I will not set down the questions point by point — I have forgotten them anyway.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не привожу вопросов","title":"Genitive of negation: «вопросов»","body":"Under the negated verb «не привожу» ('I do not cite'), the object shifts from accusative to the genitive plural «вопросов». Negation regularly pulls a direct object into the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да я их и забыл","title":"Additive «да … и»","body":"«Да я их и забыл» — 'and besides, I've forgotten them anyway'. Sentence-initial «да» here is the loose colloquial connective 'and / besides', and the particle «и» before the verb means 'even, anyway'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies привожу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"привожу","lemma":"приводить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will I set down"},{"surface":"вопросов","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of привожу (negated genitive)","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пунктам","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"пунктам","lemma":"пункт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of по","gloss":"by point"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and anyway"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of забыл","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with привожу","gloss":"have forgotten"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b12-c14-s136","source":"Я помню лишь ответ на первый и главный вопрос председателя, то есть «убил ли с целью грабежа преднамеренно?» (текста не помню).","translation":"I remember only the answer to the presiding judge's first and chief question, that is, \"did he kill with the deliberate aim of robbery?\" (I do not recall the exact wording).","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"убил ли с целью грабежа преднамеренно","title":"The particle «ли» frames the yes/no question","body":"The formal verdict question fronts the focused verb «убил» and follows it with the enclitic «ли» — the bookish way to pose 'did he kill…?'. This is the legal register, not casual question intonation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с целью грабежа","title":"Genitive of purpose: «грабежа»","body":"«С целью грабежа» = 'with the aim of robbery', where «грабежа» stands in the genitive as the thing aimed at ('the goal of robbery'). The phrase is set legal language."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ответ","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of помню","gloss":"the answer"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главный","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with первый","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"председателя","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"the presiding judge's"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"did he kill"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the yes/no question, modifies убил","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"целью","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"the aim"},{"surface":"грабежа","lemma":"грабёж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies целью","gloss":"of robbery"},{"surface":"преднамеренно","lemma":"преднамеренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"текста","lemma":"текст","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of помню (negated genitive)","gloss":"the exact wording"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I do not recall"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b12-c14-s137","source":"Всё замерло.","translation":"Everything froze.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё замерло","title":"Perfective «замереть» — froze in an instant","body":"«Замерло» (perfective, neuter past agreeing with «всё») captures a single completed snap into stillness — 'everything died / froze'. The terse two-word sentence enacts the held breath."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of замерло","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"замерло","lemma":"замереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"froze"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b12-c14-s138","source":"Старшина присяжных, именно тот чиновник, который был всех моложе, громко и ясно, при мертвенной тишине залы, провозгласил:","translation":"The foreman of the jury, the very official who was the youngest of them all, in the deathly stillness of the hall pronounced, loudly and clearly:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Старшина присяжных","title":"«Старшина присяжных» — jury foreman","body":"The «старшина» is the elected foreman or head; «старшина присяжных» is the foreman of the jury who announces the verdict. The word elsewhere names a village or military elder."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"который был всех моложе","title":"Comparative + genitive «всех»: the superlative","body":"«Всех моложе» ('younger than all') is the idiomatic Russian superlative built from the comparative «моложе» (from «молодой») plus genitive «всех» — 'the youngest of them all'. The «который» clause relativises «тот чиновник»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"при мертвенной тишине","title":"«при» + prepositional: 'amid'","body":"«При мертвенной тишине залы» means 'in / amid the deathly stillness of the hall'. The preposition «при» governs the prepositional case and sets a circumstantial backdrop. «мертвенная» (deathly, deathlike) is more literary than plain «мёртвая»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"провозгласил","title":"«провозгласить» — to proclaim solemnly","body":"«Провозгласил» is a weighty, ceremonial 'pronounced / proclaimed', far above plain «сказал». It lends the foreman's single word the gravity of a public declaration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старшина","lemma":"старшина","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of провозгласил","gloss":"the foreman"},{"surface":"присяжных","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Старшина","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of чиновник","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чиновник","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Старшина","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был...моложе","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to моложе","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"standard of comparison with моложе","gloss":"of them all"},{"surface":"моложе","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"relative clause on чиновник, predicate of был","gloss":"the youngest"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies провозгласил","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with громко, modifies провозгласил","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тишине","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"мертвенной","lemma":"мертвенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тишине","gloss":"deathly"},{"surface":"тишине","lemma":"тишина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of при","gloss":"stillness"},{"surface":"залы","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тишине","gloss":"of the hall"},{"surface":"провозгласил","lemma":"провозгласить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pronounced"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b12-c14-s139","source":"— Да, виновен!","translation":"— Yes, guilty!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"виновен","title":"Short-form adjective «виновен»","body":"«Виновен» ('guilty') is the predicative short form of «виновный», carrying only gender/number, never standing before a noun. The short form states a verdict-like absolute condition — exactly its legal force here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, main verdict","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b12-c14-s140","source":"И потом по всем пунктам пошло всё то же: виновен да виновен, и это без малейшего снисхождения!","translation":"And then on every point it went on just the same: guilty, and guilty again, and that without the slightest leniency!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пошло всё то же","title":"«пойти» = 'it went on / off'","body":"«Пошло» (perfective neuter past) here means 'it started up / kept going' rather than literal motion — 'on every point it went the same way'. «всё то же» = 'all the same thing'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"без малейшего снисхождения","title":"«без» + genitive superlative «малейшего»","body":"«Без малейшего снисхождения» = 'without the slightest leniency'. «без» governs the genitive, and «малейший» is the bookish suffixal superlative ('least, slightest') of «малый», agreeing with «снисхождения»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошло","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пунктам","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of пунктам","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"пунктам","lemma":"пункт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of по","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"пошло","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, neuter, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it went"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of то","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пошло","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate in apposition to то же, first repetition","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with виновен","gloss":"guilty again"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elided clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking снисхождения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"малейшего","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, superlative, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies снисхождения","gloss":"the slightest"},{"surface":"снисхождения","lemma":"снисхождение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of без","gloss":"leniency"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b12-c14-s141","source":"Этого уж никто не ожидал, в снисхождении-то по крайней мере почти все были уверены.","translation":"This no one had expected; nearly everyone, at least, had felt sure of leniency.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Этого уж никто не ожидал","title":"Genitive object «этого» under negation","body":"«Этого … не ожидал» ('no one expected this') puts the object in the genitive «этого» under the negated verb. The particle «уж» (worn-down «уже») adds resigned emphasis: 'this, now, nobody expected'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в снисхождении-то","title":"Topic clitic «-то» on the prepositional","body":"«В снисхождении-то» foregrounds 'leniency' as the known topic ('of leniency, at least, all were sure'). The clitic «-то» rides on the prepositional-case noun governed by «в»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ожидал (negated genitive)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ожидал","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ожидал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ожидал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ожидал","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had expected"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking снисхождении","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"снисхождении","lemma":"снисхождение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уверены","gloss":"leniency"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on снисхождении","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мере, forms по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"(fixed phrase)"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies все","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of уверены","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уверены","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"уверены","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"felt sure"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b12-c14-s142","source":"Мертвая тишина залы не прерывалась, буквально как бы все окаменели — и жаждавшие осуждения, и жаждавшие оправдания.","translation":"The deathly hush of the hall held unbroken—literally as if everyone had turned to stone — those who had craved a conviction and those who had craved an acquittal alike.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не прерывалась","title":"Imperfective reflexive «прерываться»","body":"«Не прерывалась» (imperfective, reflexive «-ся») gives the durative sense 'kept not being broken / held unbroken'. The «-ся» here is a middle/passive: the silence 'was not interrupted'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы все окаменели","title":"«как бы» + past: 'as if'","body":"«Как бы … окаменели» ('as if everyone had turned to stone') uses «как бы» with the past to mark a simile/seeming. «окаменели» (perfective, 'turned to stone') makes the petrifaction vivid and complete."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"жаждавшие осуждения, и жаждавшие оправдания","title":"Substantivised past active participle","body":"«Жаждавшие» is the past active participle of «жаждать» (to thirst, crave), used as a noun: 'those who had craved'. Each governs a genitive object («осуждения», «оправдания»), and the paired participles balance the two factions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мертвая","lemma":"мёртвый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тишина","gloss":"the deathly"},{"surface":"тишина","lemma":"тишина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прерывалась","gloss":"hush"},{"surface":"залы","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тишина","gloss":"of the hall"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прерывалась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прерывалась","lemma":"прерываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, feminine, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was broken"},{"surface":"буквально","lemma":"буквально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окаменели","gloss":"literally"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase как бы, introduces окаменели","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"(comparative)"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of окаменели","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"окаменели","lemma":"окаменеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прерывалась","gloss":"had turned to stone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"жаждавшие","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"in apposition to все, modifies осуждения","gloss":"those who had craved"},{"surface":"осуждения","lemma":"осуждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of жаждавшие","gloss":"a conviction"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жаждавшие","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the first жаждавшие","gloss":"those who had craved"},{"surface":"оправдания","lemma":"оправдание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of жаждавшие","gloss":"an acquittal"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b12-c14-s143","source":"Но это только в первые минуты.","translation":"But that lasted only the first few moments.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но это только в первые минуты","title":"Verbless 'to be' sentence","body":"There is no copula: 'but this [was] only in the first minutes'. Present-tense Russian omits 'to be', and here even the implied past «было» is left out for clipped speed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (было/lasted)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первые","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"moments"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b12-c14-s144","source":"Затем поднялся страшный хаос.","translation":"Then a fearful chaos broke loose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Затем поднялся страшный хаос","title":"Verb-subject inversion for narrative onset","body":"«Поднялся … хаос» places the perfective verb (reflexive «подняться», to rise up) before its subject, the new information «страшный хаос». This topic-comment order — adverb, verb, then the news — drives Russian narrative rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднялся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke loose"},{"surface":"страшный","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хаос","gloss":"a fearful"},{"surface":"хаос","lemma":"хаос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднялся","gloss":"chaos"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b12-c14-s145","source":"Из мужской публики много оказалось очень довольных.","translation":"Among the men in the audience a great many turned out to be very pleased.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"много оказалось очень довольных","title":"«много» + genitive plural","body":"«Много … довольных» ('many [of the] satisfied ones') takes the genitive plural after the quantifier «много». «довольных» is a substantivised adjective ('the pleased ones'), and «оказалось» (turned out) is impersonal neuter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking публики","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"мужской","lemma":"мужской","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies публики","gloss":"the men in"},{"surface":"публики","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Из","gloss":"the audience"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"subject-complement of оказалось","gloss":"a great many"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, neuter, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out to be"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies довольных","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"довольных","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"complement of оказалось","gloss":"pleased"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b12-c14-s146","source":"Иные так даже потирали руки, не скрывая своей радости.","translation":"Some even rubbed their hands, not hiding their delight.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не скрывая своей радости","title":"Present gerund «не скрывая»","body":"«Не скрывая» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») of «скрывать» — 'while not hiding', an attendant circumstance sharing the subject of «потирали». «своей радости» uses reflexive «свой» ('their own joy') and the genitive after the negated gerund."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"потирали руки","title":"«потирать руки» — to rub one's hands","body":"The idiom «потирать руки» means to rub the hands together in gleeful satisfaction. The imperfective «потирали» pictures the gesture as ongoing, gloating."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of потирали","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies даже потирали","gloss":"even so"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потирали","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"потирали","lemma":"потирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rubbed"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of потирали","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скрывая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скрывая","lemma":"скрывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on потирали","gloss":"hiding"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of радости","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скрывая","gloss":"delight"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b12-c14-s147","source":"Недовольные были как бы подавлены, пожимали плечами, шептались, но как будто всё еще не сообразившись.","translation":"The dissatisfied seemed crushed; they shrugged their shoulders and whispered, but as though they still had not taken it in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"были как бы подавлены","title":"Short passive participle «подавлены»","body":"«Подавлены» is the short-form past passive participle of «подавить» (to crush, suppress), forming a periphrastic passive with «были»: 'were as if crushed'. «как бы» softens it to 'seemed crushed'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не сообразившись","title":"Past gerund «не сообразившись»","body":"«Не сообразившись» is the perfective past gerund of reflexive «сообразиться» — 'not having grasped / taken it in'. «как будто всё ещё не сообразившись» = 'as though still not having quite figured it out'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Недовольные","lemma":"недовольный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive подавлены","gloss":"the dissatisfied"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of подавлены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies подавлены","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"подавлены","lemma":"подавить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crushed"},{"surface":"пожимали","lemma":"пожимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подавлены","gloss":"shrugged"},{"surface":"плечами","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of пожимали","gloss":"shoulders"},{"surface":"шептались","lemma":"шептаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подавлены","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase как будто, introduces the clause of сообразившись","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сообразившись","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообразившись","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сообразившись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сообразившись","lemma":"сообразиться","morphology":"verb, converb, past, reflexive, perfective","role":"converb modifying the clause, describes the same implied subject as подавлены","gloss":"having grasped it","note":"A perfective converb ('having realized'), agreeing in implied subject with the sentence's dissatisfied crowd, not with всё."}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b12-c14-s148","source":"Но, боже мой, что сталось с нашими дамами!","translation":"But, my God, what became of our ladies!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"боже мой","title":"«Боже мой!» — vocative exclamation","body":"«Боже» is the Church-Slavonic vocative of «Бог» (God), surviving in the fixed cry «боже мой!» ('my God!'). It survives only in such exclamations and prayer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что сталось с нашими дамами","title":"Reflexive «статься» — 'what became of'","body":"«Что сталось с …» ('what became of…') is a fixed reflexive idiom; «с нашими дамами» uses «с» + instrumental. The narrator's amused 'our ladies' is a running affectionate-ironic refrain in the trial chapters."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the vocative phrase боже мой","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies боже","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сталось","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"сталось","lemma":"статься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дамами","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нашими","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of дамами","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"дамами","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сталось","gloss":"ladies"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b12-c14-s149","source":"Я думал, что они сделают бунт.","translation":"I thought they would raise a riot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что они сделают бунт","title":"«что»-clause of expectation","body":"«Я думал, что они сделают бунт» — the subordinator «что» reports anticipated fact, with the perfective future «сделают» ('would make / raise'). The comma before «что» is obligatory in Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделают","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сделают","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"сделают","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думал","gloss":"would raise"},{"surface":"бунт","lemma":"бунт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сделают","gloss":"a riot"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b12-c14-s150","source":"Сначала они как бы не верили ушам своим.","translation":"At first they seemed not to believe their own ears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не верили ушам своим","title":"Dative object of «верить»","body":"«Верить» governs the dative: «не верили ушам своим» = 'did not believe their own ears'. «своим» is reflexive «свой» agreeing with the dative «ушам», and «как бы» frames it as a seeming."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верили","gloss":"At first"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of верили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies верили","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верили","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"ушам","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"indirect object of верили","gloss":"ears"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of ушам","gloss":"their own"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b12-c14-s151","source":"И вдруг, на всю залу, послышались восклицания: «Да что это такое? Это еще что такое?»","translation":"And suddenly, across the whole hall, exclamations rang out: \"Why, what is this? What on earth is this now?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на всю залу, послышались восклицания","title":"Reflexive «послышаться» + V-S order","body":"«Послышались восклицания» ('exclamations were heard') puts the reflexive perfective verb before its subject. «-ся» here gives a passive/middle sense ('became audible'), and «на всю залу» means 'across the whole hall'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да что это такое","title":"«Да … же» of indignation","body":"«Да что это такое?» and «Это ещё что такое?» are stock exclamations of outraged disbelief — 'why, what is this?!'. Sentence-initial «да» and «ещё» here carry feeling, not their literal 'yes' and 'still'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послышались","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of залу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послышались","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"послышались","lemma":"послышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"восклицания","lemma":"восклицание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of послышались","gloss":"exclamations"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the quoted exclamation","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase, with это as subject","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of что","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of что","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b12-c14-s152","source":"Они повскакали с мест своих.","translation":"They leapt up from their seats.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повскакали","title":"Distributive prefix «по-» on «вскакать»","body":"«Повскакали» stacks «по-» (distributive, 'one after another / all of them') onto «вскочить» (to leap up): 'they all jumped up'. «с мест своих» uses «с» + genitive ('up from their seats') and reflexive «свой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of повскакали","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"повскакали","lemma":"повскакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leapt up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мест","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"мест","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of повскакали","gloss":"seats"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies мест","gloss":"their own"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b12-c14-s153","source":"Им, верно, казалось, что всё это сейчас же можно опять переменить и переделать.","translation":"It seemed to them, no doubt, that all of it could be changed and redone again on the spot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Им … казалось, что","title":"Dative experiencer with «казаться»","body":"«Им … казалось» is an impersonal experiencer construction: the dative «им» names those to whom 'it seemed', with no nominative subject. «верно» here means 'no doubt, surely'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно опять переменить и переделать","title":"Impersonal «можно» + perfective infinitives","body":"«Можно … переменить и переделать» — 'it was possible to change and redo'. The modal «можно» governs the perfective infinitives, framing the ladies' naive belief that the verdict could be undone at a stroke."}],"words":[{"surface":"Им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of казалось","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies казалось","gloss":"no doubt"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of можно","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of казалось","gloss":"could be"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переменить","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"переменить","lemma":"переменить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"changed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"переделать","lemma":"переделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with переменить","gloss":"redone"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b12-c14-s154","source":"В это мгновение вдруг поднялся Митя и каким-то раздирающим воплем прокричал, простирая пред собой руки:","translation":"At that instant Mitya suddenly rose and, stretching his hands out before him, cried out in some heart-rending wail:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"простирая пред собой руки","title":"Present gerund «простирая» + archaic «пред»","body":"«Простирая … руки» is the imperfective gerund of «простирать» (to stretch out), a simultaneous action. «пред собой» uses the bookish, shortened «пред» (= «перед», before) plus instrumental of the reflexive «себя» — 'before himself'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каким-то раздирающим воплем","title":"Instrumental of manner + «-то»","body":"«Каким-то … воплем» is the instrumental of manner ('with some heart-rending wail'). «какой-то» ('some kind of') with the «-то» clitic marks the cry as strange and indefinable, and «раздирающий» is a present active participle ('tearing, rending') used as an adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновение","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднялся","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднялся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднялся","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of воплем","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of воплем","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"раздирающим","lemma":"раздирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies воплем","gloss":"heart-rending"},{"surface":"воплем","lemma":"вопль","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокричал","gloss":"wail"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднялся","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"простирая","lemma":"простирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прокричал","gloss":"stretching"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of простирая","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of простирая","gloss":"hands"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b12-c14-s155","source":"— Клянусь богом и Страшным судом его, в крови отца моего не виновен!","translation":"— I swear by God and by His dread Judgment, I am not guilty of my father's blood!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Клянусь богом","title":"Reflexive «клясться» + instrumental","body":"«Клянусь» (reflexive «клясться», to swear) takes the instrumental of what one swears by: «богом и Страшным судом его» — 'by God and by His dread Judgment'. The verb exists only in the «-ся» form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в крови отца моего не виновен","title":"«виновен в» + prepositional","body":"«Не виновен в крови» — 'not guilty of the blood' — uses the short adjective «виновен» with «в» + prepositional to name the charge. «отца моего» (genitive, 'of my father') and the postposed possessive «моего» give the cry a biblical cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"богом","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Клянусь","gloss":"by God"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Страшным","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies судом","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"судом","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with богом","gloss":"Judgment"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of судом","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновен","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крови","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виновен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"main predicate of the second clause","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b12-c14-s156","source":"Катя, прощаю тебе!","translation":"Katya, I forgive you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прощаю тебе","title":"Dative with «прощать»","body":"«Прощаю тебе» — 'I forgive you' — takes the dative «тебе» (to forgive is done 'to' someone). «Катя» is the tender short form of Екатерина (Katerina Ivanovna)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address to прощаю","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"прощаю","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I forgive"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of прощаю","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b12-c14-s157","source":"Братья, други, пощадите другую!","translation":"Brothers, friends, have mercy on the other one!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"други","title":"«други» — archaic plural of «друг»","body":"«Други» is the elevated, old-fashioned vocative-flavoured plural of «друг» (friend), where modern Russian says «друзья». It heightens Mitya's outcry into solemn, almost biblical address."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пощадите другую","title":"Imperative «пощадите» + accusative","body":"«Пощадите» is the perfective plural/polite imperative of «пощадить» (to spare, have mercy on), with accusative object «другую» ('the other woman' — Grushenka). The «-те» marks address to more than one or politeness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Братья","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address to пощадите","gloss":"Brothers"},{"surface":"други","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Братья","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"пощадите","lemma":"пощадить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have mercy on"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пощадите","gloss":"the other one"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b12-c14-s158","source":"Он не договорил и зарыдал на всю залу, в голос, страшно, каким-то не своим, а новым, неожиданным каким-то голосом, который бог знает откуда вдруг у него явился.","translation":"He did not finish and broke into sobs that filled the whole hall, aloud, terrible, in some voice not his own, but new, unexpected, that had suddenly risen in him from God knows where.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зарыдал на всю залу","title":"Inceptive «за-»: burst into sobs","body":"«Зарыдал» adds the inceptive «за-» to «рыдать» (to sob): 'burst out sobbing'. «на всю залу» ('through the whole hall') stresses how the sound filled the room."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каким-то не своим, а новым … голосом","title":"Contrastive «а» within the instrumental phrase","body":"A long instrumental-of-manner phrase 'in some voice not his own, but new' hangs on «голосом». The contrastive «а» ('but rather') corrects «не своим» to «новым», a hallmark of Russian's not-X-but-Y construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"который бог знает откуда вдруг у него явился","title":"Relative «который» + «бог знает откуда»","body":"The relative «который» refers back to «голос», taking nominative as subject of its own clause «явился» (appeared). «бог знает откуда» ('God knows whence') is a fixed indefinite phrase woven into the relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of договорил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies договорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"договорил","lemma":"договорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finish"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зарыдал","lemma":"зарыдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with договорил","gloss":"broke into sobs"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of залу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зарыдал","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голос","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with залу","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, used adverbially","role":"coordinated with голос","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of своим","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of своим","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies своим","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"новым","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with своим","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"неожиданным","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with своим","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голосом","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голосом","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to голос, oblique complement of зарыдал","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause бог знает","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явился","gloss":"from where"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"явился","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause on голосом","gloss":"had risen"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b12-c14-s159","source":"На хорах, наверху, в самом заднем углу раздался пронзительный женский вопль: это была Грушенька.","translation":"From the gallery above, in the very farthest corner, a piercing woman's cry rang out: it was Grushenka.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"раздался пронзительный женский вопль","title":"Verb-first with reflexive «раздаться»","body":"«Раздался … вопль» ('a cry rang out') again fronts the perfective reflexive verb before its subject «вопль», the new information. «раздаться» («-ся» middle) means a sound suddenly resounds."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хорах","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"хорах","lemma":"хоры","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of раздался","gloss":"the gallery"},{"surface":"наверху","lemma":"наверху","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздался","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies заднем","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"заднем","lemma":"задний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies углу","gloss":"farthest"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздался","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"раздался","lemma":"раздаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"пронзительный","lemma":"пронзительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопль","gloss":"piercing"},{"surface":"женский","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопль","gloss":"woman's"},{"surface":"вопль","lemma":"вопль","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздался","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking это to Грушенька","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of была","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b12-c14-s160","source":"Она умолила кого-то еще давеча, и ее вновь пропустили в залу еще пред началом судебных прений.","translation":"She had pleaded with someone earlier that day, and she had been let back into the hall again before the closing arguments began.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — 'a little while ago'","body":"«Давеча» is a folksy, archaic adverb meaning 'earlier today, just now / a while back'. It dates the narrator's voice and is common in Dostoevsky's reported speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ее вновь пропустили в залу","title":"Subjectless 3rd-plural = passive","body":"«Её … пропустили» ('she was let through / admitted') uses an agentless 3rd-person plural — the standard Russian way to express an impersonal passive, 'they let her in' = 'she was let in'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of умолила","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"умолила","lemma":"умолить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had pleaded with"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of умолила","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun кого-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давеча","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умолила","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пропустили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пропустили","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"пропустили","lemma":"пропустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with умолила","gloss":"let in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пропустили","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пред","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking началом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"началом","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пропустили","gloss":"the start"},{"surface":"судебных","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies прений","gloss":"closing"},{"surface":"прений","lemma":"прение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies началом","gloss":"arguments"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b12-c14-s161","source":"Митю увели.","translation":"Mitya was led away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митю увели","title":"Agentless passive: «увели»","body":"«Митю увели» — 'Mitya was led away' — is the 3rd-plural impersonal passive: no agent, object first («Митю», accusative). Two stark words enact the finality of his removal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увели","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"увели","lemma":"увести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was led away"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b12-c14-s162","source":"Произнесение приговора было отложено до завтра.","translation":"The pronouncement of the sentence was put off until the next day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"было отложено до завтра","title":"Periphrastic passive «было отложено»","body":"«Было отложено» joins «было» to the short past passive participle «отложено» (from «отложить», to postpone): 'was put off'. «до завтра» ('until tomorrow') uses «до» + genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Произнесение","lemma":"произнесение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive отложено","gloss":"The pronouncement"},{"surface":"приговора","lemma":"приговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Произнесение","gloss":"of the sentence"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of отложено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"отложено","lemma":"отложить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put off"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking завтра","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of отложено","gloss":"the next day"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b12-c14-s163","source":"Вся зала поднялась в суматохе, но я уже не ждал и не слушал.","translation":"The whole hall rose in a commotion, but I was no longer waiting and no longer listening.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не ждал и не слушал","title":"Imperfective past of states","body":"«Уже не ждал и не слушал» ('was no longer waiting or listening') uses imperfective pasts for ongoing (or here, ceased-ongoing) states. «уже не» = 'no longer'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в суматохе","title":"«суматоха» — a flurry, hubbub","body":"«Суматоха» is a noisy bustle, commotion, or scramble. «в суматохе» ('in a commotion') paints the whole hall rising in disordered tumult."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of зала","gloss":"The whole"},{"surface":"зала","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поднялась","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"поднялась","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суматохе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"суматохе","lemma":"суматоха","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднялась","gloss":"a commotion"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ждал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поднялась","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слушал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поднялась","gloss":"listening"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b12-c14-s164","source":"Запомнил лишь несколько восклицаний, уже на крыльце, при выходе.","translation":"I remembered only a few exclamations, already on the porch, as people were leaving.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Запомнил лишь несколько восклицаний","title":"«несколько» + genitive plural","body":"«Несколько восклицаний» ('a few exclamations') governs the genitive plural after the quantifier «несколько». «лишь» ('only') is a bookish synonym of «только»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на крыльце","title":"«крыльцо» — the entrance porch","body":"«Крыльцо» is the covered front porch or steps of a building. «на крыльце … при выходе» places the overheard remarks at the courthouse door as the crowd streams out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Запомнил","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I remembered"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on восклицаний","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"восклицаний","lemma":"восклицание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of Запомнил","gloss":"exclamations"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крыльце","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крыльце","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"крыльце","lemma":"крыльцо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with восклицаний","gloss":"the porch"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выходе","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"выходе","lemma":"выход","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Запомнил","gloss":"people left"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b12-c14-s165","source":"— Двадцать лет рудничков понюхает.","translation":"— He'll get a whiff of the mines for twenty years.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рудничков понюхает","title":"«понюхать рудничков» — get a whiff of the mines","body":"«Понюхает рудничков» literally 'will sniff the little mines': a grimly jocular way of saying he'll do hard labour in the Siberian mines. The diminutive «рудничков» (gen. pl. of «рудничок») gives the brutal sentence a cruelly offhand, folksy tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"Twenty"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"duration modifier of понюхает","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"рудничков","lemma":"рудничок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of понюхает","gloss":"the mines"},{"surface":"понюхает","lemma":"понюхать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will get a whiff of"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b12-c14-s166","source":"— Не меньше.","translation":"— No less.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не меньше","title":"Elliptical comparative «не меньше»","body":"«Не меньше» ('no less') is a bare comparative reply, with the rest understood from the previous line: 'twenty years — no less [than that]'. «меньше» is the suppletive comparative of «малый/мало»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меньше","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"меньше","lemma":"меньше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"less"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b12-c14-s167","source":"— Да-с, мужички наши за себя постояли.","translation":"— Yes indeed, our peasants stood firm.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за себя постояли","title":"«постоять за» + accusative","body":"The idiom «постоять за себя» means 'to stand up for oneself, hold one's ground'. Here «мужички наши за себя постояли» (our peasants stood firm) gives the chapter its title; «за» governs the accusative reflexive «себя»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мужички","title":"«мужички» — the diminutive of «мужик»","body":"«Мужички» (little peasants) softens «мужики» with a diminutive that carries a faintly patronising, ironic warmth toward the jurymen who refused to be swayed by the polished city lawyer."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Да-с","title":"The deferential clitic «-с»","body":"«Да-с» tacks the obsequious particle «-с» (a worn-down «сударь», 'sir') onto 'yes'. This «словоерс» marked polite, servile, or self-important speech in the 19th century and instantly colours the speaker's social register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential suffix attached to Да","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"мужички","lemma":"мужичок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of постояли","gloss":"peasants"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мужички","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of постояли","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"постояли","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood firm"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b12-c14-s168","source":"— И покончили нашего Митеньку!","translation":"— And they've finished off our Mitenka!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"покончили нашего Митеньку","title":"Animate accusative = genitive form","body":"«Нашего Митеньку» is accusative, but because Mitya is animate masculine the object takes genitive-shaped endings («нашего»). «покончили» (perfective, 'finished off / did for') with the affectionate diminutive «Митеньку» lands the chapter on a note of grim pity."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"покончили","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finished off"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Митеньку","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Митеньку","lemma":"митенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of покончили","gloss":"Mitenka"}]}]}