{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b12-c2","title":{"source":"II. Опасные свидетели","translated":"Dangerous Witnesses"},"section":"Book XII — A Judicial Error","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c2","lines":142},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c1","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c3","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b12-c2-s1","source":"Не знаю, были ли свидетели прокурорские и от защиты разделены председателем как-нибудь на группы и в каком именно порядке предположено было вызывать их.","translation":"I do not know whether the witnesses for the prosecution and for the defence had been sorted by the presiding judge into any sort of groups, nor in precisely what order it had been arranged to call them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"были ли","title":"The question particle «ли»","body":"In indirect (and direct) yes/no questions Russian uses the enclitic «ли», placed right after the word being questioned: «были ли... разделены» = 'whether they were separated.' There is no separate word for 'whether/if'; «ли» does that job, and the verb is pulled in front of its subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разделены","title":"Short passive participle","body":"«разделены» is the short-form past passive participle of «разделить» (to divide), joining the implied «были» to make a periphrastic passive: 'had been divided.' The short form is the predicate of result; the agent «председателем» follows in the instrumental."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прокурорские","title":"Courtroom vocabulary","body":"Note «свидетели прокурорские и от защиты» — 'the prosecution's witnesses and those for the defence.' «прокурорские» is an adjective derived from «прокурор» (prosecutor), so 'prosecutorial witnesses'; «защита» is both 'defence' and, by metonymy, the defence side."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of разделены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question, attaches to были","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"свидетели","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of разделены","gloss":"the witnesses"},{"surface":"прокурорские","lemma":"прокурорский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies свидетели","gloss":"the prosecution's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking защиты","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"защиты","lemma":"защита","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with прокурорские, modifies свидетели","gloss":"the defence"},{"surface":"разделены","lemma":"разделить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"sorted"},{"surface":"председателем","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разделены","gloss":"by the presiding judge"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom как-нибудь, modifies разделены","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom как-нибудь, modifies разделены","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking группы","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"группы","lemma":"группа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of разделены","gloss":"groups"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порядке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of порядке","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies каком","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"порядке","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предположено","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"предположено","lemma":"предположить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разделены, clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"arranged"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to предположено","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"вызывать","lemma":"вызывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on предположено","gloss":"to call"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вызывать","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b12-c2-s2","source":"Должно быть, всё это было.","translation":"There must have been some such arrangement.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Должно быть","title":"«Должно быть» — impersonal 'must have'","body":"«Должно быть» is a frozen impersonal phrase meaning 'presumably, it must be that' — a neuter «должно» with no subject. It frames the whole sentence as a guess: 'There must have been some such arrangement.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Должно","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom должно быть, modifies было","gloss":"must","note":"idiom 'должно быть' = 'probably, must have been'"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Должно","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b12-c2-s3","source":"Знаю только, что первыми стали вызывать свидетелей прокурорских.","translation":"I know only that it was the prosecution's witnesses who were called first.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"первыми стали вызывать","title":"«стали» + imperfective infinitive = 'began to'","body":"«стать» plus an imperfective infinitive is the ordinary 'began to / started to' (here «стали вызывать», 'they began to call'). «первыми» is an instrumental-plural predicate adjective agreeing with the unnamed callers — 'as the first ones'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Знаю","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"первыми","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Знаю","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"вызывать","lemma":"вызывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to call"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of вызывать","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"прокурорских","lemma":"прокурорский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies свидетелей","gloss":"the prosecution's"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b12-c2-s4","source":"Повторяю, я не намерен описывать все допросы и шаг за шагом.","translation":"I repeat, I do not intend to describe every examination step by step.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не намерен описывать","title":"Short adjective «намерен» + infinitive","body":"«намерен» is a short-form predicative adjective, 'intending / disposed to', used only as a predicate: «я не намерен описывать» = 'I do not intend to describe.' The short form here states the narrator's present stance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шаг за шагом","title":"«шаг за шагом» — step by step","body":"A fixed adverbial idiom, literally 'step behind step', with «за» + instrumental: 'step by step, one after another.' It recurs in this chapter (cf. «следили шаг за шагом») as a marker of patient, sequential narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies намерен","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of намерен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies намерен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"намерен","lemma":"намеренный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"intend"},{"surface":"описывать","lemma":"описывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of намерен","gloss":"to describe"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of допросы","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"допросы","lemma":"допрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of описывать","gloss":"examinations"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шаг","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom шаг за шагом, modifies описывать","gloss":"step","note":"idiom 'шаг за шагом' = 'step by step'"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шагом","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"шагом","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom шаг за шагом","gloss":"step"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b12-c2-s5","source":"К тому же мое описание вышло бы отчасти и лишним, потому что в речах прокурора и защитника, когда приступили к прениям, весь ход и смысл всех данных и выслушанных показаний были сведены как бы в одну точку с ярким и характерным освещением, а эти две замечательные речи я, по крайней мере местами, записал в полноте и передам в свое время, равно как и один чрезвычайный и совсем неожиданный эпизод процесса, разыгравшийся внезапно еще до судебных прений и несомненно повлиявший на грозный и роковой исход его.","translation":"Besides, my account would prove in part superfluous, because in the speeches of the prosecutor and of the defence counsel, once the closing arguments began, the whole drift and sense of all the evidence given and heard was drawn together, as it were, into a single point under a vivid and characteristic light; and these two remarkable speeches I set down, at least in places, in full, and shall pass them on in due course — together with one extraordinary and wholly unexpected episode of the trial, which broke out suddenly even before the closing arguments and which undoubtedly influenced its grim and fatal outcome.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вышло бы","title":"Conditional with «бы»","body":"«вышло бы... лишним» is the conditional: past-tense «вышло» plus the irrealis particle «бы», 'would turn out (to be) superfluous.' «лишним» is an instrumental predicate after «выйти» in the sense 'prove / turn out to be'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разыгравшийся внезапно","title":"Past active participle «разыгравшийся»","body":"«разыгравшийся» is a past active participle of the reflexive «разыграться» ('to break out, play itself out'), agreeing with «эпизод»: 'an episode which broke out.' It carries the reflexive «-ся» and condenses a «который»-clause into one word — a hallmark of Dostoevsky's long literary periods."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повлиявший на грозный и роковой исход","title":"Participle stacked with a second","body":"A second past active participle, «повлиявший» (having influenced), is chained onto «эпизод» alongside «разыгравшийся». Such dense participial stacking, packing two relative clauses into adjectives, is the bookish-literary register the novel is written in."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прения","title":"«прения» — the closing arguments","body":"«прения» (plural only) is the legal term for the closing debate of advocates after evidence is heard — 'the arguments, the debate.' Dostoevsky uses it repeatedly here; «приступили к прениям» = 'they proceeded to the closing arguments.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom к тому же","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom к тому же, oblique complement of вышло","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom к тому же","gloss":"besides","note":"idiom 'к тому же' = 'besides, moreover'"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of описание","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"описание","lemma":"описание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вышло","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would turn out"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of вышло","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"отчасти","lemma":"отчасти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"in part"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies лишним","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лишним","lemma":"лишний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of вышло","gloss":"superfluous"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of сведены","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking речах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"речах","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сведены","gloss":"speeches"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies речах","gloss":"of the prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"защитника","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прокурора","gloss":"the defence counsel"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приступили","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"приступили","lemma":"приступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сведены","gloss":"they began"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прениям","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"прениям","lemma":"прение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of приступили","gloss":"the closing arguments"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ход","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"ход","lemma":"ход","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive сведены","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смысл","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ход","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of данных","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"данных","lemma":"данные","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies смысл","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выслушанных","lemma":"выслушанный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies показаний","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"показаний","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with данных","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of сведены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"сведены","lemma":"свести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вышло","gloss":"drawn together"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom как бы, modifies сведены","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom как бы","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies точку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"точку","lemma":"точка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сведены","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking освещением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ярким","lemma":"яркий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies освещением","gloss":"vivid"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"характерным","lemma":"характерный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ярким","gloss":"characteristic"},{"surface":"освещением","lemma":"освещение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies точку","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of речи","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"quantifies речи","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"замечательные","lemma":"замечательный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies речи","gloss":"remarkable"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of записал","gloss":"speeches"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of записал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по","gloss":"least","note":"idiom 'по крайней мере' = 'at least'"},{"surface":"местами","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"adverbial modifier of записал","gloss":"in places"},{"surface":"записал","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of clause, coordinated with вышло","gloss":"set down"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"полноте","lemma":"полнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of записал","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"передам","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with записал","gloss":"will pass on"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"due"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of передам","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom равно как и","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of idiom равно как и","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom равно как и","gloss":"as well as","note":"idiom 'равно как и' = 'as well as, just as'"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies эпизод","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"чрезвычайный","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies эпизод","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданный","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"неожиданный","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with чрезвычайный","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"эпизод","lemma":"эпизод","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of передам, coordinated with речи","gloss":"episode"},{"surface":"процесса","lemma":"процесс","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies эпизод","gloss":"of the trial"},{"surface":"разыгравшийся","lemma":"разыгравшийся","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying эпизод","gloss":"which broke out"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разыгравшийся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies до","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прений","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"судебных","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies прений","gloss":"closing"},{"surface":"прений","lemma":"прение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of разыгравшийся","gloss":"arguments"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повлиявший","gloss":"undoubtedly"},{"surface":"повлиявший","lemma":"повлиять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying эпизод, coordinated with разыгравшийся","gloss":"which influenced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исход","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"грозный","lemma":"грозный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies исход","gloss":"grim"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"роковой","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with грозный","gloss":"fatal"},{"surface":"исход","lemma":"исход","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повлиявший","gloss":"outcome"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies исход","gloss":"its"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b12-c2-s6","source":"Замечу только, что с самых первых минут суда выступила ярко некоторая особая характерность этого «дела», всеми замеченная, именно: необыкновенная сила обвинения сравнительно со средствами, какие имела защита.","translation":"I will only remark that, from the very first minutes of the trial, a certain peculiar character of this 'case' came out sharply, noticed by everyone — namely, the extraordinary strength of the prosecution as against the means at the defence's disposal.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выступила ярко некоторая особая характерность","title":"Verb-first, subject last","body":"The verb «выступила» ('came out, emerged') stands before its subject «характерность», which arrives at the end — topic-comment order putting the new, weighty information last. The whole long subject «необыкновенная сила обвинения...» is then unpacked after «именно»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всеми замеченная","title":"Passive participle, agent in the instrumental","body":"«всеми замеченная» is a past passive participle agreeing with «характерность» ('noticed by everyone'); its agent «всеми» ('by all') stands in the instrumental, the regular way Russian names the doer of a passive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сравнительно со средствами","title":"«сравнительно с» — as against","body":"«сравнительно со средствами, какие имела защита» = 'in comparison with the means the defence had.' «сравнительно с» + instrumental sets up a contrast of magnitude — the prosecution's overwhelming strength against the defence's slim resources."}],"words":[{"surface":"Замечу","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will remark"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Замечу","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выступила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минут","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies первых","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies минут","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выступила","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies минут","gloss":"of the trial"},{"surface":"выступила","lemma":"выступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Замечу","gloss":"came out"},{"surface":"ярко","lemma":"ярко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выступила","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"некоторая","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of характерность","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"особая","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies характерность","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"характерность","lemma":"характерность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выступила","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дела","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies характерность","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"agent of замеченная","gloss":"by everyone"},{"surface":"замеченная","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying характерность","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сила","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"необыкновенная","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сила","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"сила","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to характерность","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"обвинения","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сила","gloss":"of the prosecution"},{"surface":"сравнительно","lemma":"сравнительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сила","gloss":"compared"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking средствами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"средствами","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of сравнительно","gloss":"the means"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"direct object of имела","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"имела","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on средствами","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"защита","lemma":"защита","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of имела","gloss":"the defence"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b12-c2-s7","source":"Это все поняли в первый миг, когда в этой грозной зале суда начали, концентрируясь, группироваться факты и стали постепенно выступать весь этот ужас и вся эта кровь наружу.","translation":"Everyone grasped this in the first instant, when in that fearsome courtroom the facts began to gather and group themselves, condensing, and the whole of this horror, all this blood, began bit by bit to surface.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"концентрируясь","title":"Imperfective gerund «концентрируясь»","body":"«концентрируясь» is a present (imperfective) adverbial participle — «деепричастие» — 'condensing / concentrating', describing a simultaneous attendant action of «факты»: the facts grouped themselves 'while concentrating.' Its «-сь» is the post-vowel form of reflexive «-ся»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"начали... группироваться","title":"«начали» + reflexive infinitive","body":"«начали... группироваться» ('began to group themselves') pairs the phasal verb «начать» with an imperfective infinitive; the «-ся» on «группироваться» is the middle/intransitive use — the facts arrange themselves, with no outside agent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наружу","title":"«наружу» — out into the open","body":"«выступать... наружу» — 'to come out to the surface, into the open.' «наружу» is an adverb of direction ('outward'); the horror and blood literally 'emerge to the outside', a recurring spatial metaphor in this courtroom scene (cf. «выставилась наружу» below)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поняли","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поняли","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"поняли","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grasped"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies миг","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поняли","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начали","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of зале","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"грозной","lemma":"грозный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies зале","gloss":"fearsome"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начали","gloss":"courtroom"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies зале","gloss":"of the court"},{"surface":"начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поняли","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"концентрируясь","lemma":"концентрироваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начали","gloss":"condensing"},{"surface":"группироваться","lemma":"группироваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начали","gloss":"to group"},{"surface":"факты","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of группироваться","gloss":"the facts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with начали","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"постепенно","lemma":"постепенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выступать","gloss":"gradually"},{"surface":"выступать","lemma":"выступать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to surface"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ужас","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ужас","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ужас","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выступать","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кровь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кровь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ужас, subject of выступать","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"наружу","lemma":"наружу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выступать","gloss":"to the surface"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b12-c2-s8","source":"Всем, может быть, стало понятно еще с самых первых шагов, что это совсем даже и не спорное дело, что тут нет сомнений, что, в сущности, никаких бы и прений не надо, что прения будут лишь только для формы, а что преступник виновен, виновен явно, виновен окончательно.","translation":"It became plain to all, perhaps, from the very first steps, that this was no contested matter at all, that there was no room for doubt here, that in essence there was no need of any arguments whatever, that the closing speeches would be a mere formality, and that the criminal was guilty — plainly guilty, conclusively guilty.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что... что... что","title":"A chain of «что»-clauses","body":"Five subordinate clauses, each opened by «что» ('that'), hang in parallel from «стало понятно» — reported content piled up to mimic the rush of a sudden, total realization. «что» is the plain reporting conjunction, set off by commas."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никаких бы и прений не надо","title":"Genitive of negation + conditional «бы»","body":"«никаких... прений не надо» uses negative concord («никаких») and the genitive of negation — under «не надо», 'no arguments at all' stands in the genitive «прений». The «бы» makes it hypothetical: 'there would be no need of any arguments.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"виновен, виновен явно, виновен окончательно","title":"Short adjective «виновен», hammered","body":"«виновен» is the short predicative form of «виновный» (guilty), stating an absolute verdict-like state. Its threefold repetition — bare, then 'plainly', then 'conclusively' — is rhetorical anaphora driving the certainty home."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всем","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of стало","gloss":"to everyone"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom может быть, parenthetical","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps","note":"idiom 'может быть' = 'perhaps'"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"понятно","lemma":"понятный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шагов","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шагов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies первых","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies шагов","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"шагов","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стало","gloss":"steps"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дело","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спорное","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спорное","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies спорное","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спорное","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спорное","lemma":"спорный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"contested"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun, clausal complement of понятно","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative/particle, invariable (negative existential 'there is/are no')","role":"clausal complement of понятно, coordinated with дело","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"сомнений","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom в сущности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сущности","lemma":"сущность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"part of idiom в сущности, modifies надо","gloss":"essence"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of прений","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of надо","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies прений","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прений","lemma":"прение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"subject of надо","gloss":"arguments"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of понятно, coordinated with нет","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of формы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прения","lemma":"прение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of будут","gloss":"the closing arguments"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to формы","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies формы","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking формы","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"формы","lemma":"форма","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будут, clausal complement of понятно","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of виновен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"преступник","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of виновен","gloss":"the criminal"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of понятно, coordinated with формы","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic repetition of виновен","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"явно","lemma":"явно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виновен","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic repetition of виновен","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виновен","gloss":"conclusively"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b12-c2-s9","source":"Я думаю даже, что и все дамы, все до единой, с таким нетерпением жаждавшие оправдания интересного подсудимого, были в то же время совершенно уверены в полной его виновности.","translation":"I even think that all the ladies, every single one of them, who had so impatiently longed for the acquittal of the interesting defendant, were at the same time perfectly convinced of his complete guilt.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"жаждавшие оправдания интересного подсудимого","title":"Past active participle governing the genitive","body":"«жаждавшие» is a past active participle of «жаждать» (to thirst for), agreeing with «дамы»: 'who had longed for.' «жаждать» governs the genitive, hence «оправдания... подсудимого», 'for the acquittal of the defendant.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уверены в полной его виновности","title":"Short adjective «уверены» + «в» + prepositional","body":"«уверены» is the short-form predicate 'convinced, certain'; it governs «в» + the prepositional case: «в полной его виновности», 'of his complete guilt.' Note «его» wedged between adjective and noun — a normal 19th-c. placement of the possessive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"все до единой","title":"«все до единой» — every last one","body":"«все до единой» — 'all of them down to the single (last) one.' «единой» is feminine genitive (agreeing with the implied feminine «дама»), so the form itself tells you the group is women: 'every single lady.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уверены","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies все","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of дамы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of уверены","gloss":"the ladies"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to дамы, part of idiom все до единой","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking единой","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"единой","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"the last one","note":"idiom 'все до единой' = 'every single one'"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нетерпением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of нетерпением","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"нетерпением","lemma":"нетерпение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of жаждавшие","gloss":"impatience"},{"surface":"жаждавшие","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying дамы","gloss":"who longed for"},{"surface":"оправдания","lemma":"оправдание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of жаждавшие","gloss":"the acquittal"},{"surface":"интересного","lemma":"интересный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подсудимого","gloss":"interesting"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies оправдания","gloss":"of the defendant"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уверены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom в то же время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уверены","gloss":"time","note":"idiom 'в то же время' = 'at the same time'"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверены","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"уверены","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виновности","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"полной","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies виновности","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of виновности","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"виновности","lemma":"виновность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уверены","gloss":"guilt"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b12-c2-s10","source":"Мало того, мне кажется, они бы даже огорчились, если бы виновность его не столь подтвердилась, ибо тогда не было бы такого эффекта в развязке, когда оправдают преступника.","translation":"What is more, it seems to me they would even have been distressed had his guilt not been so firmly established, for then there would have been no such effect in the dénouement, when the criminal is acquitted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"они бы даже огорчились, если бы... не столь подтвердилась","title":"Full conditional with «бы... если бы»","body":"A complete counterfactual: main clause «они бы... огорчились» ('they would have been distressed') plus the «если бы» protasis 'had his guilt not been so confirmed.' Both verbs are past-form, and «бы» appears in each half — Russian's standard irrealis frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не было бы такого эффекта","title":"Genitive of negation in a negated existential","body":"«не было бы такого эффекта» — under the negated existential «не было», the subject goes obligatorily into the genitive: «эффекта», not nominative «эффект». With «бы» it is hypothetical: 'there would have been no such effect.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — bookish 'for, because'","body":"«ибо» is an archaic, elevated causal conjunction ('for, because'), far more literary than «потому что». Dostoevsky reaches for it constantly; it lends the narrator's commentary a slightly oratorical, period-bookish weight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"развязке","title":"«развязка» — the dénouement","body":"«развязка» is the literary term for the untying of a plot — the dénouement, the resolution. The ladies crave the courtroom as theatre: a guilty man acquitted would make the most satisfying 'final twist'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom 'мало того' (moreover), modifies кажется","gloss":"moreover","note":"'Мало того' is a fixed idiom meaning 'what is more'."},{"surface":"того","lemma":"того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Мало, within the idiom","gloss":"than that"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of кажется","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, introduces the clause of огорчились","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of огорчились","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks огорчились as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies огорчились","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"огорчились","lemma":"огорчиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the кажется-clause","gloss":"would be distressed"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подтвердилась","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks подтвердилась as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"виновность","lemma":"виновность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подтвердилась","gloss":"guilt"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of виновность","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подтвердилась","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"подтвердилась","lemma":"подтвердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"had been established"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks было as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of эффекта","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"эффекта","lemma":"эффект","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive under negation)","gloss":"effect"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking развязке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"развязке","lemma":"развязка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of эффекта","gloss":"the dénouement"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оправдают","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"оправдают","lemma":"оправдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause, modifying развязке","gloss":"is acquitted"},{"surface":"преступника","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оправдают","gloss":"the criminal"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b12-c2-s11","source":"А что его оправдают — в этом, странное дело, все дамы были окончательно убеждены почти до самой последней минуты: «виновен, но оправдают из гуманности, из новых идей, из новых чувств, которые теперь пошли», и проч., и проч.","translation":"And that he would be acquitted — of this, strange to say, all the ladies were conclusively persuaded almost up to the very last minute: 'guilty, but they will acquit him out of humanity, out of the new ideas, the new sentiments now in fashion,' and so on, and so on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что его оправдают — в этом... все дамы были... убеждены","title":"Fronted clause resumed by «в этом»","body":"The clause «что его оправдают» ('that he would be acquitted') is hoisted to the front as topic, then resumed by the demonstrative «в этом» ('of this') governed by «убеждены». This left-dislocation is a vivid spoken-style way to announce the theme first."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оправдают","title":"Perfective present = future","body":"«оправдают» is the perfective «оправдать» conjugated like a present, which yields future meaning: 'they will acquit (him).' With no named subject, the 3rd-plural is the impersonal 'they' — the court."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оправдают, resumed by этом","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оправдают","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"оправдают","lemma":"оправдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause","gloss":"would be acquitted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убеждены","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"странное","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical exclamation ('странное дело' = strange to say)","gloss":"thing","note":"'Странное дело' is a parenthetical idiom meaning 'strange to say'."},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of дамы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of passive убеждены","gloss":"the ladies"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of убеждены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убеждены","gloss":"conclusively"},{"surface":"убеждены","lemma":"убеждённый","morphology":"adjective (short-form passive participle), plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"persuaded"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies последней","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"последней","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убеждены","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, begins the quoted speech (elliptical: 'он виновен')","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"оправдают","lemma":"оправдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause, coordinated with виновен","gloss":"they will acquit him"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гуманности","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"гуманности","lemma":"гуманность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оправдают","gloss":"humanity"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идей","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"новых","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies идей","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"идей","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with гуманности","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувств","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"новых","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies чувств","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with гуманности","gloss":"sentiments"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пошли","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошли","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пошли","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on чувств","gloss":"have come","note":"'Пошли' here means 'have come into fashion/use'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun (abbreviation), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"idiomatic tag ('и проч.' = and so on)","gloss":"so on","note":"'Проч.' abbreviates 'прочее', in the fixed tag 'и проч.' = 'and so on'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun (abbreviation), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"idiomatic tag ('и проч.' = and so on)","gloss":"so on"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b12-c2-s12","source":"Для того-то они и сбежались сюда с таким нетерпением.","translation":"That was the very reason they had come flocking here with such impatience.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Для того-то они и","title":"«-то» + «и» — 'that's the very reason'","body":"«Для того-то... и сбежались» welds two emphatic particles: the clitic «-то» stresses the known cause ('for that very reason'), and «и» before the verb underscores 'this is precisely why they came flocking.' Together they pin the explanation emphatically."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сбежались","title":"«сбежались» — came flocking","body":"«сбежаться» (perfective) is 'to come running together from all sides, to flock.' The «с-» prefix gathers many people to one point; said of the ladies it is faintly mocking — a herd converging on a spectacle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сбежались","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic (enclitic)","role":"emphasizes того ('того-то' = that very)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сбежались","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes сбежались","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сбежались","lemma":"сбежаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came flocking"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сбежались","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нетерпением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of нетерпением","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"нетерпением","lemma":"нетерпение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сбежались","gloss":"impatience"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b12-c2-s13","source":"Мужчины же наиболее интересовались борьбой прокурора и славного Фетюковича.","translation":"The men, for their part, were most interested in the duel between the prosecutor and the celebrated Fetyukovitch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мужчины же","title":"Contrastive particle «же»","body":"«Мужчины же» sets the men against the just-described ladies: «же» here is the lightly contrastive 'for their part / as for the men', shifting the topic. It is one of Russian's tiny untranslatable hinges of emphasis and contrast."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"интересовались борьбой","title":"«интересоваться» + instrumental","body":"The reflexive verb «интересоваться» ('to be interested in') governs the instrumental: «борьбой прокурора и... Фетюковича» = 'in the struggle between the prosecutor and Fetyukovitch.' The instrumental names what the interest fastens on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мужчины","lemma":"мужчина","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of интересовались","gloss":"The men"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Мужчины","gloss":"for their part"},{"surface":"наиболее","lemma":"наиболее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies интересовались","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"интересовались","lemma":"интересоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were interested"},{"surface":"борьбой","lemma":"борьба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of интересовались","gloss":"in the duel"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies борьбой","gloss":"of the prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"славного","lemma":"славный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Фетюковича","gloss":"the celebrated"},{"surface":"Фетюковича","lemma":"Фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прокурора","gloss":"Fetyukovitch"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b12-c2-s14","source":"Все удивлялись и спрашивали себя: что может сделать из такого потерянного дела, из такого выеденного яйца даже и такой талант, как Фетюкович? — а потому с напряженным вниманием следили шаг за шагом за его подвигами.","translation":"Everyone marvelled and asked themselves: what could even a talent like Fetyukovitch make of so lost a cause, of an egg so thoroughly sucked dry? — and so they followed his exploits step by step with strained attention.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спрашивали себя","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя»","body":"«спрашивали себя» — 'asked themselves.' «себя» is the full reflexive object pronoun (no nominative form), pointing back to the subject «все»; distinct from the bound clitic «-ся», it stands as an independent accusative object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из такого выеденного яйца","title":"«выеденного яйца» — a sucked-out egg","body":"«выеденное яйцо» literally 'an egg eaten out from inside' — an empty shell. The idiom «не стоит выеденного яйца» means 'not worth a damn'; here the trial is 'such a sucked-dry egg' that even Fetyukovitch's talent seems to have nothing to make of it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подвигами","title":"«подвиги» — exploits, feats","body":"«подвиг» normally means a heroic feat; here «следили за его подвигами» is lightly ironic — the public follows the advocate's courtroom 'exploits' as if at a tournament. The instrumental-of-object after «следить за» frames the watching."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of удивлялись","gloss":"Everyone"},{"surface":"удивлялись","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"marvelled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спрашивали","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with удивлялись","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of спрашивали","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделать (fronted interrogative)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (modal) of the embedded question, complement of спрашивали","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дела","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дела","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"потерянного","lemma":"потерянный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"lost a"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделать","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking яйца","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of яйца","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"выеденного","lemma":"выеденный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies яйца","gloss":"thoroughly sucked-dry","note":"'Выеденное яйцо' is an idiom for something worthless; the full phrase implies the case wasn't worth anything."},{"surface":"яйца","lemma":"яйцо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделать","gloss":"an egg"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies талант","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies талант","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of талант","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"талант","lemma":"талант","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может / сделать","gloss":"talent"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking Фетюкович (comparison)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"Фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как (comparison)","gloss":"Fetyukovitch"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies следили","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вниманием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"напряженным","lemma":"напряжённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вниманием","gloss":"strained"},{"surface":"вниманием","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of следили","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"следили","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with удивлялись","gloss":"they followed"},{"surface":"шаг","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial idiom modifying следили ('шаг за шагом' = step by step)","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шагом","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"шагом","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom 'шаг за шагом'","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подвигами","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of подвигами","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"подвигами","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of следили","gloss":"exploits"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b12-c2-s15","source":"Но Фетюкович до самого конца, до самой речи своей остался для всех загадкой.","translation":"But Fetyukovitch, right up to the very end, up to his own speech, remained a riddle to everyone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"остался для всех загадкой","title":"Predicate instrumental «загадкой»","body":"After «остаться» ('to remain'), the predicate noun takes the instrumental: «остался... загадкой» = 'remained a riddle.' The instrumental, not the nominative, is the rule for predicate nouns with «быть/стать/остаться» in the past."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до самого конца, до самой речи своей","title":"Intensive «самый» + reflexive «свой»","body":"«до самого конца, до самой речи своей» — «самый» here is the intensifier 'the very' (not the superlative marker), and «свой» is the reflexive possessive 'his own' speech, pointing back to Fetyukovitch as subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"Фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остался","gloss":"Fetyukovitch"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конца","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конца","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"конца","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остался","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking речи","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies речи","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остался","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речи","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking загадкой","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of загадкой","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"загадкой","lemma":"загадка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остался","gloss":"a riddle"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b12-c2-s16","source":"Опытные люди предчувствовали, что у него есть система, что у него уже нечто составилось, что впереди у него есть цель, но какая она — угадать было почти невозможно.","translation":"Experienced men sensed that he had a system, that something had already taken shape in his mind, that he had a goal ahead of him — but what it was, to guess that was all but impossible.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него есть система","title":"«у него есть» — the Russian 'have'","body":"Russian expresses possession with «у» + genitive plus «есть»: «у него есть система» literally 'by him there is a system' = 'he has a system.' The three parallel «что у него...» clauses all run on this existential frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"угадать было почти невозможно","title":"Impersonal predicate + infinitive","body":"«угадать было почти невозможно» is a subjectless impersonal construction: the invariable neuter predicate «невозможно» ('it was impossible') governs the infinitive «угадать» ('to guess'). No nominative subject appears — a very common Russian frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже нечто составилось","title":"Reflexive «составилось» — took shape by itself","body":"«нечто составилось» uses the middle reflexive «-ся»: 'something had composed itself / taken shape', with no external agent — an idea forming of its own accord in his mind. «нечто» is the bookish indefinite 'something'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Опытные","lemma":"опытный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"Experienced"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of предчувствовали","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"предчувствовали","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sensed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of предчувствовали","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"система","lemma":"система","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"a system"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of составилось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of составилось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies составилось","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of составилось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"составилось","lemma":"составиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of предчувствовали","gloss":"had taken shape"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"впереди","lemma":"впереди","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"ahead"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of предчувствовали","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"цель","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"a goal"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of она","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the embedded question 'какая она', object of угадать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"угадать","lemma":"угадать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject of было невозможно","gloss":"to guess"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking угадать to невозможно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невозможно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"impossible"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b12-c2-s17","source":"Его уверенность и самонадеянность бросались, однако же, в глаза.","translation":"His confidence and self-assurance were, however, striking to the eye.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросались... в глаза","title":"«бросаться в глаза» — to strike the eye","body":"«бросаться в глаза» (literally 'to throw oneself into the eyes') is the set idiom 'to be conspicuous, to be striking.' The reflexive «-ся» and the plural agreement with the compound subject «уверенность и самонадеянность» give 'were striking to the eye.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"однако же","title":"«однако же» — concessive 'however'","body":"«однако» means 'however'; the added «же» reinforces the contrast against the preceding 'riddle' — for all his enigma, his self-assurance was plain. The two stack into a stronger adversative hinge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of уверенность","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"уверенность","lemma":"уверенность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бросались","gloss":"confidence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"самонадеянность","lemma":"самонадеянность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with уверенность","gloss":"self-assurance"},{"surface":"бросались","lemma":"бросаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence ('бросаться в глаза' = to catch the eye)","gloss":"were striking"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies бросались","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бросались","gloss":"the eye"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b12-c2-s18","source":"Кроме того, все с удовольствием сейчас же заметили, что он, в такое краткое пребывание у нас, всего в какие-нибудь три дня может быть, сумел удивительно ознакомиться с делом и «до тонкости изучил его».","translation":"Moreover, everyone noted at once, with pleasure, that in so brief a stay among us — all of some three days, perhaps — he had managed to acquaint himself wonderfully with the case and 'had studied it down to the finest detail.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сумел... ознакомиться","title":"«суметь» + perfective infinitive — managed to","body":"«сумел... ознакомиться» = 'managed / contrived to acquaint himself.' «суметь» (perfective 'to manage to') takes a following infinitive; the reflexive «ознакомиться с делом» governs «с» + instrumental, 'to familiarize oneself with the case.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"до тонкости изучил","title":"«до тонкости» — down to the last subtlety","body":"«до тонкости изучил» — 'studied it down to the fine point / to the last nicety.' «тонкость» is a 'subtlety, fine detail'; «до» + genitive gives the limit 'all the way to.' The quotation marks signal it as the crowd's admiring phrase, not the narrator's."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"Besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom 'кроме того' (moreover), modifies заметили","gloss":"that","note":"'Кроме того' is a fixed idiom meaning 'moreover, besides'."},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заметили","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удовольствием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"удовольствием","lemma":"удовольствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметили","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметили","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"заметили","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сумел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сумел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пребывание","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of пребывание","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"краткое","lemma":"краткий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пребывание","gloss":"brief"},{"surface":"пребывание","lemma":"пребывание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial, modifies сумел","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies пребывание","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies три","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дня, part of indefinite 'какие-нибудь'","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"part of indefinite determiner 'какие-нибудь'","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial temporal phrase, modifies сумел","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical ('может быть' = perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, part of idiom 'может быть'","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"сумел","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"had managed"},{"surface":"удивительно","lemma":"удивительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ознакомиться","gloss":"wonderfully"},{"surface":"ознакомиться","lemma":"ознакомиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумел","gloss":"to acquaint himself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"делом","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ознакомиться","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тонкости","gloss":"down to"},{"surface":"тонкости","lemma":"тонкость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изучил","gloss":"the finest detail"},{"surface":"изучил","lemma":"изучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сумел","gloss":"had studied"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of изучил","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b12-c2-s19","source":"С наслаждением рассказывали, например, потом, как он всех прокурорских свидетелей сумел вовремя «подвести» и, по возможности, сбить, а главное, подмарать их нравственную репутацию, а стало быть, само собой подмарать и их показания.","translation":"Afterwards people recounted with relish, for instance, how he had contrived to 'trip up' all the prosecution's witnesses at the right moment and, as far as possible, to throw them off — and, above all, to smear their moral reputations, and thereby, of course, to smear their testimony as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С наслаждением рассказывали","title":"Subjectless 3rd-plural 'they'","body":"«рассказывали» with no subject is the indefinite-personal 3rd-plural: 'people / they recounted', the agent left unnamed. The instrumental phrase «с наслаждением» ('with relish') is fronted for its savour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сумел... подвести и... сбить","title":"One «сумел» governing several infinitives","body":"«сумел... подвести... сбить... подмарать» — a single «сумел» ('contrived to') strings four perfective infinitives, each a fresh tactic. The perfective aspect frames each as a completed, pointed achievement."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подмарать","title":"«подмарать» — to besmirch","body":"«подмарать» (colloquial, from «марать», to soil) means 'to smear, to dirty.' The «под-» softens it to 'to smudge a little'; applied to «нравственную репутацию» it is 'to blacken their moral reputation' — and so, by extension, their testimony."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подвести","title":"«подвести» — to trip up","body":"In quotation marks here, «подвести» plays on its meanings: literally 'to lead up to', colloquially 'to let someone down / land them in trouble.' Of a hostile witness it is 'to catch out, to trip up' — to maneuver them into self-damage."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наслаждением","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"наслаждением","lemma":"наслаждение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказывали","gloss":"relish"},{"surface":"рассказывали","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they recounted"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies рассказывали","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывали","gloss":"afterwards"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сумел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сумел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of свидетелей","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"прокурорских","lemma":"прокурорский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies свидетелей","gloss":"the prosecution's"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, accusative (genitive-form, animate), masculine, plural","role":"direct object of подвести","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"сумел","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рассказывали","gloss":"had managed"},{"surface":"вовремя","lemma":"вовремя","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подвести","gloss":"at the right moment"},{"surface":"подвести","lemma":"подвести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумел","gloss":"to trip up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возможности","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"возможности","lemma":"возможность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"idiom 'по возможности' (as far as possible), modifies сбить","gloss":"far as possible"},{"surface":"сбить","lemma":"сбить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with подвести, complement of сумел","gloss":"to throw off"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies подмарать","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"подмарать","lemma":"подмарать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with подвести и сбить, complement of сумел","gloss":"to smear"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of репутацию","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"нравственную","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies репутацию","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"репутацию","lemma":"репутация","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подмарать","gloss":"reputation"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical idiom 'стало быть' (that is to say)","gloss":"that means"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало, part of idiom 'стало быть'","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"само","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom 'само собой' (naturally)","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"adverbial idiom 'само собой' (naturally), modifies second подмарать","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"подмарать","lemma":"подмарать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with подмарать (w20), complement of сумел","gloss":"to smear"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показания","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of показания","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"показания","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of подмарать","gloss":"testimony"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b12-c2-s20","source":"Полагали, впрочем, что он делает это много-много что для игры, так сказать для некоторого юридического блеска, чтоб уж ничего не было забыто из принятых адвокатских приемов: ибо все были убеждены, что какой-нибудь большой и окончательной пользы он всеми этими «подмарываниями» не мог достичь и, вероятно, это сам лучше всех понимает, имея какую-то свою идею в запасе, какое-то еще пока припрятанное оружие защиты, которое вдруг и обнаружит, когда придет срок.","translation":"It was supposed, however, that he was doing this at most for the play of it, for a kind of legal brilliance, so to speak — so that none of the accepted advocate's devices should be left unused; for everyone was convinced that he could gain no real, decisive advantage by all these 'smearings,' and that he himself, in all likelihood, understood this better than anyone, holding some idea of his own in reserve, some weapon of the defence still kept hidden away, which he would suddenly reveal when the time came.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб уж ничего не было забыто","title":"«чтоб» purpose + negated passive","body":"«чтоб(ы)... не было забыто» fuses purpose «чтобы» (with its irrealis past-form predicate) and a short passive participle «забыто»: 'so that nothing should be forgotten.' «ничего... не было» shows negative concord and the genitive of negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"имея какую-то свою идею в запасе","title":"Imperfective gerund «имея»","body":"«имея» is a present adverbial participle («деепричастие») of «иметь», 'holding / having', describing Fetyukovitch's simultaneous state: he understands all this 'while holding some idea of his own in reserve.' «какую-то» marks a specific-but-undisclosed idea."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"припрятанное оружие","title":"Past passive participle as modifier","body":"«припрятанное оружие защиты» — «припрятанное» is a long-form past passive participle ('hidden, tucked away') used attributively before «оружие»: 'a weapon kept hidden.' «который вдруг и обнаружит» then resumes it with the perfective-future «обнаружит» ('which he will suddenly reveal')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"много-много что","title":"«много-много что» — at most","body":"The colloquial reduplication «много-много что» means 'at the very most, at best': 'he was doing it at most for show.' The doubling caps the estimate — Fetyukovitch's smearings amount, at the outside, to mere display."}],"words":[{"surface":"Полагали","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was supposed"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying Полагали","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of делает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of делает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"делает","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Полагали","gloss":"is doing"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делает","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делает, part of idiom много-много что (at most)","gloss":"at most","note":"много-много что is an idiom meaning 'at the very most.'"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom много-много что","gloss":"at most"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom много-много что","gloss":"at most"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking игры","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"игры","lemma":"игра","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of делает","gloss":"the play (of it)"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать, idiom так сказать (so to speak)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical idiom так сказать modifying блеска-phrase","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking блеска","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"некоторого","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of блеска","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"юридического","lemma":"юридический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies блеска","gloss":"legal"},{"surface":"блеска","lemma":"блеск","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of делает","gloss":"brilliance"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of забыто","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of passive забыто","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыто","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of забыто","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"забыто","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"purpose clause on делает","gloss":"left out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приемов","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"принятых","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies приемов","gloss":"accepted"},{"surface":"адвокатских","lemma":"адвокатский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies приемов","gloss":"advocate's"},{"surface":"приемов","lemma":"приём","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of забыто","gloss":"devices"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убеждены","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of убеждены","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to убеждены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"убеждены","lemma":"убеждённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of the ибо-clause","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пользы, part of какой-нибудь","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite determiner какой-нибудь","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пользы","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"окончательной","lemma":"окончательный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with большой, modifies пользы","gloss":"decisive"},{"surface":"пользы","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of достичь","gloss":"advantage"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of подмарываниями","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этими","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of подмарываниями","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"подмарываниями","lemma":"подмарывание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of достичь","gloss":"smearings","note":"Coined/slangy word for the lawyer's underhand rhetorical tricks; rendered as 'smearings.'"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of убеждены","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"достичь","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"gain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вероятно","lemma":"вероятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying понимает","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимает","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the understood subject of понимает","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies понимает","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of comparative лучше (than everyone)","gloss":"than everyone"},{"surface":"понимает","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"understands"},{"surface":"имея","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on понимает","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of идею, part of какую-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite determiner какую-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of идею","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"идею","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имея","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking запасе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"запасе","lemma":"запас","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имея","gloss":"reserve"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of оружие, part of какое-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite determiner какое-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пока","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припрятанное","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"припрятанное","lemma":"припрятанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies оружие","gloss":"hidden away"},{"surface":"оружие","lemma":"оружие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"second object of имея, coordinated with идею","gloss":"weapon"},{"surface":"защиты","lemma":"защита","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies оружие","gloss":"of defence"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обнаружит","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнаружит","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying обнаружит","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обнаружит","lemma":"обнаружить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on оружие","gloss":"will reveal"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on обнаружит","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"срок","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"the time"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b12-c2-s21","source":"Но пока все-таки, сознавая свою силу, он как бы играл и резвился.","translation":"But for the moment, conscious all the same of his strength, he seemed to be playing and frolicking.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сознавая свою силу","title":"Gerund «сознавая» + reflexive «свой»","body":"«сознавая свою силу» is an imperfective gerund ('being conscious of'), sharing the subject «он»; «свою» is the reflexive possessive 'his own' strength, pointing back to that subject. The gerund supplies the attendant circumstance to «играл и резвился»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы играл и резвился","title":"«как бы» — 'as it were'","body":"«как бы» softens the verbs to 'he was, as it were, playing and frolicking' — a hedging 'sort of', marking the narrator's interpretation rather than plain fact. The imperfectives «играл», «резвился» paint an ongoing, unhurried manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies играл","gloss":"for the moment"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки (all the same)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки (all the same)","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"сознавая","lemma":"сознавать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on играл","gloss":"being conscious of"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силу","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"силу","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сознавая","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of играл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы (as if, seemed to)","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы (as if, seemed to)","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"играл","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"played"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"резвился","lemma":"резвиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with играл","gloss":"frolicked"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b12-c2-s22","source":"Так, например, когда опрашивали Григория Васильева, бывшего камердинера Федора Павловича, дававшего самое капитальное показание об «отворенной в сад двери», защитник так и вцепился в него, когда ему в свою очередь пришлось предлагать вопросы.","translation":"Thus, for example, when they were questioning Grigory Vassilyev, the late Fyodor Pavlovitch's former valet, who gave the most crucial testimony about 'the door standing open into the garden,' the defence counsel fastened upon him the moment his own turn came to put questions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дававшего самое капитальное показание","title":"Past active participle «дававшего»","body":"«дававшего... показание» is a past active participle (genitive, agreeing with «камердинера») = 'who was giving the most crucial testimony.' Imperfective «давать» gives the ongoing 'was giving'; «самое капитальное» is the periphrastic superlative 'the most crucial.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пришлось предлагать вопросы","title":"Impersonal «пришлось» + dative","body":"«ему... пришлось предлагать вопросы» — the impersonal «пришлось» ('it fell to, one had to') takes a dative experiencer «ему» and an infinitive: 'it came his turn to put questions.' A textbook dative-subject construction with no nominative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"камердинера","title":"«камердинер» — a valet","body":"«камердинер» (from German Kammerdiener) is a personal manservant, a valet — Grigory's station in Fyodor Pavlovitch's household. The loanword marks the genteel pretensions of the establishment; Grigory is the old retainer of the family."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вцепился в него","title":"«вцепиться в» — to fasten upon","body":"«вцепиться в кого-то» is 'to dig one's claws / teeth into someone, to clutch at.' «защитник так и вцепился в него» — the defender 'fastened right onto him'; «так и» adds the vivid 'just simply, with a will.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вцепился, introduces the example","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вцепился, introduces the example","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of опрашивали","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"опрашивали","lemma":"опрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вцепился","gloss":"they were questioning"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of опрашивали","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильева","lemma":"Васильев","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григория","gloss":"Vassilyev"},{"surface":"бывшего","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies камердинера","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"камердинера","lemma":"камердинер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Григория","gloss":"valet"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies камердинера (possessive)","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovitch's"},{"surface":"дававшего","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying камердинера","gloss":"who gave"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the superlative of капитальное","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"капитальное","lemma":"капитальный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"crucial"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дававшего","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"отворенной","lemma":"отворённый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies двери","gloss":"standing open"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отворенной","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition об, modifying показание","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"защитник","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вцепился","gloss":"the defence counsel"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вцепился, part of the idiom так и (promptly)","gloss":"promptly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom так и","gloss":"promptly"},{"surface":"вцепился","lemma":"вцепиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fastened upon"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вцепился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришлось","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of impersonal пришлось","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking очередь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of очередь","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"очередь","lemma":"очередь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришлось, idiom в свою очередь (in turn)","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"пришлось","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вцепился","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"предлагать","lemma":"предлагать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on пришлось","gloss":"to put"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of предлагать","gloss":"questions"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b12-c2-s23","source":"Надо заметить, что Григорий Васильевич предстал в залу, не смутившись нимало ни величием суда, ни присутствием огромной слушавшей его публики, с видом спокойным и чуть не величавым.","translation":"It should be noted that Grigory Vassilyevitch stepped into the courtroom not in the least disconcerted, neither by the majesty of the court nor by the presence of the vast public that listened to him, with an air calm and almost stately.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не смутившись нимало","title":"Perfective past gerund «не смутившись»","body":"«не смутившись» is a negated perfective past gerund ('not having been disconcerted'), describing Grigory's settled state as he enters. «нимало» ('not in the least') intensifies the negation, and the things that failed to abash him follow in the instrumental «ни величием... ни присутствием»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни величием суда, ни присутствием","title":"«ни... ни...» negative concord","body":"The paired «ни... ни...» reinforce the negation of «не смутившись»: 'neither by the majesty of the court nor by the presence...' — Russian negative concord, where «ни» piles onto an already-negated verb without cancelling it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"величавым","title":"«величавый» — stately, majestic","body":"«с видом... чуть не величавым» — 'with an air almost stately.' «величавый» (from «величие», grandeur) describes a dignified, imposing bearing; applied to the humble old servant it is gently surprising, lending him unexpected gravity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the impersonal phrase","gloss":"it should"},{"surface":"заметить","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"be noted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предстал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предстал","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевич","lemma":"Васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григорий","gloss":"Vassilyevitch"},{"surface":"предстал","lemma":"предстать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заметить","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предстал","gloss":"the courtroom"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смутившись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смутившись","lemma":"смутиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on предстал","gloss":"being disconcerted"},{"surface":"нимало","lemma":"нимало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смутившись","gloss":"not in the least"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"величием","lemma":"величие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смутившись","gloss":"majesty"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies величием","gloss":"of the court"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"присутствием","lemma":"присутствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with величием","gloss":"presence"},{"surface":"огромной","lemma":"огромный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies публики","gloss":"vast"},{"surface":"слушавшей","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies публики","gloss":"that listened"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слушавшей","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"публики","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies присутствием","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предстал","gloss":"an air"},{"surface":"спокойным","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom чуть не (almost)","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom чуть не (almost)","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"величавым","lemma":"величавый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with спокойным, modifies видом","gloss":"stately"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b12-c2-s24","source":"Он давал свои показания с такою уверенностью, как если бы беседовал наедине со своею Марфой Игнатьевной, только разве почтительнее.","translation":"He gave his testimony with as much assurance as if he were conversing alone with his own Marfa Ignatyevna — only, perhaps, more respectfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как если бы беседовал","title":"«как если бы» + past = 'as if'","body":"«как если бы беседовал» is the 'as if' comparison built on the conditional: «как если бы» plus a past-form verb, 'as though he were conversing.' The «бы» marks the whole comparison as hypothetical, contrary to fact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с такою уверенностью","title":"Old long-form instrumental «такою»","body":"«с такою уверенностью» uses the archaic long-form feminine instrumental ending «-ою» (modern «-ой»): «такою», «своею». These fuller endings are a 19th-c. literary flavour, common in Dostoevsky's narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"почтительнее","title":"«почтительнее» — comparative 'more respectfully'","body":"«разве почтительнее» — 'only, perhaps, more respectfully.' «почтительнее» is the simple comparative of the adverb «почтительно»; «разве» here softens to 'except maybe.' He talks to the court as casually as to his wife, bar a touch more deference."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of давал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"давал","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of показания","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"показания","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of давал","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уверенностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такою","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of уверенностью","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"уверенностью","lemma":"уверенность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of давал","gloss":"assurance"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom как если бы (as if)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom как если бы (as if)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of беседовал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"беседовал","lemma":"беседовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on давал","gloss":"were conversing"},{"surface":"наедине","lemma":"наедине","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беседовал","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Марфой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Марфой","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"Марфой","lemma":"Марфа","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of беседовал","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевной","lemma":"Игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфой","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разве","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почтительнее","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"почтительнее","lemma":"почтительный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"elliptical comparison, modifies давал","gloss":"more respectfully"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b12-c2-s25","source":"Сбить его было невозможно.","translation":"To throw him off was impossible.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сбить его было невозможно","title":"Infinitive + impersonal «невозможно»","body":"A terse impersonal sentence: infinitive «сбить» ('to throw off') as logical subject, neuter «было невозможно» as predicate, no nominative — 'To throw him off was impossible.' Fronting the infinitive gives it emphatic weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сбить","lemma":"сбить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on невозможно","gloss":"to throw off"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Сбить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to невозможно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"impossible"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b12-c2-s26","source":"Его сначала долго расспрашивал прокурор о всех подробностях семейства Карамазовых.","translation":"First the prosecutor questioned him at length about all the particulars of the Karamazov household.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"долго расспрашивал","title":"Imperfective «расспрашивал» — drawn-out questioning","body":"«расспрашивал» is imperfective, picturing the questioning as an extended process, reinforced by «долго» ('for a long time'). The «рас-» prefix adds 'thoroughly, at length, point by point.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его сначала долго расспрашивал прокурор","title":"Object first, subject last","body":"The object «его» opens the sentence and the subject «прокурор» closes it — case endings let Russian foreground the witness as topic while saving the prosecutor (the new agent) for the stressed final slot."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of расспрашивал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расспрашивал","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расспрашивал","gloss":"at length"},{"surface":"расспрашивал","lemma":"расспрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"questioned"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of расспрашивал","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробностях","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of подробностях","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"подробностях","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of расспрашивал","gloss":"particulars"},{"surface":"семейства","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подробностях","gloss":"of the household"},{"surface":"Карамазовых","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies семейства","gloss":"of the Karamazovs"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b12-c2-s27","source":"Семейная картина ярко выставилась наружу.","translation":"The family picture stood out vividly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выставилась наружу","title":"Reflexive «выставилась» + perfective","body":"«выставилась наружу» — perfective reflexive «выставиться» ('to stand out, present itself'), a single completed emergence: the family portrait 'came out vividly into the open.' The «-ся» makes it middle/intransitive — it displays itself, with no stated agent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Семейная","lemma":"семейный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies картина","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"картина","lemma":"картина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выставилась","gloss":"picture"},{"surface":"ярко","lemma":"ярко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выставилась","gloss":"vividly"},{"surface":"выставилась","lemma":"выставиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood out"},{"surface":"наружу","lemma":"наружу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выставилась","gloss":"out"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b12-c2-s28","source":"Слышалось, виделось, что свидетель был простодушен и беспристрастен.","translation":"One could hear and see that the witness was simple-hearted and impartial.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слышалось, виделось, что","title":"Impersonal reflexives «слышалось, виделось»","body":"«слышалось, виделось» are impersonal reflexive verbs with no subject: 'it could be heard, it could be seen (that)...' The «-ся/-сь» turns the perception passive and subjectless — the impression arises of itself. Such impersonal sensing is a Dostoevskian signature."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был простодушен и беспристрастен","title":"Short adjectives in the predicate","body":"«простодушен» and «беспристрастен» are short-form adjectives ('simple-hearted', 'impartial'), used predicatively after «был». The short form is the bookish, characteristic-stating predicate of 19th-c. prose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"простодушен","title":"«простодушный» — simple-hearted","body":"«простодушный» (from «простой» + «душа», 'simple-souled') means guileless, naively honest — a key word for Grigory's character. It is praise here: his very simplicity makes his testimony trustworthy and his account 'impartial.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышалось","lemma":"слышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with виделось","gloss":"could be heard"},{"surface":"виделось","lemma":"видеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Слышалось","gloss":"could be seen"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of простодушен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"свидетель","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the что-clause","gloss":"the witness"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to простодушен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"простодушен","lemma":"простодушный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"simple-hearted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"беспристрастен","lemma":"беспристрастный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with простодушен","gloss":"impartial"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b12-c2-s29","source":"При всей глубочайшей почтительности к памяти своего бывшего барина, он все-таки, например, заявил, что тот был к Мите несправедлив и «не так воспитал детей. Его, малого мальчика, без меня вши бы заели, — прибавил он, повествуя о детских годах Мити. — Тоже не годилось отцу сына в имении его материнском, родовом, обижать».","translation":"For all his most profound reverence toward the memory of his late master, he nonetheless declared, for instance, that the man had been unjust to Mitya and 'did not raise his children right. As a little boy, but for me, the lice would have eaten him alive,' he added, recounting Mitya's childhood years. 'It was wrong, too, for a father to wrong his son over the boy's mother's estate, his patrimony.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"барина","title":"«барин» — the master","body":"«барин» is the master, the gentleman-owner — the form of address and reference a household servant uses for his lord. Grigory's «бывшего барина» ('his former master') carries the whole world of serf-era deference, even decades after emancipation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вши бы заели","title":"«вши бы заели» — peasant idiom","body":"«без меня вши бы заели» — 'but for me the lice would have eaten him up.' «заесть» (to bite/eat to death) plus «бы» is a homely peasant conditional; it earthily conveys that the neglected little boy would have come to ruin without Grigory's care."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не годилось отцу сына... обижать","title":"«не годилось» + dative — 'it was not fitting'","body":"«не годилось отцу... обижать» — 'it did not befit the father to wrong (his son).' The impersonal «годиться» ('to be fitting') with a dative «отцу» and infinitive is folk-moral phrasing; Grigory pronounces on right and wrong in plain peasant terms."}],"words":[{"surface":"При","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking почтительности","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of почтительности","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"глубочайшей","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, superlative, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies почтительности","gloss":"most profound"},{"surface":"почтительности","lemma":"почтительность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заявил","gloss":"reverence"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking памяти","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"памяти","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies почтительности","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of барина","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"бывшего","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies барина","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies памяти","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заявил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки (nonetheless)","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки (nonetheless)","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying заявил","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"заявил","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of несправедлив","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of несправедлив","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to несправедлив","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of несправедлив","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"несправедлив","lemma":"несправедливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of заявил","gloss":"unjust"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воспитал","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"воспитал","lemma":"воспитать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with несправедлив","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of воспитал","gloss":"his children"},{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заели","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"малого","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Его","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"but for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of заели","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вши","lemma":"вошь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of заели","gloss":"the lice"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of заели","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"заели","lemma":"заесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"eaten alive"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"повествуя","lemma":"повествовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавил","gloss":"recounting"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking годах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"детских","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies годах","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"годах","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of повествуя","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies годах","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"Тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies годилось","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies годилось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"годилось","lemma":"годиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"was right"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of обижать (impersonal construction with годилось)","gloss":"for a father"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обижать","gloss":"his son"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имении","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"имении","lemma":"имение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обижать","gloss":"the estate"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies имении","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"материнском","lemma":"материнский","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies имении","gloss":"mother's"},{"surface":"родовом","lemma":"родовой","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with материнском, modifies имении","gloss":"ancestral"},{"surface":"обижать","lemma":"обижать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on годилось","gloss":"to wrong"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b12-c2-s30","source":"На вопрос же прокурора о том, какие у него основания утверждать, что Федор Павлович обидел в расчете сына, Григорий Васильевич, к удивлению всех, основательных данных совсем никаких не представил, но все-таки стоял на том, что расчет с сыном был «неправильный» и что это точно ему «несколько тысяч следовало доплатить».","translation":"When the prosecutor asked him what grounds he had for asserting that Fyodor Pavlovitch had cheated his son in the reckoning, Grigory Vassilyevitch, to everyone's astonishment, could produce no solid evidence at all, yet still stood his ground that the settlement with the son had been 'unfair' and that the master 'most certainly ought to have paid him a few thousand more.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"основательных данных совсем никаких не представил","title":"Genitive of negation + «никаких»","body":"«основательных данных... никаких не представил» — under the negated verb «не представил», the object stands in the genitive «данных», with negative concord «никаких» ('none at all'): 'produced no solid evidence whatever.' The piling of negators is emphatic, not contradictory."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоял на том, что","title":"«стоять на том, что» — to insist","body":"«стоял на том, что...» — literally 'stood on the (point) that', the idiom 'to stand one's ground / insist that.' The correlative «на том» (prepositional) anticipates the «что»-clause spelling out what he held to."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"следовало доплатить","title":"Impersonal «следовало» + infinitive","body":"«ему... следовало доплатить» — impersonal «следовало» ('it was due / ought to') with a dative «ему» and infinitive: 'a few thousand ought to have been paid him.' Another subjectless dative-experiencer modal, in Grigory's reported speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of представил","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"prosecutor's"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of основания","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"(he had)"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive complement of основания (у него = he had)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"основания","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of the clause modifying том","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"утверждать","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies основания","gloss":"to assert"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обидел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обидел","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"обидел","lemma":"обидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of утверждать","gloss":"had cheated"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расчете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"расчете","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обидел","gloss":"the reckoning"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обидел","gloss":"his son"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of представил","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевич","lemma":"Васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григорий","gloss":"Vassilyevitch"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлению","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"удивлению","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical phrase modifying представил","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies удивлению","gloss":"of everyone"},{"surface":"основательных","lemma":"основательный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies данных","gloss":"solid"},{"surface":"данных","lemma":"данные","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of представил (genitive of negation)","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никаких","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of данных","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies представил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"представил","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"produced"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки (still)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки (still)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with представил","gloss":"stood his ground"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of неправильный","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"расчет","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of неправильный","gloss":"the settlement"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сыном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сыном","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies расчет","gloss":"the son"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to неправильный","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"неправильный","lemma":"неправильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying том, coordinated with следовало-clause","gloss":"unfair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of следовало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of следовало","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies следовало","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of доплатить","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысяч","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of доплатить","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"следовало","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with неправильный (second что-clause)","gloss":"was owed"},{"surface":"доплатить","lemma":"доплатить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on следовало","gloss":"to pay more"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b12-c2-s31","source":"Замечу кстати, что этот вопрос — действительно ли Федор Павлович недоплатил чего Мите? — прокурор с особенною настойчивостью предлагал потом и всем тем свидетелям, которым мог его предложить, не исключая ни Алеши, ни Ивана Федоровича, но ни от кого из свидетелей не получил никакого точного сведения; все утверждали факт, и никто не мог представить хоть сколько-нибудь ясного доказательства.","translation":"I will remark, by the way, that this question — whether Fyodor Pavlovitch had in fact underpaid Mitya anything — the prosecutor afterwards put with peculiar insistence to all the witnesses he could put it to, not excepting Alyosha or Ivan Fyodorovitch; but from none of the witnesses did he obtain any precise information: all of them affirmed the fact, and not one could offer even the slightest clear proof.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не получил никакого точного сведения","title":"Genitive of negation in the singular","body":"«не получил никакого точного сведения» — the negated «не получил» pulls its object into the genitive «сведения», with «никакого» for concord: 'obtained no precise information at all.' Compare the parallel «никто не мог представить... доказательства.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"недоплатил ли... чего","title":"Embedded «ли» + colloquial «чего»","body":"«действительно ли... недоплатил чего Мите» — the embedded yes/no with «ли» ('whether he had really underpaid'). «чего» is a colloquial genitive 'anything' (partitive, under the implied negative sense) standing for «что-нибудь»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Замечу","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (parenthetical remark)","gloss":"I will remark"},{"surface":"кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Замечу","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause complement of Замечу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предлагал (fronted)","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недоплатил","gloss":"in fact"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies действительно, marks the embedded question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of недоплатил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"недоплатил","lemma":"недоплатить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause in apposition to вопрос","gloss":"underpaid"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of недоплатил","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of недоплатил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предлагал","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking настойчивостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"особенною","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies настойчивостью","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"настойчивостью","lemma":"настойчивость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предлагал","gloss":"insistence"},{"surface":"предлагал","lemma":"предлагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предлагал","gloss":"afterwards"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links предлагал to свидетелям","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of свидетелям","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of свидетелям","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"свидетелям","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of предлагал","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of предложить","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on свидетелям","gloss":"he could"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предложить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"предложить","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies исключая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"исключая","lemma":"исключать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying свидетелям","gloss":"excepting"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"correlates with ни (w31)","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of исключая","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"correlates with ни (w29)","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Алеши","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovitch"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces the negation with не получил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of получил","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидетелей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"the witnesses"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies получил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"получил","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with предлагал by но","gloss":"did he obtain"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сведения","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"точного","lemma":"точный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сведения","gloss":"precise"},{"surface":"сведения","lemma":"сведение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of получил","gloss":"information"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of утверждали","gloss":"all of them"},{"surface":"утверждали","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"affirmed"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of утверждали","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"not one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with утверждали","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"offer"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сколько","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"modifies доказательства","gloss":"the slightest"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сколько","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ясного","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies доказательства","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"доказательства","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of представить","gloss":"proof"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b12-c2-s32","source":"После того как Григорий описал сцену за столом, когда ворвался Дмитрий Федорович и избил отца, угрожая воротиться убить его, — мрачное впечатление пронеслось по зале, тем более что старый слуга рассказывал спокойно, без лишних слов, своеобразным языком, а вышло страшно красноречиво.","translation":"After Grigory had described the scene at the table, when Dmitri Fyodorovitch had burst in and beaten his father, threatening to come back and kill him, a gloomy impression swept through the hall — all the more so because the old servant told it calmly, without superfluous words, in his own peculiar idiom, and it came out terribly eloquent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"После того как Григорий описал","title":"«после того как» — 'after'","body":"«После того как Григорий описал сцену...» is the compound temporal conjunction 'after (the point that)', with the perfective «описал» marking the completed prior action before the main clause's «пронеслось»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"угрожая воротиться убить его","title":"Gerund «угрожая» + archaic «воротиться»","body":"«угрожая воротиться убить его» — the imperfective gerund «угрожая» ('threatening') adds attendant circumstance to Mitya's bursting in. «воротиться» is the older, folk variant of «вернуться» ('to come back'), in keeping with the servant's register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем более что","title":"«тем более что» — 'all the more so because'","body":"«тем более что» introduces an intensifying reason: 'the more so, because...' Here it explains why the gloomy impression was so strong — precisely because the old servant told it so plainly and unadorned."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"своеобразным языком","title":"«своеобразный язык» — his own idiom","body":"«своеобразным языком» (instrumental of manner) — 'in his own peculiar idiom/language.' «своеобразный» is 'distinctive, idiosyncratic'; Grigory's archaic, peasant, half-pious speech is exactly the «своеобразный язык» that makes his account 'terribly eloquent.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"После","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the compound conjunction после того как","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of описал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of описал","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"описал","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пронеслось","gloss":"had described"},{"surface":"сцену","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of описал","gloss":"the scene"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"столом","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of описал","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the relative-temporal clause modifying сцену","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ворвался","lemma":"ворваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying сцену","gloss":"burst in"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ворвался","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovitch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"избил","lemma":"избить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ворвался","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of избил","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"угрожая","lemma":"угрожать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on избил","gloss":"threatening"},{"surface":"воротиться","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of угрожая","gloss":"to come back"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of воротиться","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мрачное","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"gloomy"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пронеслось","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"пронеслось","lemma":"пронестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"swept"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пронеслось","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of correlative тем более что","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces reason clause modifying пронеслось","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of correlative тем более, introduces clause of рассказывал","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"старый","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слуга","gloss":"the old"},{"surface":"слуга","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказывал","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reason clause (тем более что)","gloss":"told it"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"calmly"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слов","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"лишних","lemma":"лишний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"superfluous"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of рассказывал","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"своеобразным","lemma":"своеобразный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies языком","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"языком","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказывал","gloss":"idiom"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рассказывал","gloss":"it came out"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies красноречиво","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"красноречиво","lemma":"красноречивый","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverb complement of вышло","gloss":"eloquent"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b12-c2-s33","source":"За обиду свою Митей, ударившим его тогда по лицу и сбившим его с ног, он заметил, что не сердится и давно простил.","translation":"As for the offence Mitya had done him — striking him in the face that time and knocking him off his feet — he remarked that he bore no grudge and had long since forgiven it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ударившим его... и сбившим его с ног","title":"Past active participles in the instrumental","body":"«Митей, ударившим... и сбившим» — two past active participles agreeing with the instrumental «Митей»: 'by Mitya, who had struck him and knocked him off his feet.' Perfective stems give the completed, prior blows; the instrumental ties them to «За обиду свою Митей.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"За обиду свою Митей","title":"Reflexive «свой» + fronting","body":"«За обиду свою Митей» — 'as for the offence (done) to him by Mitya.' «свою» is the reflexive possessive ('his own' wrong, Grigory being the experiencer), and the whole phrase is fronted as topic before «он заметил»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сбившим его с ног","title":"«сбить с ног» — to knock off one's feet","body":"«сбить с ног» is the set idiom 'to knock (someone) off his feet, to fell.' «с ног» is 'from the feet' (genitive after «с»). The same root «сбить» runs through this chapter in the sense 'to throw off' a witness — a small motif of being knocked off balance."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обиду","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"обиду","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"the offence"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of обиду","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"Митей","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of обиду","gloss":"by Mitya"},{"surface":"ударившим","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies Митей","gloss":"who struck"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ударившим","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ударившим","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лицу","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударившим","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сбившим","lemma":"сбить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"coordinated with ударившим","gloss":"knocked"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сбившим","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ног","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"ног","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сбившим","gloss":"his feet"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сердится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сердится","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заметил","gloss":"is angry"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простил","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"простил","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сердится","gloss":"forgave"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b12-c2-s34","source":"О покойном Смердякове выразился, перекрестясь, что малый был со способностью, да глуп и болезнью угнетен, а пуще безбожник, и что его безбожеству Федор Павлович и старший сын учили.","translation":"Of the late Smerdyakov he spoke, crossing himself, that the fellow had ability, but was stupid and oppressed by his illness, and worse still a godless man, and that it was Fyodor Pavlovitch and the elder son who had taught him his godlessness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выразился, перекрестясь","title":"Perfective past gerund «перекрестясь»","body":"«перекрестясь» is a perfective past gerund of the reflexive «перекреститься» ('to cross oneself'), in its older «-сь» form: 'having crossed himself.' It frames the completed gesture accompanying his words about the dead Smerdyakov."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был со способностью, да глуп","title":"Folk «да» + short adjective «глуп»","body":"«малый был со способностью, да глуп» — «да» here is the colloquial/folksy 'but, and yet', and «глуп» is a short-form predicate adjective ('stupid'). The blunt parataxis is Grigory's plain peasant verdict on Smerdyakov."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безбожник","title":"«безбожник» — a godless man","body":"«безбожник» (from «без» + «Бог», 'without God') is 'an atheist, a godless man' — for the pious Grigory the gravest charge. He blames Smerdyakov's «безбожество» on the teaching of Fyodor Pavlovitch and «старший сын» (Ivan), pointing straight at the novel's theme of unbelief."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякове","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"покойном","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Смердякове","gloss":"the late"},{"surface":"Смердякове","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выразился","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"выразился","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"перекрестясь","lemma":"перекреститься","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on выразился","gloss":"crossing himself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"малый","lemma":"малый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the fellow"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking малый to способностью","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking способностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"способностью","lemma":"способность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"ability"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"глуп","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, short-form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with способностью (elided был)","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"болезнью","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent of угнетен","gloss":"by illness"},{"surface":"угнетен","lemma":"угнетённый","morphology":"adjective, short-form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with глуп","gloss":"oppressed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безбожник","gloss":"worse still"},{"surface":"безбожник","lemma":"безбожник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, coordinated with способностью (elided был)","gloss":"a godless man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of учили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies безбожеству","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"безбожеству","lemma":"безбожество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of учили","gloss":"godlessness"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of учили","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"старший","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Федор, subject of учили","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"учили","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выразился","gloss":"had taught"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b12-c2-s35","source":"Но о честности Смердякова подтвердил почти с жаром и тут же передал, как Смердяков, во время оно, найдя оброненные барские деньги, не утаил их, а принес барину, и тот ему за это «золотой подарил» и впредь во всем доверять начал.","translation":"But of Smerdyakov's honesty he testified almost with warmth, and at once related how Smerdyakov, in time gone by, having found some money the master had dropped, had not kept it hidden but brought it to his master, who for this 'gave him a gold piece' and thenceforth began to trust him in everything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"найдя оброненные барские деньги, не утаил","title":"Gerund «найдя» + passive participle «оброненные»","body":"«найдя оброненные... деньги, не утаил» chains a perfective past gerund «найдя» ('having found') with a past passive participle «оброненные» ('dropped, let fall'): the completed finding precedes the completed not-hiding. Dense participle-plus-gerund packing is the literary norm here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"во время оно","title":"«во время оно» — archaic 'in days of old'","body":"«во время оно» is a fixed Church-Slavonic/biblical phrase ('in that time, in days of yore') using the archaic demonstrative «оный» ('that aforesaid'). It opens Gospel readings; here it lends Grigory's reminiscence a faintly scriptural, old-timey solemnity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking честности","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"честности","lemma":"честность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подтвердил","gloss":"the honesty"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies честности","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"},{"surface":"подтвердил","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he confirmed"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жаром","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жаром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"жаром","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подтвердил","gloss":"warmth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"передал","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подтвердил","gloss":"related"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of утаил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of утаил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of утаил (adverbial time phrase)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время (idiom время оно)","gloss":"gone by"},{"surface":"найдя","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on утаил","gloss":"having found"},{"surface":"оброненные","lemma":"обронить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"dropped"},{"surface":"барские","lemma":"барский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"his master's"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of найдя","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утаил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"утаил","lemma":"утаить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of передал","gloss":"hid"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of утаил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"принес","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with утаил","gloss":"brought it"},{"surface":"барину","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of принес","gloss":"to his master"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подарил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подарил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подарил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"золотой","lemma":"золотой","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подарил","gloss":"a gold piece"},{"surface":"подарил","lemma":"подарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with утаил","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"thenceforth"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of доверять","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"доверять","lemma":"доверять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to trust"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with утаил","gloss":"began"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b12-c2-s36","source":"Отворенную же дверь в сад подтвердил с упорною настойчивостью.","translation":"The open garden door he affirmed with stubborn insistence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отворенную же дверь в сад подтвердил","title":"Object fronted with «же»; passive participle «отворённую»","body":"«Отворённую же дверь... подтвердил» fronts the object for emphasis, with «же» marking the topic shift ('as for the open door...'). «отворённую» is a past passive participle ('opened') used attributively; «отворить» is the slightly elevated/older verb for 'to open' (a door)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отворенную","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies дверь","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Отворенную","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подтвердил","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дверь","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"подтвердил","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he affirmed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking настойчивостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"упорною","lemma":"упорный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies настойчивостью","gloss":"stubborn"},{"surface":"настойчивостью","lemma":"настойчивость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подтвердил","gloss":"insistence"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b12-c2-s37","source":"Впрочем, его так много расспрашивали, что я всего и припомнить не могу.","translation":"However, they questioned him at such length that I cannot recall it all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всего и припомнить не могу","title":"Genitive object «всего» under negation","body":"«всего... не могу припомнить» — the negated «не могу» pulls the object into the genitive «всего» ('all of it'): 'I cannot recall it all.' The «и» ('even') intensifies, and the perfective «припомнить» frames recall as a completed act he fails to manage."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так много расспрашивали, что","title":"«так... что» result clause","body":"«так много расспрашивали, что я... не могу» — the «так... что» correlative pair sets up degree and result: 'they questioned (him) so much that I cannot...' «расспрашивали» is imperfective, the prolonged questioning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb modifying расспрашивали","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of расспрашивали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расспрашивали","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"расспрашивали","lemma":"расспрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they questioned"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of могу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of припомнить","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies припомнить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"припомнить","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"recall"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b12-c2-s38","source":"Наконец опросы перешли к защитнику, и тот первым делом начал узнавать о пакете, в котором «будто бы» спрятаны были Федором Павловичем три тысячи рублей для «известной особы».","translation":"At last the examination passed to the defence counsel, and his first move was to begin inquiring about the packet in which Fyodor Pavlovitch had 'supposedly' hidden three thousand roubles for 'a certain person.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спрятаны были","title":"Short passive participle «спрятаны»","body":"«в котором... спрятаны были... три тысячи» — short-form past passive participle «спрятаны» + «были», a periphrastic passive: 'in which were hidden.' The agent «Фёдором Павловичем» stands in the instrumental, as a passive's agent must."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"первым делом начал узнавать","title":"Imperfective «узнавать» under «начал»","body":"«начал узнавать о пакете» — phasal «начать» plus imperfective «узнавать» ('to inquire, to find out'): 'began inquiring.' «первым делом» (instrumental) is the idiom 'as the first thing, first of all.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перешли","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"опросы","lemma":"опрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of перешли","gloss":"the questioning"},{"surface":"перешли","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking защитнику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"защитнику","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перешли","gloss":"the defence counsel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"первым","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies делом","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"делом","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of начал","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перешли","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"узнавать","lemma":"узнавать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to inquire"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакете","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"пакете","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнавать","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрятаны","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спрятаны","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто","gloss":"allegedly"},{"surface":"спрятаны","lemma":"спрятать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on пакете","gloss":"hidden"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of спрятаны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"Федором","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of спрятаны","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичем","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федором","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive спрятаны","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking особы","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"известной","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies особы","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"особы","lemma":"особа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрятаны","gloss":"person"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b12-c2-s39","source":"«Видели ли его сами — вы, столь многолетне приближенный к вашему барину человек?»","translation":"'Did you see it yourself — you, a man so many years close in service to your master?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Видели ли его сами","title":"Direct question with «ли»","body":"«Видели ли его сами — вы...?» is a direct yes/no question with «ли» after the fronted verb: 'Did you see it yourself?' «сами» is the intensifier 'yourself, in person' — Fetyukovitch presses on first-hand sight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь многолетне приближенный","title":"Bookish «столь» + participle «приближенный»","body":"«столь многолетне приближенный к вашему барину человек» — «столь» is the elevated 'so' (for «так»), and «приближённый» a past passive participle 'brought close, made intimate', here adjectival: 'a man so many years close to his master.' The diction flatters with mock-formal grandeur."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Видели, marks the yes/no question","gloss":"question marker"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Видели","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Видели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многолетне","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"многолетне","lemma":"многолетне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приближенный","gloss":"for so many years"},{"surface":"приближенный","lemma":"приблизить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies человек, in apposition to вы","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барину","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вашему","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of барину","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"барину","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приближенный","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"a man"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b12-c2-s40","source":"Григорий ответил, что не видел, да и не слыхал о таких деньгах вовсе ни от кого, «до самых тех пор, как вот зачали теперь все говорить».","translation":"Grigory answered that he had not seen it, nor had he heard of any such money at all from anyone, 'until everybody started talking of it now.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не видел, да и не слыхал... вовсе ни от кого","title":"Stacked negation: «не... ни от кого»","body":"«не видел... не слыхал... вовсе ни от кого» piles negators in concord: 'had not seen... nor heard... from anyone at all.' «ни от кого» (genitive after «от») is the negative 'from no one', and «вовсе» ('at all') strengthens it — one emphatic negative meaning."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зачали","title":"«зачали» — peasant 'began'","body":"«как вот зачали теперь все говорить» — «зачали» is a dialectal/folk past of «зачать» for «начали» ('began'). It marks Grigory's village speech; the modern ear hears «зачать» as 'to conceive', but here it is the old 'to begin.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of ответил","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слыхал","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгах","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of деньгах","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"деньгах","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of слыхал","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слыхал","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces negation with от кого","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of слыхал","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies тех","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of пор","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of слыхал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause modifying пор","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"зачали","lemma":"зачать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"temporal clause modifying пор","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зачали","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорить","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of зачали","gloss":"talking"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b12-c2-s41","source":"Этот вопрос о пакете Фетюкович со своей стороны тоже предлагал всем, кого мог об этом спросить из свидетелей, с такою же настойчивостью, как и прокурор свой вопрос о разделе имения, и ото всех тоже получал лишь один ответ, что пакета никто не видал, хотя очень многие о нем слышали.","translation":"This question about the packet Fetyukovitch, for his part, likewise put to everyone among the witnesses he could ask about it, with the same insistence with which the prosecutor put his question about the division of the estate; and from all of them he too received only the one answer — that no one had seen the packet, though very many had heard of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"получал лишь один ответ","title":"Imperfective «получал» — repeated result","body":"«тоже получал лишь один ответ» — imperfective «получал» frames a recurring outcome: each witness he asked yielded 'only the one answer.' The iterative reading (every time, the same reply) is exactly the imperfective's job."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с такою же настойчивостью, как и прокурор","title":"Comparative «такою же... как» + old «-ою»","body":"«с такою же настойчивостью, как и прокурор» sets up an explicit parallel: 'with the same insistence as the prosecutor.' «такою» again shows the archaic long instrumental «-ою», and «же» fixes 'the very same.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пакета никто не видал","title":"Genitive of negation + «никто»","body":"«пакета никто не видал» — fronted genitive object «пакета» under the negated «не видал», with «никто» for concord: 'no one had seen the packet.' «видал» is the colloquial iterative-past of «видеть.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предлагал","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакете","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"пакете","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of preposition о, modifying вопрос","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предлагал","gloss":"Fetyukovitch"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предлагал (=for his part)","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предлагал","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"предлагал","lemma":"предлагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of предлагал","gloss":"to everyone"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of спросить","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on всем","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидетелей","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of preposition из, modifying всем","gloss":"the witnesses"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking такою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такою","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of настойчивостью","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такою","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"настойчивостью","lemma":"настойчивость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предлагал","gloss":"insistence"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison clause with прокурор","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прокурор","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided verb (comparison clause)","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of elided verb (comparison clause)","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разделе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"разделе","lemma":"раздел","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"division"},{"surface":"имения","lemma":"имение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies разделе","gloss":"of the estate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ото","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of получал","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получал","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"получал","lemma":"получать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предлагал","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies ответ","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of получал","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пакета","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видал (genitive of negation)","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of видал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying ответ","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слышали","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многие","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слышали","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышали","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"concessive clause contrasting with видал","gloss":"had heard"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b12-c2-s42","source":"Эту настойчивость защитника на этом вопросе все с самого начала заметили.","translation":"This insistence of the defence counsel on the point was noticed by everyone from the very start.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Эту настойчивость защитника... все... заметили","title":"Accusative object fronted as topic","body":"«Эту настойчивость защитника... все... заметили» fronts the accusative object 'this insistence of the defender' as the known topic, leaving «все заметили» ('everyone noticed') as the comment. Case marking keeps roles clear despite the inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of настойчивость","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"настойчивость","lemma":"настойчивость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заметили","gloss":"insistence"},{"surface":"защитника","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies настойчивость","gloss":"counsel's"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопросе","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вопросе","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметили","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заметили","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начала","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметили","gloss":"start"},{"surface":"заметили","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b12-c2-s43","source":"— Теперь могу ли обратиться к вам с вопросом, если только позволите, — вдруг и совсем неожиданно спросил Фетюкович, — из чего состоял тот бальзам, или, так сказать, та настойка, посредством которой вы в тот вечер, перед сном, как известно из предварительного следствия, вытерли вашу страдающую поясницу, надеясь тем излечиться?","translation":"'Now may I be permitted to turn to you with a question, if only you will allow it,' Fetyukovitch asked suddenly and quite unexpectedly — 'what was that balsam made of, or, so to speak, that tincture, by means of which you, on that evening, before bed — as is known from the preliminary investigation — rubbed your aching back, hoping thereby to cure it?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"могу ли обратиться к вам с вопросом","title":"Polite request with «ли»","body":"«могу ли обратиться к вам с вопросом» — a courteous yes/no with «ли»: 'may I turn to you with a question?' «обратиться к» + dative is 'to address (someone)', «с вопросом» (instrumental) 'with a question' — a markedly polite, formal opener."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"посредством которой вы... вытерли","title":"Relative «который» governed by a preposition","body":"«посредством которой вы... вытерли вашу... поясницу» — the relative «которой» (genitive after «посредством», 'by means of') agrees in gender/number with «настойка» but takes the case its own clause demands. «вытерли» is perfective: a single completed rubbing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надеясь тем излечиться","title":"Gerund «надеясь» + reflexive infinitive","body":"«надеясь тем излечиться» — imperfective gerund «надеясь» ('hoping') with the reflexive perfective «излечиться» ('to cure oneself'): 'hoping thereby to be healed.' «тем» is the instrumental of «то», 'by that (means).'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бальзам, или... настойка","title":"«настойка» — a tincture","body":"«настойка» is a home remedy: herbs steeped in alcohol, a 'tincture' or infusion. Fetyukovitch mock-elevates Grigory's liniment to «бальзам» ('balsam') before settling on «настойка» — the start of his sly campaign to show the old man was drunk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may I"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"обратиться","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of обратиться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вопросом","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратиться","gloss":"a question"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позволите","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволите","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"позволите","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on обратиться","gloss":"you allow"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with вдруг","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Fetyukovitch"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of состоял","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"состоял","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"consisted"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of бальзам","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бальзам","lemma":"бальзам","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of состоял","gloss":"balsam"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"part of idiom так сказать (=so to speak)","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of настойка","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"настойка","lemma":"настойка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of состоял","gloss":"tincture"},{"surface":"посредством","lemma":"посредством","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"by means of"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of посредством, referring to настойка","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вытерли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытерли (temporal)","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сном","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"сном","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытерли (temporal)","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of известно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical clause modifying вытерли","gloss":"is known"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking следствия","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"предварительного","lemma":"предварительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies следствия","gloss":"preliminary"},{"surface":"следствия","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of известно","gloss":"investigation"},{"surface":"вытерли","lemma":"вытереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause introduced by которой","gloss":"rubbed"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of поясницу","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"страдающую","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies поясницу","gloss":"aching"},{"surface":"поясницу","lemma":"поясница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вытерли","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"надеясь","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вытерли","gloss":"hoping"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of излечиться","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"излечиться","lemma":"излечиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of надеясь","gloss":"to cure it"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b12-c2-s44","source":"Григорий тупо посмотрел на опросчика и, помолчав несколько, пробормотал:","translation":"Grigory stared dully at his questioner and, after a brief silence, muttered:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"помолчав несколько","title":"Perfective gerund «помолчав»","body":"«помолчав несколько» — perfective past gerund of «помолчать» ('to be silent for a while'), 'having stayed silent a bit.' The «по-» prefix gives the delimited 'for a short while'; «несколько» here is adverbial, 'somewhat, a little.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тупо","title":"«тупо посмотрел» — stared dully","body":"«тупо» (from «тупой», blunt/dull) describes Grigory's blank, uncomprehending stare at his «опросчик» (questioner). It paints him as honest but slow — exactly the obtuseness Fetyukovitch is angling to exploit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"тупо","lemma":"тупо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"dully"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking опросчика","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"опросчика","lemma":"опросчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"questioner"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помолчав","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пробормотал","gloss":"having paused"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помолчав","gloss":"briefly"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with посмотрел","gloss":"muttered"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b12-c2-s45","source":"— Был шалфей положен.","translation":"'There was sage put in it.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Был шалфей положен","title":"Short passive participle «положен»","body":"«Был шалфей положен» — short-form past passive participle «положен» ('was put in') with «был»: a colloquial passive, 'there was sage put in.' The verb-final, subject-second order is Grigory's plain, slightly archaic phrasing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шалфей","title":"«шалфей» — sage","body":"«шалфей» is sage, a common folk medicinal herb. Grigory's remedy is a peasant household cure — sage, plantain, pepper steeped in spirits — and the homely ingredients set up the comedy of how much of it he then drank."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of положен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"шалфей","lemma":"шалфей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of положен","gloss":"sage"},{"surface":"положен","lemma":"положить","morphology":"short-form passive participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb (passive predicate) of the sentence","gloss":"put in"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b12-c2-s46","source":"— Только шалфей? Не припомните ли еще чего-нибудь?","translation":"'Only sage? Can you not recall anything else?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не припомните ли еще чего-нибудь?","title":"Negative-polite question with «ли»","body":"«Не припомните ли...?» — a question framed in the negative with «ли» is a softer, more courteous request: 'Can you not recall...? / Wouldn't you recall...?' «чего-нибудь» is the non-specific indefinite 'anything (at all)', genitive under the negative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шалфей","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"шалфей","lemma":"шалфей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical phrase","gloss":"sage"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies припомните","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"припомните","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recall"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies припомните","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чего-нибудь","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of припомните (genitive of negation)","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"part of indefinite pronoun чего-нибудь","gloss":"(indefinite)"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b12-c2-s47","source":"— Подорожник был тоже.","translation":"'There was plantain too.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Подорожник","title":"«подорожник» — plantain","body":"«подорожник» is plantain (the roadside weed Plantago), a staple of folk wound-medicine — its name means 'the by-the-road plant' («по дороге»). Another humble herb in Grigory's liniment, deadpan-listed as Fetyukovitch reels him in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подорожник","lemma":"подорожник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"plantain"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (elliptical)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"too"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b12-c2-s48","source":"— И перец, может быть? — любопытствовал Фетюкович.","translation":"'And pepper, perhaps?' Fetyukovitch inquired with curiosity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И перец, может быть?","title":"Elliptical leading question","body":"«И перец, может быть?» — a verbless, elliptical prompt: 'And pepper, perhaps?' Fetyukovitch supplies the answer in the question, gently steering. «любопытствовал» ('inquired with curiosity', imperfective) paints his feigned, unhurried interest."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"перец","lemma":"перец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical phrase","gloss":"pepper"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom может быть (=perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom может быть (=perhaps)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"любопытствовал","lemma":"любопытствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"inquired"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любопытствовал","gloss":"Fetyukovitch"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b12-c2-s49","source":"— И перец был.","translation":"'There was pepper too.'","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"перец","lemma":"перец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"pepper"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b12-c2-s50","source":"— И так далее. И всё это на водочке?","translation":"'And so on. And all of it in vodka?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на водочке","title":"«водочка» — affectionate diminutive of vodka","body":"«на водочке» uses the endearing diminutive «водочка» (from «водка»), 'on a drop of nice vodka.' The cozy suffix is sly here — Fetyukovitch coaxes warmly, lulling the old man toward admitting how strong and how plentiful the drink really was."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of idiom и так далее (=and so on)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom и так далее","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom и так далее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (elliptical было)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking водочке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"водочке","lemma":"водочка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement (elliptical predicate)","gloss":"vodka"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b12-c2-s51","source":"— На спирту.","translation":"'In spirits.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"На спирту","title":"«спирт» — neat spirit, not vodka","body":"Grigory corrects «на водочке» to «на спирту» — not vodka but «спирт», pure (often 96%) grain alcohol, far stronger. The «-у» locative ending («на спирту») is the special stressed locative some masculine nouns take after «в/на». The correction is the joke's trapdoor."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спирту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"спирту","lemma":"спирт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical phrase","gloss":"spirits"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b12-c2-s52","source":"В зале чуть-чуть пронесся смешок.","translation":"A faint titter ran through the hall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чуть-чуть пронесся смешок","title":"Reflexive «пронёсся» + verb-first","body":"«пронёсся смешок» — perfective reflexive «пронестись» ('to sweep/run through, of a sound'), verb before subject for the sudden ripple: 'a titter ran through.' «чуть-чуть» ('ever so slightly') keeps it faint."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смешок","title":"«смешок» — a little laugh, a titter","body":"«смешок» is the diminutive of «смех» (laughter), a small suppressed laugh — a titter or snigger. The suffix shrinks it to the half-stifled ripple proper to a hushed courtroom, and it recurs as Fetyukovitch scores his point."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пронесся","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пронесся","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пронесся","gloss":"slightly"},{"surface":"пронесся","lemma":"пронестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"смешок","lemma":"смешок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пронесся","gloss":"titter"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b12-c2-s53","source":"— Видите, даже и на спирту. Вытерши спину, вы ведь остальное содержание бутылки, с некоею благочестивою молитвою, известной лишь вашей супруге, изволили выпить, ведь так?","translation":"'You see, in spirits, no less. And, having rubbed your back, you were good enough to drink the rest of the bottle's contents, with a certain pious little prayer known only to your wife — was that not so?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вытерши спину","title":"Perfective gerund «вытерши»","body":"«Вытерши спину» — perfective past gerund of «вытереть» ('to rub/wipe'), 'having rubbed your back.' The «-ши» variant (beside «-в») is the slightly older/bookish form; it marks the completed prior action before he 'was good enough to drink' the rest."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"изволили выпить","title":"«изволили» — mock-deferential 'were pleased to'","body":"«изволили выпить» — «изволить» ('to deign, to be so good as to') is an old polite auxiliary; here it drips irony, framing the drunkard's swig as a gracious act. The plural «изволили» is the formal/polite address to one person."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с некоею благочестивою молитвою","title":"Archaic «-ею» + «благочестивый» — a pious little prayer","body":"«с некоею благочестивою молитвою» heaps archaic long instrumentals («-ею» for «-ой») on «благочестивый» ('pious, devout'). The mock-solemn tone — a 'certain pious prayer known only to your wife' — turns the home remedy into gentle blasphemous comedy, building to the 'gates of paradise' jab."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спирту","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спирту","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спирту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"спирту","lemma":"спирт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical phrase (=it was in spirits)","gloss":"spirits"},{"surface":"Вытерши","lemma":"вытереть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on изволили","gloss":"having wiped"},{"surface":"спину","lemma":"спина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Вытерши","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of изволили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изволили","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"остальное","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies содержание","gloss":"the rest of"},{"surface":"содержание","lemma":"содержание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выпить","gloss":"contents"},{"surface":"бутылки","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies содержание","gloss":"of the bottle"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молитвою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"некоею","lemma":"некий","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of молитвою","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"благочестивою","lemma":"благочестивый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies молитвою","gloss":"pious"},{"surface":"молитвою","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выпить (manner)","gloss":"prayer"},{"surface":"известной","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies молитвою","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вашей","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of супруге","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"супруге","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of известной (dative of agent)","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"изволили","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"deigned"},{"surface":"выпить","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of изволили","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the tag question (=isn't that so)","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b12-c2-s54","source":"— Выпил.","translation":"'I drank it.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выпил","title":"Perfective «выпил» — drank it (up)","body":"Grigory's one-word answer «Выпил» is the perfective of «пить» ('to drink up, to finish'): not 'I was drinking' but 'I drank it (all).' The bare perfective, subject dropped, lands the completed, incriminating fact flatly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выпил","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (elliptical subject я)","gloss":"I drank"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b12-c2-s55","source":"— Много ли примерно выпили? Примерно? Рюмочку, другую?","translation":"'About how much did you drink, roughly? Roughly? A glass or two?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Много ли примерно выпили?","title":"Quantity question with «ли»","body":"«Много ли... выпили?» — «ли» after «много» asks the degree question 'about how much did you drink?' «выпили» is the polite plural; «примерно» ('roughly, approximately') invites an estimate Fetyukovitch can then nudge upward."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Рюмочку, другую?","title":"«рюмочка» — a little shot-glass","body":"«рюмочка» is the diminutive of «рюмка», a small stemmed glass for spirits — a 'wee dram, a shot.' Fetyukovitch suggests a modest «рюмочку, другую» ('a glass or two') only to have Grigory blurt out a whole tumblerful — the diminutive sets up the contrast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выпили","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Много","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"примерно","lemma":"примерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выпили","gloss":"roughly"},{"surface":"выпили","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you drink"},{"surface":"Примерно","lemma":"примерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"roughly"},{"surface":"Рюмочку","lemma":"рюмочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a small glass"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Рюмочку","gloss":"another"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b12-c2-s56","source":"— Со стакан будет.","translation":"'It would come to a tumblerful.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Со стакан будет","title":"«с» + accusative ≈ 'about'; «будет» of estimate","body":"«Со стакан будет» — «с» plus the accusative «стакан» means 'about, roughly the size of a glass', and «будет» here is the estimating 'it will come to / amounts to': 'it would be about a tumblerful.' A neat idiom of approximate measure."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стакан","title":"«стакан» — a tumbler","body":"A «стакан» is a full drinking glass / tumbler — vastly more than the «рюмочка» offered. Grigory's plain «со стакан» (a tumblerful of neat spirit) is the damaging admission Fetyukovitch was fishing for, delivered without guile."}],"words":[{"surface":"Со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стакан (approximation)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"стакан","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"a glass"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would be"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b12-c2-s57","source":"— Даже и со стакан. Может быть, и полтора стаканчика?","translation":"'Even a whole tumbler. Maybe a tumbler and a half?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"полтора стаканчика","title":"«полтора» + diminutive «стаканчик»","body":"«полтора стаканчика» — «полтора» ('one and a half') governs the genitive singular «стаканчика», and «стаканчик» is the diminutive of «стакан». The little-glass form is mock-coaxing: Fetyukovitch gently inflates the count to 'a glass and a half', tightening the noose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стакан","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стакан","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стакан (approximation)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"стакан","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a glass"},{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom может быть (=perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom может быть (=perhaps)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"полтора","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on стаканчика","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"стаканчика","lemma":"стаканчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"glasses"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b12-c2-s58","source":"Григорий замолк. Он как бы что-то понял.","translation":"Grigory fell silent. He seemed to have understood something.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он как бы что-то понял","title":"«как бы» + «что-то» — 'seemed to grasp something'","body":"«Он как бы что-то понял» — «как бы» hedges to 'as it were, seemingly', and «что-то» is the specific-but-unnamed 'something': 'he seemed to have understood something.' The reader feels Grigory dimly sensing the trap closing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замолк","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"замолк","lemma":"замолкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom как бы (=seemed to)","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom как бы","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понял","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"part of indefinite pronoun что-то","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b12-c2-s59","source":"— Стаканчика полтора чистенького спиртику — оно ведь очень недурно, как вы думаете? Можно и «райские двери отверсты» увидеть, не то что дверь в сад?","translation":"'A glass and a half of neat spirits — that's not at all bad, is it now, what do you think? One might well see even \"the gates of paradise standing open,\" never mind a door into the garden?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отверсты","title":"Church-Slavonic short participle «отверсты»","body":"«отверсты» is a Church-Slavonic short passive participle ('are opened'), from «отверзть» — the sacred-register doublet of everyday «отворить/открыть». Its liturgical ring is the whole point: it marks the phrase as a quoted bit of church language, set against the mundane «дверь в сад»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чистенького спиртику","title":"Diminutives «чистенький», «спиртик»","body":"«стаканчика полтора чистенького спиртику» layers diminutives — «чистенький» (dear-little-pure) and «спиртик» with the folksy partitive genitive «-у» («спиртику»). The cozy suffixes drip mock-tenderness, Fetyukovitch caressing the idea of 'a nice glass and a half of the pure stuff' as he springs his point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стаканчика","lemma":"стаканчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"head noun of the phrase, governed by полтора (a glass and a half)","gloss":"a small glass"},{"surface":"полтора","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on Стаканчика","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"чистенького","lemma":"чистенький","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спиртику","gloss":"neat"},{"surface":"спиртику","lemma":"спирт","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), masculine, singular","role":"modifies Стаканчика (partitive, =of spirits)","gloss":"of spirits"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of недурно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies недурно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недурно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"недурно","lemma":"недурно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of оно (main verb equivalent)","gloss":"not bad"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думаете","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on недурно","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"Можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"райские","lemma":"райский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies двери","gloss":"heavenly"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of отверсты","gloss":"gates"},{"surface":"отверсты","lemma":"отверстый","morphology":"adjective (short-form participle), nominative, plural","role":"predicate describing двери","gloss":"standing open"},{"surface":"увидеть","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Можно","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom не то что (=let alone)","gloss":"to mention"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of idiom не то что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of увидеть","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дверь","gloss":"the garden"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b12-c2-s60","source":"Григорий всё молчал. Опять прошел смешок в зале. Председатель пошевелился.","translation":"Grigory kept silent. Again a titter ran through the hall. The presiding judge stirred.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Григорий всё молчал","title":"Imperfective «молчал» + «всё» (kept on)","body":"«всё молчал» — the imperfective «молчал» ('was silent') plus adverbial «всё' ('still, all the while') paints a continuing, stubborn silence: 'he kept silent.' Aspect here is doing emotional work — the held, unbroken stillness of the cornered old man."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Председатель пошевелился","title":"Perfective reflexive «пошевелился»","body":"«пошевелился» — perfective reflexive «пошевелиться» ('to stir, to give a movement'), a single small completed motion: 'the presiding judge stirred.' Set against Grigory's continuous «молчал», the curt perfective marks one telling gesture from the bench."}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчал","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчал","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained silent"},{"surface":"Опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"смешок","lemma":"смешок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошел","gloss":"titter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"Председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошевелился","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"пошевелился","lemma":"пошевелиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stirred"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b12-c2-s61","source":"— Не знаете ли вы наверно, — впивался всё более и более Фетюкович, — почивали вы или нет в ту минуту, когда увидели отворенную в сад дверь?","translation":"'Do you not know for certain,' Fetyukovitch pressed in ever more and more, 'whether you were asleep or not at the very minute when you saw the door standing open into the garden?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не знаете ли вы наверно","title":"The interrogative «ли» softening a question","body":"The enclitic «ли» follows the fronted, focused verb «не знаете» to form a courteous, literary yes/no question — 'do you not happen to know.' Combined with the negative «не», it makes the cross-examiner's probe sound deferential while it presses."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"почивали","title":"«почивать» — to repose, sleep (elevated)","body":"«Почивать» is a markedly bookish, old-fashioned word for sleeping, far loftier than ordinary «спать» — closer to 'repose' or 'slumber.' Fetyukovitch's mock-solemn diction toward the simple servant Grigory is part of the needling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"впивался всё более и более","title":"Imperfective «впивался» for sustained pressing","body":"The imperfective past «впивался» ('kept boring in') paired with «всё более и более» ('more and more') renders the cross-examination as an ongoing, intensifying process rather than a single act — the imperfective's natural job for drawn-out background action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"увидели отворенную в сад дверь","title":"Past passive participle «отворенную»","body":"«Отворенную» is the past passive participle of «отворить» (to open), declined here in the accusative feminine to agree with «дверь» — 'the opened/standing-open door.' Such participles compress 'the door that had been opened' into a single attributive word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"впивался","lemma":"впиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"pressed on"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies впивался","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies впивался","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with более","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of впивался","gloss":"Fetyukovitch"},{"surface":"почивали","lemma":"почивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"were sleeping"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of почивали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with почивали (=or not)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of почивали (temporal)","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увидели","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"увидели","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying минуту","gloss":"you saw"},{"surface":"отворенную","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying дверь","gloss":"standing open"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отворенную","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of увидели","gloss":"the door"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b12-c2-s62","source":"— На ногах стоял.","translation":"'I was on my feet.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На ногах стоял","title":"Dropped subject, fronted phrase","body":"Grigory answers with no pronoun at all — the masculine «-л» ending of «стоял» already carries 'I.' The locative phrase «на ногах» ('on my feet') is fronted as the stressed new information, in topic-comment order: the point is that he was upright, not asleep."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ногах","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"my feet"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I was standing"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b12-c2-s63","source":"— Это еще не доказательство, что не почивали (еще и еще смешок в зале). Могли ли, например, ответить в ту минуту, если бы вас кто спросил о чем — ну, например, о том, который у нас теперь год?","translation":"'That is not yet proof that you were not asleep (another and yet another titter through the hall). Could you, for instance, have answered at that minute, had someone asked you about something — well, for instance, what year it is now with us?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Могли ли … если бы вас кто спросил","title":"Conditional «бы» with «если бы»","body":"«Если бы вас кто спросил» ('had someone asked you') is a counterfactual conditional: past-tense verb plus the irrealis particle «бы». The main clause «могли ли … ответить» is itself hypothetical, so the whole sentence imagines an unreal test of Grigory's alertness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы вас кто спросил","title":"Indefinite «кто» = 'anyone'","body":"In a conditional, bare «кто» works as an indefinite 'someone, anyone' (for «кто-нибудь»), a compression typical of the literary register. The object «вас» ('you') stands in the accusative before the verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смешок","title":"«смешок» — a little laugh, titter","body":"«Смешок» is the diminutive of «смех» (laughter): a suppressed snigger or titter, here rippling «в зале» (through the courtroom). The «-ок» suffix shrinks the laugh to something half-stifled and unseemly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of доказательство","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доказательство","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доказательство","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"доказательство","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"proof"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of почивали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почивали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"почивали","lemma":"почивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of доказательство","gloss":"were asleep"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смешок","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смешок","gloss":"yet another"},{"surface":"смешок","lemma":"смешок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to почивали","gloss":"titter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смешок","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"Могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Could"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Могли","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to ответить","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"ответить","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Могли","gloss":"to answer"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответить","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спросил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of спросил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of спросил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ответить","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросил","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to том","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of год","gloss":"what","note":"Colloquial interrogative use: 'который год' = 'what year', not a relative clause."},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of год","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies год","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"year"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b12-c2-s64","source":"— Этого не знаю.","translation":"'That I do not know.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Этого не знаю","title":"Genitive of negation: «этого»","body":"Under the negated verb «не знаю», the neuter pronoun object appears as genitive «этого» rather than accusative «это» — the genitive of negation, regular with abstract objects of 'not knowing.' Fronting it ('That I do not know') makes it the emphatic topic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b12-c2-s65","source":"— А который у нас теперь год, нашей эры, от рождества Христова, не знаете ли?","translation":"'And what year it is now with us, of our era, since the birth of Christ — do you not know?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не знаете ли","title":"«ли» again — the polite probe","body":"The same «не знаете ли» frame returns: negated verb plus enclitic «ли», a softened, almost insinuating question. The repetition across these exchanges is a rhetorical drumbeat."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of год","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies год","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies год","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of эры","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"эры","lemma":"эра","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to год","gloss":"era"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рождества","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"рождества","lemma":"рождество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to год","gloss":"the birth"},{"surface":"Христова","lemma":"христов","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies рождества","gloss":"of Christ"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"question particle"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b12-c2-s66","source":"Григорий стоял со сбитым видом, в упор смотря на своего мучителя. Странно это, казалось, по-видимому, что он действительно не знает, какой теперь год.","translation":"Grigory stood there with a baffled look, staring point-blank at his tormentor. Strange as it was, it seemed, apparently, that he really did not know what year it now was.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в упор смотря на своего мучителя","title":"Gerund «смотря» — simultaneous action","body":"«Смотря» is the imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) of «смотреть»: 'while staring.' It hangs an attendant circumstance onto «стоял», sharing its subject — Grigory stood there, all the while gazing point-blank at his tormentor."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в упор","title":"«в упор» — point-blank, fixedly","body":"«В упор» literally 'up against, at rest-point'; with verbs of looking it means staring fixedly, full in the face, at very close range — the same idiom used for firing a gun point-blank."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"своего мучителя","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой» + animate accusative","body":"«Своего мучителя» means 'his own tormentor,' «свой» pointing back to the clause's subject Grigory. The «-его/-я» endings are the animate accusative (= genitive form) for a masculine being, marking «мучитель» as the object looked at."}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сбитым","lemma":"сбитый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"baffled"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упор","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"упор","lemma":"упор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"point-blank","note":"'в упор' is a fixed idiom for staring fixedly/point-blank."},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on стоял","gloss":"staring"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мучителя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мучителя","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мучителя","lemma":"мучитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"tormentor"},{"surface":"Странно","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Strange"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Странно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying Странно","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of 2)","role":"part of the adverb по-видимому","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb (part 2 of 2)","role":"part of the adverb по-видимому","gloss":"apparently","note":"'по-видимому' is one adverb ('apparently'), split here by the tagger."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of казалось","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of год","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies год","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"year"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b12-c2-s67","source":"— Может быть, знаете, однако, сколько у вас на руке пальцев?","translation":"'Perhaps, though, you know how many fingers there are on your hand?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сколько у вас на руке пальцев","title":"«сколько» governs the genitive plural","body":"The quantifier «сколько» ('how many') takes the genitive plural «пальцев» (of «палец», finger) — the same case-government numerals impose on what they count. «У вас на руке» ('on your hand') uses «у» + genitive for the possessor."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Может быть, знаете, однако","title":"Inserted «однако» as adversative","body":"«Однако» here works as a postposed 'however / though,' tucked after the verb to mark a gentle contrastive turn from the failed year-question to a simpler one. Such mobile adversatives are a hallmark of the period's conversational prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of 2)","role":"parenthetical modifying знаете","gloss":"Perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"adverb (part 2 of 2)","role":"parenthetical modifying знаете","gloss":"perhaps","note":"'может быть' is the fixed idiom 'perhaps', split by the tagger."},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"determiner of пальцев","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"possessor of руке","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"руке","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"пальцев","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of сколько","gloss":"fingers"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b12-c2-s68","source":"— Я человек подневольный, — вдруг громко и раздельно проговорил Григорий, — коли начальству угодно надо мною надсмехаться, так я снести должен.","translation":"'I am a man not my own master,' Grigory suddenly pronounced, loud and distinct. 'If it pleases my betters to make sport of me, then I must bear it.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"человек подневольный","title":"'A man not his own master'","body":"«Подневольный» literally means 'under (someone's) will' — dependent, not free. We render «я человек подневольный» as 'I am a man not my own master.' Grigory means he is a subordinate who must endure being mocked by his betters («начальство»), wording rooted in the recently abolished serf order the chapter keeps invoking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли начальству угодно … так я снести должен","title":"Dative-experiencer «начальству угодно»","body":"«Начальству угодно» is an impersonal, subjectless construction: the authority stands in the dative «начальству» and «угодно» ('it pleases') is an invariable predicate — 'if it is the pleasure of the authorities.' This dative-experiencer frame, with no nominative subject, is deeply Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коли","title":"«коли» — folksy 'if'","body":"«Коли» is a colloquial, peasant equivalent of «если» ('if'), marking Grigory's plain, old-servant speech. Dostoevsky uses it to keep his voice rustic and humble against the lawyer's polish."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"надсмехаться","title":"«надсмехаться» — to mock, jeer at","body":"A reflexive «-ся» verb (dialectal variant of «насмехаться») meaning to scoff at, make sport of; it governs «надо мною» (instrumental, 'over me'). The «над-» prefix gives the sense of laughing down at someone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"подневольный","lemma":"подневольный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"not free"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раздельно","lemma":"раздельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with громко","gloss":"distinctly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of угодно","gloss":"if","note":"Archaic/dialectal form of 'если' (if)."},{"surface":"начальству","lemma":"начальство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of угодно","gloss":"my betters"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the коли clause","gloss":"pleases"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мною","gloss":"over","note":"'надо' before 'мною' is the regular euphonic allomorph of the preposition 'над' (over), not a dialectal form — lemma should be the base preposition 'над', matching how 'во'→'в' was normalized elsewhere in this batch (b12-c2-s74-w3)."},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of надсмехаться","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"надсмехаться","lemma":"надсмехаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of угодно","gloss":"to mock"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"снести","lemma":"снести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"to bear"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"must"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b12-c2-s69","source":"Фетюковича как бы немножко осадило, но ввязался и председатель и назидательно напомнил защитнику, что следует задавать более подходящие вопросы.","translation":"Fetyukovitch seemed somewhat taken aback, but the presiding judge broke in as well and admonishingly reminded the counsel that he ought to put more fitting questions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Фетюковича как бы немножко осадило","title":"Impersonal «осадило» with accusative object","body":"«Осадило» is an impersonal neuter past with no subject: the object «Фетюковича» (accusative) is what gets 'pulled up short' — literally 'it somewhat checked Fetyukovitch.' Russian often frames a sudden involuntary effect this subjectless way."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что следует задавать более подходящие вопросы","title":"Impersonal «следует» + «более»-comparative","body":"«Следует задавать» ('one ought to put') is an impersonal modal with an infinitive and no subject. «Более подходящие» forms the attributive comparative with «более» ('more fitting'), the analytic pattern used when the adjective modifies a noun directly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Фетюковича","lemma":"Фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of осадило","gloss":"Fetyukovitch"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part 1 of 2)","role":"modifies осадило","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part 2 of 2)","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"немножко","lemma":"немножко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осадило","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"осадило","lemma":"осадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective, impersonal","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taken aback"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ввязался","lemma":"ввязаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with осадило","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies председатель","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ввязался","gloss":"the judge"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"назидательно","lemma":"назидательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напомнил","gloss":"admonishingly"},{"surface":"напомнил","lemma":"напомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ввязался","gloss":"reminded"},{"surface":"защитнику","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of напомнил","gloss":"the counsel"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of следует","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"следует","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of напомнил","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"задавать","lemma":"задавать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on следует","gloss":"to put"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подходящие","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"подходящие","lemma":"подходящий","morphology":"adjective (participial), accusative, plural","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"fitting"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of задавать","gloss":"questions"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b12-c2-s70","source":"Фетюкович, выслушав, с достоинством поклонился и объявил, что расспросы свои кончил.","translation":"Fetyukovitch, having heard him out, bowed with dignity and announced that he had finished his questioning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выслушав, с достоинством поклонился","title":"Perfective past gerund «выслушав»","body":"«Выслушав» is the perfective past gerund of «выслушать» (to hear out): 'having heard him out.' It marks a completed prior action before the main verb «поклонился» (bowed), the gerund and main clause sharing Fetyukovitch as subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"расспросы свои кончил","title":"Fronted object with reflexive «свои»","body":"Word order puts the object phrase «расспросы свои» ('his questionings') before the verb «кончил», and the reflexive possessive «свои» ties them to the subject — Fetyukovitch's own. This inversion gives a measured, formal cadence to the announcement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"Фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поклонился","gloss":"Fetyukovitch"},{"surface":"выслушав","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поклонился","gloss":"having heard him out"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking достоинством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"достоинством","lemma":"достоинство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поклонился","gloss":"dignity"},{"surface":"поклонился","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поклонился","gloss":"announced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"расспросы","lemma":"расспрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of кончил","gloss":"his questioning"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of расспросы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of объявил","gloss":"finished"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b12-c2-s71","source":"Конечно, и в публике, и у присяжных мог остаться маленький червячок сомнения в показании человека, имевшего возможность «видеть райские двери» в известном состоянии лечения и, кроме того, даже не ведающего, какой нынче год от рождества Христова; так что защитник своей цели все-таки достиг.","translation":"Of course, both in the public and among the jurymen there might remain a tiny worm of doubt about the testimony of a man who had had the chance to 'see the gates of paradise' in a certain state of treatment and who, moreover, did not even know what year it now was since the birth of Christ; so the defence counsel had attained his end all the same.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"червячок сомнения","title":"«червячок» — a little worm (of doubt)","body":"«Червячок» is the diminutive of «червяк» (worm); 'a tiny worm of doubt' that might keep gnawing. The «-чок» suffix makes the doubt small but persistent — an affectionately exact image of nagging suspicion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"человека, имевшего возможность … даже не ведающего","title":"Chained active participles modifying «человека»","body":"Two active participles in genitive agreement describe «человека»: past «имевшего» ('who had had') and present «ведающего» ('not knowing'). Such a stack of participles, each replacing a «который»-clause, is the dense literary syntax Dostoevsky favours."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не ведающего","title":"«ведать» — the elevated 'to know'","body":"«Ведать» is an archaic, bookish verb for knowing, kin to Church-Slavonic register (cf. 'they know not what they do'). Against plain «знать», «не ведающего, какой нынче год» lends a faintly biblical, ironic gravity to Grigory's ignorance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying мог","gloss":"Of course"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking публике","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"публике","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with присяжных","gloss":"the public"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking присяжных","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"присяжных","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"the jurymen"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"остаться","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"remain"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies червячок","gloss":"tiny"},{"surface":"червячок","lemma":"червячок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"worm"},{"surface":"сомнения","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies червячок","gloss":"of doubt"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking показании","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"показании","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сомнения","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies показании","gloss":"of the man"},{"surface":"имевшего","lemma":"имевший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying человека","gloss":"who had"},{"surface":"возможность","lemma":"возможность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имевшего","gloss":"the chance"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies возможность","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"райские","lemma":"райский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies двери","gloss":"heavenly"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"gates"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"известном","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of видеть","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"лечения","lemma":"лечение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"of treatment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase кроме того","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ведающего","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ведающего","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ведающего","lemma":"ведающий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with имевшего","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of год","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"нынче","lemma":"нынче","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies год","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ведающего","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рождества","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"рождества","lemma":"рождество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies год","gloss":"the birth"},{"surface":"Христова","lemma":"христов","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies рождества","gloss":"of Christ"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так что","morphology":"conjunction (part 1 of 2)","role":"introduces the clause of достиг","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"так что","morphology":"conjunction (part 2 of 2)","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"защитник","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of достиг","gloss":"the counsel"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of цели","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"цели","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of достиг","gloss":"goal"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle (part 1 of 2)","role":"modifies достиг","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle (part 2 of 2)","role":"modifies достиг","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"достиг","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause introduced by так что","gloss":"attained"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b12-c2-s72","source":"Но пред уходом Григория произошел еще эпизод.","translation":"But before Grigory withdrew there came yet another episode.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред уходом Григория произошел … эпизод","title":"Archaic «пред» + verb-subject inversion","body":"«Пред» is the old, bookish form of «перед» ('before'). The sentence inverts to verb-then-subject — «произошел … эпизод» ('there came an episode') — a presentational order that introduces new narrative material, like English 'there occurred.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уходом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"уходом","lemma":"уход","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошел","gloss":"the departure"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уходом","gloss":"Grigory's"},{"surface":"произошел","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there came"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies эпизод","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"эпизод","lemma":"эпизод","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произошел","gloss":"episode"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b12-c2-s73","source":"Председатель, обратившись к подсудимому, спросил: не имеет ли он чего заметить по поводу данных показаний?","translation":"The presiding judge, turning to the defendant, asked whether he had anything to remark concerning the testimony given.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обратившись к подсудимому","title":"Perfective gerund «обратившись»","body":"«Обратившись к подсудимому» ('having turned to the defendant') is a perfective past gerund taking «к» + dative «подсудимому». It frames the prior action — first the judge turns, then he asks («спросил»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не имеет ли он чего заметить","title":"Embedded «ли» = 'whether'","body":"In this reported question «ли» introduces an indirect 'whether': 'asked whether he had anything to remark.' The object «чего» is genitive ('anything') under the negative «не имеет» — genitive of negation in a subordinate clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"The judge"},{"surface":"обратившись","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросил","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подсудимому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"подсудимому","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратившись","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имеет","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of спросил","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеет","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имеет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметить","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"заметить","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of имеет","gloss":"to remark"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по поводу","morphology":"preposition (part 1 of 2)","role":"preposition marking поводу","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"поводу","lemma":"по поводу","morphology":"preposition (part 2 of 2)","role":"part of the phrase по","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"данных","lemma":"данный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies показаний","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"показаний","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of поводу","gloss":"the testimony"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b12-c2-s74","source":"— Кроме двери, во всем правду сказал, — громко крикнул Митя. — Что вшей мне вычесывал — благодарю, что побои мне простил — благодарю; старик был честен всю жизнь и верен отцу как семьсот пуделей.","translation":"'Except for the door, he told the truth in everything,' Mitya shouted loudly. 'For combing the lice out of me — I thank him; for forgiving me the blows — I thank him; the old man was honest all his life and faithful to my father as seven hundred poodles.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что вшей мне вычесывал — благодарю","title":"Genitive plural «вшей» + dative «мне»","body":"«Вшей» is the irregular genitive/accusative plural of «вошь» (louse); «мне» is the dative of the person affected — 'for combing the lice out of me.' The «что …» clauses ('for the fact that…') pile up parallel thanks in Mitya's outburst."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"верен отцу как семьсот пуделей","title":"'Faithful as seven hundred poodles'","body":"Mitya's wild simile praises the old servant's doglike loyalty — «верен» (short-form adjective, 'faithful') «как семьсот пуделей». The grotesque exactitude of 'seven hundred poodles' is pure Mitya, and the poodle insult will rebound in the next lines."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"побои мне простил","title":"«побои» — plurale tantum 'a beating'","body":"«Побои» ('blows, a beating') exists only in the plural; here it is the accusative object of «простил» ('forgave'), with dative «мне» ('me'). Grigory once forgave Mitya for striking him — a key piece of the family's brutal history."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"Except for"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of правду","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сказал","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вычесывал","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"вшей","lemma":"вошь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of вычесывал","gloss":"lice"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of вычесывал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вычесывал","lemma":"вычёсывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"combed out"},{"surface":"благодарю","lemma":"благодарить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I thank him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of простил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"побои","lemma":"побои","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of простил","gloss":"the blows"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of простил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"простил","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of благодарю","gloss":"forgave"},{"surface":"благодарю","lemma":"благодарить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I thank him"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of честен","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to честен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"честен","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with верен","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative modifying честен","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"верен","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with честен","gloss":"faithful"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of верен","gloss":"to my father"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison семьсот пуделей","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"семьсот","lemma":"семьсот","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies пуделей","gloss":"seven hundred"},{"surface":"пуделей","lemma":"пудель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of верен","gloss":"poodles"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b12-c2-s75","source":"— Подсудимый, выбирайте ваши слова, — строго проговорил председатель.","translation":"'Defendant, choose your words,' the presiding judge pronounced sternly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выбирайте ваши слова","title":"Polite imperative «выбирайте»","body":"«Выбирайте» is the imperfective imperative with the polite/plural «-те» ending — a formal 'choose [your words].' The imperfective stresses the ongoing manner of his speaking rather than a single act of choice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Defendant"},{"surface":"выбирайте","lemma":"выбирать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"choose"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of выбирайте","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"sternly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"the judge"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b12-c2-s76","source":"— Я не пудель, — проворчал и Григорий.","translation":"'I am no poodle,' Grigory grumbled in his turn.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"проворчал и Григорий","title":"Additive «и» = 'too', and inversion","body":"Here «и» is not 'and' joining clauses but the additive particle 'also, in his turn' — 'Grigory too grumbled.' The verb precedes its subject, a lively narrative inversion for a reported retort."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пудель","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пудель","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"пудель","lemma":"пудель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"poodle"},{"surface":"проворчал","lemma":"проворчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grumbled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Григорий","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проворчал","gloss":"Grigory"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b12-c2-s77","source":"— Ну так это я пудель, я! — крикнул Митя. — Коли обидно, то на себя принимаю, а у него прощения прошу: был зверь и с ним жесток! С Езопом тоже был жесток.","translation":"'Well then, I'm the poodle, I am!' cried Mitya. 'If it's an insult, then I take it upon myself, and of him I beg pardon: I was a beast and cruel to him! I was cruel to Aesop too.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коли обидно, то на себя принимаю","title":"Impersonal «обидно» + reflexive «на себя»","body":"«Обидно» is an impersonal predicate ('if it's offensive / hurtful'), with no subject. «На себя принимаю» uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» ('onto myself') — Mitya takes the insult upon himself, «себя» pointing back to the speaker."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него прощения прошу","title":"«просить» + genitive «прощения»","body":"«Прощения прошу» ('I beg pardon') uses the genitive «прощения» — the object asked-for goes in the genitive after «просить». «У него» ('of him') marks the person petitioned with «у» + genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пудель","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пудель","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пудель","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пудель","lemma":"пудель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"poodle"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with пудель","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принимаю","gloss":"If","note":"Archaic/dialectal form of 'если' (if)."},{"surface":"обидно","lemma":"обидный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it's an insult"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of принимаю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"принимаю","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"I take"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"прощения","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прошу","gloss":"pardon"},{"surface":"прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принимаю","gloss":"I beg"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to зверь","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"зверь","lemma":"зверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal after был","gloss":"a beast"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жесток","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"жесток","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with зверь","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Езопом","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"Езопом","lemma":"Езоп","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жесток","gloss":"Aesop"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жесток","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to жесток","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"жесток","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cruel"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b12-c2-s78","source":"— С каким Езопом? — строго поднял опять председатель.","translation":"'What Aesop?' the presiding judge raised his voice sternly again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С каким Езопом?","title":"Interrogative «какой» in the instrumental","body":"«С каким Езопом?» ('With what Aesop?') shows «какой» ('which / what kind of') agreeing as an adjective in the instrumental after «с» — the case the preposition «с» ('with') demands. The judge picks up Mitya's «с Езопом» to query the strange name."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Езопом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Езопом","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Езопом","lemma":"Езоп","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition С","gloss":"Aesop"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднял","gloss":"sternly"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised his voice","note":"поднять (голос) here means \"to raise one's voice\"; the object is implied."},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднял","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"the presiding judge"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b12-c2-s79","source":"— Ну с Пьеро… с отцом, с Федором Павловичем.","translation":"'Why, Pierrot… my father, Fyodor Pavlovitch.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с отцом, с Федором Павловичем","title":"Instrumental of apposition after «с»","body":"The preposition «с» governs the instrumental throughout the appositive chain: «с Пьеро… с отцом, с Федором Павловичем». Note how «Федором Павловичем» declines both given name and patronymic together in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Пьеро","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Пьеро","lemma":"Пьеро","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"Pierrot"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Пьеро","gloss":"my father"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Федором","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отцом","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичем","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федором","gloss":"Pavlovitch"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b12-c2-s80","source":"Председатель опять и опять внушительно и строжайше уже подтвердил Мите, чтоб он осторожнее выбирал свои выражения.","translation":"Again and again the presiding judge, now most sternly and emphatically, warned Mitya to choose his expressions more carefully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"строжайше … подтвердил","title":"Superlative adverb «строжайше»","body":"«Строжайше» is the bookish superlative of «строго» ('strictly'), formed with the «-айш-» suffix — 'most sternly.' Such synthetic superlatives in «-ейш-/-айш-» belong to the elevated literary register and intensify the judge's repeated warning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб он осторожнее выбирал свои выражения","title":"«чтоб» + past/irrealis for an indirect command","body":"«Чтоб(ы)» introduces a willed, indirect command and takes the irrealis: 'warned Mitya to choose…'. «Осторожнее» is the predicative comparative of «осторожный» ('more carefully'), and «свои выражения» again carries the reflexive possessive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подтвердил","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подтвердил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подтвердил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"внушительно","lemma":"внушительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подтвердил","gloss":"emphatically"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"строжайше","lemma":"строжайше","morphology":"adverb, superlative","role":"coordinated with внушительно","gloss":"most sternly"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подтвердил","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"подтвердил","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"warned"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подтвердил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выбирал","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выбирал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"осторожнее","lemma":"осторожный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies выбирал","gloss":"more carefully"},{"surface":"выбирал","lemma":"выбирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подтвердил","gloss":"choose"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of выражения","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"выражения","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of выбирал","gloss":"expressions"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b12-c2-s81","source":"— Вы сами вредите себе тем во мнении судей ваших.","translation":"'You only harm yourself by it in the eyes of your judges.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы сами вредите себе тем","title":"«вредить» + dative «себе»; instrumental «тем»","body":"«Вредить» governs the dative, so the reflexive «себе» ('to yourself') is its object — 'you harm yourself.' «Сами» is the intensifier ('yourself, of your own doing'), and «тем» is the instrumental of means ('by that')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"во мнении судей ваших","title":"Possessive «ваших» postposed","body":"«Судей ваших» ('your judges') places the possessive «ваших» after its noun — a slightly formal, weighted order. «Во мнении» ('in the opinion / eyes') is the prepositional after «в»; «судей» is the genitive plural of «судья»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вредите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying Вы","gloss":"yourself","note":"сами is the intensive pronoun (\"you yourselves\"); the translation renders the emphasis as \"only.\""},{"surface":"вредите","lemma":"вредить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"harm"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of вредите","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вредите","gloss":"by it"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мнении","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вредите","gloss":"opinion","note":"мнение literally \"opinion\"; the translation renders \"во мнении\" idiomatically as \"in the eyes of.\""},{"surface":"судей","lemma":"судья","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies мнении","gloss":"judges"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies судей","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b12-c2-s82","source":"Точно так же весьма ловко распорядился защитник и при спросе свидетеля Ракитина.","translation":"In just the same way the defence counsel managed things very deftly during the examination of the witness Rakitin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Точно так же весьма ловко распорядился защитник","title":"Fronted manner adverbials, inverted subject","body":"The sentence opens with the manner phrase «точно так же … ловко» ('in just the same way, deftly'), pushing the subject «защитник» after the verb «распорядился». Russian's free order lets the new emphasis — the lawyer's skill — lead."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"при спросе свидетеля","title":"«спрос» — examination (legal)","body":"Here «спрос» means the formal questioning or examination of a witness in court (синонимично «допросу»), with «свидетеля» in the genitive. Dostoevsky moves between «спрос», «расспросы», and «опрос» for the courtroom interrogation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies распорядился","gloss":"the same way"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ловко","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ловко","lemma":"ловко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies распорядился","gloss":"deftly"},{"surface":"распорядился","lemma":"распорядиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed things"},{"surface":"защитник","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of распорядился","gloss":"the defence counsel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спросе","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"спросе","lemma":"спрос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of распорядился","gloss":"examination"},{"surface":"свидетеля","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спросе","gloss":"of the witness"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to свидетеля","gloss":"Rakitin"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b12-c2-s83","source":"Замечу, что Ракитин был из самых важных свидетелей и которым несомненно дорожил прокурор.","translation":"I will remark that Rakitin was one of the most important witnesses, and one the prosecutor undoubtedly set great store by.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которым несомненно дорожил прокурор","title":"Relative «которым» in the instrumental","body":"«Дорожить» ('to value, treasure') governs the instrumental, so the relative pronoun appears as «которым» — 'whom the prosecutor set great store by.' The relative takes whatever case its own clause requires, here dictated by the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Замечу","title":"Perfective future «замечу» as narrator's aside","body":"«Замечу» ('I will remark') is the perfective simple future — a conjugated perfective with future meaning. The chronicler-narrator uses it to step in and address the reader, a recurring intrusion in this trial narrative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Замечу","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will remark"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Замечу","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидетелей","gloss":"one of"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies важных","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"важных","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies свидетелей","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition из","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дорожил","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дорожил","gloss":"undoubtedly"},{"surface":"дорожил","lemma":"дорожить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"set great store by"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дорожил","gloss":"the prosecutor"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b12-c2-s84","source":"Оказалось, что он всё знал, удивительно много знал, у всех-то он был, всё-то видел, со всеми-то говорил, подробнейшим образом знал биографию Федора Павловича и всех Карамазовых.","translation":"It turned out that he knew everything — astonishingly much he knew; he had been everywhere, seen everything, talked with everyone, and knew in the minutest detail the biography of Fyodor Pavlovitch and of all the Karamazovs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у всех-то он был, всё-то видел, со всеми-то говорил","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» drumming the parallels","body":"The hyphenated «-то» here is the emphatic topic-marker, not the indefinite suffix: «всех-то», «всё-то», «всеми-то» hammer 'everyone, everything, everyone' into a mocking refrain about Rakitin's omniscient gossip. The parallel imperfectives stress habitual, repeated activity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"удивительно много знал","title":"Impersonal «оказалось, что» framing","body":"«Оказалось, что он всё знал» ('it turned out that he knew everything') uses impersonal «оказалось» with a «что»-clause. The stacked imperfective pasts («знал, был, видел, говорил») paint a standing portrait rather than discrete events."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it turned out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Оказалось","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"удивительно","lemma":"удивительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"astonishingly"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"he knew"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle following всех","gloss":"(emphasis)","note":"the enclitic particle -то adds emphasis to the preceding word; it has no independent lexical meaning."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause ('had been')","gloss":"had been","note":"у всех он был is idiomatic for \"he had been everywhere.\""},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle following всё","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всеми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"object of preposition со","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle following всеми","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"подробнейшим","lemma":"подробнейший","morphology":"adjective, superlative, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образом","gloss":"minutest"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"detail","note":"подробнейшим образом is idiomatic for \"in the minutest detail.\""},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"биографию","lemma":"биография","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"biography"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies биографию","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of Карамазовых","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Карамазовых","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with Федора","gloss":"the Karamazovs"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b12-c2-s85","source":"Правда, про пакет с тремя тысячами тоже слышал лишь от самого Мити.","translation":"True, of the packet with the three thousand he too had heard only from Mitya himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Правда, … тоже слышал лишь от самого Мити","title":"Concessive «правда» + restrictive «лишь»","body":"Sentence-initial «правда» concedes a point ('true, …'), softened by «тоже» ('he too') and narrowed by «лишь» ('only'). «От самого Мити» uses «от» + genitive with the intensifier «самого» ('from Mitya himself')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying слышал","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакет","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition про","gloss":"packet"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тремя","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies тысячами","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячами","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies пакет","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышал","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had heard"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies от самого Мити","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Мити","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition от","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b12-c2-s86","source":"Зато подробно описал подвиги Мити в трактире «Столичный город», все компрометирующие того слова и жесты и передал историю о «мочалке» штабс-капитана Снегирева.","translation":"On the other hand, he described in detail Mitya's exploits in the 'Metropolis' tavern, all his compromising words and gestures, and related the story of Captain Snegiryov's 'wisp of tow.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зато подробно описал … и передал","title":"Perfective pasts «описал», «передал» as discrete events","body":"After the imperfective background, the narration shifts to perfective pasts «описал» ('described [in full]') and «передал» ('related, recounted') — single completed acts that move the testimony forward. «Зато» ('on the other hand') marks the contrastive turn."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«мочалка»","title":"«мочалка» — wisp of tow / bast","body":"«Мочалка» is a wisp of soaked bast or tow used as a washing-scrubber; in the famous earlier scene Mitya dragged Snegiryov by his beard, the 'wisp of tow,' humiliating him before his son Ilyusha. The scare quotes recall that loaded episode."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"on the other hand"},{"surface":"подробно","lemma":"подробно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies описал","gloss":"in detail"},{"surface":"описал","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"described"},{"surface":"подвиги","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of описал","gloss":"exploits"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подвиги","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"трактире","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of описал","gloss":"tavern"},{"surface":"Столичный","lemma":"столичный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies город","gloss":"Metropolis","note":"Столичный город (\"Capital City\") is the tavern's name, rendered as \"Metropolis\" in translation."},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to трактире","gloss":"City"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"компрометирующие","lemma":"компрометировать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"compromising"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of описал (second object, coordinated with подвиги)","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жесты","lemma":"жест","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with слова","gloss":"gestures"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"передал","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with описал","gloss":"related"},{"surface":"историю","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of передал","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мочалке","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"мочалке","lemma":"мочалка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies историю","gloss":"wisp of tow","note":"мочалка (literally \"bast wisp/loofah\") echoes the nickname Snegiryov's son used earlier in the novel; translation renders it \"wisp of tow.\""},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, part of compound title","role":"modifies капитана","gloss":"staff"},{"surface":"капитана","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мочалке","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"Снегирева","lemma":"Снегирёв","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies капитана","gloss":"Snegiryov's"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b12-c2-s87","source":"Насчет же того особого пункта, остался ли что-нибудь должен Федор Павлович Мите при расчете по имению — даже сам Ракитин не мог ничего указать и отделался лишь общими местами презрительного характера: «кто, дескать, мог бы разобрать из них виноватого и сосчитать, кто кому остался должен при бестолковой карамазовщине, в которой никто себя не мог ни понять, ни определить?»","translation":"As for that particular point — whether Fyodor Pavlovitch had been left owing anything to Mitya in the reckoning over the estate — even Rakitin himself could indicate nothing, and got off with mere generalities of a contemptuous cast: 'Who, indeed, could sort out which of them was in the wrong and reckon up who was left owing whom in that muddled Karamazov tangle, in which no one could either understand himself or define himself?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"остался ли что-нибудь должен Федор Павлович Мите","title":"Embedded «ли» + indefinite «что-нибудь»","body":"«Остался ли … должен» frames an indirect question ('whether [he] was left owing'). «Что-нибудь» is the non-specific indefinite ('anything at all'), and «Мите» is the dative — owing money to Mitya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто, дескать, мог бы разобрать … кто кому остался должен","title":"Reportative «дескать» + conditional «мог бы»","body":"«Дескать» flags reported speech ('he says, so to speak'), distancing the narrator from Rakitin's words. «Мог бы разобрать» is the conditional (past «мог» + «бы»), a rhetorical 'who could possibly sort out…', with «кто кому» ('who [owed] whom') doubling the interrogatives."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"карамазовщина","title":"«карамазовщина» — the Karamazov mess","body":"The suffix «-щина» turns a name into a sweeping, pejorative phenomenon — 'the whole Karamazov business / tangle,' a byword for chaotic, base disorder. The same formation gives «обломовщина» or «бесовщина»; here it brands the family's muddle with contempt."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в которой никто себя не мог ни понять, ни определить","title":"Negative concord with «ни… ни»","body":"«Никто … не мог ни понять, ни определить» stacks negatives: «никто» (nobody) + «не» (verbal negation) + paired «ни… ни» ('neither… nor') — Russian's obligatory negative concord, where the piled-up negatives sum to a single emphatic denial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пункта","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Насчет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пункта","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"особого","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пункта","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"пункта","lemma":"пункт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition Насчет","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the ли-clause ('whether... was left owing')","gloss":"was left"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle introducing the clause","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of что-нибудь, direct object of должен","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of что-нибудь, direct object of должен","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of остался (idiom 'остался должен' = was left owing)","gloss":"owing"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остался","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of должен","gloss":"to Mitya"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расчете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"расчете","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остался","gloss":"reckoning"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имению","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"имению","lemma":"имение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies расчете","gloss":"the estate"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ракитин","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of указать","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"указать","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"indicate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отделался","lemma":"отделаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"got off"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies общими","gloss":"with mere"},{"surface":"общими","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies местами","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"местами","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of отделался","gloss":"commonplaces","note":"общими местами, literally \"common places,\" is idiomatic for empty generalities."},{"surface":"презрительного","lemma":"презрительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характера","gloss":"contemptuous"},{"surface":"характера","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies местами","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of мог (quoted clause)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"quotative discourse marker within the quoted clause","gloss":"indeed","note":"дескать is a reporting particle (\"so to speak,\" \"as they'd say\") marking reported/mocked speech."},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks мог as conditional","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"разобрать","lemma":"разобрать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"sort out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition из","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"виноватого","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разобрать","gloss":"which was in the wrong"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сосчитать","lemma":"сосчитать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with разобрать","gloss":"reckon up"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of остался","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of остался","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by сосчитать","gloss":"was left"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of остался","gloss":"owing"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карамазовщине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бестолковой","lemma":"бестолковый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies карамазовщине","gloss":"muddled"},{"surface":"карамазовщине","lemma":"карамазовщина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of должен","gloss":"Karamazov tangle","note":"карамазовщина is Dostoevsky's coined noun for the chaotic, self-destructive Karamazov temperament/way of life."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, refers to карамазовщине","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of мог","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause (в которой...)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"определить","lemma":"определить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with понять","gloss":"define"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b12-c2-s88","source":"Всю трагедию судимого преступления он изобразил как продукт застарелых нравов крепостного права и погруженной в беспорядок России, страдающей без соответственных учреждений.","translation":"He portrayed the whole tragedy of the crime on trial as the product of the inveterate habits of serfdom and of a Russia plunged into disorder, suffering for want of the proper institutions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"изобразил как продукт застарелых нравов","title":"«как» + nominative predicate of «изобразить»","body":"«Изобразил … как продукт» ('portrayed as the product') uses «как» before a nominative predicative — 'represented X as Y.' The chain of genitives «застарелых нравов крепостного права» ('the inveterate habits of serfdom') hangs off «продукт»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"погруженной в беспорядок России, страдающей","title":"Participles agreeing with «России»","body":"Two participles modify «России» in the genitive: passive «погруженной» ('plunged into disorder') and active present «страдающей» ('suffering'). Both take the feminine genitive ending to agree with 'Russia,' bundling a whole social diagnosis into noun-modifiers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of трагедию","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"трагедию","lemma":"трагедия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of изобразил","gloss":"tragedy"},{"surface":"судимого","lemma":"судимый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies преступления","gloss":"on trial"},{"surface":"преступления","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies трагедию","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изобразил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"изобразил","lemma":"изобразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"portrayed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking продукт","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"продукт","lemma":"продукт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изобразил","gloss":"the product"},{"surface":"застарелых","lemma":"застарелый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies нравов","gloss":"inveterate"},{"surface":"нравов","lemma":"нрав","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies продукт","gloss":"habits"},{"surface":"крепостного","lemma":"крепостной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies права","gloss":"serfdom's"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нравов","gloss":"law","note":"крепостное право, literally \"bonded law,\" means \"serfdom.\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"погруженной","lemma":"погрузить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies России","gloss":"plunged"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспорядок","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"беспорядок","lemma":"беспорядок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of погруженной","gloss":"disorder"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with нравов (second object of продукт)","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"страдающей","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies России","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking учреждений","gloss":"for want of"},{"surface":"соответственных","lemma":"соответственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies учреждений","gloss":"proper"},{"surface":"учреждений","lemma":"учреждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of страдающей","gloss":"institutions"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b12-c2-s89","source":"Словом, ему дали кое-что высказать.","translation":"In a word, he was allowed to say a few things.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему дали кое-что высказать","title":"Indefinite-subject «дали» + dative «ему»","body":"«Дали» ('they let / allowed') is a third-person plural with no named subject — an impersonal 'one let,' with «ему» (dative) as the one permitted. «Кое-что» is the indefinite 'a few things, something or other.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Словом","title":"«словом» — 'in a word'","body":"«Словом» is the instrumental of «слово» frozen into a summarizing connective: 'in a word, in short.' The narrator uses it to round off Rakitin's grandstanding with a dry epitome."}],"words":[{"surface":"Словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical modifying дали","gloss":"in a word"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дали","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"дали","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was allowed","note":"дали, literally \"[they] gave,\" is idiomatic here for \"he was allowed.\""},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"pronoun, part of compound, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of высказать","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"pronoun, part of compound, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of высказать","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"высказать","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дали","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b12-c2-s90","source":"С этого процесса господин Ракитин в первый раз заявил себя и стал заметен; прокурор знал, что свидетель готовит в журнал статью о настоящем преступлении и потом уже в речи своей (что увидим ниже) цитовал несколько мыслей из этой статьи, значит, уже был с нею знаком.","translation":"It was with this trial that Mr. Rakitin first made a name for himself and became noticed; the prosecutor knew that the witness was preparing an article on the present crime for a journal, and afterwards, in his own speech (as we shall see below), cited several thoughts from that article — which means he was already acquainted with it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"цитовал","title":"«цитовал» — older form of «цитировал»","body":"«Цитовал» ('quoted, cited') is a 19th-century variant of modern «цитировал». Such period spellings of borrowed verbs are common in Dostoevsky and signal the era of the text rather than any change of meaning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже был с нею знаком","title":"Short adjective «знаком» + instrumental «с нею»","body":"«Знаком» is the short (predicative) form of «знакомый» ('acquainted'), governing «с» + instrumental «нею» ('with it' = the article). Short adjectives carry such predicative states, and «нею» is the older, fuller variant of «ней»."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking процесса","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of процесса","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"процесса","lemma":"процесс","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заявил","gloss":"trial"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заявил","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господин","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заявил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"заявил","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made known"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of заявил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заявил","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"заметен","lemma":"заметный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of готовит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"свидетель","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of готовит","gloss":"the witness"},{"surface":"готовит","lemma":"готовить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"was preparing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking журнал","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"журнал","lemma":"журнал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of готовит","gloss":"a journal"},{"surface":"статью","lemma":"статья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of готовит","gloss":"article"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступлении","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"настоящем","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies преступлении","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"преступлении","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies статью","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies цитовал","gloss":"afterwards"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies цитовал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking речи","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of цитовал","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речи","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of увидим","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"увидим","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical relative clause modifying речи","gloss":"we shall see"},{"surface":"ниже","lemma":"ниже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидим","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"цитовал","lemma":"цитировать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал (subject: прокурор)","gloss":"cited"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on мыслей","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"мыслей","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of цитовал","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking статьи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of статьи","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"статьи","lemma":"статья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мыслей","gloss":"article"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"which means"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаком","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to знаком","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"знаком","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of был ('был знаком' = was acquainted)","gloss":"acquainted"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b12-c2-s91","source":"Картина, изображенная свидетелем, вышла мрачною и роковою и сильно подкрепила «обвинение».","translation":"The picture painted by the witness came out gloomy and fateful, and strongly reinforced the 'prosecution.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Картина, изображенная свидетелем","title":"Passive participle + instrumental of agent","body":"«Изображенная свидетелем» ('painted by the witness') is a past passive participle agreeing with «картина», and the agent stands in the instrumental «свидетелем» — the standard way Russian names 'by whom' in a passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вышла мрачною и роковою","title":"Instrumental predicate «мрачною и роковою»","body":"«Выйти» ('to come out, turn out') takes an instrumental predicate: «мрачною и роковою» ('gloomy and fateful'), here with the older long-form instrumental endings «-ою» for «-ой». The instrumental frames the resulting quality of the picture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Картина","lemma":"картина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вышла","gloss":"the picture"},{"surface":"изображенная","lemma":"изобразить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies Картина","gloss":"painted"},{"surface":"свидетелем","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of изображенная","gloss":"by the witness"},{"surface":"вышла","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came out"},{"surface":"мрачною","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of вышла","gloss":"gloomy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"роковою","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мрачною","gloss":"fateful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подкрепила","gloss":"strongly"},{"surface":"подкрепила","lemma":"подкрепить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вышла","gloss":"reinforced"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подкрепила","gloss":"the prosecution"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b12-c2-s92","source":"Вообще же изложение Ракитина пленило публику независимостию мысли и необыкновенным благородством ее полета.","translation":"On the whole, Rakitin's exposition captivated the public by the independence of its thought and by the uncommon nobility of its flight.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пленило публику независимостию мысли","title":"Instrumental of means «независимостию»","body":"«Пленить … независимостию» ('captivated by the independence') uses the instrumental to name the means of captivation, with the bookish old ending «-ию» for «-ью». «Мысли» and «ее полета» are genitives ('of its thought… of its flight')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благородством ее полета","title":"«полет мысли» — flight of thought (ironic)","body":"«Полет» ('flight, soaring') in «благородство ее полета» elevates Rakitin's rhetoric to lofty, winged eloquence — but the narrator's praise is laced with irony, soon undercut when the same 'nobility' is exposed as careerism."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пленило","gloss":"on the whole"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Вообще","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"изложение","lemma":"изложение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пленило","gloss":"exposition"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies изложение","gloss":"Rakitin's"},{"surface":"пленило","lemma":"пленить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"captivated"},{"surface":"публику","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пленило","gloss":"the public"},{"surface":"независимостию","lemma":"независимость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пленило","gloss":"by the independence","note":"независимостию is the archaic instrumental form of независимость (modern независимостью)."},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies независимостию","gloss":"of thought"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"необыкновенным","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies благородством","gloss":"uncommon"},{"surface":"благородством","lemma":"благородство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with независимостию","gloss":"by the nobility"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of полета","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"полета","lemma":"полёт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies благородством","gloss":"of flight"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b12-c2-s93","source":"Послышались даже два-три внезапно сорвавшиеся рукоплескания, именно в тех местах, где говорилось о крепостном праве и о страдающей от безурядицы России.","translation":"There were even two or three bursts of applause that broke out suddenly, precisely at those passages where he spoke of serfdom and of a Russia suffering from misrule.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"два-три внезапно сорвавшиеся рукоплескания","title":"Past active participle «сорвавшиеся»","body":"«Сорвавшиеся» is a reflexive past active participle of «сорваться» ('to break out'), agreeing with «рукоплескания» — 'bursts of applause that broke out.' The «-вши-ся» form packs a whole relative clause into one modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в тех местах, где говорилось о крепостном праве","title":"Impersonal passive «говорилось» with «-ся»","body":"«Говорилось» ('it was spoken of') is an impersonal -ся passive, subjectless, with the topic in «о» + prepositional («о крепостном праве»). «В тех местах, где…» uses the correlative «тех… где» to pin the passages."}],"words":[{"surface":"Послышались","lemma":"послышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there were heard"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies два","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"quantifies рукоплескания","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies рукоплескания, coordinated with два","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сорвавшиеся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сорвавшиеся","lemma":"сорваться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective, reflexive","role":"clause modifying рукоплескания","gloss":"that broke out","note":"Reflexive verb сорваться (\"to burst out\"), not сорвать; the -ся participle agrees with рукоплескания."},{"surface":"рукоплескания","lemma":"рукоплескание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of Послышались (head of the два-три phrase)","gloss":"bursts of applause"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies местах","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking местах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of местах","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"местах","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of Послышались","gloss":"passages"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорилось","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"говорилось","lemma":"говориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying местах","gloss":"was spoken"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking праве","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"крепостном","lemma":"крепостной","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies праве","gloss":"serf"},{"surface":"праве","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорилось","gloss":"law"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of страдающей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"страдающей","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, locative, imperfective","role":"modifies России","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking безурядицы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"безурядицы","lemma":"безурядица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of страдающей","gloss":"misrule"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорилось, coordinated with праве","gloss":"Russia"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b12-c2-s94","source":"Но Ракитин, всё же как молодой человек, сделал маленький промах, которым тотчас же отменно успел воспользоваться защитник.","translation":"But Rakitin, young man that he was after all, made a small blunder, of which the defence counsel at once contrived to take excellent advantage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которым тотчас же отменно успел воспользоваться защитник","title":"Relative «которым» governed by «воспользоваться»","body":"«Воспользоваться» ('to take advantage of') governs the instrumental, so the relative is «которым» — 'of which the counsel contrived to take advantage.' The verb-final inversion delays the subject «защитник» for narrative weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как молодой человек","title":"«как» + nominative — 'being / as a young man'","body":"«Всё же как молодой человек» ('young man that he was after all') uses «как» with a nominative to give a causal-concessive aside about Rakitin's youth. «Всё же» ('after all, still') concedes his inexperience as the reason for the slip."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё же","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the appositive phrase молодой человек","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ракитин","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies промах","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"промах","lemma":"промах","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"blunder"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воспользоваться","gloss":"of which","note":"воспользоваться governs the instrumental case; которым refers back to промах, not a dative plural."},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"отменно","lemma":"отменно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воспользоваться","gloss":"excellently"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause on промах","gloss":"contrived"},{"surface":"воспользоваться","lemma":"воспользоваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to take advantage"},{"surface":"защитник","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"the defence counsel"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b12-c2-s95","source":"Отвечая на известные вопросы насчет Грушеньки, он, увлеченный своим успехом, который, конечно, уже сам сознавал, и тою высотой благородства, на которую воспарил, позволил себе выразиться об Аграфене Александровне несколько презрительно, как о «содержанке купца Самсонова».","translation":"Answering certain questions about Grushenka, he — carried away by his own success, which of course he was already conscious of, and by the height of nobility to which he had soared — allowed himself to speak of Agrafena Alexandrovna somewhat contemptuously, as of 'the merchant Samsonov's kept woman.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"увлеченный своим успехом … и тою высотой","title":"Passive participle + instrumental cause","body":"«Увлеченный» ('carried away') is a past passive participle whose cause is named in the instrumental: «своим успехом» and «тою высотой благородства». The archaic demonstrative «тою» (for «той») heightens the period flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на которую воспарил","title":"Relative «которую» with motion verb «воспарить»","body":"«На которую воспарил» ('to which he had soared') sends the relative into «на» + accusative for motion toward. «Воспарить» ('to soar up') is an elevated, near-poetic verb, ironically matching Rakitin's self-flattering 'height of nobility.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Отвечая","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on позволил","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"известные","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Отвечая","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньки","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of позволил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"увлеченный","lemma":"увлечь","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying он","gloss":"carried away"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of успехом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"успехом","lemma":"успех","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of увлеченный","gloss":"success"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сознавал (subject он elided, continued from он ... позволил себе)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying сознавал","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознавал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сознавал (emphatic)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сознавал","lemma":"сознавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on успехом","gloss":"recognized"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тою","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of высотой","gloss":"that","note":"Archaic instrumental feminine form тою of тот, not a noun."},{"surface":"высотой","lemma":"высота","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent of увлеченный, coordinated with успехом","gloss":"height"},{"surface":"благородства","lemma":"благородство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies высотой","gloss":"of nobility"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которую","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воспарил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"воспарил","lemma":"воспарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on высотой","gloss":"had soared"},{"surface":"позволил","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allowed"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of позволил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"выразиться","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позволил","gloss":"to express himself"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Аграфене","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Аграфене","lemma":"Аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выразиться","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровне","lemma":"Александровна","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфене","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies презрительно","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"презрительно","lemma":"презрительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразиться","gloss":"contemptuously"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the phrase о содержанке","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking содержанке","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"содержанке","lemma":"содержанка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выразиться","gloss":"kept woman"},{"surface":"купца","lemma":"купец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies содержанке","gloss":"merchant"},{"surface":"Самсонова","lemma":"Самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to купца","gloss":"Samsonov"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b12-c2-s96","source":"Дорого дал бы он потом, чтобы воротить свое словечко, ибо на нем-то и поймал его тотчас же Фетюкович.","translation":"Dearly would he afterwards have given to take that little word back, for it was on precisely that word that Fetyukovitch caught him at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дорого дал бы он потом, чтобы воротить","title":"Conditional «дал бы» + purpose «чтобы»","body":"«Дорого дал бы» ('dearly would he have given') is the conditional — past «дал» plus «бы», fronted for rhetorical weight. «Чтобы воротить» ('to take back') gives the purpose, with «чтобы» + infinitive when the subject is the same."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"словечко","title":"«словечко» — that little word","body":"«Словечко» is the diminutive of «слово» ('word'); here it shrinks Rakitin's careless slur to 'that little word' he would give much to recall. The «-ечко» suffix lends an almost rueful intimacy to the fatal phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо на нем-то и поймал его","title":"Bookish «ибо» + emphatic «-то … и»","body":"«Ибо» is the archaic, elevated 'for, because' (vs everyday «потому что»). «На нем-то и поймал» combines the emphatic «-то» with focusing «и» — 'it was on precisely that [word] that he caught him,' pinning the exact point of capture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дорого","lemma":"дорого","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дал","gloss":"dearly"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would give"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of дал","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дал","gloss":"afterwards"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воротить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"воротить","lemma":"воротить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on дал","gloss":"get back"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of словечко","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"словечко","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of воротить","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поймал","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поймал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, enclitic","role":"emphasizes нем","gloss":"precisely","note":"Enclitic -то attached to нём (\"нём-то\"), an emphatic particle, not the pronoun то."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поймал (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"поймал","lemma":"поймать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by ибо","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поймал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поймал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"Фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поймал","gloss":"Fetyukovitch"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b12-c2-s97","source":"И всё потому, что Ракитин совсем не рассчитывал, что тот в такой короткий срок мог до таких интимных подробностей ознакомиться с делом","translation":"And all because Rakitin had not at all reckoned that the man could, in so short a time, have acquainted himself with the case down to such intimate particulars.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не рассчитывал, что тот … мог … ознакомиться","title":"«тот» as 'the other man' + «что»-clause","body":"The demonstrative «тот» here singles out 'that man, the other one' (Fetyukovitch) as the clause's subject. «Не рассчитывал, что…» ('had not reckoned that…') opens a reported-fact «что»-clause stating what Rakitin failed to foresee."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ознакомиться с делом","title":"Reflexive «ознакомиться» + instrumental «с делом»","body":"«Ознакомиться» ('to acquaint oneself') is a perfective -ся verb governing «с» + instrumental «с делом» ('with the case'). The reflexive turns 'make oneself acquainted' into a single intransitive act."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase, introduces the reason clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассчитывал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассчитывал","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассчитывал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"рассчитывал","lemma":"рассчитывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (reason for потому)","gloss":"reckoned"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking срок","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of срок","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"короткий","lemma":"короткий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies срок","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"срок","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"a time"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (complement of рассчитывал)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробностей","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of подробностей","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"интимных","lemma":"интимный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies подробностей","gloss":"intimate"},{"surface":"подробностей","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ознакомиться","gloss":"particulars"},{"surface":"ознакомиться","lemma":"ознакомиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"acquaint himself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"делом","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ознакомиться","gloss":"the case"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b12-c2-s98","source":"— Позвольте узнать, — начал защитник с самою любезною и даже почтительною улыбкой, когда пришлось ему в свою очередь задавать вопросы, — вы, конечно, тот самый и есть господин Ракитин, которого брошюру, изданную епархиальным начальством, «Житие в бозе почившего старца отца Зосимы», полную глубоких и религиозных мыслей, с превосходным и благочестивым посвящением преосвященному, я недавно прочел с таким удовольствием?","translation":"'Allow me to inquire,' the defence counsel began with the most amiable and even respectful smile, when his turn came to put questions, 'you are, of course, that very same Mr. Rakitin whose pamphlet, published by the diocesan authorities — \"The Life in God of the Departed Elder, Father Zossima,\" full of profound and religious reflections, with an excellent and pious dedication to the bishop — I read not long ago with such pleasure?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда пришлось ему … задавать вопросы","title":"Impersonal «пришлось» + dative «ему»","body":"«Пришлось ему задавать» is an impersonal construction: «пришлось» ('it fell to, it became necessary') with no subject and the dative «ему» for the one whose turn it was. This dative-experiencer frame is everywhere in Russian narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого брошюру … я недавно прочел","title":"Relative «которого» as possessive genitive","body":"«Которого брошюру» means 'whose pamphlet' — the relative «который» in the genitive, expressing possession across the clause boundary, then «брошюру» as accusative object of «прочел». Such a long, suspended relative is classic Fetyukovitch oratory."}],"words":[{"surface":"Позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allow"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Позвольте","gloss":"me to ask"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, frames the quoted speech","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"защитник","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"the counsel"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"самою","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"the most","note":"Archaic instrumental feminine adjective ending -ою (самою = самой), not a verb."},{"surface":"любезною","lemma":"любезный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"amiable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почтительною","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"почтительною","lemma":"почтительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with любезною","gloss":"respectful"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начал","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришлось","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"пришлось","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"it came"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of пришлось","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking очередь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of очередь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"очередь","lemma":"очередь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of задавать (в свою очередь = in turn)","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"задавать","lemma":"задавать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on пришлось","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of задавать","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying есть","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, part of тот самый","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть (emphatic \"indeed\")","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (copula) of the sentence, links вы to господин Ракитин","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal complement of есть","gloss":"Mister"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господин","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive determiner of брошюру (whose), referring to Ракитин","gloss":"whose","note":"которого here is the possessive relative pronoun (\"whose\"), not a direct object."},{"surface":"брошюру","lemma":"брошюра","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прочел, topicalized in the relative clause on Ракитин","gloss":"pamphlet"},{"surface":"изданную","lemma":"издать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying брошюру","gloss":"published"},{"surface":"епархиальным","lemma":"епархиальный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начальством","gloss":"diocesan"},{"surface":"начальством","lemma":"начальство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"agent of изданную","gloss":"authorities"},{"surface":"Житие","lemma":"житие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to брошюру","gloss":"The Life"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бозе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бозе","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of почившего","gloss":"God","note":"\"В Бозе почивший\" is a fixed Church-Slavonic idiom, \"who has passed away in the Lord.\""},{"surface":"почившего","lemma":"почивший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старца","gloss":"departed"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of Житие (genitive, \"life of...\")","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старца","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"Зосимы","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"полную","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies брошюру","gloss":"full of"},{"surface":"глубоких","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies мыслей","gloss":"profound"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"религиозных","lemma":"религиозный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with глубоких","gloss":"religious"},{"surface":"мыслей","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"complement of полную","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking посвящением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"превосходным","lemma":"превосходный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies посвящением","gloss":"excellent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благочестивым","lemma":"благочестивый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with превосходным","gloss":"pious"},{"surface":"посвящением","lemma":"посвящение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies брошюру","gloss":"dedication"},{"surface":"преосвященному","lemma":"преосвященный","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies посвящением","gloss":"to the bishop"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прочел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочел","gloss":"recently"},{"surface":"прочел","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying Ракитин","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удовольствием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of удовольствием","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"удовольствием","lemma":"удовольствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прочел","gloss":"pleasure"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b12-c2-s99","source":"— Я написал не для печати… это потом напечатали, — пробормотал Ракитин, как бы вдруг чем-то опешенный и почти со стыдом.","translation":"'I did not write it for the press… it was printed afterwards,' Rakitin muttered, as though suddenly disconcerted by something and almost with shame.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это потом напечатали","title":"Indefinite-subject plural «напечатали»","body":"«Напечатали» ('[they] printed it') is a subjectless third-plural — an impersonal passive-like 'it was printed,' deflecting agency. Rakitin uses it to disown responsibility: 'it got printed,' not 'I published it.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы вдруг чем-то опешенный","title":"«как бы» + passive participle «опешенный»","body":"«Как бы» ('as though, as if') hedges the narrator's reading of Rakitin's state. «Опешенный» is a past passive participle ('disconcerted, taken aback'), its cause in the instrumental «чем-то» ('by something')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of написал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies для печати","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking печати","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"печати","lemma":"печать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написал","gloss":"the press"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of напечатали","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напечатали","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"напечатали","lemma":"напечатать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"printed"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quoted speech","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifies опешенный","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"(as if)"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опешенный","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of опешенный","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, enclitic","role":"forms the indefinite pronoun чем-то with чем","gloss":"(some-)","note":"Enclitic -то forming чем-то (\"something\"), not the separate pronoun то."},{"surface":"опешенный","lemma":"опешенный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Ракитин","gloss":"disconcerted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыдом","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стыдом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"стыдом","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пробормотал (manner), coordinated with опешенный","gloss":"shame"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b12-c2-s100","source":"— О, это прекрасно! Мыслитель, как вы, может и даже должен относиться весьма широко ко всякому общественному явлению. Покровительством преосвященного ваша полезнейшая брошюра разошлась и доставила относительную пользу… Но я вот о чем, главное, желал бы у вас полюбопытствовать: вы только что заявили, что были весьма близко знакомы с госпожой Светловой?","translation":"'Oh, that is splendid! A thinker like you may, and indeed ought to, take the broadest view of every public phenomenon. Under the bishop's patronage your most useful pamphlet was circulated and did relative good… But here is the chief thing I should like to ask you about: you have just declared that you were very closely acquainted with Madame Svetlov?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мыслитель, как вы, может и даже должен относиться весьма широко","title":"Modal «может … должен» + reflexive «относиться»","body":"«Может … должен относиться» strings two modals ('may and even ought to relate / take a view'), both leaning on the reflexive «относиться» ('to regard, take an attitude'), which governs «к» + dative «ко всякому … явлению». The flattery is laid on thick before the trap."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Покровительством преосвященного ваша … брошюра разошлась","title":"Instrumental of means «покровительством»","body":"«Покровительством преосвященного» ('through the bishop's patronage') is the instrumental of means, fronted for emphasis. «Разошлась» (perfective -ся, 'sold out, was circulated') marks the completed result."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но я вот о чем … желал бы у вас полюбопытствовать","title":"Conditional politeness «желал бы»","body":"«Желал бы» ('I should like') is the conditional used as a courtesy softener — the irrealis «бы» turning a blunt 'I want' into deferential request. «О чем» ('about what') sets up «о» + prepositional, the topic of his curiosity."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to прекрасно","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of прекрасно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"прекрасно","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"Мыслитель","lemma":"мыслитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может/должен","gloss":"a thinker"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the phrase вы","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"complement of как (comparison)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with должен","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with может, modal predicate of Мыслитель","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"относиться","lemma":"относиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может/должен","gloss":"to regard"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies широко","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"широко","lemma":"широко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies относиться","gloss":"broadly"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking явлению","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"всякому","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies явлению","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"общественному","lemma":"общественный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies явлению","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"явлению","lemma":"явление","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of относиться","gloss":"phenomenon"},{"surface":"Покровительством","lemma":"покровительство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of разошлась","gloss":"through the patronage"},{"surface":"преосвященного","lemma":"преосвященный","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Покровительством","gloss":"of the bishop"},{"surface":"ваша","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of брошюра","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"полезнейшая","lemma":"полезный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies брошюра","gloss":"most useful","note":"Superlative adjective form полезнейший, not a verb participle."},{"surface":"брошюра","lemma":"брошюра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of разошлась","gloss":"pamphlet"},{"surface":"разошлась","lemma":"разойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"circulated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"доставила","lemma":"доставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разошлась","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"относительную","lemma":"относительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пользу","gloss":"relative"},{"surface":"пользу","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of доставила","gloss":"benefit"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of желал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of полюбопытствовать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical modifying желал","gloss":"mainly"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of желал","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of полюбопытствовать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"полюбопытствовать","lemma":"полюбопытствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желал","gloss":"to inquire"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заявили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только что, modifies заявили","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только что","gloss":"(now)"},{"surface":"заявили","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знакомы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to знакомы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies близко","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"близко","lemma":"близко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знакомы","gloss":"closely"},{"surface":"знакомы","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"clausal complement of заявили","gloss":"acquainted"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking госпожой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"госпожой","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знакомы","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Светловой","lemma":"Светлова","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожой","gloss":"Svetlov"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b12-c2-s101","source":"(Nota bene. Фамилия Грушеньки оказалась «Светлова». Это я узнал в первый раз только в этот день, во время хода процесса.)","translation":"(Nota bene. Grushenka's surname turned out to be 'Svetlov.' This I learned for the first time only on that day, in the course of the trial.)","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это я узнал в первый раз только в этот день","title":"Fronted object «это» for emphasis","body":"«Это я узнал» fronts the object «это» ('this') ahead of subject and verb — topic-comment order spotlighting what was learned. «Узнал» is perfective ('found out'), a single completed discovery, dated precisely 'only on that day.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Nota","lemma":"nota","morphology":"foreign word (Latin)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Note"},{"surface":"bene","lemma":"bene","morphology":"foreign word (Latin)","role":"depends on Nota","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"Фамилия","lemma":"фамилия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оказалась","gloss":"surname"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Фамилия","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"оказалась","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"Светлова","lemma":"Светлова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of оказалась","gloss":"Svetlov"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of узнал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в этот день","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition во время, marking хода","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the compound preposition во время","gloss":"(time)"},{"surface":"хода","lemma":"ход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of во время","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"процесса","lemma":"процесс","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хода","gloss":"of the trial"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b12-c2-s102","source":"— Я не могу отвечать за все мои знакомства… Я молодой человек… и кто же может отвечать за всех тех, кого встречает, — так и вспыхнул весь Ракитин.","translation":"'I cannot answer for all my acquaintances… I am a young man… and who can answer for everyone he meets,' Rakitin flared up all over.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто же может отвечать за всех тех, кого встречает","title":"Emphatic «же» + correlative «тех … кого»","body":"«Кто же может…» uses the modal particle «же» for indignant rhetorical force ('who on earth can…'). The correlative «всех тех, кого встречает» ('all those whom one meets') pairs the demonstrative «тех» with the relative «кого» in its own accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так и вспыхнул весь Ракитин","title":"Intensifying «так и» + «весь» = flared up all over","body":"«Так и вспыхнул» uses the idiomatic «так и» to intensify a sudden involuntary action ('just flared right up'), and «весь» ('all over, entirely') with the subject — Rakitin reddens completely. «Вспыхнул» is the perfective of an abrupt flush."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"отвечать","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знакомства","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of знакомства","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of знакомства","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"знакомства","lemma":"знакомство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of отвечать","gloss":"acquaintances"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of Я","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of может","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"отвечать","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of тех","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of отвечать (those whom...)","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of встречает","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"встречает","lemma":"встречать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тех","gloss":"meets"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так и вспыхнул (emphatic)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"вспыхнул","lemma":"вспыхнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flared up"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Ракитин","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспыхнул","gloss":"Rakitin"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b12-c2-s103","source":"— Понимаю, слишком понимаю! — воскликнул Фетюкович, как бы сам сконфуженный и как бы стремительно спеша извиниться, — вы, как и всякий другой, могли быть в свою очередь заинтересованы знакомством молодой и красивой женщины, охотно принимавшей к себе цвет здешней молодежи, но… я хотел лишь осведомиться: нам известно, что Светлова месяца два назад чрезвычайно желала познакомиться с младшим Карамазовым, Алексеем Федоровичем, и только за то, чтобы вы привели его к ней, и именно в его тогдашнем монастырском костюме, она пообещала вам выдать двадцать пять рублей, только что вы его к ней приведете.","translation":"'I understand, only too well I understand!' exclaimed Fetyukovitch, as though disconcerted himself and as though impetuously hastening to apologize. 'You, like anyone else, might in your turn have been interested in the acquaintance of a young and beautiful woman who gladly received at her house the flower of the local youth; but… I only wished to ascertain this: it is known to us that Svetlov, some two months ago, was extremely eager to make the acquaintance of the youngest Karamazov, Alexey Fyodorovitch, and merely for your bringing him to her — and precisely in his then monastic dress — she promised to give you twenty-five roubles, the moment you should bring him to her.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"охотно принимавшей к себе цвет здешней молодежи","title":"Past active participle «принимавшей»","body":"«Принимавшей» is an imperfective past active participle agreeing with «женщины» (genitive feminine): 'who used to receive.' Its imperfective stem stresses habitual hospitality — she regularly entertained «цвет … молодежи» ('the flower of the youth'), «к себе» reflexively 'at her own place.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Светлова … чрезвычайно желала познакомиться с младшим Карамазовым","title":"«познакомиться с» + instrumental","body":"«Познакомиться» (perfective -ся, 'to make the acquaintance') governs «с» + instrumental: «с младшим Карамазовым, Алексеем Федоровичем». The respectful name-and-patronymic «Алексеем Федоровичем» both decline in the instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы вы привели его к ней … она пообещала вам выдать двадцать пять рублей","title":"«чтобы» purpose + numeral «двадцать пять рублей»","body":"«За то, чтобы вы привели» ('for your bringing him') uses «чтобы» + past form for a willed condition. «Двадцать пять рублей» shows the genitive-plural «рублей» governed by a compound numeral ending in «пять» — the rule for five-and-above."}],"words":[{"surface":"Понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I understand"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимаю (second)","gloss":"too well"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with Понимаю","gloss":"I understand"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting clause)","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"Фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Fetyukovitch"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы (as though), modifies сконфуженный","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular, emphatic","role":"emphasizes Фетюкович, modifies сконфуженный","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сконфуженный","lemma":"сконфузить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"secondary predicate describing Фетюкович","gloss":"disconcerted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links two как бы clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of second как бы, modifies спеша","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спеша","gloss":"impetuously"},{"surface":"спеша","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb (gerund), imperfective","role":"secondary predicate describing Фетюкович, parallel to сконфуженный","gloss":"hastening"},{"surface":"извиниться","lemma":"извиниться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose complement of спеша","gloss":"to apologize"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison clause modifying вы","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всякий другой","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of другой","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"noun (substantive adjective), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison with вы","gloss":"other person"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to заинтересованы","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking очередь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of очередь","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"очередь","lemma":"очередь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"part of phrase в свою очередь (in turn), modifies заинтересованы","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"заинтересованы","lemma":"заинтересованный","morphology":"adjective (short form), plural","role":"complement of могли быть","gloss":"interested"},{"surface":"знакомством","lemma":"знакомство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заинтересованы","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщины","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"красивой","lemma":"красивый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with молодой","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies знакомством","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"охотно","lemma":"охотно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимавшей","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"принимавшей","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies женщины","gloss":"who received"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of принимавшей","gloss":"her house"},{"surface":"цвет","lemma":"цвет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимавшей","gloss":"the flower"},{"surface":"здешней","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies молодежи","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"молодежи","lemma":"молодёжь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies цвет","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts with the preceding clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осведомиться","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"осведомиться","lemma":"осведомиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to ascertain"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"predicate introducing the что-clause","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of желала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Светлова","lemma":"Светлова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of желала","gloss":"Svetlov"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of approximative phrase месяца два (about two months), modifies назад","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral","role":"part of the phrase месяца два (about two)","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желала","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желала","gloss":"extremely"},{"surface":"желала","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of известно","gloss":"was eager"},{"surface":"познакомиться","lemma":"познакомиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желала","gloss":"to make the acquaintance"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Карамазовым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"младшим","lemma":"младший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Карамазовым","gloss":"the youngest"},{"surface":"Карамазовым","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of познакомиться","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"Алексеем","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Карамазовым","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алексеем","gloss":"Fyodorovitch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this clause to the following one","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of только за то (merely for), modifies то","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of за, anticipates the чтобы clause","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of привели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"привели","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"complement clause of то","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of привели","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привели","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links к ней and в костюме","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies костюме phrase","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking костюме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of костюме","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"тогдашнем","lemma":"тогдашний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies костюме","gloss":"then-current"},{"surface":"монастырском","lemma":"монастырский","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies костюме","gloss":"monastic"},{"surface":"костюме","lemma":"костюм","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"additional oblique complement of привели, parallel to к ней","gloss":"dress"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пообещала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"пообещала","lemma":"пообещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the resumed main clause","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of пообещала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"выдать","lemma":"выдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пообещала","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"part of двадцать пять","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies рублей","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of выдать","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of только что (as soon as)","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of только что (as soon as)","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of приведете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приведете","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приведете","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"приведете","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"temporal clause modifying выдать/пообещала","gloss":"you bring"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b12-c2-s104","source":"Это, как и известно, состоялось именно в вечер того дня, который закончился трагическою катастрофой, послужившею основанием настоящему делу.","translation":"This, as is also known, came about on the very evening of the day that ended in the tragic catastrophe which served as the foundation of the present case.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"катастрофой, послужившею основанием","title":"Past active participle «послужившею» + instrumental","body":"«Послужившею основанием» ('which served as the foundation') is a past active participle agreeing with «катастрофой» (instrumental feminine, archaic «-ею»), while «основанием» is the instrumental predicate of «послужить» ('to serve as'). Two instrumentals chain elegantly here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"состоялось именно в вечер того дня","title":"Reflexive «состоялось» + correlative «того дня»","body":"«Состоялось» (perfective -ся, 'took place, came about') is intransitive middle. «В вечер того дня, который…» uses «того … который» to fix the fateful day with a relative clause, «именно» ('precisely') sharpening the date."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of состоялось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical как и известно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical clause modifying состоялось","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"состоялось","lemma":"состояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came about"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вечер","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of состоялось","gloss":"the evening"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дня","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вечер","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закончился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"закончился","lemma":"закончиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying дня","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"трагическою","lemma":"трагический","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies катастрофой","gloss":"tragic"},{"surface":"катастрофой","lemma":"катастрофа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закончился","gloss":"catastrophe"},{"surface":"послужившею","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, instrumental, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying катастрофой","gloss":"which served as"},{"surface":"основанием","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of послужившею","gloss":"the foundation"},{"surface":"настоящему","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies делу","gloss":"the present"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative complement of послужившею основанием","gloss":"case"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b12-c2-s105","source":"Вы привели Алексея Карамазова к госпоже Светловой и — получили вы тогда эти двадцать пять рублей наградных от Светловой, вот что я желал бы от вас услышать?","translation":"'You brought Alexey Karamazov to Madame Svetlov, and — did you then receive those twenty-five roubles as a reward from Svetlov? That is what I should like to hear from you.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"получили вы тогда эти двадцать пять рублей","title":"Verb-first yes/no question","body":"«Получили вы…?» fronts the verb before the pronoun to mark a yes/no question — Russian can pose questions by inversion and intonation alone, without «ли». «Двадцать пять рублей» again takes the genitive-plural «рублей» after the compound numeral."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наградных","title":"«наградные» — a reward, gratuity","body":"«Наградные» (substantivized adjective, genitive here) means money given as a «награда» — a reward or bonus. Calling Grushenka's twenty-five roubles «наградные» frames them coolly as a paid fee, the very point that shames Rakitin."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of привели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"привели","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"Алексея","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of привели","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алексея","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking госпоже","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"госпоже","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привели","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Светловой","lemma":"Светлова","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпоже","gloss":"Svetlov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"получили","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with привели","gloss":"did receive"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of получили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получили","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of рублей","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"part of двадцать пять","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies рублей","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of получили","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"наградных","lemma":"наградной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies рублей","gloss":"as a reward"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Светловой","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Светловой","lemma":"Светлова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получили","gloss":"Svetlov"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces cleft clause with что","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of услышать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of желал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"should like"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of желал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of услышать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"услышать","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желал","gloss":"to hear"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b12-c2-s106","source":"— Это была шутка… Я не вижу, почему вас это может интересовать. Я взял для шутки… и чтобы потом отдать…","translation":"'It was a joke… I do not see why this can interest you. I took it as a joke… and to give it back afterwards…'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я взял для шутки… и чтобы потом отдать","title":"«для» + genitive «шутки»; «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«Для шутки» ('as a joke') uses «для» + genitive of purpose; «чтобы потом отдать» ('in order to give it back later') gives a second, parallel purpose with «чтобы» + infinitive — same subject throughout. Rakitin scrambles to recast the bribe as harmless."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я не вижу, почему вас это может интересовать","title":"Indirect question with «почему»","body":"«Я не вижу, почему…» embeds an indirect question. Note the object word order «вас это может интересовать» — «это» ('this') is the subject and «вас» ('you') the accusative experiencer of «интересовать» ('to interest'), inverted for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of была шутка","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to шутка","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"шутка","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement","gloss":"a joke"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces embedded clause, modifies может","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of интересовать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"интересовать","lemma":"интересовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"interest"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took it"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шутки","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"шутки","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"a joke"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause of отдать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдать","gloss":"afterwards"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on взял","gloss":"give it back"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b12-c2-s107","source":"— Стало быть, взяли. Но ведь не отдали же и до сих пор… или отдали?","translation":"'So you did take it. But you have not given it back even to this day… or have you given it back?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но ведь не отдали же и до сих пор","title":"Particle stack «ведь … же»","body":"Fetyukovitch packs two modal particles in: «ведь» appeals to shared knowledge ('but after all, you know'), and «же» drives the insistence home ('still you haven't given it back'). Together they corner Rakitin with mock-reasonable pressure."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Стало быть","title":"«стало быть» — 'so, therefore'","body":"«Стало быть» is a colloquial-bookish 'so then, consequently,' drawing a triumphant inference: «стало быть, взяли» — 'so you did take it.' The phrase clinches the admission Rakitin had tried to dodge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть (so, then)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть (so, then)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"взяли","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you did take it"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдали","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отдали","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"given it back"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдали","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies до сих пор (even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор, part of до сих пор (until now)","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition до","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"отдали","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with the earlier отдали","gloss":"have you given it back"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b12-c2-s108","source":"— Это пустое… — бормотал Ракитин, — я не могу на этакие вопросы отвечать… Я, конечно, отдам.","translation":"'It's all nonsense…' Rakitin mumbled. 'I cannot answer such questions… Of course I shall give it back.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не могу на этакие вопросы отвечать","title":"Colloquial «этакие» for «такие»","body":"«Этакие» is a folksy, expressive variant of «такие» ('such'), here dismissive — 'such questions.' «Отвечать на» takes «на» + accusative «вопросы». The familiar form colours Rakitin's flustered refusal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я, конечно, отдам","title":"Perfective future «отдам»","body":"«Отдам» ('I shall give back') is the perfective simple future — a conjugated perfective with future meaning, promising a single completed act of return. The aspect underlines the deed as one to be finished, not a process."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of predicate пустое","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пустое","lemma":"пустой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"бормотал","lemma":"бормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting clause)","gloss":"mumbled"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бормотал","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этакие","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отвечать","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"отвечать","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отдам","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдам","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"отдам","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall give it back"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b12-c2-s109","source":"Вступился председатель, но защитник возвестил, что он свои вопросы господину Ракитину кончил.","translation":"The presiding judge intervened, but the defence counsel proclaimed that he had finished his questions to Mr. Rakitin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вступился председатель, но защитник возвестил","title":"Reflexive «вступился» + contrastive «но»","body":"«Вступился» (perfective -ся, 'intervened, broke in') is a middle -ся verb. «Возвестил» ('proclaimed, announced') is elevated, almost ceremonious diction for Fetyukovitch's flourish, contrasted by «но» with the judge's failed intervention."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вступился","lemma":"вступиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"intervened"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Вступился","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"защитник","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возвестил","gloss":"the defence counsel"},{"surface":"возвестил","lemma":"возвестить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Вступился","gloss":"proclaimed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кончил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of вопросы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of кончил","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"господину","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of кончил","gloss":"to Mister"},{"surface":"Ракитину","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господину","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of возвестил","gloss":"had finished"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b12-c2-s110","source":"Господин Ракитин сошел со сцены несколько подсаленный.","translation":"Mr. Rakitin left the stand somewhat tarnished.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сошел со сцены несколько подсаленный","title":"«подсаленный» — 'somewhat greased/tarnished'","body":"«Подсаленный» (past passive participle of «подсалить», to grease lightly) is a vivid figurative coinage — Rakitin leaves 'a bit greasy, soiled.' «Сойти со сцены» ('to leave the stage') doubles as both the witness-stand and the theatrical image of an exit in disgrace."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сошел","gloss":"Mister"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Господин","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"сошел","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сцены","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сцены","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошел","gloss":"the stand"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подсаленный","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"подсаленный","lemma":"подсалить","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"secondary predicate describing Господин Ракитин","gloss":"tarnished"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b12-c2-s111","source":"Впечатление от высшего благородства его речи было-таки испорчено, и Фетюкович, провожая его глазами, как бы говорил, указывая публике: «вот, дескать, каковы ваши благородные обвинители!»","translation":"The impression of the lofty nobility of his speech had, after all, been spoiled, and Fetyukovitch, following him with his eyes, seemed to be saying, as he pointed him out to the public: 'There, then, is what your noble accusers are like!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"было-таки испорчено","title":"Periphrastic passive «было испорчено» + «-таки»","body":"«Было испорчено» is the analytic past passive: «быть» plus the short passive participle «испорчено» ('was spoiled'). The clitic «-таки» ('after all, nonetheless') adds the sense that the fine impression was spoiled despite everything."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"провожая его глазами, как бы говорил","title":"Gerund «провожая» of attendant action","body":"«Провожая его глазами» ('following him with his eyes') is an imperfective present gerund of simultaneous action, sharing Fetyukovitch's subject with «как бы говорил» ('seemed to say'). «Глазами» is the instrumental of means."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот, дескать, каковы ваши благородные обвинители","title":"Short interrogative «каковы» + reportative «дескать»","body":"«Каковы» is the short predicative form of «каков» ('what sort, of what kind'), agreeing plural — 'what your noble accusers are like!' «Дескать» again flags the words as quasi-quoted, the gesture Fetyukovitch's eyes seem to make."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive испорчено","gloss":"the impression"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благородства","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"высшего","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies благородства","gloss":"the lofty"},{"surface":"благородства","lemma":"благородство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Впечатление","gloss":"nobility"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of речи","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies благородства","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of испорчено","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies испорчено","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"испорчено","lemma":"испортить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"been spoiled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"Фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"Fetyukovitch"},{"surface":"провожая","lemma":"провожать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying говорил","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of провожая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of провожая","gloss":"with his eyes"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы (as though), modifies говорил","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed to be saying"},{"surface":"указывая","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорил","gloss":"pointing him out"},{"surface":"публике","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of указывая","gloss":"to the public"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the quoted exclamation","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical particle marking reported speech","gloss":"so to speak"},{"surface":"каковы","lemma":"каков","morphology":"adjective (short form), plural","role":"predicate of обвинители, main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"what... are like"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of обвинители","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"благородные","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies обвинители","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"обвинители","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of каковы","gloss":"accusers"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b12-c2-s112","source":"Помню, не прошло и тут без эпизода со стороны Мити: взбешенный тоном, с каким Ракитин выразился о Грушеньке, он вдруг закричал со своего места: «Бернар!»","translation":"I remember that here, too, it did not pass without an episode on Mitya's part: enraged by the tone in which Rakitin had spoken of Grushenka, he suddenly shouted from his place: 'Bernard!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взбешенный тоном, с каким Ракитин выразился","title":"Passive participle «взбешенный» + instrumental cause","body":"«Взбешенный» ('enraged, infuriated') is a past passive participle whose cause stands in the instrumental «тоном» ('by the tone'). The relative «с каким … выразился» ('in which he spoke') sends «какой» into «с» + instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (parenthetical)","gloss":"I remember"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прошло","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"прошло","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reported clause","gloss":"pass"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошло","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эпизода","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"эпизода","lemma":"эпизод","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошло","gloss":"an episode"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити, part of со стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase со стороны","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"взбешенный","lemma":"взбешенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"secondary predicate describing он, modifies закричал","gloss":"enraged"},{"surface":"тоном","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взбешенный","gloss":"by the tone"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каким","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"relative determiner referring to тоном","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выразился","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"выразился","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying тоном","gloss":"had spoken"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выразился","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закричал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of места","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of закричал","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"Бернар","lemma":"Бернар","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclaimed appellation (quoted interjection)","gloss":"Bernard"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b12-c2-s113","source":"Когда же председатель, по окончании всего опроса Ракитина, обратился к подсудимому: не желает ли он чего заметить со своей стороны, то Митя зычно крикнул:","translation":"And when the presiding judge, on the conclusion of the whole examination of Rakitin, turned to the defendant — whether he wished to remark anything on his own part — Mitya bawled out:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по окончании всего опроса … обратился","title":"«по» + prepositional «окончании» = 'upon ending'","body":"«По окончании» ('upon the conclusion of') is the formal «по» + prepositional in a temporal sense, 'after / on the completion.' It frames the timing of the judge's turning «к подсудимому» (the defendant) with bureaucratic precision."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зычно крикнул","title":"«зычно» — in a booming voice","body":"«Зычно» is an expressive adverb for a loud, resonant, carrying voice — Mitya 'bawled out.' The word itself sounds the very volume of his outburst, characteristic of his unbridled courtroom manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause, modifies обратился","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Когда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окончании","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"окончании","lemma":"окончание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обратился (temporal: upon completion)","gloss":"the conclusion"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of опроса","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"опроса","lemma":"опрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies окончании","gloss":"examination"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies опроса","gloss":"of Rakitin"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подсудимому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"подсудимому","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желает","gloss":"whether not"},{"surface":"желает","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"embedded question, content of обратился","gloss":"does he wish"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желает","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of желает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметить","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"заметить","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желает","gloss":"to remark"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметить","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"resumes the main clause, introduces крикнул","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"зычно","lemma":"зычно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bawled out"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b12-c2-s114","source":"— Он у меня, уже у подсудимого, деньги таскал взаймы! Бернар презренный и карьерист, и в бога не верует, преосвященного надул!","translation":"'He was cadging loans of money off me, off the defendant himself! A contemptible Bernard and a careerist, and he doesn't believe in God, and he hoodwinked the bishop!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он у меня, уже у подсудимого, деньги таскал взаймы","title":"Imperfective «таскал» for repeated cadging","body":"«Таскал … взаймы» ('kept cadging loans') is imperfective past — habitual, repeated borrowing, not one loan. «У меня … у подсудимого» uses «у» + genitive twice, the appositive stressing that Rakitin sponged off the very man now on trial."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в бога не верует","title":"«веровать в» + accusative «в бога»","body":"«Веровать в бога» ('to believe in God') takes «в» + accusative for the object of faith. «Веровать» is the loftier, more religious verb beside everyday «верить», fitting the charge against the godless Rakitin."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"преосвященного надул","title":"«надуть» — to dupe, hoodwink","body":"«Надул» (perfective, slangy) means 'cheated, took in, hoodwinked' — Mitya's coarse charge that Rakitin gulled the bishop with his pious pamphlet. The vulgar verb against the church dignitary «преосвященный» sharpens the scandal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of таскал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of таскал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подсудимого","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подсудимого","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to меня","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of таскал","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"таскал","lemma":"таскать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was cadging"},{"surface":"взаймы","lemma":"взаймы","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies таскал","gloss":"as loans"},{"surface":"Бернар","lemma":"Бернар","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, subject он implied","gloss":"a Bernard","note":"Used as a contemptuous epithet — a stock swindler type, not a literal name."},{"surface":"презренный","lemma":"презренный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Бернар","gloss":"contemptible"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"карьерист","lemma":"карьерист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Бернар","gloss":"a careerist"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верует","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верует","gloss":"doesn't"},{"surface":"верует","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Бернар","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"преосвященного","lemma":"преосвященный","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of надул","gloss":"the bishop"},{"surface":"надул","lemma":"надуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hoodwinked"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b12-c2-s115","source":"Митю, конечно, опять образумили за неистовство выражений, но господин Ракитин был докончен.","translation":"Mitya was of course called to order again for the violence of his expressions, but Mr. Rakitin was done for.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митю … опять образумили за неистовство выражений","title":"Indefinite-subject plural «образумили»","body":"«Образумили» ('[they] brought to reason, called to order') is a subjectless third-plural — the court, impersonally, reins Mitya in. «За неистовство» uses «за» + accusative of cause ('for the violence [of his expressions]')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"был докончен","title":"«докончен» — 'finished off, done for'","body":"«Докончен» (short passive participle of «докончить») here is figurative — Rakitin is 'finished, done for' as a credible witness. The prefix «до-» gives the sense of being completely finished off."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of образумили","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies образумили","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies образумили","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"образумили","lemma":"образумить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was called to order","note":"Impersonal 3rd-plural verb with no expressed subject, functioning like a passive."},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неистовство","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"неистовство","lemma":"неистовство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of образумили","gloss":"the violence"},{"surface":"выражений","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies неистовство","gloss":"of his expressions"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive докончен","gloss":"Mister"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господин","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of докончен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"докончен","lemma":"докончить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with образумили","gloss":"done for"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b12-c2-s116","source":"Не повезло и свидетельству штабс-капитана Снегирева, но уже совсем от другой причины.","translation":"The testimony of Captain Snegiryov fared no better, but now for an altogether different reason.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не повезло и свидетельству штабс-капитана Снегирева","title":"Impersonal «не повезло» + dative","body":"«Повезти» ('to have luck') is impersonal and takes the dative of the one (un)lucky: «не повезло … свидетельству» — 'the testimony fared badly.' There is no nominative subject; the additive «и» means 'also.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повезло","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"повезло","lemma":"повезти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fared well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свидетельству","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"свидетельству","lemma":"свидетельство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of повезло","gloss":"the testimony"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свидетельству","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитана","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свидетельству","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"Снегирева","lemma":"Снегирев","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свидетельству","gloss":"Snegiryov's"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другой","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking причины","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies причины","gloss":"a different"},{"surface":"причины","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with свидетельству","gloss":"reason"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b12-c2-s117","source":"Он предстал весь изорванный, в грязной одежде, в грязных сапогах, и, несмотря на все предосторожности и предварительную «экспертизу», вдруг оказался совсем пьяненьким.","translation":"He appeared all in tatters, in filthy clothes, in filthy boots, and, despite all the precautions and the preliminary 'inspection,' suddenly proved to be quite tipsy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг оказался совсем пьяненьким","title":"Instrumental predicate «пьяненьким» (diminutive)","body":"«Оказался пьяненьким» ('proved to be tipsy') uses «оказаться» with an instrumental predicate. «Пьяненький» is the expressive diminutive of «пьяный» — not 'small drunk' but pitiably, softly tipsy, the affectionate-rueful tone Dostoevsky reserves for the wretched Snegiryov."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он предстал весь изорванный, в грязной одежде","title":"Past passive participle «изорванный» + «весь»","body":"«Изорванный» ('all torn, in tatters') is a past passive participle agreeing with the subject, intensified by «весь» ('all over'). «Предстал» ('appeared, presented himself') is an elevated verb, ironic against his squalor «в грязной одежде, в грязных сапогах»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предстал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"предстал","lemma":"предстать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of изорванный","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"изорванный","lemma":"изорванный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предстал","gloss":"in tatters"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одежде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"грязной","lemma":"грязный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies одежде","gloss":"filthy"},{"surface":"одежде","lemma":"одежда","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предстал","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сапогах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"грязных","lemma":"грязный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies сапогах","gloss":"filthy"},{"surface":"сапогах","lemma":"сапог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with одежде","gloss":"boots"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition marking предосторожности","gloss":"despite","note":"Fixed phrase несмотря на = 'despite'."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of предосторожности","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"предосторожности","lemma":"предосторожность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of оказался","gloss":"the precautions"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"предварительную","lemma":"предварительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies экспертизу","gloss":"preliminary"},{"surface":"экспертизу","lemma":"экспертиза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with предосторожности","gloss":"inspection"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказался","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"оказался","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with предстал","gloss":"proved to be"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пьяненьким","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"пьяненьким","lemma":"пьяненький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of оказался","gloss":"tipsy"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b12-c2-s118","source":"На вопросы об обиде, нанесенной ему Митей, вдруг отказался отвечать.","translation":"To questions about the offence done him by Mitya he suddenly refused to answer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На вопросы об обиде, нанесенной ему Митей","title":"Passive participle «нанесенной» + dative & instrumental","body":"«Нанесенной ему Митей» ('done to him by Mitya') is a past passive participle agreeing with «обиде» (dative/prepositional feminine), with the recipient in the dative «ему» and the agent in the instrumental «Митей» — a compact passive triangle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг отказался отвечать","title":"Reflexive «отказался» + infinitive","body":"«Отказался отвечать» ('refused to answer') is a perfective -ся verb followed by an imperfective infinitive — the imperfective «отвечать» naming the activity declined as a whole. «Вдруг» ('suddenly') marks the abruptness of the refusal."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отказался","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обиде","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"обиде","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"the offense"},{"surface":"нанесенной","lemma":"нанести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"clause modifying обиде","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of нанесенной","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Митей","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of нанесенной","gloss":"by Mitya"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отказался","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"отказался","lemma":"отказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"refused"},{"surface":"отвечать","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of отказался","gloss":"to answer"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b12-c2-s119","source":"— Бог с ними-с. Илюшечка не велел. Мне бог там заплатит-с.","translation":"'God be with them, sir. Ilyushechka forbade it. God will repay me there, sir.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Бог с ними-с … заплатит-с","title":"The deferential clitic «-с»","body":"The little «-с» tacked onto «ними-с», «заплатит-с» is the old servile politeness particle (from «сударь», 'sir'), peppering humble or obsequious speech. It instantly marks Snegiryov's cringing, deferential register before the court."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Илюшечка","title":"«Илюшечка» — tender diminutive of Ilya","body":"«Илюшечка» is a doubly tender diminutive of «Илья / Илюша», the name of Snegiryov's dying boy. The caressing «-ечка» suffix carries the father's helpless love; it was Ilyusha who forbade him to pursue the grievance against Mitya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Бог с ними … Мне бог там заплатит","title":"Set phrase «Бог с ними» + dative «мне»","body":"«Бог с ними» ('God be with them') is a forgiving, resigning idiom — let them go. «Мне бог … заплатит» puts the recipient in the dative «мне» ('God will repay me'), and «там» ('there') means in the next world. Snegiryov leaves justice to heaven."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"be with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies Бог","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"politeness particle attached to ними","gloss":"sir","note":"The servile discourse particle -с (short for сударь), used for deference toward the listener."},{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"Илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of велел","gloss":"Ilyushechka"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies велел","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of заплатит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заплатит","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заплатит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"заплатит","lemma":"заплатить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will repay"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"politeness particle attached to заплатит","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b12-c2-s120","source":"— Кто вам не велел говорить? Про кого вы упоминаете?","translation":"'Who forbade you to speak? Whom are you referring to?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто вам не велел говорить?","title":"«велеть» + dative «вам» + infinitive","body":"«Велеть» ('to bid, order') governs the dative of the person commanded — «вам» ('you') — plus an infinitive «говорить». Negated, «не велел говорить» means 'forbade [you] to speak.' This dative-plus-infinitive pattern is standard for commanding verbs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Про кого вы упоминаете?","title":"«про» + accusative «кого»","body":"«Про кого» ('about whom') uses «про» + accusative, a colloquial equivalent of «о ком» (about whom). «Упоминать» ('to mention, refer to') here pairs naturally with «про». The interrogative «кого» is the accusative of «кто»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of велел","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of велел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies велел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of упоминаете","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of упоминаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"упоминаете","lemma":"упоминать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are referring to"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b12-c2-s121","source":"— Илюшечка, сыночек мой: «Папочка, папочка, как он тебя унизил!» У камушка произнес. Теперь помирает-с…","translation":"— My Ilyusha, my little son: 'Papa, papa, how he humiliated you!' That is what he said by the stone. Now he is dying, sir…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Илюшечка… сыночек… Папочка… камушка","title":"A cascade of diminutives","body":"The broken-hearted captain's speech is built almost entirely of tender diminutives: «Илюшечка» (dear little Ilyusha), «сыночек» (little son, from «сын»), «папочка» (daddy), «камушек» (the little stone). The pile-up of -ечк-/-очек/-ушек suffixes conveys an overwhelming, almost unbearable tenderness toward the dying child."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"помирает-с","title":"The deferential clitic «-с»","body":"The «-с» tacked onto «помирает» (is dying) is the «словоерс», a contracted survival of «сударь» (sir). Glued to words throughout polite or servile speech, it signals deference to a social superior — here the court. It pervades the captain's and Trifon's testimony and is a constant marker of rank in the novel."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"помирает","title":"«помирать» — the colloquial 'to die'","body":"«Помирать/помереть» is the plain, folk register for dying, against the neutral «умирать/умереть». Its homely, peasant colouring suits the captain's broken, unguarded grief in front of the court."}],"words":[{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"Илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"сыночек","lemma":"сыночек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Илюшечка","gloss":"little son"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сыночек","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Папочка","lemma":"папочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to Илюшечка","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"папочка","lemma":"папочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Папочка","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of унизил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of унизил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of унизил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"унизил","lemma":"унизить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Папочка","gloss":"humiliated"},{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking камушка","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"камушка","lemma":"камушек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнес","gloss":"the little stone"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помирает","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"помирает","lemma":"помирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is dying"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"politeness particle attached to помирает","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b12-c2-s122","source":"Штабс-капитан вдруг зарыдал и с размаху бухнулся в ноги председателю. Его поскорее вывели, при смехе публики. Подготовленное прокурором впечатление не состоялось вовсе.","translation":"The captain suddenly broke into sobs and flung himself headlong at the feet of the presiding judge. He was led out as quickly as possible, to the laughter of the public. The effect the prosecutor had prepared did not come off at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бухнулся в ноги","title":"«бухнуться в ноги» — to fling oneself at someone's feet","body":"«Бухнуться» is an expressive, onomatopoeic perfective ('to plump/flop down with a thud'), and «броситься/упасть в ноги» (to throw oneself at the feet) is a charged gesture of supplication and self-abasement. «С размаху» ('with a full swing', headlong) heightens the violence of the prostration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его поскорее вывели","title":"Subjectless 'they led him out'","body":"«Вывели» (led out) is a third-person plural with no stated subject — the indefinite-personal construction, where 'they' means 'someone / the court officers', no specific agent in view. Russian uses this constantly where English reaches for the passive ('he was led out'). «Поскорее» is the comparative «скорее» with the softening prefix «по-», 'as quickly as possible'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"впечатление не состоялось вовсе","title":"Negated «состояться» — failed to materialize","body":"«Состояться» (to take place, come off) here negated with «не…вовсе» (not at all) frames the prosecutor's calculated effect as an event that simply did not happen. «Подготовленное прокурором» is a past passive participle phrase ('prepared by the prosecutor'), with the agent «прокурором» in the instrumental — the standard way Russian names the doer of a passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Штабс","lemma":"штабс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зарыдал","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зарыдал","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зарыдал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"зарыдал","lemma":"зарыдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst into sobs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking размаху","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"размаху","lemma":"размах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бухнулся","gloss":"a swing"},{"surface":"бухнулся","lemma":"бухнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with зарыдал","gloss":"flung himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бухнулся","gloss":"the feet"},{"surface":"председателю","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of бухнулся","gloss":"of the presiding judge"},{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вывели","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"поскорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вывели","gloss":"as quickly as possible"},{"surface":"вывели","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was led out","note":"Impersonal 3rd-plural verb functioning like a passive."},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смехе","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"смехе","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вывели","gloss":"the laughter"},{"surface":"публики","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смехе","gloss":"of the public"},{"surface":"Подготовленное","lemma":"подготовить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying впечатление","gloss":"prepared"},{"surface":"прокурором","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of Подготовленное","gloss":"by the prosecutor"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of состоялось","gloss":"the effect"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies состоялось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"состоялось","lemma":"состояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come off"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies состоялось","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b12-c2-s123","source":"Защитник же продолжал пользоваться всеми средствами и всё более и более удивлял своим ознакомлением с делом до мельчайших подробностей.","translation":"Counsel for the defense, meanwhile, went on making use of every means at his disposal, astonishing everyone more and more by how thoroughly he had mastered the case down to its smallest particulars.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Защитник же продолжал","title":"The topic-shifting particle «же»","body":"Here «же» is not emphatic 'after all' but the lighter contrastive use: it pivots the narration to a new topic — 'the defence counsel, for his part / meanwhile'. Leaning on «защитник», it sets the defence against the collapsed prosecution of the previous sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё более и более удивлял","title":"«всё более и более» — ever more","body":"«Всё» plus a comparative («всё более и более удивлял», astonished more and more) is the fixed Russian way of expressing a steadily rising degree. The imperfective «удивлял» pictures the astonishment as an ongoing, mounting process rather than a single shock."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"до мельчайших подробностей","title":"«мельчайший» — the bookish superlative","body":"«Мельчайший» ('the very smallest', from «мелкий») is a superlative in -айший, the literary suffix that intensifies without «самый». «До мельчайших подробностей» — 'down to the smallest details' — is a set phrase praising exhaustive thoroughness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Защитник","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"counsel for the defense"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Защитник","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"пользоваться","lemma":"пользоваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжал","gloss":"to make use of"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of средствами","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"средствами","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of пользоваться","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивлял","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with более","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"удивлял","lemma":"удивлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with продолжал","gloss":"astonished everyone"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ознакомлением","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ознакомлением","lemma":"ознакомление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of удивлял","gloss":"mastery"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"делом","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ознакомлением","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробностей","gloss":"down to"},{"surface":"мельчайших","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural, superlative","role":"modifies подробностей","gloss":"the smallest"},{"surface":"подробностей","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies делом","gloss":"particulars"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b12-c2-s124","source":"Так, например, показание Трифона Борисовича произвело было весьма сильное впечатление и уж, конечно, было чрезвычайно неблагоприятно для Мити.","translation":"Thus, for example, the testimony of Trifon Borisovich had produced a very strong impression and was, of course, exceedingly unfavorable to Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"произвело было… впечатление","title":"The 'frustrated' particle «было»","body":"«Было» after a perfective past («произвело было») is not the verb 'to be' but a special particle marking an action that took effect but was then undone or reversed — here the strong impression that the defence will go on to demolish. It quietly foreshadows the testimony's collapse."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"неблагоприятно для Мити","title":"Short adjective as predicate; «для» + genitive","body":"«Неблагоприятно» is a short (predicative) adjective/adverb stating a state — 'was unfavourable'. «Для Мити» ('for Mitya') shows «для» governing the genitive, and «Мити» is the genitive of the affectionate diminutive «Митя» (Dmitri)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies произвело","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies произвело","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произвело","gloss":"the testimony"},{"surface":"Трифона","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"of Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисовича","lemma":"Борисович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифона","gloss":"Borisovich"},{"surface":"произвело","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had produced"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"pluperfect auxiliary of произвело","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сильное","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"сильное","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвело","gloss":"an impression"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неблагоприятно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies неблагоприятно","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to неблагоприятно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неблагоприятно","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"неблагоприятно","lemma":"неблагоприятный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with произвело","gloss":"unfavorable"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of неблагоприятно","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b12-c2-s125","source":"Он именно, чуть не по пальцам, высчитал, что Митя, в первый приезд свой в Мокрое, за месяц почти пред катастрофой, не мог истратить менее трех тысяч или «разве без самого только малого. На одних этих цыганок сколько раскидано! Нашим-то вшивым мужикам не то что „полтиною по улице шибали“, а по меньшей мере двадцатипятирублевыми бумажками дарили, меньше не давали. А сколько у них тогда просто украли-с! Ведь кто украл, тот руки своей не оставил, где же его поймать, вора-то-с, когда сами зря разбрасывали! Ведь у нас народ разбойник, душу свою не хранят. А девкам-то, девкам-то нашим деревенским что пошло! Разбогатели у нас с той поры, вот что-с, прежде бедность была».","translation":"He had reckoned up almost on his fingers that Mitya, on his first visit to Mokroye, nearly a month before the catastrophe, could not have spent less than three thousand, \"or short of it by only the merest trifle. Think how much was flung away on those Gypsy women alone! As for our lousy peasants, it wasn't a case of 'tossing them half-rubles in the street' — no, the very least he handed out was twenty-five-ruble notes; he gave nothing smaller. And how much was simply stolen from him then, sir! Whoever stole it left no trace of his hand behind — how is one to catch the thief, sir, when the gentleman himself was scattering it about for nothing! Our folk are robbers, you know; they don't take care of their souls. And what the wenches got, the wenches of our village! We've grown rich here since that time, sir, that we have — before then there was only poverty.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чуть не по пальцам высчитал","title":"«чуть не по пальцам» — almost on his fingers","body":"«Чуть не» means 'all but, almost' (literally 'a little short of'); «считать по пальцам» is 'to count on one's fingers'. The image paints Trifon as a peasant reckoner tallying Mitya's spending with rustic precision. «Высчитал» is the perfective 'reckoned up, calculated out'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мог истратить менее трех тысяч","title":"«менее» + genitive of the quantity","body":"«Менее трех тысяч» ('less than three thousand') puts the counted noun phrase in the genitive after the comparative «менее». «Трех тысяч» itself shows numeral government — «тысяч» is genitive plural after «трех». The litotes 'could not have spent less than…' is the witness's roundabout way of asserting a huge sum."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нашим-то вшивым мужикам","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то» and a dative of recipient","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «нашим» foregrounds a known topic — 'as for our peasants'. «Нашим вшивым мужикам» is dative (the recipients of what was tossed/given), and «вшивый» ('lousy', lit. 'lice-ridden') is Trifon's coarse, self-deprecating term for his own villagers."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто украл, тот руки своей не оставил","title":"Correlative «кто… тот» and «свой»","body":"«Кто украл, тот…» is the bookish correlative 'whoever stole, that one…', pairing the relative «кто» with the demonstrative «тот». «Руки своей не оставил» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» (his own hand) and the genitive of negation «руки» under «не оставил»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь у нас народ разбойник, душу свою не хранят","title":"«ведь» appealing to shared knowledge","body":"«Ведь» appeals to the listener's assumed agreement — 'our folk are robbers, you know'. Note the number clash typical of speech: «народ» (the people, grammatically singular) is followed by a plural verb «хранят», construing the collective as 'they'. «Душу свою» again uses reflexive «свой»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"А девкам-то, девкам-то нашим деревенским что пошло!","title":"Expressive repetition and «девка»","body":"«Девка» is the earthy, rural word for a young woman/wench (against the neutral «девушка»). The doubled «девкам-то, девкам-то» with «-то» is heightened folk exclamation, and «что пошло!» idiomatically means 'what a windfall they got!' — money flowing their way."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of высчитал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies высчитал","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies по","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чуть","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальцам","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пальцам","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of высчитал","gloss":"his fingers"},{"surface":"высчитал","lemma":"высчитать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reckoned up"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приезд","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приезд","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"приезд","lemma":"приезд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Митя","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of приезд","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокрое","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мокрое","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies приезд","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies катастрофой","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пред","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking катастрофой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"катастрофой","lemma":"катастрофа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of мог","gloss":"the catastrophe"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of что-clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"истратить","lemma":"истратить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"spend"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тысяч","gloss":"less than"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of истратить","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самого","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking самого","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies малого","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies малого","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"малого","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with тысяч","gloss":"smallest bit"},{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цыганок","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одних","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"modifies цыганок","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of цыганок","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"цыганок","lemma":"цыганка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of раскидано","gloss":"Gypsy women"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"subject of passive раскидано","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"раскидано","lemma":"раскидать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was flung about"},{"surface":"Нашим","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of мужикам","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Нашим","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"вшивым","lemma":"вшивый","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies мужикам","gloss":"lousy"},{"surface":"мужикам","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of шибали","gloss":"peasants"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не то что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase не то что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase не то что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"полтиною","lemma":"полтина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шибали","gloss":"with half-rubles"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улице","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"улице","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies полтиною","gloss":"the street"},{"surface":"шибали","lemma":"шибать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"tossing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по меньшей мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меньшей","lemma":"меньший","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по меньшей мере","gloss":"the least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по меньшей мере","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"двадцатипятирублевыми","lemma":"двадцатипятирублёвый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies бумажками","gloss":"twenty-five-ruble"},{"surface":"бумажками","lemma":"бумажка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of дарили","gloss":"notes"},{"surface":"дарили","lemma":"дарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying мужикам","gloss":"gave as gifts"},{"surface":"меньше","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies давали","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"давали","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дарили","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"direct object of украли","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of украли","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies украли","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies украли","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"украли","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was stolen"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"politeness particle attached to украли","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of оставил","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of украл","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"украл","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal subject of оставил","gloss":"stole it"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оставил","gloss":"a trace of his hand"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of руки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оставил","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поймать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поймать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"поймать","lemma":"поймать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical clause","gloss":"to catch"},{"surface":"вора","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to его","gloss":"the thief"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to вора","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"politeness particle attached to вора-то","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разбрасывали","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies разбрасывали","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"зря","lemma":"зря","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разбрасывали","gloss":"for nothing"},{"surface":"разбрасывали","lemma":"разбрасывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying поймать","gloss":"were scattering it"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of разбойник","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of разбойник","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разбойник","gloss":"the folk"},{"surface":"разбойник","lemma":"разбойник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of народ","gloss":"robbers"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of хранят","gloss":"their souls"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хранят","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"хранят","lemma":"хранить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take care of"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"девкам","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of пошло","gloss":"the wenches"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to девкам","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"девкам","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of пошло","gloss":"the wenches"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to девкам","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"нашим","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of деревенским","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"деревенским","lemma":"деревенский","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies девкам","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пошло","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"пошло","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went to them"},{"surface":"Разбогатели","lemma":"разбогатеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew rich"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of Разбогатели","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поры","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of поры","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"поры","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Разбогатели","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"coordinated with Разбогатели","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"politeness particle attached to что","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"бедность","lemma":"бедность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the contrastive clause","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b12-c2-s126","source":"Словом, он припомнил всякую издержку и вывел всё точно на счетах.","translation":"In short, he recalled every last expense and tallied it all up exactly, as on a counting-board.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Словом","title":"«словом» — 'in a word, in short'","body":"The bare instrumental «словом» ('with a word') works as a discourse marker meaning 'in short, to sum up', wrapping up Trifon's tirade before the narrator's summary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, modifies припомнил","gloss":"in short"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of припомнил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"припомнил","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"всякую","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of издержку","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"издержку","lemma":"издержка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of припомнил","gloss":"expense"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вывел","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with припомнил","gloss":"tallied up"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вывел","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies счетах","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счетах","gloss":"as on"},{"surface":"счетах","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вывел","gloss":"a counting-board"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b12-c2-s127","source":"Таким образом, предположение о том, что истрачены были лишь полторы тысячи, а другие отложены в ладонку, становилось немыслимым.","translation":"In this way the supposition that only fifteen hundred had been spent, while the rest had been laid aside in the little amulet, became unthinkable.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"истрачены были лишь полторы тысячи","title":"Short passive participle as periphrastic passive","body":"«Истрачены были» is the short past passive participle «истрачены» (spent) plus «были» — the analytic passive 'had been spent'. «Полторы тысячи» ('one and a half thousand') uses the special feminine form «полторы» of 'one and a half'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"становилось немыслимым","title":"Predicate instrumental after «становиться»","body":"«Становилось немыслимым» — 'was becoming unthinkable'. «Становиться» (to become) takes its predicate complement in the instrumental, hence «немыслимым» rather than nominative «немыслимое». The imperfective «становилось» renders the supposition as gradually growing untenable."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of adverbial phrase таким образом (modifies становилось)","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of становилось","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"предположение","lemma":"предположение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of становилось","gloss":"the supposition"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of о, anticipates the что-clause","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of истрачены","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"истрачены","lemma":"истратить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of что-clause modifying том","gloss":"had been spent"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of истрачены","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полторы","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of истрачены","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отложены","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"отложены","lemma":"отложить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with истрачены","gloss":"had been set aside"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладонку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ладонку","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отложены","gloss":"the little amulet"},{"surface":"становилось","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was becoming"},{"surface":"немыслимым","lemma":"немыслимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of становилось","gloss":"unthinkable"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b12-c2-s128","source":"«Сам видел, в руках у них видел три тысячи как одну копеечку, глазами созерцал, уж нам ли счету не понимать-с!» — восклицал Трифон Борисович, изо всех сил желая угодить «начальству».","translation":"\"I saw it with my own eyes, saw the three thousand in their hands as plain as a single kopeck, beheld it with my own eyes — surely we know how to count, sir!\" exclaimed Trifon Borisovich, doing his utmost to please \"the authorities.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как одну копеечку… глазами созерцал","title":"Folk hyperbole meets a lofty verb","body":"«Созерцать» is a bookish, almost contemplative 'to behold, gaze upon' — comically grand for an innkeeper. Set beside the homely «копеечка» (dear little kopeck) and «как одну копеечку» ('clear as a single kopeck'), it captures Trifon straining to sound impressive before the court."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж нам ли счету не понимать-с","title":"Rhetorical «ли» with «уж» — 'as if we couldn't!'","body":"The interrogative «ли» fronts «нам» to make a rhetorical question — 'is it for us not to understand counting?!', i.e. of course we do. «Уж» intensifies, «счёту» is a dative-style object after «понимать», and the «-с» adds servile politeness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"изо всех сил желая угодить","title":"Present gerund «желая» of attendant manner","body":"«Желая» is an imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) — 'desiring/being eager', describing the manner accompanying «восклицал» and sharing its subject, Trifon. «Изо всех сил» ('with all his might') and «угодить начальству» (to please the authorities) lay bare his motive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular (emphatic)","role":"emphasizes the subject of видел","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"the hands"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison, linking тысячи and копеечку","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies копеечку","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"копеечку","lemma":"копеечка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"kopeck"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of созерцал","gloss":"with my own eyes"},{"surface":"созерцал","lemma":"созерцать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"beheld"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the rhetorical clause нам ли... не понимать","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"logical subject of понимать (dative + infinitive construction)","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"rhetorical-question particle, modifies нам","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"счету","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of понимать","gloss":"how to count"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимать","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"predicate of the rhetorical clause нам ли... не понимать","gloss":"understand","note":"\"нам ли ... не понимать\" is a dative-subject + infinitive rhetorical construction: \"as if we don't know how to count!\""},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (archaic deferential suffix)","role":"attached politeness particle on понимать","gloss":"sir","note":"the hyphenated \"-с\" is an old servile/deferential particle roughly equivalent to \"sir,\" attached to the preceding word."},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисович","lemma":"Борисович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Трифон","gloss":"Borisovich"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сил","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of желая","gloss":"his might"},{"surface":"желая","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on восклицал","gloss":"desiring"},{"surface":"угодить","lemma":"угодить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желая","gloss":"to please"},{"surface":"начальству","lemma":"начальство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of угодить","gloss":"the authorities"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b12-c2-s129","source":"Но когда опрос перешел к защитнику, тот, почти и не пробуя опровергать показание, вдруг завел речь о том, что ямщик Тимофей и другой мужик Аким подняли в Мокром, в этот первый кутеж, еще за месяц до ареста, сто рублей в сенях на полу, оброненные Митей в хмельном виде, и представили их Трифону Борисовичу, а тот дал им за это по рублю.","translation":"But when the questioning passed to the defense counsel, he, scarcely even attempting to refute the testimony, suddenly turned the talk to the fact that the coachman Timofey and another peasant, Akim, had picked up a hundred rubles off the floor in the passage at Mokroye, during that first carousal, a month before the arrest — money dropped by Mitya in his drunken state — and had handed it over to Trifon Borisovich, who gave them a ruble apiece for it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти и не пробуя опровергать показание","title":"Negated gerund «не пробуя»","body":"«Не пробуя опровергать» is a present gerund — 'scarcely even trying to refute' — its subject the defence counsel, set against the main verb «завёл речь». Note the imperfective infinitive «опровергать» after the verb of attempting: trying frames the action as a process not a completed result."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сто рублей… оброненные Митей","title":"Past passive participle with agent in instrumental","body":"«Оброненные Митей» — 'dropped by Mitya' — is a long past passive participle agreeing with «сто рублей», its agent «Митей» in the instrumental. «В хмельном виде» ('in a tipsy state') uses the prepositional after «в»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ямщик… в сенях… кутеж… хмельном","title":"Rural and revelling vocabulary","body":"A cluster of period-flavoured words: «ямщик» a coach-driver/postilion; «сени» the unheated entrance-passage of a peasant house; «кутёж» a riotous drinking spree; «хмельной» tipsy, from «хмель» (hops). Together they set the scene of Mitya's drunken carousal at Mokroye."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перешел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"опрос","lemma":"опрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перешел","gloss":"the questioning"},{"surface":"перешел","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of когда-clause, modifies завел","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking защитнику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"защитнику","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перешел","gloss":"the defense counsel"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пробуя","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пробуя","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пробуя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пробуя","lemma":"пробовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on завел","gloss":"attempting"},{"surface":"опровергать","lemma":"опровергать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пробуя","gloss":"to refute"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of опровергать","gloss":"the testimony"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"завел","lemma":"завести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of завел","gloss":"the talk"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies речь","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подняли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ямщик","lemma":"ямщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подняли","gloss":"the coachman"},{"surface":"Тимофей","lemma":"Тимофей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ямщик","gloss":"Timofey"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужик","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ямщик","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"Аким","lemma":"Аким","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мужик","gloss":"Akim"},{"surface":"подняли","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of что-clause modifying том","gloss":"had picked up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подняли","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кутеж","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кутеж","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кутеж","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"кутеж","lemma":"кутёж","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подняли","gloss":"carousal"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подняли","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ареста","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ареста","lemma":"арест","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"the arrest"},{"surface":"сто","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"a hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of подняли","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сенях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сенях","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of подняли","gloss":"the passage"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подняли","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"оброненные","lemma":"обронить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying рублей","gloss":"dropped"},{"surface":"Митей","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of оброненные","gloss":"by Mitya"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"хмельном","lemma":"хмельный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оброненные","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"представили","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with подняли","gloss":"handed over"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of представили","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Трифону","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of представили","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисовичу","lemma":"Борисович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифону","gloss":"Borisovich"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подняли","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рублю","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"рублю","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дал","gloss":"a ruble"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b12-c2-s130","source":"«Ну так возвратили вы тогда эти сто рублей господину Карамазову или нет?»","translation":"\"Well then, did you give that hundred rubles back to Mr. Karamazov at the time, or not?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну так возвратили вы тогда… или нет?","title":"Question by intonation; «или нет?»","body":"A spoken yes/no question marked only by inversion and rising intonation (no «ли») — the colloquial counterpart to the literary «ли» question. «Ну так» ('well then') opens the cross-examination, and the tag «или нет?» ('or not?') sharpens the demand for a straight answer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"discourse particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвратили","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"возвратили","lemma":"возвратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave back"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of возвратили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвратили","gloss":"at the time"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of сто","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сто","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of возвратили","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"господину","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of возвратили","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Карамазову","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господину","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with возвратили","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b12-c2-s131","source":"Трифон Борисович как ни вилял, но после допроса мужиков в найденной сторублевой сознался, прибавив только, что Дмитрию Федоровичу тогда же свято всё возвратил и вручил «по самой честности, и что вот только оне сами, будучи в то время совсем пьяными-с, вряд ли это могут припомнить».","translation":"Wriggle as he might, Trifon Borisovich, after the peasants had been examined about the hundred-ruble note they had found, owned up to it, adding only that he had at the time religiously returned the whole sum to Dmitri Fyodorovich and placed it in his hands \"in all honesty, and that it's only that the gentleman himself, being then completely drunk, sir, is hardly likely to remember it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как ни вилял","title":"«как ни вилял» — wriggle as he might","body":"«Вилять» literally is to wag (a tail) or swerve; figuratively 'to dodge, prevaricate'. The concessive «как ни + past» ('however much he X-ed') is a fixed pattern — 'wriggle as he might' — and recurs across this passage to mark each cornered witness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в найденной сторублевой сознался","title":"«сознаться в» + prepositional","body":"«Сознаться в чём-либо» (to confess to something) governs the prepositional, here «в найденной сторублёвой» — 'to the found hundred-rouble note', with «найденной» a past passive participle and «сторублёвой» an adjective standing in for the noun «бумажке»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вряд ли это могут припомнить… оне","title":"Archaic «оне» and «вряд ли»","body":"«Оне» is the pre-reform feminine/honorific plural of «они», here a deferential plural for the single 'gentleman' (Mitya) — period courtroom usage. «Вряд ли» ('hardly, scarcely') contains the dubitative particle «ли», and «свято возвратил» ('religiously, sacredly returned') colours Trifon's protest with pious exaggeration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вилял","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисович","lemma":"Борисович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Трифон","gloss":"Borisovich"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of вилял","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the concessive как ни construction with вилял","gloss":"-ever","note":"\"как ни вилял\" = \"wriggle as he might/however much he wriggled\" — a fixed concessive construction."},{"surface":"вилял","lemma":"вилять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the concessive как ни-clause modifying сознался","gloss":"wriggled"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking допроса","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"допроса","lemma":"допрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сознался","gloss":"the questioning"},{"surface":"мужиков","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies допроса","gloss":"of the peasants"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторублевой","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"найденной","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"modifies сторублевой","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"сторублевой","lemma":"сторублёвая","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies допроса","gloss":"hundred-ruble note"},{"surface":"сознался","lemma":"сознаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"owned up to it"},{"surface":"прибавив","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сознался","gloss":"adding"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибавив","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возвратил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of возвратил","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрию","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвратил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"свято","lemma":"свято","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвратил","gloss":"religiously"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of возвратил","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"возвратил","lemma":"возвратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of что-clause","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вручил","lemma":"вручить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возвратил","gloss":"handed"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking честности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies честности","gloss":"utmost"},{"surface":"честности","lemma":"честность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of по","gloss":"honesty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оне","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"оне","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural (archaic/deferential)","role":"subject of могут","gloss":"he","note":"\"оне\" is an archaic plural pronoun; here it is used as a servile/deferential plural referring to the single gentleman (Mitya), rendered \"he/the gentleman himself\" in translation."},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural (emphatic)","role":"emphasizes оне","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"будучи","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"copula linking to пьяными","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of будучи","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пьяными","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"пьяными","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"predicate complement of будучи","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (archaic deferential suffix)","role":"attached politeness particle on пьяными","gloss":"sir","note":"the hyphenated \"-с\" is the same archaic deferential particle as elsewhere in Trifon's speech."},{"surface":"вряд","lemma":"вряд","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms the idiom вряд ли, modifies могут","gloss":"hardly","note":"\"вряд ли\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"hardly/scarcely likely.\""},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вряд ли","gloss":"hardly"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of припомнить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate of the second что-clause, parallel to возвратил","gloss":"is likely to"},{"surface":"припомнить","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"remember"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b12-c2-s132","source":"Но так как он все-таки до призыва свидетелей-мужиков в находке ста рублей отрицался, то и показание его о возврате суммы хмельному Мите, естественно, подверглось большому сомнению.","translation":"But since he had, after all, denied finding the hundred rubles right up until the peasant witnesses were summoned, his testimony about returning the sum to the drunken Mitya naturally fell under grave suspicion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но так как… отрицался, то и показание…","title":"Causal «так как… то» frame","body":"«Так как… то…» is the bookish causal pairing — 'since…, (then) therefore…', with «то» resuming the main clause. It builds the narrator's logical, almost legal reasoning about why the testimony collapses."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подверглось большому сомнению","title":"«подвергнуться» + dative","body":"«Подвергнуться чему-либо» (to be subjected to / fall under) governs the dative, here «большому сомнению» — 'fell under grave suspicion'. The reflexive «-ся» gives the verb its middle, intransitive sense ('to undergo')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отрицался","title":"«отрицаться» — to deny, disavow","body":"«Отрицаться» (here 'denied [it]', kept disavowing the find) is a more bookish, legalistic relative of «отрицать». The imperfective stresses his sustained, repeated denial right up to the moment the peasants were called."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms так как with как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так как, introduces the clause of отрицался","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрицался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки, modifies отрицался","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки, modifies отрицался","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking призыва","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"призыва","lemma":"призыв","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрицался","gloss":"the summoning"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies призыва","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"мужиков","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies свидетелей","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking находке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"находке","lemma":"находка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрицался","gloss":"the finding"},{"surface":"ста","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies находке","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"отрицался","lemma":"отрицаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of так как-clause, modifies подверглось","gloss":"had denied"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause, correlative with так как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of подверглось","gloss":"the testimony"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возврате","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"возврате","lemma":"возврат","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"the return"},{"surface":"суммы","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies возврате","gloss":"the sum"},{"surface":"хмельному","lemma":"хмельный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Мите","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of возврате","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"естественно","lemma":"естественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подверглось (sentence adverb)","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"подверглось","lemma":"подвергнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell under"},{"surface":"большому","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сомнению","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"сомнению","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of подверглось","gloss":"suspicion"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b12-c2-s133","source":"Таким образом, один из опаснейших свидетелей, выставленных прокуратурой, ушел опять-таки заподозренным и в репутации своей сильно осаленным.","translation":"Thus one of the most dangerous witnesses brought forward by the prosecution withdrew once again under a cloud of suspicion, his reputation badly besmirched.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"один из опаснейших свидетелей","title":"Partitive «один из» + genitive; superlative «опаснейших»","body":"«Один из + genitive plural» ('one of the…') is the standard partitive frame. «Опаснейших» is the bookish superlative in -ейший ('most dangerous'), agreeing in the genitive plural with «свидетелей» — and it echoes the chapter's title, «Опасные свидетели»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ушел… заподозренным и… осаленным","title":"Participles in the instrumental of state","body":"«Ушёл заподозренным… осаленным» — 'withdrew suspected… besmirched' — uses past passive participles in the instrumental to describe the state in which the subject left, a construction parallel to the predicate instrumental after verbs like «уйти/остаться»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осаленным","title":"«осалить» — to grease, smear","body":"«Осалить» is literally 'to smear with grease/tallow' («сало»); figuratively to soil a reputation. The grubby, tactile image — a man leaving the stand with his good name physically besmirched — is sharper than the abstract English 'discredited'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of adverbial phrase таким образом, modifies ушел","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of ушел","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ушел","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидетелей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"опаснейших","lemma":"опасный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural, superlative","role":"modifies свидетелей","gloss":"most dangerous"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies один","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"выставленных","lemma":"выставить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying свидетелей","gloss":"brought forward"},{"surface":"прокуратурой","lemma":"прокуратура","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выставленных","gloss":"the prosecution"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"withdrew"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки, modifies заподозренным","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки, modifies заподозренным","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"заподозренным","lemma":"заподозрить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"complement of ушел","gloss":"suspected"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking репутации","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"репутации","lemma":"репутация","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with заподозренным","gloss":"reputation"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of репутации","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осаленным","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"осаленным","lemma":"осалить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"coordinated with заподозренным","gloss":"besmirched"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b12-c2-s134","source":"То же приключилось и с поляками: те явились гордо и независимо.","translation":"The same thing befell the Poles: they presented themselves proudly and with an air of independence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"То же приключилось и с поляками","title":"«то же… и» — the same thing also","body":"«То же» ('the same thing') with the additive «и» ('also, too') links this episode to the previous one. «Приключиться с кем-либо» (to befall someone) takes «с» plus the instrumental, here «с поляками»."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of приключилось","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies То","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"приключилось","lemma":"приключиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"befell"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поляками","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поляками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"поляками","lemma":"поляк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of приключилось","gloss":"the Poles"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of явились","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"явились","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"presented themselves"},{"surface":"гордо","lemma":"гордо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явились","gloss":"proudly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"независимо","lemma":"независимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with гордо","gloss":"independently"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b12-c2-s135","source":"Громко засвидетельствовали, что, во-первых, оба «служили короне» и что «пан Митя» предлагал им три тысячи, чтобы купить их честь, и что они сами видели большие деньги в руках его.","translation":"They loudly testified that, in the first place, both had \"served the Crown,\" and that \"Pan Mitya\" had offered them three thousand to buy their honor, and that they themselves had seen the large sum of money in his hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что, во-первых, оба «служили короне»… и что…","title":"Reported speech with «что» clauses","body":"«Засвидетельствовали, что… и что… и что…» strings three «что»-clauses of reported fact off the verb of testifying. «Во-первых» ('in the first place') opens an enumeration. «Чтобы купить их честь» then switches to «чтобы» + infinitive for purpose ('in order to buy their honour')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"видели большие деньги в руках его","title":"Postposed possessive «его» for weight","body":"«В руках его» rather than the ordinary «в его руках» places the possessive «его» after its noun — a bookish inversion lending the phrase a faintly elevated, rhythmic cadence, characteristic of the witnesses' inflated testimony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засвидетельствовали","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"засвидетельствовали","lemma":"засвидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"testified"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of служили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase во-первых, modifies засвидетельствовали","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase во-первых, modifies засвидетельствовали","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject of служили","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"служили","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of засвидетельствовали","gloss":"had served"},{"surface":"короне","lemma":"корона","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of служили","gloss":"the Crown"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предлагал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предлагал","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to пан","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"предлагал","lemma":"предлагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with служили","gloss":"had offered"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of предлагал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предлагал","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of купить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"купить","lemma":"купить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on предлагал","gloss":"buy"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of честь","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of купить","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видели","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видели","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural (emphatic)","role":"emphasizes они","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предлагал","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"большие","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of видели","gloss":"sum of money"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of видели","gloss":"the hands"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies руках","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b12-c2-s136","source":"Пан Муссялович вставлял страшно много польских слов в свои фразы и, видя, что это только возвышает его в глазах председателя и прокурора, возвысил наконец свой дух окончательно и стал уже совсем говорить по-польски.","translation":"Pan Mussyalovich kept inserting a frightful number of Polish words into his phrases and, seeing that this only raised him in the eyes of the presiding judge and the prosecutor, finally exalted his spirits altogether and took to speaking entirely in Polish.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"видя, что это только возвышает его","title":"Present gerund «видя» + «что»-clause","body":"«Видя» is an imperfective present gerund ('seeing'), sharing Mussyalovich's subject and running parallel to the main verbs «возвысил» and «стал». It opens a «что»-clause of perceived fact — 'seeing that this only raised him'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возвышает… возвысил наконец свой дух","title":"Aspect pair «возвышать / возвысить» and a wordplay","body":"Dostoevsky plays the imperfective «возвышает» ('keeps raising', ongoing) against the perfective «возвысил» ('finally exalted', completed result). The repetition mockingly tracks the Pole inflating his own spirit — «возвысил свой дух» — to the point of switching languages entirely."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал уже совсем говорить по-польски","title":"«стать» + infinitive — 'took to'; «по-польски»","body":"«Стал говорить» uses «стать» plus an imperfective infinitive to mark the inception of an activity — 'began / took to speaking'. «По-польски» ('in Polish') is the adverbial «по- + -ски» pattern for speaking a language."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вставлял","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Муссялович","lemma":"Муссялович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Пан","gloss":"Mussyalovich"},{"surface":"вставлял","lemma":"вставлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept inserting"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on слов","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"польских","lemma":"польский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"Polish"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of вставлял","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фразы","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of фразы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"фразы","lemma":"фраза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вставлял","gloss":"phrases"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видя","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on возвысил","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возвышает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of возвышает","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возвышает","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"возвышает","lemma":"возвышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видя","gloss":"raises"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возвышает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of возвышает","gloss":"the eyes"},{"surface":"председателя","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глазах","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with председателя","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"возвысил","lemma":"возвысить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вставлял","gloss":"exalted"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвысил","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дух","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возвысил","gloss":"spirits"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвысил","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возвысил","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-польски","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of по-польски, modifies говорить","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"польски","lemma":"по-польски","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of по-польски, modifies говорить","gloss":"Polish"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b12-c2-s137","source":"Но Фетюкович поймал и их в свои тенета: как ни вилял позванный опять Трифон Борисович, а все-таки должен был сознаться, что его колода карт была подменена паном Врублевским своею, а что пан Муссялович, меча банк, передернул карту.","translation":"But Fetyukovich caught them too in his snares: wriggle as he might, Trifon Borisovich, called back once more, had after all to admit that his own deck of cards had been switched by Pan Vrublevsky for one of theirs, and that Pan Mussyalovich, while dealing the bank, had palmed a card.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поймал… в свои тенета","title":"«тенёта» — snares, toils","body":"«Тенёта» is an archaic, almost folkloric word for hunting-nets or snares (now usually figurative). «Поймать в свои тенёта» — 'to catch in one's toils' — casts the defence counsel Fetyukovich as a hunter trapping the witnesses; «свои» is the reflexive possessive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"колода карт была подменена паном Врублевским","title":"Periphrastic passive with instrumental agent","body":"«Была подменена паном Врублевским» is a full periphrastic passive: «была» + short past passive participle «подменена» (agreeing feminine with «колода»), with the agent «паном Врублевским» in the instrumental — the textbook way Russian names the doer of a passive action."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"меча банк, передернул карту","title":"Gambler's cant: «метать банк», «передёрнуть»","body":"Card-table jargon: «метать банк» is to deal/hold the bank in a game of faro-type chance; «передёрнуть карту» is to cheat by slipping or palming a card. «Меча» is the present gerund of «метать» — 'while dealing'. The Poles are exposed as common card-sharps."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поймал","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"поймал","lemma":"поймать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies их","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of поймал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тенета","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of тенета","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"тенета","lemma":"тенета","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of поймал","gloss":"snares"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вилял","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вилял (как ни = no matter how)","gloss":"no matter"},{"surface":"вилял","lemma":"вилять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to тенета","gloss":"wriggled"},{"surface":"позванный","lemma":"позвать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participle modifying Трифон Борисович","gloss":"called back"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позванный","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вилял","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисович","lemma":"борисович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифон","gloss":"Borisovich"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase всё-таки, modifies должен","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase всё-таки, modifies должен","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должен","morphology":"predicate adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate (governs сознаться), coordinated with вилял","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сознаться","lemma":"сознаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"to admit"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подменена","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of колода","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"колода","lemma":"колода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подменена","gloss":"deck"},{"surface":"карт","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies колода","gloss":"of cards"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of подменена","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"подменена","lemma":"подменить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of что-clause, clausal complement of сознаться","gloss":"switched"},{"surface":"паном","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of подменена","gloss":"by Pan"},{"surface":"Врублевским","lemma":"врублевский","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to паном","gloss":"Vrublevsky"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подменена, elliptical for своею колодой","gloss":"his own","note":"Elliptical: stands for «своею колодой» (his own deck), the deck it was swapped for."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of передернул","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of передернул","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Муссялович","lemma":"муссялович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on пан","gloss":"Mussyalovich"},{"surface":"меча","lemma":"метать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on передернул","gloss":"dealing","note":"Converb from метать (\"to deal cards\"), mistagged by the parser as a noun."},{"surface":"банк","lemma":"банк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of меча","gloss":"the bank"},{"surface":"передернул","lemma":"передёрнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подменена","gloss":"palmed"},{"surface":"карту","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of передернул","gloss":"a card"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b12-c2-s138","source":"Это уже подтвердил Калганов, давая в свою очередь показание, и оба пана удалились с некоторым срамом, даже при смехе публики.","translation":"This was confirmed in turn by Kalganov when he gave his testimony, and the two pans withdrew in some disgrace, amid the laughter of the public, no less.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"давая в свою очередь показание","title":"Present gerund «давая»","body":"«Давая… показание» ('giving testimony') is an imperfective present gerund attached to Kalganov, expressing the circumstance under which he confirmed the cheating. «В свою очередь» ('in his turn') is a set phrase using reflexive «свой»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"удалились с некоторым срамом","title":"«срам» — shame, disgrace","body":"«Срам» is a strong, old-rooted word for shame/ignominy (related to nakedness, exposure). «Удалиться с некоторым срамом» — 'to withdraw in some disgrace' — and the recurring «при смехе публики» ('amid the laughter of the public') stamp the Poles' exit as a public humiliation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подтвердил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подтвердил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"подтвердил","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confirmed"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подтвердил","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"давая","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подтвердил","gloss":"giving"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking очередь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of очередь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"очередь","lemma":"очередь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of давая","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of давая","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on пана","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"пана","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удалились","gloss":"pans","note":"«Пан» is the Polish honorific \"sir\"; kept as a loanword in the translation."},{"surface":"удалились","lemma":"удалиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"withdrew"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking срамом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"некоторым","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of срамом","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"срамом","lemma":"срам","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удалились","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies при смехе","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смехе","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"смехе","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удалились","gloss":"laughter"},{"surface":"публики","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смехе","gloss":"of the public"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b12-c2-s139","source":"Затем точно так произошло почти со всеми наиболее опаснейшими свидетелями.","translation":"After that, exactly the same thing happened with nearly all the most dangerous witnesses.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно так произошло почти со всеми","title":"«со всеми… свидетелями» — instrumental after «с»","body":"«Произошло со всеми свидетелями» ('happened with all the witnesses') uses «с» + instrumental for the persons involved. «Наиболее опаснейшими» doubles the superlative («наиболее» + the -ейший form) — an emphatic, slightly redundant intensification typical of expressive narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"after that"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всеми","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидетелями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of свидетелями","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"наиболее","lemma":"наиболее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опаснейшими","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"опаснейшими","lemma":"опасный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies свидетелями","gloss":"dangerous"},{"surface":"свидетелями","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"witnesses"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b12-c2-s140","source":"Каждого-то из них сумел Фетюкович нравственно размарать и отпустить с некоторым носом.","translation":"Fetyukovich managed to discredit every one of them morally and to send them off looking rather foolish.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Каждого-то из них сумел Фетюкович… размарать","title":"Fronted object and the topic clitic «-то»","body":"The object «каждого из них» ('each of them') is fronted before the verb «сумел», throwing the new information (Fetyukovich's success) into the comment position at the end — a marked, emphatic word order. The «-то» on «каждого» flags it as the running topic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"размарать… отпустить с некоторым носом","title":"«размарать» and 'с носом' — left looking foolish","body":"«Размарать» (variant of «замарать») is 'to soil, smear'; here 'to discredit morally'. «Отпустить с носом» plays on «остаться с носом», the idiom 'to be left empty-handed / made a fool of' — so each witness is dismissed both besmirched and humiliated."}],"words":[{"surface":"Каждого","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of размарать","gloss":"every one"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Каждого","gloss":"indeed","note":"«-то» here is an emphatic suffix particle, not an independent pronoun."},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies Каждого","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"сумел","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сумел","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"нравственно","lemma":"нравственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies размарать","gloss":"morally"},{"surface":"размарать","lemma":"размарать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумел","gloss":"to discredit","note":"«Размарать» (from марать, \"to soil\") means to besmirch/discredit someone's character."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отпустить","lemma":"отпустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with размарать","gloss":"to send off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking носом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"некоторым","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of носом","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"носом","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отпустить","gloss":"nose","note":"Idiom «остаться/уйти с носом» = to be left looking foolish or duped."}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b12-c2-s141","source":"Любители и юристы только любовались и лишь недоумевали опять-таки, к чему такому большому и окончательному всё это могло бы послужить, ибо, повторяю, все чувствовали неотразимость обвинения, всё более и трагичнее нараставшего.","translation":"The amateurs and the lawyers merely admired him, while once again they were left puzzled as to what end so great and so decisive all this could possibly serve, for — I repeat — everyone felt the inexorability of the indictment, which mounted ever higher and more tragically.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к чему такому большому и окончательному всё это могло бы послужить","title":"Conditional «могло бы» of speculation","body":"«Могло бы послужить» is the conditional/subjunctive — past «могло» plus the particle «бы» — voicing a speculative 'could possibly serve'. «К чему» ('to what end') governs the dative «чему такому большому и окончательному»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — the bookish 'for, because'","body":"«Ибо» is the archaic, elevated causal conjunction 'for, because', belonging to high literary and scriptural register rather than everyday speech. The narrator's «повторяю» ('I repeat') and «ибо» lend the sentence a weighty, almost homiletic gravity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обвинения, всё более и трагичнее нараставшего","title":"Past active participle «нараставшего»","body":"«Нараставшего» is an imperfective past active participle ('which kept mounting'), agreeing in the genitive with «обвинения», compressing a который-clause into one modifier. «Всё более и трагичнее» ('ever higher and more tragically') stacks comparatives to convey the steady, ominous rise of the indictment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любители","lemma":"любитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of любовались","gloss":"amateurs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"юристы","lemma":"юрист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Любители","gloss":"lawyers"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любовались","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"любовались","lemma":"любоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"admired"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies недоумевали","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"недоумевали","lemma":"недоумевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любовались","gloss":"were puzzled"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase опять-таки, modifies недоумевали","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase опять-таки, modifies недоумевали","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"as to"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of недоумевали","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такому","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of чему","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"большому","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чему","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"окончательному","lemma":"окончательный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with большому, modifies чему","gloss":"final"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of недоумевали","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of могло","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"послужить","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of чувствовали","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of чувствовали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"чувствовали","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of ибо","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"неотразимость","lemma":"неотразимость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of чувствовали","gloss":"inexorability"},{"surface":"обвинения","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies неотразимость","gloss":"of the indictment"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies нараставшего","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"трагичнее","lemma":"трагичный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with более","gloss":"more tragically"},{"surface":"нараставшего","lemma":"нарастать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, genitive, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"participle modifying обвинения","gloss":"mounting"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b12-c2-s142","source":"Но по уверенности «великого мага» видели, что он был спокоен, и ждали: недаром же приехал из Петербурга «таков человек», не таков и человек, чтобы ни с чем назад воротиться.","translation":"But from the confidence of \"the great magician\" they could see that he was calm, and they waited: not for nothing had \"such a man\" come all the way from Petersburg — nor was he the man to go back with nothing in hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"недаром же приехал из Петербурга «таков человек»","title":"«недаром же» and short «таков»","body":"«Недаром же» ('not for nothing, after all') pairs the adverb with insistent «же». «Таков» is the short, predicative form of «такой» ('such a one'), bookish and emphatic — 'such a man as that'. The whole is free indirect speech voicing the crowd's expectation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не таков и человек, чтобы ни с чем назад воротиться","title":"«чтобы» of consequence; «ни с чем»","body":"«Не таков человек, чтобы… воротиться» uses «чтобы» + infinitive after «такой» to express the kind/degree — 'not the sort of man to go back…'. «Ни с чем» ('with nothing') shows «ни» building a negative phrase; «воротиться» is the archaic-flavoured variant of «вернуться'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уверенности","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"уверенности","lemma":"уверенность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видели","gloss":"confidence"},{"surface":"великого","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мага","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"мага","lemma":"маг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уверенности","gloss":"magician"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they saw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спокоен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спокоен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to спокоен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"спокоен","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of видели","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ждали","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видели","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"недаром","lemma":"недаром","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"not for nothing"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies недаром","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to ждали","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербурга","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Петербурга","lemma":"петербург","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приехал","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"таков","lemma":"таков","morphology":"predicative pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicative determiner of человек","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таков","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"таков","lemma":"таков","morphology":"predicative pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with first таков clause","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies человек","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject, parallel to человек in first clause","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воротиться","gloss":"as to"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротиться","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротиться","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"воротиться","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying человек","gloss":"return"}]}]}