{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b12-c3","title":{"source":"III. Медицинская экспертиза и один фунт орехов","translated":"The Medical Experts and a Pound of Nuts"},"section":"Book XII — A Judicial Error","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c3","lines":79},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c2","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c4","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b12-c3-s1","source":"Медицинская экспертиза тоже не очень помогла подсудимому.","translation":"The medical testimony, too, did not do the defendant much good.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не очень помогла подсудимому","title":"Dative object of «помочь»","body":"«Помочь» governs the dative, so the person helped — «подсудимому» (the defendant) — stands in the dative, not the accusative. The negated perfective past «не помогла» reports the medical testimony as one completed, failed act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подсудимый","title":"«подсудимый» — the one on trial","body":"A substantivized adjective (literally 'the one under trial', from «суд» court): it declines like an adjective but functions as a noun, 'the defendant'. It recurs throughout the courtroom chapters as Mitya's official designation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Медицинская","lemma":"медицинский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies экспертиза","gloss":"medical"},{"surface":"экспертиза","lemma":"экспертиза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of помогла","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помогла","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помогла","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"помогла","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"helped"},{"surface":"подсудимому","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of помогла","gloss":"the defendant"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b12-c3-s2","source":"Да и сам Фетюкович, кажется, не очень на нее рассчитывал, что и оказалось впоследствии.","translation":"And Fetyukovich himself, it seems, had not counted on it for much — as in fact proved to be the case afterward.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что и оказалось впоследствии","title":"Relative «что» summing up the whole clause","body":"Here «что» is not 'that' introducing a noun-clause but a relative pronoun whose antecedent is the entire preceding statement: 'which is exactly what proved to be the case later'. The added particle «и» ('indeed, in fact') reinforces the confirmation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не очень на нее рассчитывал","title":"«рассчитывать на» + accusative","body":"«Рассчитывать на что-то» ('to count on something') takes «на» plus the accusative; «нее» is the accusative of «она», referring back to the «экспертиза». After a preposition the third-person pronoun takes the prefixed «н-» form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Фетюкович","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассчитывал","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel to рассчитывал","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассчитывал","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассчитывал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"рассчитывал","lemma":"рассчитывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"counted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оказалось","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оказалось","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of что","gloss":"proved"},{"surface":"впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказалось","gloss":"afterward"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b12-c3-s3","source":"В основании своем она произошла единственно по настоянию Катерины Ивановны, вызвавшей нарочно знаменитого доктора из Москвы.","translation":"At bottom it had come about solely at the insistence of Katerina Ivanovna, who had deliberately summoned a celebrated doctor from Moscow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вызвавшей нарочно знаменитого доктора","title":"Past active participle «вызвавшей»","body":"«Вызвавшей» is the past active participle of perfective «вызвать» ('having summoned'), agreeing in the genitive feminine with «Катерины Ивановны». It compresses a «которая вызвала» relative clause into a single bookish modifier — a hallmark of Dostoevsky's narrative syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по настоянию Катерины Ивановны","title":"«по» + dative of cause","body":"«По настоянию» ('at the insistence of') uses «по» with the dative «настоянию» to express the grounds or motivation behind an action — a common formula for 'on the basis of / owing to'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нарочно","title":"«нарочно» — on purpose","body":"An adverb meaning 'deliberately, expressly'; here Katerina Ivanovna summoned the celebrated doctor 'specially' for the trial. Not to be confused with the false friend «наро́читый» (ostentatious)."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking основании","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"основании","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошла","gloss":"the foundation"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of основании","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of произошла","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"произошла","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came about"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies настоянию","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking настоянию","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"настоянию","lemma":"настояние","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошла","gloss":"the insistence"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies настоянию","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"вызвавшей","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying Катерины","gloss":"who summoned"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вызвавшей","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"знаменитого","lemma":"знаменитый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доктора","gloss":"celebrated"},{"surface":"доктора","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вызвавшей","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москвы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Москвы","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доктора","gloss":"Moscow"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b12-c3-s4","source":"Защита, конечно, ничего не могла через нее проиграть, а в лучшем случае могла что-нибудь и выиграть.","translation":"The defense, of course, could lose nothing through it, and in the best case might even gain something.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не могла через нее проиграть","title":"Genitive «ничего» under negation","body":"«Ничего» is the genitive of «ничто», the negative pronoun, with the verb still carrying «не» — Russian's obligatory negative concord ('could lose nothing'). The genitive form here also reflects the genitive that a negated object naturally takes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-нибудь и выиграть","title":"Indefinite «что-нибудь»","body":"«Что-нибудь» ('something, anything') is the non-specific indefinite built from «что» + «-нибудь»: an unspecified gain that might or might not materialize, contrasting neatly with the flat «ничего» (nothing) of the first clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Защита","lemma":"защита","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"the defense"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, parallel to могла","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of могла","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проиграть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"проиграть","lemma":"проиграть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"lose"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лучшем","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, superlative, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"the best"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of могла","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with могла","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of выиграть","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"forms что-нибудь with что","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выиграть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"выиграть","lemma":"выиграть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"gain"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b12-c3-s5","source":"Впрочем, отчасти вышло даже как бы нечто комическое, именно по некоторому разногласию докторов.","translation":"As it turned out, however, something almost comic came of it, owing precisely to a certain disagreement among the doctors.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вышло даже как бы нечто комическое","title":"Impersonal «вышло» + «нечто»","body":"«Вышло» ('it came out, it turned out') is used impersonally, neuter, with no nominative subject driving it. «Нечто» is the indeclinable 'something' (here something comic), and «как бы» softens it to 'something almost like'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"впрочем","title":"«впрочем» — the narrator's hinge","body":"A constant discourse marker in this chronicle voice: 'however, by the way, then again'. It signals the narrator qualifying or backtracking on what he has just said, a tic of Dostoevsky's chatty provincial chronicler."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по некоторому разногласию","title":"«по» + dative of cause again","body":"Again «по» with the dative expresses cause: 'owing to a certain disagreement'. «Именно» ('precisely') points the causal phrase like a finger."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, parallel to вышло","gloss":"as it turned out"},{"surface":"отчасти","lemma":"отчасти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came of it"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase как бы, modifies комическое","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase как бы","gloss":"(as if)"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"subject of вышло","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"комическое","lemma":"комический","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"comic"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разногласию","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разногласию","gloss":"owing to"},{"surface":"некоторому","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of разногласию","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"разногласию","lemma":"разногласие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышло","gloss":"disagreement"},{"surface":"докторов","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies разногласию","gloss":"among the doctors"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b12-c3-s6","source":"Экспертами явились: приехавший знаменитый доктор, затем наш доктор Герценштубе и, наконец, молодой врач Варвинский.","translation":"The experts who appeared were these: the celebrated doctor who had come from Moscow, then our own Doctor Herzenstube, and finally the young physician Varvinsky.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Экспертами явились","title":"Instrumental predicate with «явиться»","body":"«Явиться» ('to appear, to turn out to be') takes its predicate complement in the instrumental: «экспертами» frames 'the experts' as the role in which these men appeared. Fronting it before the verb throws the new information — who they were — to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приехавший знаменитый доктор","title":"Past active participle «приехавший»","body":"«Приехавший» is the past active participle of «приехать» ('the doctor who had come'), agreeing nominative-masculine with «доктор». It packs the relative clause 'who had arrived from Moscow' into a single adjectival word before the noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Экспертами","lemma":"эксперт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"complement of явились","gloss":"as experts"},{"surface":"явились","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"приехавший","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies доктор","gloss":"who had come"},{"surface":"знаменитый","lemma":"знаменитый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доктор","gloss":"celebrated"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явились","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the second item, доктор","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of доктор","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with доктор","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to доктор","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the third item, врач","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies врач","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"врач","lemma":"врач","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with доктор","gloss":"physician"},{"surface":"Варвинский","lemma":"варвинский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to врач","gloss":"Varvinsky"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b12-c3-s7","source":"Оба последние фигурировали тоже и как просто свидетели, вызванные прокурором.","translation":"The last two also figured simply as witnesses, called by the prosecutor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вызванные прокурором","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«Вызванные» is the long-form past passive participle ('summoned, called'), agreeing with «свидетели»; the agent who did the summoning, «прокурором» (the prosecutor), stands in the instrumental — the regular way Russian names the doer in a passive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фигурировали","title":"«фигурировать» — a bookish loanword","body":"A Latinate verb ('to figure, to appear in a certain capacity'), faintly official and bureaucratic in tone — apt for describing how the two doctors 'figured also simply as witnesses' in the legal proceedings."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on последние","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of фигурировали","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"фигурировали","lemma":"фигурировать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"figured"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies фигурировали","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидетели","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свидетели","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"свидетели","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of фигурировали","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"вызванные","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying свидетели","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"прокурором","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of вызванные","gloss":"by the prosecutor"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b12-c3-s8","source":"Первым спрошен был в качестве эксперта доктор Герценштубе.","translation":"The first to be questioned in the capacity of expert was Doctor Herzenstube.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Первым спрошен был","title":"Short passive participle «спрошен»","body":"«Спрошен был» is the periphrastic past passive: the short-form participle «спрошен» ('questioned') plus «был». The ordinal «первым» stands in the instrumental ('as the first'), and the whole thing is inverted for rhetorical weight — 'The first to be questioned was...'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в качестве эксперта","title":"«в качестве» + genitive","body":"The set phrase «в качестве» ('in the capacity of, as') governs the genitive «эксперта». It is the formal, written equivalent of 'acting as an expert'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Первым","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрошен","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"спрошен","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"questioned"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to спрошен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking качестве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"качестве","lemma":"качество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase в качестве","gloss":"the capacity"},{"surface":"эксперта","lemma":"эксперт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрошен","gloss":"of expert"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спрошен","gloss":"Doctor"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to доктор","gloss":"Herzenstube"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b12-c3-s9","source":"Это был семидесятилетний старик, седой и плешивый, среднего роста, крепкого сложения.","translation":"He was an old man of seventy, gray-haired and bald, of middle height and sturdy build.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"седой и плешивый, среднего роста, крепкого сложения","title":"Genitive of description","body":"«Среднего роста» ('of middle height') and «крепкого сложения» ('of sturdy build') are genitives of quality, a compact way to attach physical attributes to a person — 'a man of X height, of Y build'. Dostoevsky stacks them in a portrait shorthand."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"плешивый","title":"«плешивый» — bald","body":"'Bald, with a bald patch' (from «плешь», a bald spot). More colloquial and visual than the neutral «лысый», it sketches the seventy-year-old doctor's thin gray-and-balding head."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of старик","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to старик","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"семидесятилетний","lemma":"семидесятилетний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"seventy-year-old"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of Это","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"седой","lemma":"седой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with старик","gloss":"gray-haired"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"плешивый","lemma":"плешивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with седой","gloss":"bald"},{"surface":"среднего","lemma":"средний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роста","gloss":"middle"},{"surface":"роста","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with старик","gloss":"height"},{"surface":"крепкого","lemma":"крепкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сложения","gloss":"sturdy"},{"surface":"сложения","lemma":"сложение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with старик","gloss":"build"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b12-c3-s10","source":"Его все у нас в городе очень ценили и уважали.","translation":"Everyone in our town held him in great esteem and respect.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его все у нас в городе очень ценили","title":"Object-first word order","body":"The accusative object «его» ('him') opens the sentence ahead of the subject «все» (everyone), making the doctor the topic and throwing emphasis onto the verbs of esteem. Free word order, licensed by the cases, lets Russian lead with what is already in view."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"у нас в городе","title":"«у нас» — the chronicler's 'our town'","body":"«У нас» ('with us, among us, in our parts') sets the narrator firmly inside the provincial community he is describing. The phrase recurs as the signature of the local-eyewitness narrator who tells the whole novel as 'our' affair."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ценили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ценили","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of ценили","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ценили","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ценили","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ценили","lemma":"ценить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held in esteem"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уважали","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ценили","gloss":"respected"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b12-c3-s11","source":"Был он врач добросовестный, человек прекрасный и благочестивый, какой-то гернгутер или «моравский брат» — уж не знаю наверно.","translation":"He was a conscientious physician, an excellent and devout man, some sort of Herrnhuter or \"Moravian Brother\" — I cannot say for certain.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Был он врач добросовестный, человек прекрасный","title":"Inversion and zero copula","body":"«Был он врач...» inverts verb and subject for narrative weight, and the predicate nouns «врач», «человек» stand in the bare nominative — the past «был» here behaves almost like the zero copula, naming a settled, characterizing identity rather than a temporary role."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благочестивый","title":"«благочестивый» — devout","body":"'Pious, devout' (from «благо» good + «честь» honour), a solemn, slightly elevated adjective fit for religious character. It marks Herzenstube's earnest Protestant piety."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to врач","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of врач","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"врач","lemma":"врач","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of он","gloss":"a physician"},{"surface":"добросовестный","lemma":"добросовестный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies врач","gloss":"conscientious"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to врач","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"прекрасный","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"excellent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благочестивый","lemma":"благочестивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прекрасный","gloss":"devout"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of гернгутер","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase какой-то, determiner of гернгутер","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"гернгутер","lemma":"гернгутер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with врач","gloss":"Herrnhuter"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"моравский","lemma":"моравский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"Moravian"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with гернгутер","gloss":"Brother"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause, parallel to Был","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"for certain"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b12-c3-s12","source":"Жил у нас уже очень давно и держал себя с чрезвычайным достоинством.","translation":"He had lived among us a very long time already and carried himself with extraordinary dignity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"держал себя с чрезвычайным достоинством","title":"Reflexive «себя» + instrumental of manner","body":"«Держать себя» ('to carry/conduct oneself') uses the full reflexive pronoun «себя» as object. «С чрезвычайным достоинством» — «с» + instrumental — gives the manner, 'with extraordinary dignity'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жил","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had lived"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of Жил","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"a very"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Жил","gloss":"long time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"держал","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Жил","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of держал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking достоинством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чрезвычайным","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies достоинством","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"достоинством","lemma":"достоинство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of держал","gloss":"dignity"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b12-c3-s13","source":"Он был добр и человеколюбив, лечил бедных больных и крестьян даром, сам ходил в их конуры и избы и оставлял деньги на лекарство, но притом был и упрям, как мул.","translation":"He was kind and humane, treated the poor and the peasants for nothing, went himself into their hovels and huts, and left money behind for medicine — yet for all that he was stubborn as a mule.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лечил бедных больных и крестьян даром","title":"Imperfective past of habit","body":"The string of imperfective past verbs «лечил... ходил... оставлял» paints the doctor's standing habits — repeated, characteristic action — rather than single events. This is the imperfective doing its descriptive, background work."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"даром","title":"«даром» — for free","body":"An adverb (frozen instrumental of «дар», gift) meaning 'gratis, for nothing'; the doctor treated the poor «даром». It can also mean 'in vain', so context decides."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"конуры и избы","title":"«конуры» and «избы» — hovels and huts","body":"«Конура» is literally a dog-kennel, here figuratively a wretched cramped dwelling; «изба» is the traditional peasant log hut. The pairing stresses the squalor into which the kind doctor personally went."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"упрям, как мул","title":"«упрям, как мул» — stubborn as a mule","body":"A short-form predicate adjective «упрям» in a fixed simile, 'stubborn as a mule'. The short form here states a fixed trait, capping the warm portrait with a comic flaw."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of добр","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to добр","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"добр","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"человеколюбив","lemma":"человеколюбивый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with добр","gloss":"humane"},{"surface":"лечил","lemma":"лечить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with добр","gloss":"treated"},{"surface":"бедных","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies больных","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"больных","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of лечил","gloss":"patients"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крестьян","lemma":"крестьянин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with больных","gloss":"peasants"},{"surface":"даром","lemma":"даром","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лечил","gloss":"for nothing"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with добр","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конуры","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of конуры","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"конуры","lemma":"конура","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"hovels","note":"accusative of motion after «в», not locative."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"избы","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with конуры","gloss":"huts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оставлял","lemma":"оставлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with добр","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of оставлял","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лекарство","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"лекарство","lemma":"лекарство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставлял","gloss":"medicine"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"притом","lemma":"притом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"for all that"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to упрям","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying упрям","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"упрям","lemma":"упрямый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"stubborn"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking мул","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"мул","lemma":"мул","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упрям","gloss":"a mule"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b12-c3-s14","source":"Сбить его с его идеи, если она засела у него в голове, было невозможно.","translation":"To knock him off an idea, once it had lodged itself in his head, was impossible.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сбить его с его идеи... было невозможно","title":"Infinitive subject + impersonal predicate","body":"The infinitive phrase «сбить его с его идеи» ('to knock him off his idea') serves as the logical subject, and «было невозможно» is the impersonal neuter predicate. Russian readily makes an impersonal statement of (im)possibility about an action named by a bare infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если она засела у него в голове","title":"Perfective «засела» — once it had lodged","body":"«Засела» is the perfective past of «засесть» ('to lodge firmly, get stuck'): a single completed event — the idea once it had taken hold. The «если» here is nearly temporal, 'once / whenever it had lodged'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сбить","lemma":"сбить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on невозможно","gloss":"to knock"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Сбить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идеи","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of идеи","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"идеи","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Сбить","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of засела","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of засела","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"засела","lemma":"засесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on невозможно","gloss":"had lodged itself"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of засела","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of засела","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to невозможно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"impossible"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b12-c3-s15","source":"Кстати, уже всем почти было известно в городе, что приезжий знаменитый врач в какие-нибудь два-три дня своего у нас пребывания позволил себе несколько чрезвычайно обидных отзывов насчет дарований доктора Герценштубе.","translation":"Incidentally, almost everyone in town already knew that the visiting celebrated physician, in the two or three days of his stay among us, had permitted himself several extremely cutting remarks about Doctor Herzenstube's gifts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже всем почти было известно","title":"Dative experiencer with «известно»","body":"An impersonal construction: «всем» ('to everyone') is the dative experiencer, «известно» the neuter predicative, 'it was known to almost everyone'. There is no nominative subject; the content known follows in a «что»-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"позволил себе несколько... обидных отзывов","title":"«позволить себе» + genitive after «несколько»","body":"«Позволить себе» ('to allow oneself, to permit oneself') uses the reflexive dative «себе». The quantifier «несколько» ('several') then governs the genitive plural «обидных отзывов» — numerals and quantity-words pull their noun into the genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в какие-нибудь два-три дня","title":"«какие-нибудь» — a mere two or three","body":"Before a number, «какие-нибудь» means 'a mere, only some', minimizing the span: 'in a mere two or three days'. The idiom stresses how quickly the visiting doctor managed to give offence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies известно","gloss":"incidentally"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всем","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to известно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of известно","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позволил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"приезжий","lemma":"приезжий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies врач","gloss":"visiting"},{"surface":"знаменитый","lemma":"знаменитый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies врач","gloss":"celebrated"},{"surface":"врач","lemma":"врач","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of позволил","gloss":"physician"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дня","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite какие-нибудь with какие","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of позволил, modified by пребывания","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of пребывания","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of preposition у","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"пребывания","lemma":"пребывание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"of stay"},{"surface":"позволил","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of известно","gloss":"permitted"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of позволил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on отзывов","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обидных","gloss":"extremely"},{"surface":"обидных","lemma":"обидный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies отзывов","gloss":"cutting"},{"surface":"отзывов","lemma":"отзыв","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of позволил","gloss":"remarks"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дарований","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"дарований","lemma":"дарование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies отзывов","gloss":"gifts"},{"surface":"доктора","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дарований","gloss":"Doctor"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"Герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to доктора","gloss":"Herzenstube"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b12-c3-s16","source":"Дело в том, что хоть московский врач и брал за визиты не менее двадцати пяти рублей, но всё же некоторые в нашем городе обрадовались случаю его приезда, не пожалели денег и кинулись к нему за советами.","translation":"The point was that, although the Moscow physician charged no less than twenty-five rubles a visit, still a few people in our town were glad of the chance his coming offered, did not begrudge the money, and rushed to him for advice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть московский врач и брал... но всё же","title":"Concessive «хоть... но»","body":"«Хоть (хотя)... но» frames a concession: 'although the Moscow doctor charged..., still...'. The reinforcing «и» after «хоть» ('even though he did charge') and the resumptive «но всё же» make the contrast emphatic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не менее двадцати пяти рублей","title":"Genitive after «двадцати пяти»","body":"After a compound numeral ending in five, «рублей» stands in the genitive plural. The whole phrase «не менее двадцати пяти рублей» ('no less than twenty-five rubles') itself sits in the genitive governed by «не менее»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не пожалели денег","title":"Genitive object «денег» under negation","body":"«Не пожалеть денег» ('not to begrudge the money') puts the object «денег» in the genitive plural — the genitive of negation typical with negated «жалеть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of том","gloss":"the point"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of брал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of брал","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"московский","lemma":"московский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies врач","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"врач","lemma":"врач","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of брал","gloss":"physician"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying брал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"брал","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"charged"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking визиты","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"визиты","lemma":"визит","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of брал","gloss":"visits"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies менее","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рублей","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"двадцати","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies пяти","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"пяти","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of брал","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase всё же, modifies обрадовались","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обрадовались","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городе","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обрадовались","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"обрадовались","lemma":"обрадоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with брал","gloss":"were glad"},{"surface":"случаю","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of обрадовались","gloss":"chance"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of приезда","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"приезда","lemma":"приезд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случаю","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пожалели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пожалели","lemma":"пожалеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with брал","gloss":"begrudged"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of пожалели","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кинулись","lemma":"кинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with брал","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кинулись","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking советами","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"советами","lemma":"совет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of кинулись","gloss":"advice"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b12-c3-s17","source":"Всех этих больных лечил до него, конечно, доктор Герценштубе, и вот знаменитый врач с чрезвычайною резкостью окритиковал везде его лечение.","translation":"All these patients had, of course, been treated previously by Doctor Herzenstube, and now the celebrated physician criticized his treatment everywhere with extraordinary harshness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лечил до него... окритиковал","title":"Imperfective background vs. perfective event","body":"«Лечил» (imperfective, 'had been treating') sets the standing background — Herzenstube was their regular doctor — against which «окритиковал» (perfective, 'criticized [outright]') lands as the new, single event. The aspect pairing carries the whole narrative logic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с чрезвычайною резкостью","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"The archaic, longer instrumental ending «-ою» (modern «-ой») appears on the ADJECTIVE «чрезвычайною» (= «чрезвычайной»): «с чрезвычайною резкостью», 'with extraordinary sharpness'. «Резкостью» itself is the ordinary modern instrumental of the 3rd-declension feminine «резкость» (ending «-ью»), unchanged today. The «-ою» form is a period-elevated literary flavour throughout Dostoevsky."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of больных","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of больных","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"больных","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of лечил","gloss":"patients"},{"surface":"лечил","lemma":"лечить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had treated"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лечил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies лечил","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лечил","gloss":"Doctor"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"Герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to доктор","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of окритиковал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"знаменитый","lemma":"знаменитый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies врач","gloss":"celebrated"},{"surface":"врач","lemma":"врач","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of окритиковал","gloss":"physician"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking резкостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чрезвычайною","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies резкостью","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"резкостью","lemma":"резкость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of окритиковал","gloss":"harshness"},{"surface":"окритиковал","lemma":"окритиковать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лечил","gloss":"criticized"},{"surface":"везде","lemma":"везде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окритиковал","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лечение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лечение","lemma":"лечение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of окритиковал","gloss":"treatment"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b12-c3-s18","source":"Под конец даже, являясь к больному, прямо спрашивал: «Ну, кто вас здесь пачкал, Герценштубе? Хе-хе!»","translation":"Toward the end he even took, on arriving at a patient's bedside, to asking outright: \"Well, who has been bungling you here — Herzenstube? Heh-heh!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"являясь к больному, прямо спрашивал","title":"Imperfective gerund «являясь»","body":"«Являясь» is the present (imperfective) gerund of «являться» ('on arriving, as he came'), expressing a circumstance simultaneous with the main verb «спрашивал». It shares the doctor's subject and reads as habitual: each time he arrived, he would ask."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пачкал","title":"«пачкать» — to make a mess (of treating)","body":"Literally 'to soil, smear, daub', here a contemptuous slang for botching medical care: 'who's been mucking you about / bungling your treatment?'. The crude verb captures the visiting doctor's sneering arrogance toward Herzenstube."}],"words":[{"surface":"Под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивал","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спрашивал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"являясь","lemma":"являться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спрашивал","gloss":"on arriving"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больному","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"больному","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of являясь","gloss":"a patient's bedside"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрашивал","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"спрашивал","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"opens the quoted question","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of пачкал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of пачкал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пачкал","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"пачкал","lemma":"пачкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"been bungling"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"Герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, sarcastically naming пачкал's target","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"Хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"first half of reduplicated interjection","gloss":"heh"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with Хе","gloss":"heh","note":"«Хе-хе!» is a reduplicated interjection representing a dry chuckle."}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b12-c3-s19","source":"Доктор Герценштубе, конечно, всё это узнал.","translation":"Doctor Herzenstube, of course, learned of all this.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё это узнал","title":"Perfective «узнал» — came to learn","body":"«Узнать» is the perfective ('to find out, learn of'), here the completed acquisition of knowledge: Herzenstube 'got wind of all this'. The flat brevity of the one-line sentence, after the gossip, lands the point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"Doctor"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"Герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Доктор","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies узнал","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of узнал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b12-c3-s20","source":"И вот все три врача появились один за другим для опроса.","translation":"And so all three physicians appeared one after another to be questioned.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"появились один за другим","title":"«один за другим» — one after another","body":"A reciprocal-sequence idiom: «один за другим» ('one after the other'), with «за» + instrumental «другим». It frames the three doctors' successive appearance for questioning."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies появились","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of три","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on врача","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"врача","lemma":"врач","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of появились","gloss":"physicians"},{"surface":"появились","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies появились, part of idiom один за другим","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другим","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies один","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking опроса","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"опроса","lemma":"опрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"purpose complement of появились","gloss":"questioning"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b12-c3-s21","source":"Доктор Герценштубе прямо заявил, что «ненормальность умственных способностей подсудимого усматривается сама собой».","translation":"Doctor Herzenstube declared straight out that \"the abnormality of the defendant's mental faculties is self-evident.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"усматривается сама собой","title":"Middle «-ся» + «сам собой»","body":"«Усматривается» is a «-ся» verb in middle/passive sense ('is to be seen, is discernible'), and «сама собой» ('of itself, by itself') is the fixed instrumental phrase from the reflexive «себя». Together: the abnormality 'shows itself plainly' without needing to be argued."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ненормальность умственных способностей","title":"Clinical jargon in quotation marks","body":"«Ненормальность умственных способностей» ('abnormality of the mental faculties') is deliberately stiff, pseudo-medical phrasing, set in quotation marks by the narrator to flag it as Herzenstube's solemn expert-speak."}],"words":[{"surface":"Доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заявил","gloss":"Doctor"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"Герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Доктор","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заявил","gloss":"straight out"},{"surface":"заявил","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of усматривается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ненормальность","lemma":"ненормальность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive усматривается","gloss":"abnormality"},{"surface":"умственных","lemma":"умственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies способностей","gloss":"mental"},{"surface":"способностей","lemma":"способность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies ненормальность","gloss":"faculties"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies способностей","gloss":"the defendant's"},{"surface":"усматривается","lemma":"усматриваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заявил","gloss":"is self-evident"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of idiom сама собой, modifies усматривается","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of усматривается","gloss":"of itself"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b12-c3-s22","source":"Затем, представив свои соображения, которые я здесь опускаю, он прибавил, что ненормальность эта усматривается, главное, не только из прежних многих поступков подсудимого, но и теперь, в сию даже минуту, и когда его попросили объяснить, в чем же усматривается теперь, в сию-то минуту, то старик доктор со всею прямотой своего простодушия указал на то, что подсудимый, войдя в залу, «имел необыкновенный и чудный по обстоятельствам вид, шагал вперед как солдат и держал глаза впереди себя, упираясь, тогда как вернее было ему смотреть налево, где в публике сидят дамы, ибо он был большой любитель прекрасного пола и должен был очень много думать о том, что теперь о нем скажут дамы», — заключил старичок своим своеобразным языком.","translation":"Then, having set out his reasoning, which I omit here, he added that this abnormality was to be seen, above all, not only in many of the defendant's earlier actions but even now, at this very minute; and when he was asked to explain in what it could be seen now, at this present minute, the old doctor, with all the directness of his simple heart, pointed to the fact that the defendant, on entering the courtroom, \"had an extraordinary and, under the circumstances, peculiar air about him, marched forward like a soldier and kept his eyes fixed straight ahead of him, planting them there, whereas it would have been more natural for him to look to the left, where the ladies sit among the public, for he was a great admirer of the fair sex and must have been thinking a great deal about what the ladies would now say of him\" — so the little old man concluded in his own idiosyncratic language.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"представив свои соображения","title":"Perfective gerund «представив»","body":"«Представив» is the past (perfective) gerund of «представить» ('having set out / presented'), marking an action completed before the main verb «прибавил» (he added). The perfective gerund regularly signals 'having done X, he then did Y'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в сию даже минуту","title":"Archaic demonstrative «сию»","body":"«Сию» is the accusative feminine of «сей» ('this'), an archaic bookish demonstrative that the modern language replaces with «этот». Herzenstube's solemn «в сию даже минуту» ('at this very minute') has a deliberately old-fashioned, formal ring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"войдя в залу","title":"Perfective gerund «войдя»","body":"«Войдя» is the perfective past gerund of «войти» ('having entered, on entering'), describing the prior action that frames the main observation. It shares the subject «подсудимый» — the defendant entered, and then behaved oddly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вернее было ему смотреть налево","title":"Dative subject of an impersonal judgement","body":"«Ему» (dative) is the experiencer of an impersonal evaluation: «вернее было ему смотреть» — 'it would have been more fitting for him to look'. The bare infinitive supplies the action, with no nominative subject at all."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо он был большой любитель прекрасного пола","title":"Archaic causal «ибо»","body":"«Ибо» ('for, because') is the elevated, bookish conjunction of cause, common in Scripture, sermons, and 19th-century prose. Herzenstube reaches for it repeatedly, lending his testimony a quaint, almost biblical solemnity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"любитель прекрасного пола","title":"«любитель прекрасного пола» — admirer of the fair sex","body":"A genteel, slightly comic period euphemism: «прекрасный пол» ('the beautiful sex') = women; «любитель» = a fancier or devotee. The decorous phrasing softens the blunt fact that Mitya is a ladies' man."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старичок","title":"Affectionate diminutive «старичок»","body":"«Старичок» is the warm diminutive of «старик» (old man) — 'the dear little old man'. The narrator's repeated use of it (vs. neutral «старик») signals the fond, faintly amused tenderness with which the whole town regards Herzenstube."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"представив","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавил","gloss":"having set out"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of соображения","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"соображения","lemma":"соображение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of представив","gloss":"reasoning"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of опускаю","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of опускаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опускаю","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"опускаю","lemma":"опускать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on соображения","gloss":"omit"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of усматривается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ненормальность","lemma":"ненормальность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive усматривается","gloss":"abnormality"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ненормальность","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"усматривается","lemma":"усматриваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of прибавил","gloss":"was to be seen"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, modifies усматривается","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поступков","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"прежних","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies поступков","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies поступков","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"поступков","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of усматривается","gloss":"actions"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поступков","gloss":"the defendant's"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with поступков, modifies усматривается","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сию","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this","note":"«сей/сия/сие» is the archaic pronoun for «this»."},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of усматривается, coordinated with поступков","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of попросили","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of попросили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"попросили","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on указал","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"объяснить","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попросили","gloss":"to explain"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of усматривается","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"усматривается","lemma":"усматриваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объяснить","gloss":"is seen"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усматривается","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сию","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this","note":"«сей/сия/сие» is the archaic pronoun for «this»."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying сию, part of сию-то","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of усматривается","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause, correlative to когда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доктор","gloss":"the old"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of указал","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прямотой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всею","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of прямотой","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"прямотой","lemma":"прямота","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of preposition со","gloss":"directness"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of простодушия","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"простодушия","lemma":"простодушие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies прямотой","gloss":"simple-heartedness"},{"surface":"указал","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with усматривается","gloss":"pointed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of указал","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"войдя","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on имел","gloss":"upon entering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войдя","gloss":"the courtroom"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"необыкновенный","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чудный","lemma":"чудный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with необыкновенный","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обстоятельствам","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"обстоятельствам","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of чудный","gloss":"the circumstances"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"шагал","lemma":"шагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with имел","gloss":"marched"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шагал","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking солдат","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"солдат","lemma":"солдат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагал","gloss":"a soldier"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"держал","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with имел","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of держал","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"впереди","lemma":"впереди","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"ahead of"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of впереди","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"упираясь","lemma":"упираться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on держал","gloss":"planting them"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom тогда как, introduces contrastive clause","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase тогда как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вернее","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies было","gloss":"more natural"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to вернее","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of смотреть","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject clause of вернее было","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"налево","lemma":"налево","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотреть","gloss":"to the left"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидят","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking публике","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"публике","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидят","gloss":"the public"},{"surface":"сидят","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on налево","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of сидят","gloss":"the ladies"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любитель","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любитель","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to любитель","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies любитель","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"любитель","lemma":"любитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun after был","gloss":"admirer"},{"surface":"прекрасного","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пола","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"пола","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies любитель","gloss":"sex"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with любитель","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скажут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажут","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скажут","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"скажут","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of скажут","gloss":"the ladies"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to прибавил, tags the quotation","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"старичок","lemma":"старичок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"the little old man"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of языком","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"своеобразным","lemma":"своеобразный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies языком","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"языком","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of заключил","gloss":"way of speaking"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b12-c3-s23","source":"Надо прибавить, что он говорил по-русски много и охотно, но как-то у него каждая фраза выходила на немецкий манер, что, впрочем, никогда не смущало его, ибо он всю жизнь имел слабость считать свою русскую речь за образцовую, «за лучшую, чем даже у русских», и даже очень любил прибегать к русским пословицам, уверяя каждый раз, что русские пословицы лучшие и выразительнейшие изо всех пословиц в мире.","translation":"I should add that he spoke Russian readily and at length, but somehow every phrase came out of him in the German manner — which, however, never embarrassed him, for all his life he had had the weakness of considering his own Russian speech exemplary, \"better even than the Russians' own,\" and was even very fond of resorting to Russian proverbs, assuring everyone each time that Russian proverbs were the best and most expressive of all the proverbs in the world.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"каждая фраза выходила на немецкий манер","title":"Imperfective of recurring habit","body":"«Выходила» (imperfective past) describes a recurring outcome — 'every phrase kept coming out in the German manner'. The imperfective is exactly right for a repeated, characteristic pattern of speech rather than one event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"считать свою русскую речь за образцовую","title":"Reflexive possessive «свою» + «считать за»","body":"«Свою» ('his own') is the reflexive possessive pointing back to the clause subject — his own Russian speech. «Считать за» (+ accusative) is an older idiom 'to take/regard as'; modern Russian more often uses the instrumental, «считать образцовой»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лучшие и выразительнейшие изо всех пословиц","title":"Bookish superlative «-ейший»","body":"«Выразительнейшие» is the suffixal superlative «-ейш-» ('most expressive'), a bookish alternative to «самый выразительный». «Изо всех» ('of all') with «из» + genitive completes the superlative frame. Both touches inflate Herzenstube's pet claim about Russian proverbs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"governs прибавить","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"прибавить","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"add"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of прибавить","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition, part of по-русски","role":"part of the phrase по-русски, modifies говорил","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"русски","lemma":"русски","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-русски","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"at length"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"охотно","lemma":"охотно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with много","gloss":"readily"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, part of как-то","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, part of как-то","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"каждая","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of фраза","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"фраза","lemma":"фраза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выходила","gloss":"phrase"},{"surface":"выходила","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"came out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking манер","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"немецкий","lemma":"немецкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies манер","gloss":"German"},{"surface":"манер","lemma":"манер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходила","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of смущало","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying смущало","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смущало","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смущало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смущало","lemma":"смущать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of что-clause","gloss":"embarrassed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of смущало","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имел","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal accusative modifying имел","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"слабость","lemma":"слабость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"weakness"},{"surface":"считать","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of слабость","gloss":"of considering"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речь","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"русскую","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies речь","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of считать","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образцовую","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"образцовую","lemma":"образцовый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считать","gloss":"exemplary"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лучшую","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"лучшую","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with образцовую","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies русских","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking русских","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"русских","lemma":"русский","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of лучшую","gloss":"Russians"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with имел","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"прибегать","lemma":"прибегать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любил","gloss":"to resort"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пословицам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"русским","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies пословицам","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"пословицам","lemma":"пословица","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прибегать","gloss":"proverbs"},{"surface":"уверяя","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибегать","gloss":"assuring"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal accusative modifying уверяя","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лучшие","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"русские","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies пословицы","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"пословицы","lemma":"пословица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of лучшие","gloss":"proverbs"},{"surface":"лучшие","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of пословицы","gloss":"the best"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выразительнейшие","lemma":"выразительный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with лучшие","gloss":"most expressive"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пословиц","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of пословиц","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"пословиц","lemma":"пословица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выразительнейшие","gloss":"proverbs"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пословиц","gloss":"the world"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b12-c3-s24","source":"Замечу еще, что он, в разговоре, от рассеянности ли какой, часто забывал слова самые обычные, которые отлично знал, но которые вдруг почему-то у него из ума выскакивали.","translation":"I will note further that in conversation, out of some absentmindedness or other, he often forgot the most ordinary words, which he knew perfectly well, but which for some reason would suddenly slip his mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от рассеянности ли какой","title":"Tentative particle «ли»","body":"Here «ли» does not form a question but expresses the narrator's uncertainty — 'out of some absent-mindedness or other', as if weighing 'whether it was distraction'. Paired with «какой», it gives a vague, guessing tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слова... которые отлично знал, но которые... выскакивали","title":"Relative «которые» repeated","body":"Two «которые» clauses modify «слова» (the words): the first accusative ('which he knew well'), the second nominative ('which kept slipping his mind'). «Который» agrees with its antecedent in gender/number but takes whatever case its own clause demands."}],"words":[{"surface":"Замечу","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will note"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Замечу","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of забывал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговоре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"разговоре","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забывал","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассеянности","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"рассеянности","lemma":"рассеянность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забывал","gloss":"absentmindedness"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассеянности","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of рассеянности","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забывал","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"забывал","lemma":"забывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Замечу","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of забывал","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies обычные","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"обычные","lemma":"обычный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"ordinary"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"отлично","lemma":"отлично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"perfectly well"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on слова","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of выскакивали","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выскакивали","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb, part of почему-то","role":"part of the phrase почему-то","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, part of почему-то","role":"part of the phrase почему-то","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выскакивали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выскакивали","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"выскакивали","lemma":"выскакивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with забывал","gloss":"would slip out"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b12-c3-s25","source":"То же самое, впрочем, бывало, когда он говорил по-немецки, и при этом всегда махал рукой пред лицом своим, как бы ища ухватить потерянное словечко, и уж никто не мог бы принудить его продолжать начатую речь, прежде чем он не отыщет пропавшего слова.","translation":"The same thing happened, by the way, when he spoke German, and at such times he always waved his hand before his face, as though groping to catch the lost little word, and no one could have made him go on with the speech he had begun until he had found the missing word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто не мог бы принудить","title":"Conditional «бы» + negative concord","body":"«Не мог бы» is the conditional/irrealis: past-form verb + particle «бы», 'no one could have made'. Note the negative concord — «никто... не мог» — with «не» still on the verb even though «никто» is already negative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы ища ухватить потерянное словечко","title":"Imperfective gerund «ища» of attendant action","body":"«Ища» is the present gerund of «искать» ('seeking'), an accompanying simultaneous action to «махал рукой» (he waved his hand). «Как бы» ('as if') softens it to a simile of groping for the lost word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"словечко","title":"Diminutive «словечко»","body":"The affectionate diminutive of «слово» (word) — 'the little word, the wee word'. It conveys the narrator's gentle amusement at the old doctor hunting for some small, ordinary word that has escaped him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред лицом своим","title":"Archaic «пред» and post-posed «своим»","body":"«Пред» is the bookish, contracted form of «перед» ('before, in front of'), and placing the possessive «своим» after the noun («лицом своим») is an elevated, slightly archaic word order — both lend the sentence a literary, old-fashioned cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular, part of то же самое","role":"subject of бывало","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies То","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies То","gloss":"very thing"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying бывало","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of бывало","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition, part of по-немецки","role":"part of the phrase по-немецки, modifies говорил","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"немецки","lemma":"немецки","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-немецки","gloss":"German"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of махал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies махал","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"махал","lemma":"махать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the и-clause, parallel to бывало","gloss":"waved"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of махал","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of махал","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицом","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"ища","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on махал","gloss":"groping"},{"surface":"ухватить","lemma":"ухватить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of ища","gloss":"to catch"},{"surface":"потерянное","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies словечко","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"словечко","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ухватить","gloss":"little word"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies никто","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with махал","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"принудить","lemma":"принудить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принудить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принудить","gloss":"to continue"},{"surface":"начатую","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies речь","gloss":"begun"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of продолжать","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb, part of прежде чем","role":"introduces the clause of отыщет","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, part of прежде чем","role":"part of the phrase прежде чем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отыщет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"pleonastic negation with отыщет","gloss":"not","note":"Expletive negation after прежде чем: not translated literally, it does not negate the clause."},{"surface":"отыщет","lemma":"отыскать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжать","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"пропавшего","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"missing"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отыщет","gloss":"word"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b12-c3-s26","source":"Замечание его насчет того, что подсудимый, войдя, должен был бы посмотреть на дам, вызвало игривый шепот в публике.","translation":"His remark, that the defendant, on entering, ought to have looked at the ladies, set off a playful murmur among the public.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"должен был бы посмотреть на дам","title":"«должен был бы» — counterfactual obligation","body":"«Должен был бы» stacks the modal «должен» ('ought') with past «был» and the irrealis «бы»: 'ought to have looked', a contrary-to-fact obligation about something that did not happen. The «бы» is what makes it counterfactual rather than a plain past duty."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"игривый шепот","title":"«игривый» — playful, risqué","body":"'Playful, frolicsome', with a faintly suggestive edge here ('a titillated whisper'). The courtroom public is amused that the staid old doctor has brought up Mitya's eye for the ladies."}],"words":[{"surface":"Замечание","lemma":"замечание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вызвало","gloss":"remark"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Замечание","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of насчет, referring to the что-clause","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"войдя","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on должен","gloss":"on entering"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of подсудимый (within the что-clause modifying того)","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of должен","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"посмотреть","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дам","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of посмотреть","gloss":"the ladies"},{"surface":"вызвало","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"игривый","lemma":"игривый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шепот","gloss":"playful"},{"surface":"шепот","lemma":"шёпот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вызвало","gloss":"murmur"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking публике","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"публике","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вызвало","gloss":"the public"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b12-c3-s27","source":"Старичка нашего очень у нас любили все дамы, знали тоже, что он, холостой всю жизнь человек, благочестивый и целомудренный, на женщин смотрел как на высшие и идеальные существа.","translation":"All our ladies were very fond of our little old man, and they knew, too, that a lifelong bachelor, devout and chaste, he looked upon women as higher and ideal beings.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на женщин смотрел как на высшие и идеальные существа","title":"«смотреть на... как на» + accusative","body":"«Смотреть на кого-то как на...» ('to regard someone as...') takes «на» + accusative twice, framing women as «высшие и идеальные существа» ('higher, ideal beings'). The doubled «на» construction is the idiomatic way to say 'to look upon X as Y'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"целомудренный","title":"«целомудренный» — chaste","body":"'Chaste, pure' (from «целый» whole + «мудрый» wise — 'whole-minded'), a dignified moral adjective. Paired with «холостой» (bachelor) and «благочестивый» (devout), it idealizes Herzenstube's lifelong innocence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старичка","lemma":"старичок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любили","gloss":"our little old man"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Старичка","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любили","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of любили","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"любили","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were fond of"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of дамы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of любили","gloss":"the ladies"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любили","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смотрел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"холостой","lemma":"холостой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек (attributive within the appositive phrase, not он directly)","gloss":"a bachelor"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative modifying холостой","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to он, modified by холостой","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"благочестивый","lemma":"благочестивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive modifying он","gloss":"devout"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"целомудренный","lemma":"целомудренный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive modifying он","gloss":"chaste"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщин","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"женщин","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знали","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle, part of как на","role":"part of the phrase как на","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking существа","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"высшие","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies существа","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"идеальные","lemma":"идеальный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with высшие","gloss":"ideal"},{"surface":"существа","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"beings"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b12-c3-s28","source":"А потому неожиданное замечание его всем показалось ужасно странным.","translation":"And so his unexpected remark struck everyone as terribly strange.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всем показалось ужасно странным","title":"Dative experiencer + instrumental predicate","body":"«Всем» (dative, 'to everyone') is the experiencer of «показалось» ('seemed'), and the predicate adjective «странным» stands in the instrumental, as regularly happens after «казаться/показаться»: 'seemed terribly strange to everyone'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показалось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"неожиданное","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies замечание","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"замечание","lemma":"замечание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of показалось","gloss":"remark"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of замечание","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of показалось","gloss":"to everyone"},{"surface":"показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies странным","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"странным","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of показалось","gloss":"strange"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b12-c3-s29","source":"Московский доктор, спрошенный в свою очередь, резко и настойчиво подтвердил, что считает умственное состояние подсудимого за ненормальное, «даже в высшей степени».","translation":"The Moscow doctor, questioned in his turn, confirmed sharply and insistently that he considered the defendant's mental state to be abnormal, \"even in the highest degree.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спрошенный в свою очередь","title":"Past passive participle «спрошенный»","body":"«Спрошенный» is the long-form past passive participle of «спросить» ('questioned'), agreeing with «доктор» — a one-word relative clause, 'the doctor, who was questioned in his turn'. «В свою очередь» = 'in his turn'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"считает... состояние... за ненормальное","title":"«считать за» — to deem as","body":"Again the older idiom «считать за» + accusative ('to regard as, count as'), here 'considered the mental state abnormal'. Modern usage prefers the instrumental «считать ненормальным»; the «за»-construction reads as period-tinged."}],"words":[{"surface":"Московский","lemma":"московский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доктор","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подтвердил","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"спрошенный","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying доктор","gloss":"questioned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking очередь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of очередь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"очередь","lemma":"очередь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрошенный","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"резко","lemma":"резко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подтвердил","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"настойчиво","lemma":"настойчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with резко","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"подтвердил","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confirmed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of считает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"считает","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подтвердил","gloss":"considers"},{"surface":"умственное","lemma":"умственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состояние","gloss":"mental"},{"surface":"состояние","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of считает","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies состояние","gloss":"the defendant's"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ненормальное","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ненормальное","lemma":"ненормальный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of считает","gloss":"abnormal"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"высшей","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, comparative, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"the highest"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying ненормальное","gloss":"degree"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b12-c3-s30","source":"Он много и умно говорил про «аффект» и «манию» и выводил, что по всем собранным данным подсудимый пред своим арестом за несколько еще дней находился в несомненном болезненном аффекте и если совершил преступление, то хотя и сознавая его, но почти невольно, совсем не имея сил бороться с болезненным нравственным влечением, им овладевшим.","translation":"He spoke at length and cleverly about \"affect\" and \"mania,\" and deduced that, by all the data gathered, the defendant, for several days before his arrest, had been in an unmistakably morbid state of affect, and that if he had committed the crime, then, even while conscious of it, he had done so almost involuntarily, having no power at all to fight against the morbid moral compulsion that had seized him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если совершил преступление, то... но почти невольно","title":"Real conditional «если... то»","body":"A factual (indicative) conditional, not irrealis: «если совершил... то...» ('if he committed..., then...'), with perfective «совершил» for the single completed act. There is no «бы» here — the doctor concedes the deed as possibly real, only its manner as involuntary."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сознавая его, но почти невольно","title":"Concessive gerund «сознавая»","body":"«Сознавая» (present gerund of «сознавать», 'while being conscious of') sets up a concession against «невольно» ('involuntarily'): even as he was aware of the act, he did it almost against his will. The gerund shares the subject 'he'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"влечением, им овладевшим","title":"Past active participle «овладевшим» + instrumental","body":"«Овладевшим» is the past active participle of «овладеть» ('that had seized'), agreeing in the instrumental with «влечением». «Овладеть» governs the instrumental of what is seized («им» = of him), so the compulsion 'took possession of him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"at length"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"умно","lemma":"умно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with много","gloss":"cleverly"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аффект","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"аффект","lemma":"аффект","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"affect"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"манию","lemma":"мания","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with аффект","gloss":"mania"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выводил","lemma":"выводить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"deduced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of находился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking данным","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of данным","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"собранным","lemma":"собранный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies данным","gloss":"gathered"},{"surface":"данным","lemma":"данные","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of находился","gloss":"data"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of находился","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking арестом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of арестом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"арестом","lemma":"арест","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"arrest"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дней","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"determiner of дней","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of находился","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"находился","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of выводил","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аффекте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"несомненном","lemma":"несомненный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies аффекте","gloss":"unmistakable"},{"surface":"болезненном","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies аффекте","gloss":"morbid"},{"surface":"аффекте","lemma":"аффект","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of находился","gloss":"affect"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of совершил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"совершил","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with находился","gloss":"had committed"},{"surface":"преступление","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of совершил","gloss":"the crime"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlative of если, introduces the following clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сознавая","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сознавая","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сознавая","lemma":"сознавать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"concessive converb, contrasted with невольно/имея","gloss":"being aware of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сознавая","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невольно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"невольно","lemma":"невольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverb, contrasted with сознавая","gloss":"involuntarily"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имея","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имея","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb, parallel to сознавая","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of имея","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"бороться","lemma":"бороться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of имея","gloss":"to fight"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking влечением","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"болезненным","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies влечением","gloss":"morbid"},{"surface":"нравственным","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies влечением","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"влечением","lemma":"влечение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бороться","gloss":"compulsion"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of овладевшим","gloss":"him","note":"овладеть governs the instrumental case, so им here means \"him\" (seized him), not \"them\"."},{"surface":"овладевшим","lemma":"овладеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies влечением","gloss":"having seized"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b12-c3-s31","source":"Но кроме аффекта доктор усматривал и манию, что уже пророчило впереди, по его словам, прямую дорогу к совершенному уже помешательству.","translation":"But besides affect, the doctor discerned mania as well, which already foretold, in his words, a direct road ahead to outright madness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кроме аффекта доктор усматривал и манию","title":"«кроме» + genitive; additive «и»","body":"«Кроме» ('besides, apart from') governs the genitive «аффекта». The particle «и» before «манию» is additive ('also, as well') rather than the conjunction 'and': the doctor discerned mania *too*."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пророчило","title":"«пророчить» — to foretell","body":"'To prophesy, foretell, presage' (from «пророк», prophet). A weighty, almost biblical verb for the doctor's grim prognosis — the mania 'foretold a straight road to outright madness'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аффекта","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"аффекта","lemma":"аффект","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of усматривал","gloss":"affect"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усматривал","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"усматривал","lemma":"усматривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"discerned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies манию","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"манию","lemma":"мания","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of усматривал","gloss":"mania"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пророчило","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пророчило","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"пророчило","lemma":"пророчить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on манию","gloss":"foretold"},{"surface":"впереди","lemma":"впереди","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пророчило","gloss":"ahead"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словам","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of словам","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"словам","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of по, parenthetical modifying пророчило","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"прямую","lemma":"прямой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дорогу","gloss":"direct"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пророчило","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помешательству","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"совершенному","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies помешательству","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помешательству","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"помешательству","lemma":"помешательство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дорогу","gloss":"madness"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b12-c3-s32","source":"({{NB}}. Я передаю своими словами, доктор же изъяснялся очень ученым и специальным языком).","translation":"({{NB}}. I give it in my own words; the doctor himself expressed it in very learned and specialized language.)","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"доктор же изъяснялся","title":"Contrastive particle «же»","body":"«Же» here is the lightly contrastive/topic-shifting particle: 'the doctor, for his part, expressed himself...'. It marks a turn back to the doctor's own (learned) wording, set against the narrator's plain paraphrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изъяснялся","title":"«изъясняться» — to express oneself","body":"A bookish reflexive verb, 'to express oneself, make oneself understood', often with a hint of laboured or formal speech — apt for the doctor's 'very learned and specialized language'."}],"words":[{"surface":"NB","lemma":"NB","morphology":"proper noun, abbreviation","role":"parenthetical note to the reader","gloss":"NB"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of передаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"передаю","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of словами","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"словами","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of передаю","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изъяснялся","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доктор","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"изъяснялся","lemma":"изъясняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with передаю","gloss":"expressed himself"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ученым","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ученым","lemma":"учёный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies языком","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"специальным","lemma":"специальный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies языком","gloss":"specialized"},{"surface":"языком","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изъяснялся","gloss":"language"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b12-c3-s33","source":"«Все действия его наоборот здравому смыслу и логике, — продолжал он. — Уже не говорю о том, чего не видал, то есть о самом преступлении и всей этой катастрофе, но даже третьего дня, во время разговора со мной, у него был необъяснимый неподвижный взгляд.","translation":"\"All his actions run contrary to common sense and logic,\" he went on. \"I say nothing of what I did not see — that is, the crime itself and all this catastrophe — but even the day before yesterday, while talking with me, he had an inexplicable, fixed stare.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Все действия его наоборот здравому смыслу","title":"Zero copula + dative with «наоборот»","body":"The present tense has no copula: 'All his actions [are] contrary to common sense'. «Наоборот» governs the dative «здравому смыслу и логике» ('counter to sense and logic') — a somewhat non-standard, foreign-flavoured construction fitting the German doctor's idiom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уже не говорю о том, чего не видал","title":"Genitive of negation «чего не видал»","body":"«Чего не видал» ('what I did not see') puts the relative pronoun in the genitive «чего» under negation — the genitive of negation reaching even into the relative clause. «О том, чего...» = 'about that which...'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"третьего дня","title":"«третьего дня» — the day before yesterday","body":"A fixed genitive time-phrase, «третьего дня» ('on the third day [back]') = 'the day before yesterday'. An old-fashioned set expression, common in 19th-century speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of действия","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"действия","lemma":"действие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of наоборот (predicate)","gloss":"actions"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of действия","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"наоборот","lemma":"наоборот","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of действия, governs смыслу","gloss":"contrary to"},{"surface":"здравому","lemma":"здравый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смыслу","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"смыслу","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of наоборот","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"логике","lemma":"логика","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with смыслу","gloss":"logic"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb introducing the quotation (parenthetical)","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видал (genitive under negation)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on том (via чего)","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase то есть (apposition marker)","gloss":"that","note":"то есть is a fixed idiom meaning 'that is'."},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступлении","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies преступлении","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"преступлении","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to том (via то есть)","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of катастрофе","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of катастрофе","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"катастрофе","lemma":"катастрофа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with преступлении","gloss":"catastrophe"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies третьего дня","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"the day before","note":"третьего дня is an idiom meaning 'the day before yesterday', not literally 'third day'."},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"temporal modifier of был","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition во время, marking разговора","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase во время","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"разговора","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of во время","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"modifies разговора","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (у него был... взгляд)","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"необъяснимый","lemma":"необъяснимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"inexplicable"},{"surface":"неподвижный","lemma":"неподвижный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"stare"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b12-c3-s34","source":"Неожиданный смех, когда вовсе его не надо.","translation":"Unexpected laughter, when there is no occasion for it whatever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда вовсе его не надо","title":"Impersonal «не надо» + genitive «его»","body":"«Не надо» ('there is no need') is impersonal, with no subject; «его» is the genitive ('of it', i.e. of the laughter) under negation. The clipped, verbless sentence — 'Unexpected laughter, when none is called for' — mimics the doctor's terse clinical notes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неожиданный","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смех","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"смех","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"laughter"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of надо (genitive under negation)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, relative clause on смех","gloss":"needed"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b12-c3-s35","source":"Непонятное постоянное раздражение, странные слова: „Бернар, эфика“ и другие, которых не надо».","translation":"An incomprehensible, constant irritability, strange words: 'Bernard, ethics,' and others that have no place there.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"странные слова... которых не надо","title":"Genitive «которых» under negation","body":"«Которых не надо» ('which there is no need for / which are out of place') puts the relative «которых» in the genitive plural, governed by the impersonal negated «не надо». Another genitive-of-negation reflex."}],"words":[{"surface":"Непонятное","lemma":"непонятный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies раздражение","gloss":"incomprehensible"},{"surface":"постоянное","lemma":"постоянный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies раздражение","gloss":"constant"},{"surface":"раздражение","lemma":"раздражение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"irritability"},{"surface":"странные","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with раздражение","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"Бернар","lemma":"Бернар","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to слова","gloss":"Bernard"},{"surface":"эфика","lemma":"этика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Бернар","gloss":"ethics","note":"'Эфика' is Dmitri's confused mispronunciation of этика ('ethics')."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with Бернар","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of надо (genitive under negation)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, relative clause on другие","gloss":"needed"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b12-c3-s36","source":"Но особенно усматривал доктор эту манию в том, что подсудимый даже не может и говорить о тех трех тысячах рублей, в которых считает себя обманутым, без какого-то необычайного раздражения, тогда как обо всех других неудачах и обидах своих говорит и вспоминает довольно легко.","translation":"But above all the doctor discerned this mania in the fact that the defendant could not so much as speak of those three thousand rubles, over which he believed himself cheated, without some extraordinary irritation, whereas about all his other misfortunes and grievances he spoke and reminisced rather easily.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже не может и говорить о тех трех тысячах","title":"Genitive after «трех»; locative «о... тысячах»","body":"After «три», the noun takes the genitive — here folded into «о тех трёх тысячах», the prepositional plural after «о» ('about those three thousand'). The intensifying «даже... и» ('cannot so much as even speak') heightens the point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в которых считает себя обманутым","title":"«считать себя» + short passive participle","body":"«Считать себя обманутым» ('to consider oneself cheated') uses reflexive «себя» plus the instrumental of the past passive participle «обманутым». The relative «в которых» ('over which') reaches back to the three thousand rubles."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усматривал","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"усматривал","lemma":"усматривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"discerned"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усматривал","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of манию","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"манию","lemma":"мания","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of усматривал","gloss":"mania"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of усматривал","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"defendant"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause (explains том)","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle intensifying говорить","gloss":"so much as","note":"Here и is emphatic ('not even so much as'), not the coordinating conjunction 'and'."},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рублей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячах","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies тысячах","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячах","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of о","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of считает","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"считает","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on рублей","gloss":"considers"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of считает","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"обманутым","lemma":"обманутый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of считает","gloss":"cheated"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раздражения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раздражения","gloss":"some","note":"какого-то is one indefinite word ('some kind of') split across two tokens."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"enclitic completing какого-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"необычайного","lemma":"необычайный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies раздражения","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"раздражения","lemma":"раздражение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of без","gloss":"irritation"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the тогда как clause","gloss":"whereas","note":"тогда как is a fixed phrase meaning 'whereas'."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase тогда как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неудачах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of неудачах","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies неудачах","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"неудачах","lemma":"неудача","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"misfortunes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обидах","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with неудачах","gloss":"grievances"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of неудачах and обидах","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the тогда как clause","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вспоминает","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорит","gloss":"recalls"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легко","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"легко","lemma":"легко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит and вспоминает","gloss":"easily"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b12-c3-s37","source":"Наконец, по справкам, он точно так же и прежде, всякий раз, когда касалось этих трех тысяч, приходил в какое-то почти исступление, а между тем свидетельствуют о нем, что он бескорыстен и нестяжателен.","translation":"Finally, according to inquiries, he had been exactly the same before, too: every time the matter touched those three thousand, he flew into something like frenzy, and yet witnesses testified of him that he was disinterested and unacquisitive.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всякий раз, когда касалось этих трех тысяч","title":"Impersonal «касалось» + genitive","body":"«Касаться» ('to touch upon, concern') governs the genitive «этих трёх тысяч», and is used here impersonally/neuter — 'every time it touched on those three thousand'. The genitive after «касаться» is fixed verb-government."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бескорыстен и нестяжателен","title":"«бескорыстен», «нестяжателен» — disinterested, unacquisitive","body":"Two short-form predicate adjectives. «Бескорыстный» = 'selfless, disinterested'; «нестяжательный» = 'free of greed, not money-grubbing' (from «стяжать», to acquire/amass), a word with a spiritual-ascetic colouring. The short forms state these as defining traits — the very opposite of the money-mania just described."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступление","title":"«исступление» — frenzy","body":"'Frenzy, a transport of rage or ecstasy', a near-pathological loss of self-control. A favourite Dostoevskian word for the extreme emotional states his characters fall into — here, Mitya's fury at any mention of the money."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходил","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking справкам","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"справкам","lemma":"справка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"complement of по","gloss":"inquiries"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходил","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with так","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of касалось","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"касалось","lemma":"касаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on приходил","gloss":"concerned"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of тысяч","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of касалось","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступление","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of исступление","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"enclitic completing какое-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исступление","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"исступление","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходил","gloss":"frenzy"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom между тем (meanwhile)","gloss":"meanwhile","note":"между тем is a fixed phrase meaning 'meanwhile/and yet'."},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom между тем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"свидетельствуют","lemma":"свидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the contrastive clause (witnesses testify)","gloss":"testify"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свидетельствуют","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бескорыстен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бескорыстен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бескорыстен","lemma":"бескорыстный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of свидетельствуют","gloss":"disinterested"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нестяжателен","lemma":"нестяжательный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бескорыстен","gloss":"unacquisitive"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b12-c3-s38","source":"«Насчет же мнения ученого собрата моего, — иронически присовокупил московский доктор, заканчивая свою речь, — что подсудимый, входя в залу, должен был смотреть на дам, а не прямо пред собою, скажу лишь то, что, кроме игривости подобного заключения, оно, сверх того, и радикально ошибочно; ибо хотя я вполне соглашаюсь, что подсудимый, входя в залу суда, в которой решается его участь, не должен был так неподвижно смотреть пред собой и что это действительно могло бы считаться признаком его ненормального душевного состояния в данную минуту, но в то же время я утверждаю, что он должен был смотреть не налево на дам, а, напротив, именно направо, ища глазами своего защитника, в помощи которого вся его надежда и от защиты которого зависит теперь вся его участь».","translation":"\"As for the opinion of my learned colleague,\" the Moscow doctor added ironically, finishing his speech, \"that the defendant, on entering the courtroom, ought to have been looking at the ladies — I will say only this: that, apart from the frivolity of such a conclusion, it is, moreover, radically mistaken; for although I fully agree that the defendant, entering the courtroom in which his fate is being decided, ought not to have stared so fixedly before him, and that this could indeed be taken as a sign of his abnormal state of mind at the given moment, still at the same time I maintain that he ought to have been looking not to the left at the ladies but, on the contrary, precisely to the right, seeking with his eyes his defense counsel, in whose help lies all his hope and on whose defense his whole fate now depends.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"входя в залу... смотреть на дам","title":"Imperfective gerund «входя»","body":"«Входя» (present gerund of «входить», 'on entering') recurs through this passage as the framing circumstance for the defendant's gaze. Note the imperfective: the entering is viewed as the ongoing moment within which he should have looked one way or another."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя я вполне соглашаюсь... но в то же время","title":"Concessive «хотя... но»","body":"The Moscow doctor's long sentence pivots on «хотя... но» ('although... yet'): he concedes the fixed stare could signal abnormality, but insists the defendant should have looked right, not left. The paired conjunctions structure his elaborate, lawyerly rebuttal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от защиты которого зависит теперь вся его участь","title":"Relative «которого» in the genitive","body":"«Которого» ('of whom') is genitive, governed by «от» in «от защиты которого» ('on whose defence'); its antecedent is «защитника» (counsel). «Зависеть от» ('to depend on') fixes the «от» + genitive. The chain piles relative clauses to grand, oratorical effect."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ученого собрата моего","title":"«собрат» — fellow brother (of a profession)","body":"«Собрат» ('confrère, brother-in-the-craft', genitive «собрата») is a slightly elevated word for a colleague in the same guild or calling. Coming from the Moscow doctor with «иронически», 'my learned confrère' drips with sarcasm toward Herzenstube."}],"words":[{"surface":"Насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мнения","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle after Насчет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"мнения","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of Насчет","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"ученого","lemma":"учёный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies собрата","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"собрата","lemma":"собрат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мнения","gloss":"colleague"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of собрата","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"иронически","lemma":"иронически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies присовокупил","gloss":"ironically"},{"surface":"присовокупил","lemma":"присовокупить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"московский","lemma":"московский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доктор","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of присовокупил","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"заканчивая","lemma":"заканчивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on присовокупил","gloss":"finishing"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заканчивая","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"defendant"},{"surface":"входя","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on должен","gloss":"entering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of входя","gloss":"courtroom"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause (with был)","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дам","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прямо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пред","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"complement of пред","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted speech","gloss":"I will say"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the appositive clause explaining то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking игривости","gloss":"apart from"},{"surface":"игривости","lemma":"игривость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of кроме","gloss":"frivolity"},{"surface":"подобного","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies заключения","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"заключения","lemma":"заключение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of игривости","gloss":"conclusion"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ошибочно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сверх","lemma":"сверх","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom сверх того (moreover)","gloss":"moreover","note":"сверх того is a fixed phrase meaning 'moreover'."},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of сверх","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"радикально","lemma":"радикально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ошибочно","gloss":"radically"},{"surface":"ошибочно","lemma":"ошибочный","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"predicate of оно","gloss":"mistaken"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of соглашаюсь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of соглашаюсь","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of соглашаюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соглашаюсь","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"соглашаюсь","lemma":"соглашаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the хотя-clause","gloss":"agree"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"defendant"},{"surface":"входя","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on должен","gloss":"entering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of входя","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies залу","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of решается","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"решается","lemma":"решаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on залу","gloss":"is decided"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of участь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"участь","lemma":"участь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive решается","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of соглашаюсь","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неподвижно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"неподвижно","lemma":"неподвижно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотреть","gloss":"fixedly"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"stare"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"complement of пред","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks могло as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"считаться","lemma":"считаться","morphology":"verb, passive, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"be considered"},{"surface":"признаком","lemma":"признак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of считаться","gloss":"a sign"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of состояния","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ненормального","lemma":"ненормальный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состояния","gloss":"abnormal"},{"surface":"душевного","lemma":"душевный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состояния","gloss":"mental"},{"surface":"состояния","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies признаком","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"данную","lemma":"данный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of в","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom в то же время (at the same time)","gloss":"at","note":"в то же время is a fixed phrase meaning 'at the same time'."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то (то же = 'the same')","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of в (idiom в то же время)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of утверждаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"утверждаю","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concluding clause","gloss":"maintain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of утверждаю","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies налево","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"налево","lemma":"налево","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотреть","gloss":"to the left"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дам","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to направо","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies направо","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"направо","lemma":"направо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотреть (contrasted with налево)","gloss":"to the right"},{"surface":"ища","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on смотреть","gloss":"seeking"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ища","gloss":"with his eyes"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of защитника","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"защитника","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of ища (searching for)","gloss":"defender"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помощи","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"помощи","lemma":"помощь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of в","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of помощи (whose)","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of надежда","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of надежда","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"надежда","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of implied predicate 'lies', parallel to участь","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking защиты","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"защиты","lemma":"защита","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зависит","gloss":"defense"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies защиты (whose)","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"зависит","lemma":"зависеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"depends"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зависит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of участь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of участь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"участь","lemma":"участь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of зависит","gloss":"fate"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b12-c3-s39","source":"Мнение свое доктор выразил решительно и настоятельно.","translation":"The doctor delivered his opinion resolutely and emphatically.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мнение свое доктор выразил","title":"Object-first order + reflexive «свое»","body":"The accusative object «мнение своё» ('his opinion') is fronted before the subject «доктор» for topic emphasis, with the reflexive possessive «свой» pointing back to the doctor himself. Free word order plus «свой» lets Russian foreground the opinion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выразил","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Мнение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выразил","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"выразил","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expressed"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразил","gloss":"resolutely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"настоятельно","lemma":"настоятельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with решительно","gloss":"emphatically"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b12-c3-s40","source":"Но особенный комизм разногласию обоих ученых экспертов придал неожиданный вывод врача Варвинского, спрошенного после всех.","translation":"But the special comedy of the disagreement between the two learned experts was supplied by the unexpected conclusion of the physician Varvinsky, who was questioned after all the rest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"придал неожиданный вывод врача Варвинского","title":"Inverted word order: object before subject","body":"The sentence delays its grammatical subject «вывод» (the conclusion) to the end, behind the object «комизм» and verb «придал» ('gave'). «Придать чему-то» takes the dative «разногласию» — the conclusion 'lent comedy to the disagreement'. The inversion lands the surprise on Varvinsky's verdict."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спрошенного после всех","title":"Past passive participle «спрошенного»","body":"«Спрошенного» is the past passive participle in the genitive, agreeing with «врача Варвинского» ('Varvinsky, who was questioned after all the rest'). A compact participial relative clause, typical of the dense literary register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"особенный","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies комизм","gloss":"special"},{"surface":"комизм","lemma":"комизм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of придал","gloss":"comedy"},{"surface":"разногласию","lemma":"разногласие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of придал","gloss":"disagreement"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine","role":"quantifies экспертов","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ученых","lemma":"учёный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies экспертов","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"экспертов","lemma":"эксперт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies разногласию","gloss":"experts"},{"surface":"придал","lemma":"придать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lent"},{"surface":"неожиданный","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вывод","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"вывод","lemma":"вывод","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придал","gloss":"conclusion"},{"surface":"врача","lemma":"врач","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вывод","gloss":"physician"},{"surface":"Варвинского","lemma":"Варвинский","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies врача","gloss":"Varvinsky"},{"surface":"спрошенного","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies врача","gloss":"questioned"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of после","gloss":"everyone"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b12-c3-s41","source":"На его взгляд, подсудимый как теперь, так и прежде, находится в совершенно нормальном состоянии, и хотя действительно он должен был пред арестом находиться в положении нервном и чрезвычайно возбужденном, но это могло происходить от многих самых очевидных причин: от ревности, гнева, беспрерывно пьяного состояния и проч.","translation":"In his view, the defendant, both now and before, was in a perfectly normal condition, and although he had indeed, before his arrest, been bound to be in a nervous and extremely agitated state, this could have arisen from many of the most obvious causes: from jealousy, anger, an unbroken state of drunkenness, and so on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"должен был... находиться в положении нервном","title":"Modal «должен» + post-posed adjective","body":"«Должен был находиться» here is epistemic ('must have been, was bound to be'), not deontic. Placing the adjective after its noun — «в положении нервном и... возбуждённом» rather than «в нервном положении» — is an elevated, literary inversion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от ревности, гнева, ... пьяного состояния","title":"«от» + genitive of cause","body":"«От» + genitive names the source/cause of a state: «от ревности, гнева...» ('from jealousy, anger...'). The whole list of causes stands in the genitive governed by «от» — a standard way to attribute an emotional condition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и проч.","title":"«и проч.» — et cetera","body":"Abbreviation of «и прочее» ('and the rest, and so forth'), the period's equivalent of 'etc.' Its dry, dismissive brevity suits Varvinsky's brisk, deflating list of perfectly mundane causes for Mitya's agitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляд","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of взгляд","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of На, adverbial phrase modifying находится","gloss":"view"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of находится","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative, pairs with так (как...так и = both...and)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies находится","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative, pairs with как","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with теперь, modifies находится","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"находится","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нормальном","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"нормальном","lemma":"нормальный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"normal"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of находится","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должен","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the хотя-clause","gloss":"was bound"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking арестом","gloss":"before","note":"Archaic/poetic form of перед (\"before\")."},{"surface":"арестом","lemma":"арест","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"arrest"},{"surface":"находиться","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"положении","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of находиться","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"нервном","lemma":"нервный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies положении","gloss":"nervous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возбужденном","gloss":"extremely"},{"surface":"возбужденном","lemma":"возбуждённый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нервном, modifies положении","gloss":"agitated"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (contrasted by но)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"происходить","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"arise"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking причин","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies причин","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies очевидных (forms superlative)","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"очевидных","lemma":"очевидный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies причин","gloss":"obvious"},{"surface":"причин","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of происходить","gloss":"causes"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ревности","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ревности","lemma":"ревность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"list item elaborating причин, coordinated with гнева","gloss":"jealousy"},{"surface":"гнева","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ревности","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"беспрерывно","lemma":"беспрерывно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пьяного","gloss":"incessantly"},{"surface":"пьяного","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состояния","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"состояния","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ревности","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"abbreviation (indeclinable, = прочее)","role":"coordinated with ревности, closes the list","gloss":"etc.","note":"Abbreviation of прочее (\"the rest\"); и проч. = \"and so on\"."}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b12-c3-s42","source":"Но это нервное состояние не могло заключать в себе никакого особенного «аффекта», о котором сейчас говорилось.","translation":"But this nervous condition could not have contained within it any particular \"affect\" of the kind just spoken of.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могло заключать в себе никакого особенного «аффекта»","title":"Genitive of negation + negative concord","body":"«Никакого особенного аффекта» stands in the genitive under negation ('could not contain any particular affect'), with the negative pronoun «никакого» reinforced by «не» on the verb — both the genitive-of-negation and the negative-concord rule at once."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о котором сейчас говорилось","title":"Impersonal passive «-ся»: «говорилось»","body":"«Говорилось» is an impersonal «-ся» passive, neuter ('of which was just spoken / which was just being discussed'). The «-ся» supplies a subjectless passive — a tidy bookish way to refer back without naming who spoke."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of состояние","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нервное","lemma":"нервный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состояние","gloss":"nervous"},{"surface":"состояние","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"заключать","lemma":"заключать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"contain"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of заключать","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of аффекта","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"особенного","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies аффекта","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"аффекта","lemma":"аффект","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заключать (genitive under negation)","gloss":"affect","note":"Legal/psychiatric term for a fit of intense emotion, same word as in the English quote."},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорилось","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорилось","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"говорилось","lemma":"говориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on аффекта","gloss":"was spoken of"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b12-c3-s43","source":"Что же до того, налево или направо должен был смотреть подсудимый, входя в залу, то, «по его скромному мнению», подсудимый именно должен был, входя в залу, смотреть прямо пред собой, как и смотрел в самом деле, ибо прямо пред ним сидели председатель и члены суда, от которых зависит теперь вся его участь, «так что, смотря прямо пред собой, он именно тем самым и доказал совершенно нормальное состояние своего ума в данную минуту», — с некоторым жаром заключил молодой врач свое «скромное» показание.","translation":"As for whether the defendant ought to have been looking to the left or to the right on entering the courtroom, then, \"in his humble opinion,\" the defendant ought, on entering the courtroom, to have looked precisely straight ahead, as in fact he did, for directly before him sat the presiding judge and the members of the court, on whom his whole fate now depends — \"so that, by looking straight ahead, he proved by that very act the perfectly normal condition of his mind at the given moment\" — with some heat the young physician concluded his \"humble\" testimony.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же до того... то","title":"«что (же) до... то» — as for X, then","body":"«Что до... то» ('as for..., then/as concerns...') is a topic-framing formula that lifts a subject out front before the comment; the «же» adds emphasis. Varvinsky uses it to pivot to the question of which way Mitya should have looked."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотря прямо пред собой, он именно тем самым и доказал","title":"Gerund «смотря» + instrumental «тем самым»","body":"The present gerund «смотря» ('by looking') sets the means, and «тем самым» ('by that very thing', instrumental of «тот самый») names the instrument by which 'he proved' his normality. The reinforcing «именно... и» ('precisely by that') drives the rhetorical point home."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the idiom что до (as for/regarding)","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"as to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Что до","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"налево","lemma":"налево","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен (w8)","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"направо","lemma":"направо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with налево","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"входя","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on смотреть","gloss":"entering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of входя","gloss":"the courtroom"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мнению","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of мнению","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"скромному","lemma":"скромный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мнению","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"мнению","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of по, adverbial phrase modifying должен (w22)","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен (w22)","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the resumed clause","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"входя","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on смотреть (w27)","gloss":"entering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of входя","gloss":"the courtroom"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пред","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смотрел","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"comparative clause referencing смотреть","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"fact","note":"в самом деле is a fixed idiom meaning \"indeed/in fact\"."},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сидели","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пред","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидели","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сидели","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидели","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"члены","lemma":"член","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with председатель","gloss":"the members"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies члены","gloss":"of the court"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of зависит","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"зависит","lemma":"зависеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on председатель и члены суда","gloss":"depends"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зависит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of участь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of участь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"участь","lemma":"участь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of зависит","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of correlative так что (so that), introduces result clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on доказал","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пред","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of доказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of доказал","gloss":"by that"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies доказал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"доказал","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"proved"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нормальное","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"нормальное","lemma":"нормальный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состояние","gloss":"normal"},{"surface":"состояние","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of доказал","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ума","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies состояние","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"данную","lemma":"данный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of в, adverbial modifying доказал","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жаром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"некоторым","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of жаром","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"жаром","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключил","gloss":"warmth"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies врач","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"врач","lemma":"врач","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"physician"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of показание","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"скромное","lemma":"скромный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заключил","gloss":"testimony"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b12-c3-s44","source":"— Браво, лекарь! — крикнул Митя со своего места, — именно так!","translation":"\"Bravo, sawbones!\" Mitya shouted from his place. \"Just so!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лекарь","title":"«лекарь» — sawbones, leech","body":"An old, lower word for a physician (cf. «лечить», to treat), by Dostoevsky's day folksy and faintly disparaging — 'medic, sawbones'. Mitya's jubilant «Браво, лекарь!» is affectionately rough, hailing the young doctor as a plain-spoken ally."}],"words":[{"surface":"Браво","lemma":"браво","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Bravo"},{"surface":"лекарь","lemma":"лекарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address (nominative form used to address the listener), in apposition to Браво","gloss":"sawbones"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of места","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of со","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the separate exclamation \"именно так!\"","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b12-c3-s45","source":"Митю, конечно, остановили, но мнение молодого врача имело самое решающее действие как на суд, так и на публику, ибо, как оказалось потом, все с ним согласились.","translation":"Mitya was, of course, silenced, but the young physician's opinion had the most decisive effect on both the court and the public, for, as it turned out afterward, everyone agreed with him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как на суд, так и на публику","title":"Correlative «как... так и»","body":"«Как... так и...» is the correlative pair meaning 'both... and...': the opinion swayed 'both the court and the public'. A common, slightly formal way to coordinate two items with emphasis on their joint inclusion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митю... остановили... все с ним согласились","title":"Subjectless 3rd-person plural","body":"«Остановили» ('[they] stopped [him]') has no stated subject — Russian's indefinite-personal use of the 3rd plural, 'he was silenced / they silenced him'. «Митю» is the regular accusative of «Митя» (first declension -я: nom Митя, gen Мити, acc Митю), distinct from the genitive; the acc=gen animacy rule does not apply to -я nouns."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of остановили","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, parallel clause to остановили","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"остановили","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of имело","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"молодого","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies врача","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"врача","lemma":"врач","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мнение","gloss":"physician's"},{"surface":"имело","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with остановили","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies решающее","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"решающее","lemma":"решающий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies действие","gloss":"decisive"},{"surface":"действие","lemma":"действие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имело","gloss":"effect"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative, pairs with так (both...and)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суд","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"the court"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative, pairs with как","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking публику","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"публику","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with суд","gloss":"the public"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of согласились","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оказалось","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel clause to согласились","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказалось","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of согласились","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of согласились","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"согласились","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"agreed"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b12-c3-s46","source":"Впрочем, доктор Герценштубе, спрошенный уже как свидетель, совершенно неожиданно вдруг послужил в пользу Мити.","translation":"And yet Doctor Herzenstube, questioned now as a witness, quite unexpectedly turned out, all at once, to serve in Mitya's favor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спрошенный уже как свидетель","title":"Past passive participle «спрошенный»","body":"«Спрошенный» (past passive participle, 'questioned'), in apposition to the subject «доктор Герценштубе», compresses 'now that he was questioned as a witness'. «Как свидетель» = 'in the capacity of a witness', contrasting with his earlier role as expert."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"послужил в пользу Мити","title":"Perfective «послужил» + «в пользу» + genitive","body":"Perfective «послужить» ('to serve, to turn out to the benefit of') marks the surprising completed outcome. «В пользу» ('in favour of') governs the genitive «Мити» (genitive of «Митя», a masculine noun in «-я»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, parallel clause to послужил","gloss":"And yet"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послужил","gloss":"Doctor"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"Герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to доктор","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"спрошенный","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying доктор","gloss":"questioned"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрошенный","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"comparative marker, preposition-like, marking свидетель","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"свидетель","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрошенный","gloss":"a witness"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послужил","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послужил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"послужил","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пользу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пользу","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послужил","gloss":"favor"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пользу","gloss":"Mitya's"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b12-c3-s47","source":"Как старожил города, издавна знающий семейство Карамазовых, он дал несколько показаний, весьма интересных для «обвинения», и вдруг, как бы что-то сообразив, присовокупил:","translation":"As an old resident of the town, long acquainted with the Karamazov family, he gave several pieces of testimony highly interesting to the \"prosecution,\" and then suddenly, as though something had just occurred to him, added:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"издавна знающий семейство Карамазовых","title":"Present active participle «знающий»","body":"«Знающий» is the present active participle of «знать» ('knowing, who knew'), agreeing nominative-masculine with the implied subject — 'as an old resident long knowing the Karamazov family'. The imperfective participle fits the ongoing, long-standing acquaintance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы что-то сообразив, присовокупил","title":"Perfective gerund «сообразив»","body":"«Сообразив» is the perfective past gerund of «сообразить» ('having figured/realized'), a prior completed action before «присовокупил» (he added). «Как бы» ('as if') frames it as a sudden seeming realization."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"присовокупил","title":"«присовокупить» — to append, add","body":"A markedly bookish,官-flavoured verb, 'to adjoin, append, subjoin' (a heavier cousin of «прибавить»). The chronicler's reach for such a word lends a mock-solemn, formal touch to introducing the old doctor's homely remark."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the predicative clause of старожил","gloss":"As"},{"surface":"старожил","lemma":"старожил","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal describing он, coordinated with знающий","gloss":"an old resident"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старожил","gloss":"of the town"},{"surface":"издавна","lemma":"издавна","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знающий","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"знающий","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies он, coordinated with старожил","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"семейство","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знающий","gloss":"the family"},{"surface":"Карамазовых","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies семейство","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on показаний","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"показаний","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"pieces of testimony"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies интересных","gloss":"highly"},{"surface":"интересных","lemma":"интересный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies показаний","gloss":"interesting"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обвинения","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"обвинения","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of интересных","gloss":"the prosecution"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies присовокупил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы (as though)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"direct object of сообразив, forms что-то (something) with то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle, forms что-то (something) with что","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"сообразив","lemma":"сообразить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on присовокупил","gloss":"having realized"},{"surface":"присовокупил","lemma":"присовокупить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with дал","gloss":"added"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b12-c3-s48","source":"— И, однако, бедный молодой человек мог получить без сравнения лучшую участь, ибо был хорошего сердца и в детстве, и после детства, ибо я знаю это.","translation":"\"And yet the poor young man might have had an incomparably better lot, for he was of a good heart, both in childhood and after childhood — for I know it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог получить без сравнения лучшую участь","title":"Comparative «лучшую» + «без сравнения»","body":"«Лучшую» is the attributive comparative (suppletive, from «хороший») 'a better [lot]'; «без сравнения» ('incomparably', lit. 'without comparison') intensifies it. «Мог получить» ('might have got') voices the counterfactual better fate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо был хорошего сердца... ибо я знаю это","title":"Repeated causal «ибо»","body":"Herzenstube's signature «ибо» ('for, because') appears twice in one breath, the elevated/archaic conjunction of cause. «Был хорошего сердца» is a genitive-of-quality ('was of a good heart'). The piling of «ибо» marks his earnest, sermon-like German Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies мог","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"бедный","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"получить","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сравнения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сравнения","lemma":"сравнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of без","gloss":"comparison","note":"без сравнения = \"incomparably\"."},{"surface":"лучшую","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular, comparative","role":"modifies участь","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"участь","lemma":"участь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of получить","gloss":"lot"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"хорошего","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердца","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive-of-quality complement of был","gloss":"heart","note":"быть хорошего сердца = \"to be of a good heart\" (genitive of quality)."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative и...и (both...and)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"детстве","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative и...и (both...and)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детства","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"детства","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with детстве","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знаю","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b12-c3-s49","source":"Но русская пословица говорит: «Если есть у кого один ум, то это хорошо, а если придет в гости еще умный человек, то будет еще лучше, ибо тогда будет два ума, а не один только…»","translation":"But a Russian proverb says: 'If a man has one mind, that is good; but if another clever man comes to visit, it will be better still, for then there will be two minds, and not just one…'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если есть у кого один ум, то это хорошо","title":"Conditional «если... то» (real)","body":"A real (indicative) conditional: «если есть... то...» ('if someone has..., then...'). «У кого» ('with someone', i.e. 'if a man has') uses the «у» + genitive possession construction. No «бы» — this is general truth, the form of a proverb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будет еще лучше... два ума, а не один только","title":"Contrastive «а»","body":"«А» ('and/but, rather') here marks contrast — 'two minds, and not just one'. This mild adversative «а», untranslatable by a single English word, is the natural hinge of the homespun proverb the doctor is mangling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"русская","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пословица","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"пословица","lemma":"пословица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"proverb"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause (existential: у X есть Y = X has Y)","gloss":"has","note":"у кого есть ум is an existential possessive construction, literally \"at whom is a mind\"."},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies ум","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle, introduces the result clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of хорошо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the result clause","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гости","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"гости","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"visit","note":"в гости идиоматически means \"visiting\" (as a guest)."},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умный","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"умный","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle, introduces the result clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to лучше","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the result clause","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будет","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause (existential: there will be)","gloss":"there will be"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on ума","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"minds"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ума","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"only"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b12-c3-s50","source":"— Ум хорошо, а два — лучше, — в нетерпении подсказал прокурор, давно уже знавший обычай старичка говорить медленно, растянуто, не смущаясь производимым впечатлением и тем, что заставляет себя ждать, а, напротив, еще весьма ценя свое тугое, картофельное и всегда радостно-самодовольное немецкое остроумие.","translation":"\"Two heads are better than one,\" the prosecutor prompted impatiently, having long known the little old man's habit of speaking slowly and drawn-out, undismayed by the impression he produced or by the fact that he kept people waiting, but, on the contrary, prizing highly his own ponderous, potato-like, and always smugly self-satisfied German wit.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ум хорошо, а два — лучше","title":"Contrastive «а» in the proverb proper","body":"The proverb in its crisp canonical form: «Ум хорошо, а два лучше» — note again the hinge-«а» ('one mind is good, but two are better'), and the zero copula (no 'is'). Its terseness throws Herzenstube's wordy version into comic relief."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"давно уже знавший обычай старичка","title":"Past active participle «знавший»","body":"«Знавший» (past active participle of «знать», 'who had long known') modifies «прокурор», packing 'the prosecutor, who had long known the old man's habit' into a participial phrase — the dense literary stacking Dostoevsky favours."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не смущаясь производимым впечатлением","title":"Negated gerund «не смущаясь» + passive participle","body":"«Не смущаясь» is the present gerund of reflexive «смущаться» ('undismayed, not embarrassed'), negated by «не». «Производимым» is a rare present passive participle ('being produced'), agreeing in the instrumental with «впечатлением» — the impression he was producing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тугое, картофельное... немецкое остроумие","title":"«картофельное остроумие» — potato-like wit","body":"«Тугое» ('slow, stiff, hard-going'), «картофельное» ('potato-ish'), and «радостно-самодовольное» ('joyously self-satisfied') skewer Herzenstube's heavy German humour with an inventive, faintly cruel comedy. «Картофельное остроумие» — 'potato wit' — is a coinage caricaturing stolid Germanic earnestness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хорошо","gloss":"a mind"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of Ум","gloss":"is good"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject of лучше","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate coordinated with хорошо","gloss":"is better","note":"A Russian proverb, rendered idiomatically in the translation as \"Two heads are better than one.\""},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нетерпении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нетерпении","lemma":"нетерпение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подсказал","gloss":"impatience"},{"surface":"подсказал","lemma":"подсказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"prompted"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подсказал","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знавший","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знавший","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"знавший","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying прокурор","gloss":"having known"},{"surface":"обычай","lemma":"обычай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знавший","gloss":"the habit"},{"surface":"старичка","lemma":"старичок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обычай","gloss":"of the little old man"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of обычай","gloss":"of speaking"},{"surface":"медленно","lemma":"медленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"растянуто","lemma":"растянуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, neuter, singular, perfective, used adverbially","role":"coordinated with медленно","gloss":"drawn-out"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смущаясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смущаясь","lemma":"смущаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорить","gloss":"being troubled by"},{"surface":"производимым","lemma":"производить","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, instrumental, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies впечатлением","gloss":"produced"},{"surface":"впечатлением","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смущаясь","gloss":"the impression"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with впечатлением","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заставляет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"заставляет","lemma":"заставлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of ждать","gloss":"for himself"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заставляет","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ценя","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies весьма","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ценя","gloss":"highly"},{"surface":"ценя","lemma":"ценить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подсказал","gloss":"prizing"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of остроумие","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"тугое","lemma":"тугой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies остроумие","gloss":"ponderous"},{"surface":"картофельное","lemma":"картофельный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with тугое","gloss":"potato-like"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies радостно","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"радостно","lemma":"радостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies самодовольное","gloss":"smugly"},{"surface":"самодовольное","lemma":"самодовольный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies остроумие","gloss":"self-satisfied"},{"surface":"немецкое","lemma":"немецкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies остроумие","gloss":"German"},{"surface":"остроумие","lemma":"остроумие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ценя","gloss":"wit"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b12-c3-s51","source":"Старичок же любил острить.","translation":"And the little old man was fond of being witty.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Старичок же любил острить","title":"Particle «же» linking back","body":"«Же» again as a soft contrastive/resumptive ('and the old man, for his part, did love...'). «Любил острить» ('was fond of cracking jokes') pairs the imperfective «любил» with the imperfective infinitive «острить», naming a habitual trait."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старичок","lemma":"старичок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"the little old man"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Старичок","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was fond of"},{"surface":"острить","lemma":"острить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любил","gloss":"being witty"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b12-c3-s52","source":"— О, д-да, и я то же говорю, — упрямо подхватил он, — один ум хорошо, а два гораздо лучше. Но к нему другой с умом не пришел, а он и свой пустил… Как это, куда он его пустил?","translation":"\"Oh, y-yes, I say the same thing,\" he took up stubbornly, \"one mind is good, but two are far better. Only no other man with a mind came to him, and so he sent even his own out… How is it — where did he send it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а он и свой пустил","title":"Contrastive «а» + reflexive «свой» + emphatic «и»","body":"«А он и свой пустил» — «а» contrasts ('but he, for his part'), «свой» (reflexive possessive, 'his own [mind]') points back to the subject, and «и» is emphatic ('even sent his own out'). The clause sets up the doctor's pun about Mitya's mind going off."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к нему другой с умом не пришел","title":"Genitive/dative play with «к нему» and negation","body":"«К нему» ('to him', «к» + dative) and «не пришёл» (perfective past negated, 'did not come'): 'no other man with a mind came to him'. The negated perfective denies that a single such visit ever happened."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подхватил","title":"«подхватить» — to take up (a thread)","body":"Literally 'to catch up, snatch up', here of speech: 'he took it up, chimed in'. It conveys the eager way Herzenstube seizes the prosecutor's prompt to continue his laboured joke."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"д","lemma":"д","morphology":"particle, stuttered fragment","role":"coordinated with О","gloss":"d-"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with О","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"упрямо","lemma":"упрямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подхватил","gloss":"stubbornly"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to говорю","gloss":"took up"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies ум","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хорошо","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of ум","gloss":"is good"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject of лучше","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with хорошо","gloss":"are better"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"another man"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"умом","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"a mind"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пустил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пустил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пустил","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"пустил","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"sent out"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустил","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пустил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пустил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"пустил","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"sent"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b12-c3-s53","source":"Это слово — куда он пустил свой ум, я забыл, — продолжал он, вертя рукой пред своими глазами, — ах да, шпацирен.","translation":"\"That word — where he sent his mind — I have forgotten,\" he went on, twirling his hand before his eyes, \"ah yes, spazieren.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вертя рукой пред своими глазами","title":"Imperfective gerund «вертя»","body":"«Вертя» is the present gerund of «вертеть» ('twirling, turning'), an action accompanying «продолжал» (he went on). «Рукой» is the instrumental of the means; «пред своими глазами» again uses archaic «пред» and reflexive «своими»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шпацирен","title":"A German word in Russian dress","body":"Groping for a Russian verb, the old doctor blurts out the German 'spazieren' (to stroll), russified as «шпацирен»; the prosecutor supplies «Гулять?» ('to go for a walk'). The joke is that Herzenstube imagines the prisoner's «ум» (mind, wits) literally went out for a walk and got lost."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic, logical object of забыл","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустил","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пустил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пустил","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying слово","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ум","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пустил","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have forgotten"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel narration clause","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вертя","lemma":"вертеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжал","gloss":"twirling"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вертя","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of глазами","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition пред","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to шпацирен","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"шпацирен","lemma":"шпацирен","morphology":"foreign word (German), indeclinable","role":"coordinated with да","gloss":"spazieren","note":"A Cyrillic transliteration of the German \"spazieren\" (to take a walk) — the word the old doctor was fishing for."}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b12-c3-s54","source":"— Гулять?","translation":"\"For a walk?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Гулять?","title":"«гулять» — to stroll, the Russian for «шпацирен»","body":"The one-word prompt supplies the native equivalent of the doctor's German «шпацирен»: «гулять», 'to go for a walk, to stroll about'. The bare interrogative — someone (the prosecutor) helpfully filling the blank — keeps the comic exchange moving."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гулять","lemma":"гулять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"for a walk"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b12-c3-s55","source":"— Ну да, гулять, и я то же говорю. Вот ум его и пошел прогуливаться и пришел в такое глубокое место, в котором и потерял себя.","translation":"\"Why yes, for a walk, I say the same thing. So his mind went off strolling and came to such a deep place that there it lost itself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ум его и пошел прогуливаться и пришел... в котором и потерял себя","title":"Chain of perfective verbs + reflexive «себя»","body":"Perfectives «пошёл... пришёл... потерял» move the little allegory forward event by event: the mind set off, came to a deep place, and there 'lost itself'. «Потерял себя» uses the full reflexive «себя» — it lost its own self."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прогуливаться","title":"«прогуливаться» — to stroll about","body":"The reflexive «-ся» imperfective 'to take a stroll, walk about for pleasure' — Herzenstube's found Russian word for «шпацирен». The mind 'went off to take a leisurely walk', the gentle absurdity sustaining the doctor's extended conceit about Mitya's wits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to гулять","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"гулять","lemma":"гулять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"for a walk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with гулять","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ум","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ум","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"прогуливаться","lemma":"прогуливаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пошел","gloss":"strolling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of место","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"глубокое","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"a place"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of потерял","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потерял","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потерял","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on место","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of потерял","gloss":"itself"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b12-c3-s56","source":"А между тем, это был благодарный и чувствительный юноша, о, я очень помню его еще вот таким малюткой, брошенным у отца в задний двор, когда он бегал по земле без сапожек и с панталончиками на одной пуговке.","translation":"And yet he was a grateful and sensitive youth — oh, I remember him very well, still such a little mite, abandoned in his father's back yard, when he ran about over the ground without any boots and with his little trousers held up by a single button.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"брошенным у отца в задний двор","title":"Past passive participle «брошенным»","body":"«Брошенным» is the past passive participle of «бросить» ('abandoned, thrown'), in the instrumental agreeing with «малюткой» — 'such a little mite, abandoned in his father's back yard'. It compresses 'who had been left/cast off' into one word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"малюткой... без сапожек... с панталончиками","title":"A cluster of tender diminutives","body":"«Малютка» (tiny child), «сапожки» (little boots), «панталончики» (little trousers) heap up affectionate diminutive suffixes, painting the neglected boy Mitya with pathos. The piled-up «-к»/«-чик» endings are the grammatical sound of the old doctor's welling tenderness."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom между тем","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom между тем","gloss":"yet","note":"между тем is a fixed idiom meaning \"and yet / meanwhile.\""},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking это to юноша","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"благодарный","lemma":"благодарный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies юноша","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чувствительный","lemma":"чувствительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with благодарный","gloss":"sensitive"},{"surface":"юноша","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to помню","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"very well"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of помню","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вот","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таким","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of малюткой","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"малюткой","lemma":"малютка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of помню","gloss":"little mite"},{"surface":"брошенным","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"clause modifying малюткой","gloss":"abandoned"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of брошенным","gloss":"his father's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двор","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"задний","lemma":"задний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies двор","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"двор","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of брошенным","gloss":"yard"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бегал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бегал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бегал","lemma":"бегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on брошенным","gloss":"ran about"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бегал","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сапожек","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сапожек","lemma":"сапожки","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бегал","gloss":"any boots"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking панталончиками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"панталончиками","lemma":"панталончики","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with сапожек","gloss":"little trousers"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пуговке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies пуговке","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"пуговке","lemma":"пуговка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"button"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b12-c3-s57","source":"Какая-то чувствительная и проникновенная нотка послышалась вдруг в голосе честного старичка.","translation":"Some sensitive, penetrating note sounded all at once in the honest old man's voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"послышалась вдруг в голосе","title":"Inchoative «-ся» perfective «послышалась»","body":"«Послышаться» is a «-ся» perfective ('to become audible, to be heard'), the «по-» giving an inceptive 'a note suddenly sounded'. The «-ся» here yields an intransitive 'made itself heard', with «нотка» as the thing that emerged in his voice."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нотка","title":"Diminutive «нотка»","body":"The diminutive of «нота» (note) — 'a little note, a faint strain'. The softening suffix matches the delicate, sudden tenderness ('a sensitive, penetrating little note') that breaks into the honest old man's voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the indefinite phrase какая-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite phrase какая-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"чувствительная","lemma":"чувствительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нотка","gloss":"sensitive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проникновенная","lemma":"проникновенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with чувствительная","gloss":"penetrating"},{"surface":"нотка","lemma":"нотка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of послышалась","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"послышалась","lemma":"послышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sounded"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послышалась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голосе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голосе","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послышалась","gloss":"the voice"},{"surface":"честного","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старичка","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"старичка","lemma":"старичок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосе","gloss":"old man's"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b12-c3-s58","source":"Фетюкович так и вздрогнул, как бы что-то предчувствуя, и мигом привязался.","translation":"Fetyukovich fairly started, as though sensing something, and instantly fastened on it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы что-то предчувствуя","title":"Imperfective gerund «предчувствуя»","body":"«Предчувствуя» is the present gerund of «предчувствовать» ('sensing in advance, having a foreboding'), an accompanying circumstance to «вздрогнул». «Как бы» ('as though') frames Fetyukovich's start as if from a presentiment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так и вздрогнул","title":"Emphatic «так и»","body":"«Так и» before a perfective verb is an intensifier — 'fairly started, positively jumped'. It paints the action as vivid and involuntary: Fetyukovich gave a real start."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"привязался","title":"«привязаться» — to fasten onto","body":"Literally 'to attach oneself, get tied to', here figuratively 'fastened on it, latched onto it' — the defence lawyer instantly seizes the emotional opening Herzenstube has just given. The «-ся» verb conveys the eager, almost predatory pounce."}],"words":[{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"Фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так и","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom так и","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave a start"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, part of что-то","role":"direct object of предчувствуя","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, part of что-то","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun что-то","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"предчувствуя","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вздрогнул","gloss":"sensing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular, used adverbially","role":"modifies привязался","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"привязался","lemma":"привязаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнул","gloss":"latched on"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b12-c3-s59","source":"— О да, я сам был тогда еще молодой человек… Мне… ну да, мне было тогда сорок пять лет, а я только что сюда приехал.","translation":"\"Oh yes, I was still a young man myself then… I… well yes, I was forty-five years old then, and I had only just arrived here.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне было тогда сорок пять лет","title":"Dative of age + genitive after the numeral","body":"Age is impersonal-dative: «мне было сорок пять лет» (lit. 'to me there were forty-five years' = 'I was forty-five'). After «пять», «лет» (an irregular genitive plural of «год») stands in the genitive — the case numerals impose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я только что сюда приехал","title":"Perfective «приехал» of arrival","body":"«Приехал» is the prefixed perfective verb of motion ('arrived, had just come'), with «при-» marking arrival. «Только что» ('just now, only just') pins the completed arrival to the recent past."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to человек","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking я to человек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молодой","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"I—"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to было","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of было","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to лет","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сорок","lemma":"сорок","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on пять","gloss":"forty"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of было","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"had arrived"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b12-c3-s60","source":"И мне стало тогда жаль мальчика, и я спросил себя: почему я не могу купить ему один фунт… Ну да, чего фунт? Я забыл, как это называется… фунт того, что дети очень любят, как это — ну, как это… — замахал опять доктор руками, — это на дереве растет, и его собирают и всем дарят…","translation":"And I felt sorry then for the boy, and I asked myself: why can I not buy him one pound of… Well now, a pound of what? I have forgotten what it is called… a pound of the thing that children love so much, what is it — well, what is it…\" — again the doctor waved his hands — \"it grows on a tree, and people gather it and give it to everybody…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне стало тогда жаль мальчика","title":"Dative subject of feeling + «жаль» + genitive","body":"A pure dative-experiencer construction: «мне стало жаль» ('I came to feel sorry', lit. 'to me it became pitiful'), with no nominative subject. The object of pity, «мальчика», takes the genitive after «жаль» — the regular government of this pity-word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему я не могу купить ему один фунт","title":"Dative recipient + «купить»","body":"«Купить ему» ('buy for him') puts the beneficiary «ему» in the dative — the indirect object, 'to/for whom' the purchase is made. Herzenstube's plain dative recipient frames the tender impulse behind the famous pound of nuts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это на дереве растет, и его собирают и всем дарят","title":"Subjectless 3rd-plural + dative «всем»","body":"«Собирают» and «дарят» are indefinite-personal 3rd-plural verbs with no stated subject ('people gather it and give it to everyone'). «Всем» is the dative recipient of «дарят» ('give to all'). The doctor's groping circumlocution for 'nuts' is the chapter's closing comic note."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of стало","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жаль","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"жаль","lemma":"жаль","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"sorry"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of жаль","gloss":"for the boy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стало","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of спросил","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of спросил","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"купить","lemma":"купить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"buy"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of купить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies фунт","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"фунт","lemma":"фунт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of купить","gloss":"a pound"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies фунт","gloss":"of what"},{"surface":"фунт","lemma":"фунт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the question","gloss":"a pound"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have forgotten"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies называется","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of называется","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"называется","lemma":"называться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of забыл","gloss":"is called"},{"surface":"фунт","lemma":"фунт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition, direct object of забыл","gloss":"a pound"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies фунт","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of любят","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любят","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies это","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, head of the question","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to это","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies это","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, head of the repeated question","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"замахал","lemma":"замахать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel narration clause","gloss":"waved"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замахал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замахал","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of замахал","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"subject of растет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дереве","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"дереве","lemma":"дерево","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of растет","gloss":"a tree"},{"surface":"растет","lemma":"расти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"grows"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of собирают","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"собирают","lemma":"собирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with растет","gloss":"people gather"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дарят","gloss":"to everyone"},{"surface":"дарят","lemma":"дарить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with растет","gloss":"give"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b12-c3-s61","source":"— Яблоки?","translation":"\"Apples?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Яблоки","lemma":"яблоко","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"apples"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b12-c3-s62","source":"— О н-не-е-ет! Фунт, фунт, яблоки десяток, а не фунт… нет, их много и всё маленькие, кладут в рот и кр-р-рах!..","translation":"\"Oh n-no-o-o! A pound, a pound — apples come by the dozen, not by the pound… no, there are many of them and they are all little, you put them in your mouth and cr-r-rack!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"десяток","title":"«десяток» — a count of ten","body":"«Десяток» is a unit of ten, the everyday way Russians count eggs, apples, and the like (apples come «десятками», by the dozen-of-ten). The doctor's point is that apples are sold by the count, not by weight, so the gift cannot have been apples."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кладут в рот","title":"Impersonal «кладут» — 'one puts'","body":"«Кладут» is third-person plural with no stated subject — the indefinite-personal construction that English renders as 'you/one puts.' Russian routinely drops the actor this way when the agent is generic, leaning on the bare ending to do the work."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кр-р-рах","title":"«крах» as a sound-word","body":"Here the stuttering doctor mimics a crunch — «кр-р-рах!» — an onomatopoeic interjection for the snap of a nut between the teeth. The drawn-out rolled р renders his halting, accented German-Russian speech on the page."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"н","lemma":"н","morphology":"particle, stuttered fragment","role":"part of the stuttered нет","gloss":"n-"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, stuttered fragment","role":"part of the stuttered нет","gloss":"no-"},{"surface":"е","lemma":"е","morphology":"particle, stuttered fragment","role":"part of the stuttered нет","gloss":"-o-"},{"surface":"ет","lemma":"ет","morphology":"particle, stuttered fragment","role":"part of the stuttered нет","gloss":"-t!","note":"The doctor stutters out \"н-не-е-ет\" (\"no-o-o\") across five fragments."},{"surface":"Фунт","lemma":"фунт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic, head of the phrase","gloss":"a pound"},{"surface":"фунт","lemma":"фунт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Фунт","gloss":"a pound"},{"surface":"яблоки","lemma":"яблоко","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with Фунт","gloss":"apples"},{"surface":"десяток","lemma":"десяток","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies яблоки","gloss":"in tens (by the ten)"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фунт","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"фунт","lemma":"фунт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Фунт","gloss":"by the pound"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"subject of много","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of маленькие","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"маленькие","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with много","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"кладут","lemma":"класть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"you put them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рот","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"рот","lemma":"рот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кладут","gloss":"your mouth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кр","lemma":"кр","morphology":"interjection, onomatopoeic fragment","role":"coordinated with кладут","gloss":"cr-"},{"surface":"р","lemma":"р","morphology":"interjection, onomatopoeic fragment","role":"coordinated with кр","gloss":"-r-"},{"surface":"рах","lemma":"рах","morphology":"interjection, onomatopoeic fragment","role":"coordinated with кр","gloss":"-rack!","note":"кр-р-рах renders the crunch of biting into a small apple."}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b12-c3-s63","source":"— Орехи?","translation":"\"Nuts?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Орехи","lemma":"орех","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"nuts"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b12-c3-s64","source":"— Ну да, орехи, и я то же говорю, — самым спокойным образом, как бы вовсе и не искал слова, подтвердил доктор, — и я принес ему один фунт орехов, ибо мальчику никогда и никто еще не приносил фунт орехов, и я поднял мой палец и сказал ему: «Мальчик! Gott der Vater», — он засмеялся и говорит: «Gott der Vater. — Gott der Sohn».","translation":"\"Why yes, nuts, I say the same thing,\" the doctor confirmed in the calmest manner, as though he had not been searching for the word at all, \"and I brought him one pound of nuts, for no one had ever yet brought the boy a pound of nuts, and I raised my finger and said to him: 'Boy! Gott der Vater' — he laughed and said: 'Gott der Vater. — Gott der Sohn.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"самым спокойным образом","title":"«самым спокойным образом» — 'in the calmest manner'","body":"A set adverbial phrase: «образом» ('manner, way') in the instrumental, modified by the superlative «самым спокойным», yields 'in the calmest manner.' The pattern «таким образом / самым ... образом» is the standard bookish way to express manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы вовсе и не искал слова","title":"«как бы» softening with «бы»","body":"«Как бы» ('as if, as though') plus the past-form verb «искал» builds an irrealis comparison — he behaved 'as though he had not been searching for the word at all.' The particle «бы» is what tips «как» from plain 'how' into the hypothetical 'as if.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не искал слова","title":"Genitive of negation: «слова»","body":"Under the negated «не искал» the object «слово» appears as genitive «слова» rather than accusative «слово» — the genitive of negation, especially natural with a non-specific object ('wasn't looking for a word at all')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — bookish 'for, because'","body":"«Ибо» is an archaic, biblical-sounding conjunction for 'for, because,' marking the doctor's earnest, sermon-like cadence. It recurs through his whole speech and is a deliberate touch of the elevated literary register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда и никто еще не приносил","title":"Negative concord: «никогда... никто... не»","body":"Russian piles up negatives that all point one way: «никогда» (never), «никто» (no one), and the verb's «не» together mean 'no one had ever yet brought.' The «ни-» words demand, rather than cancel, the verbal «не»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Ну да","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"орехи","lemma":"орех","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"exclamation restating the topic","gloss":"nuts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links я то же говорю to орехи","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"(emphasis)","note":"же here fuses with то to mean \"the same thing.\""},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спокойным","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"спокойным","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образом","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"manner adverbial modifying подтвердил","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, introduces manner clause on подтвердил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying не искал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies искал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"искал","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the как бы clause, modifies подтвердил","gloss":"was searching for"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of искал","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"подтвердил","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's frame clause","gloss":"confirmed"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подтвердил","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"resumes the quoted speech","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of принес","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"принес","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with говорю, main verb of quoted speech","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of принес","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies фунт","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"фунт","lemma":"фунт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принес","gloss":"pound"},{"surface":"орехов","lemma":"орех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies фунт","gloss":"of nuts"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приносил","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мальчику","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of приносил","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приносил","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links никогда and никто, emphatic","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of приносил","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приносил","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приносил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приносил","lemma":"приносить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the ибо-clause, reason for принес","gloss":"had brought"},{"surface":"фунт","lemma":"фунт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приносил","gloss":"pound"},{"surface":"орехов","lemma":"орех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies фунт","gloss":"of nuts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with принес","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of палец","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"палец","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, quoted content of сказал","gloss":"Boy!"},{"surface":"Gott","lemma":"gott","morphology":"word","role":"head of the quoted German phrase","gloss":"God","note":"German catechism formula: \"Gott der Vater\" = \"God the Father,\" first person of the Trinity."},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Vater","lemma":"vater","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with засмеялся","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"Gott","lemma":"gott","morphology":"word","role":"content of говорит, quoted phrase","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Vater","lemma":"vater","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Gott","lemma":"gott","morphology":"word","role":"coordinated with Gott der Vater (quoted)","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Sohn","lemma":"sohn","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"Son"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b12-c3-s65","source":"Он еще засмеялся и лепетал: «Gott der Sohn. — Gott der heilige Geist».","translation":"He laughed again and lisped: 'Gott der Sohn. — Gott der heilige Geist.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лепетал","title":"«лепетать» — to babble, lisp","body":"«Лепетать» is to babble or prattle as a small child does, just barely forming the words — a tender, slightly pitying verb. The imperfective here paints the boy haltingly repeating the German phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лепетал","lemma":"лепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with засмеялся","gloss":"lisped"},{"surface":"Gott","lemma":"gott","morphology":"word","role":"content of лепетал, quoted phrase","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Sohn","lemma":"sohn","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"Son"},{"surface":"Gott","lemma":"gott","morphology":"word","role":"coordinated with Gott der Sohn (quoted)","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heilige","lemma":"heilige","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"Geist","lemma":"geist","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"Spirit"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b12-c3-s66","source":"Тогда он еще засмеялся и проговорил сколько мог: «Gott der heilige Geist». A я ушел.","translation":"Then he laughed once more and pronounced, as best he could: 'Gott der heilige Geist.' And I went away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"проговорил сколько мог","title":"Perfective «проговорил» + «сколько мог»","body":"The perfective «проговорил» frames a single completed utterance — 'he pronounced (it).' «Сколько мог» ('as much as he could') uses the past «мог» of «мочь», showing the boy's effort to get the words out."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"A я ушел","title":"Topic-shifting «а» and perfective «ушёл»","body":"«А» here is the mild contrastive connector that pivots to a new beat ('And/whereupon I went away'), not the strong 'but' of «но». The perfective «ушёл» (from «уйти») marks the departure as a single completed event closing the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялся","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with засмеялся","gloss":"uttered"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying проговорил","gloss":"he could"},{"surface":"Gott","lemma":"gott","morphology":"word","role":"content of проговорил, quoted phrase","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heilige","lemma":"heilige","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"Geist","lemma":"geist","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"Spirit"},{"surface":"A","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination, begins a new sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ушел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went away"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b12-c3-s67","source":"На третий день иду мимо, а он кричит мне сам: «Дядя, Gott der Vater, Gott der Sohn», и только забыл «Gott der heilige Geist», но я ему вспомнил, и мне опять стало очень жаль его.","translation":"On the third day I was walking past, and he himself shouts to me: 'Uncle, Gott der Vater, Gott der Sohn,' and had only forgotten 'Gott der heilige Geist,' but I reminded him of it, and again I felt very sorry for him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"иду мимо","title":"Historic present «иду» in narration","body":"Telling a past event, the doctor switches to the vivid present «иду» ('I am walking past'), a storyteller's device that drops the listener into the scene. «Идти» is the unidirectional motion verb — a single trajectory past the spot, not habitual going."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Дядя","title":"«дядя» as a child's address","body":"Literally 'uncle,' «дядя» is what a Russian child warmly calls any grown man, not a blood relative. The boy's shout 'Uncle!' marks the affection the doctor's small kindness has earned."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне опять стало очень жаль его","title":"Dative-experiencer: «мне... жаль»","body":"There is no nominative subject: «мне» (dative) is the one who feels, «жаль» is the impersonal predicate of pity, and «его» (genitive) is whom he pities — 'I felt very sorry for him.' This dative-experiencer frame is everywhere in Dostoevsky's emotional life."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of иду","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"иду","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I was walking"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иду","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"кричит","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with иду","gloss":"shouts"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of кричит","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он, emphatic","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Дядя","lemma":"дядя","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, quoted content of кричит","gloss":"Uncle!"},{"surface":"Gott","lemma":"gott","morphology":"word","role":"coordinated with Дядя, quoted content","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Vater","lemma":"vater","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Gott","lemma":"gott","morphology":"word","role":"coordinated with Дядя, quoted content","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Sohn","lemma":"sohn","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"Son"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with кричит","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"Gott","lemma":"gott","morphology":"word","role":"direct object of забыл","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heilige","lemma":"heilige","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"Geist","lemma":"geist","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"Spirit"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вспомнил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of вспомнил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вспомнил","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with забыл, contrast","gloss":"reminded"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of стало","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вспомнил","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жаль","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"жаль","lemma":"жаль","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"sorry"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of жаль","gloss":"for him"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b12-c3-s68","source":"Но его увезли, и я более не видал его.","translation":"But he was taken away, and I saw him no more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его увезли","title":"Subjectless «увезли» — 'he was taken away'","body":"Third-person plural «увезли» with no named subject reads as a passive: 'he was taken away' (lit. 'they took him away'). Russian prefers this indefinite-personal turn to a true passive when the agent is unimportant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"более не видал","title":"«более не» and imperfective «видал»","body":"«Более не» means 'no more, no longer'; with the imperfective «видал» (a colloquial variant of «видел») it states the lasting fact 'I saw him no more.' Imperfective fits the open-ended, durative sense of never seeing him again."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увезли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"увезли","lemma":"увезти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was taken away"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"any more"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with увезли","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видал","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b12-c3-s69","source":"И вот прошло двадцать три года, я сижу в одно утро в моем кабинете, уже с белою головой, и вдруг входит цветущий молодой человек, которого я никак не могу узнать, но он поднял палец и смеясь говорит: «Gott der Vater, Gott der Sohn und Gott der heilige Geist! Я сейчас приехал и пришел вас благодарить за фунт орехов; ибо мне никто никогда не покупал тогда фунт орехов, а вы один купили мне фунт орехов».","translation":"And so twenty-three years went by, and I am sitting one morning in my study, already with a white head, when suddenly there comes in a young man in the flower of life, whom I can in no way recognize, but he raised his finger and, laughing, says: 'Gott der Vater, Gott der Sohn und Gott der heilige Geist! I have just arrived and have come to thank you for the pound of nuts; for no one ever bought me a pound of nuts in those days, but you alone bought me a pound of nuts.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сижу... входит... говорит","title":"Historic present throughout the climax","body":"The whole recollection runs in the present — «сижу» (I sit), «входит» (comes in), «говорит» (says) — even though it happened years ago. This sustained historic present makes the long-delayed reunion feel as if it is unfolding now."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с белою головой","title":"Old instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«С белою головой» ('with a white head') uses the archaic feminine instrumental «-ою» where modern Russian writes «-ой» («белой»). The longer ending, common in 19th-century prose and verse, marks the elevated literary register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого я никак не могу узнать","title":"Relative «которого» in the accusative","body":"«Которого» agrees with «молодой человек» in gender and number but takes the accusative its own clause demands ('whom I cannot recognize'); the animate accusative borrows the genitive form «-ого». «Никак не» reinforces the negation — 'in no way.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смеясь говорит","title":"Gerund «смеясь» — 'laughing'","body":"«Смеясь» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») of «смеяться», an indeclinable verb-adverb meaning 'while laughing.' It shares the subject of «говорит» and folds a simultaneous action into the main clause — a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"цветущий","title":"«цветущий» — 'in the flower of life'","body":"«Цветущий», literally 'blossoming,' is the present active participle of «цвести» used adjectivally for a person in vigorous bloom — a flourishing, healthy young man. It contrasts pointedly with the poor barefoot child of the memory."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прошло","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"прошло","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on три","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on года","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошло","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сижу","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прошло","gloss":"am sitting"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утро","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies утро","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"утро","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сижу","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кабинете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кабинете","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"кабинете","lemma":"кабинет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сижу","gloss":"study"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сижу","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking головой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"белою","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies головой","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сижу","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies входит","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"входит","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прошло","gloss":"comes in"},{"surface":"цветущий","lemma":"цвести","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"blooming"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of входит","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of узнать","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on человек","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"recognize"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with входит","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"палец","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смеясь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорит","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"Gott","lemma":"gott","morphology":"word","role":"content of говорит, quoted phrase","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Vater","lemma":"vater","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Gott","lemma":"gott","morphology":"word","role":"coordinated with Gott der Vater (quoted)","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Sohn","lemma":"sohn","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"Son"},{"surface":"und","lemma":"und","morphology":"word","role":"links Gott der Sohn and Gott der heilige Geist","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Gott","lemma":"gott","morphology":"word","role":"coordinated with Gott der Sohn (quoted)","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heilige","lemma":"heilige","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"Geist","lemma":"geist","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Gott","gloss":"Spirit"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have arrived"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приехал","gloss":"have come"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of благодарить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"благодарить","lemma":"благодарить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пришел","gloss":"to thank"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фунт","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"фунт","lemma":"фунт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of благодарить","gloss":"pound"},{"surface":"орехов","lemma":"орех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies фунт","gloss":"of nuts"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of покупал","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of покупал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of покупал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покупал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покупал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"покупал","lemma":"покупать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the ибо-clause, reason for благодарить","gloss":"had bought"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покупал","gloss":"in those days"},{"surface":"фунт","lemma":"фунт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of покупал","gloss":"pound"},{"surface":"орехов","lemma":"орех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies фунт","gloss":"of nuts"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination, contrast","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of купили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вы, emphatic","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"купили","lemma":"купить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with покупал, contrast","gloss":"bought"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of купили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"фунт","lemma":"фунт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of купили","gloss":"pound"},{"surface":"орехов","lemma":"орех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies фунт","gloss":"of nuts"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b12-c3-s70","source":"И тогда я вспомнил мою счастливую молодость и бедного мальчика на дворе без сапожек, и у меня повернулось сердце, и я сказал: «Ты благодарный молодой человек, ибо всю жизнь помнил тот фунт орехов, который я тебе принес в твоем детстве» И я обнял его и благословил.","translation":"And then I remembered my happy youth and the poor boy in the yard without any boots, and my heart turned over within me, and I said: 'You are a grateful young man, for all your life you have remembered that pound of nuts which I brought you in your childhood.' And I embraced him and blessed him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сапожек","title":"«сапожки» — little boots (diminutive)","body":"«Сапожек» is the genitive plural of «сапожки», the affectionate diminutive of «сапоги» (boots). «Без сапожек» ('without little boots') carries a note of tenderness and pity for the small, poor child, far more than 'without boots' would in English."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у меня повернулось сердце","title":"«у меня повернулось сердце» — idiom of feeling","body":"Literally 'the heart turned over by me' — «у меня» (possessor in the genitive) plus the reflexive «повернулось» — an idiom for being moved to the core. The «-ся» here gives the intransitive, self-acting sense ('turned over' on its own)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот фунт орехов, который я тебе принес","title":"Correlative «тот... который»","body":"The demonstrative «тот» ('that') sets up the relative «который», a frequent pairing: 'that pound of nuts which I brought you.' «Который» agrees in gender and number with «фунт» but stands in the accusative as the relative clause's object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благословил","title":"«благословить» — to bless","body":"«Благословил» ('blessed') is a word from the religious register — a Church-Slavonic-derived compound (literally 'to speak well of / over') for the gesture of blessing. It gives the embrace a solemn, almost priestly weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспомнил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вспомнил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вспомнил","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of молодость","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"счастливую","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies молодость","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"молодость","lemma":"молодость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вспомнил","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бедного","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with молодость, direct object of вспомнил","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дворе","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сапожек","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сапожек","lemma":"сапожок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"boots"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулось","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"повернулось","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вспомнил","gloss":"turned over"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of повернулось","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вспомнил","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек (predicate, quoted)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"благодарный","lemma":"благодарный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, content of сказал (quoted)","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помнил","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal accusative, modifies помнил","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"помнил","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on человек","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of фунт","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"фунт","lemma":"фунт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of помнил","gloss":"pound"},{"surface":"орехов","lemma":"орех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies фунт","gloss":"of nuts"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принес","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of принес","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of принес","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"принес","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on фунт орехов","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"твоем","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of детстве","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"детстве","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of принес","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination, new sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обнял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"обнял","lemma":"обнять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"embraced"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обнял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благословил","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обнял","gloss":"blessed"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b12-c3-s71","source":"И я заплакал.","translation":"And I wept.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заплакал","title":"Inceptive prefix «за-»: «заплакал»","body":"The prefix «за-» on «плакать» yields the perfective «заплакать», 'to burst into tears, start weeping' — it marks the onset of the crying as a single completed event. This inceptive «за-» is a common way Russian signals a state beginning."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заплакал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"заплакал","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wept"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b12-c3-s72","source":"Он смеялся, но он и плакал… ибо русский весьма часто смеется там, где надо плакать.","translation":"He was laughing, but he was weeping too… for a Russian very often laughs where he ought to weep.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» and the timeless present","body":"«Ибо» is an archaic, bookish word for 'for, because' that lends the old man's speech a solemn, almost biblical ring. Note the general truth he states: «русский... смеётся» uses singular «русский» (a Russian = Russians in general) with the present tense to express a national trait, not a one-time act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"там, где надо плакать","title":"Impersonal «надо плакать»","body":"«Надо» ('one must, ought') is an impersonal predicate taking an infinitive and no nominative subject — 'where one ought to weep.' The unstated experiencer is generic, a fitting frame for a universal claim about the Russian soul."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смеялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"смеялся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was laughing"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of плакал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плакал","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"плакал","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеялся","gloss":"was weeping"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смеется","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"русский","lemma":"русский","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смеется","gloss":"a Russian"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеется","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеялся","gloss":"laughs"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеется","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"relative clause on там","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the где-clause, governs плакать","gloss":"one ought"},{"surface":"плакать","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to weep"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b12-c3-s73","source":"Но он и плакал, я видел это.","translation":"But he was weeping too — I saw it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он и плакал","title":"Emphatic «и» — 'he too wept'","body":"Here «и» is not 'and' but the emphatic particle 'too, even, also': «он и плакал» = 'he was weeping as well.' This adverbial «и», placed right before the verb, foregrounds the surprising fact against the laughter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of плакал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плакал","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"плакал","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was weeping"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b12-c3-s74","source":"А теперь, увы!..","translation":"And now, alas!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"увы","title":"«увы» — 'alas'","body":"«Увы» is the elevated, slightly theatrical interjection of grief or regret, 'alas.' Trailing off into «А теперь, увы!..», the doctor leaves the bleak contrast with the present unspoken."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination, contrastive","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"увы","lemma":"увы","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"alas"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b12-c3-s75","source":"— И теперь плачу, немец, и теперь плачу, божий ты человек! — крикнул вдруг Митя со своего места.","translation":"\"And now too I am weeping, you German, now too I am weeping, you man of God!\" Mitya suddenly shouted from his place.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"божий ты человек","title":"«божий человек» — 'man of God'","body":"«Божий человек» ('man of God') is a warm folk-religious epithet for a simple, holy, guileless soul. The inserted «ты» ('you') turns it into a heartfelt direct address — Mitya, overcome, cries it out to the kindly German doctor."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"крикнул вдруг Митя со своего места","title":"Reflexive possessive «своего»","body":"«Со своего места» ('from his place') uses the reflexive possessive «свой», which always points back to the clause's own subject — here Mitya. Choosing «его места» instead would imply someone else's place; «свой» keeps it his."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плачу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"плачу","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I am weeping"},{"surface":"немец","lemma":"немец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to the listener","gloss":"you German"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плачу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"плачу","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with плачу (w3)","gloss":"I am weeping"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"part of vocative phrase with человек","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, coordinated with немец","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to плачу","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of места","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"place"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b12-c3-s76","source":"Как бы там ни было, а анекдотик произвел в публике некоторое благоприятное впечатление.","translation":"However that may be, the little anecdote produced a certain favorable impression among the public.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как бы там ни было","title":"«как бы там ни было» — concessive idiom","body":"A frozen concessive formula, 'however that may be / be that as it may.' It is built from «бы» plus «ни» plus the past «было» — the intensifying «ни» giving the 'no matter how' sense rather than a simple negation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"анекдотик","title":"«анекдотик» — diminutive of «анекдот»","body":"«Анекдот» here means an anecdote or little episode (not a joke). The diminutive «-ик» («анекдотик») colours it as a slight, charming 'little anecdote' — the narrator's faintly amused tone toward the doctor's tale."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom как бы там ни было","gloss":"however","note":"«Как бы там ни было» is a fixed idiom meaning \"be that as it may.\""},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of idiom как бы там ни было","gloss":"(idiom particle)"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom, modifies было","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle, concessive","role":"part of idiom, modifies было","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may be"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"анекдотик","lemma":"анекдотик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произвел","gloss":"the little anecdote"},{"surface":"произвел","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"produced"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking публике","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"публике","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произвел","gloss":"the public"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of впечатление","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"благоприятное","lemma":"благоприятный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"favorable"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвел","gloss":"impression"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b12-c3-s77","source":"Но главный эффект в пользу Мити произведен был показанием Катерины Ивановны, о котором сейчас скажу.","translation":"But the chief effect in Mitya's favor was produced by the testimony of Katerina Ivanovna, of which I shall speak presently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"эффект... произведен был показанием","title":"Passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«Произведён был» is the short past passive participle of «произвести» with «был» — 'was produced.' The agent stands in the instrumental: «показанием Катерины Ивановны» ('by Katerina Ivanovna's testimony'), the standard way Russian names the doer of a passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о котором сейчас скажу","title":"Relative «о котором» + perfective future «скажу»","body":"«О котором» ('of which') is the relative «который» in the prepositional after «о», governed by «сказать». «Скажу» is the perfective present-form verb that carries future meaning — 'I shall speak (of it) presently.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"главный","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies эффект","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"эффект","lemma":"эффект","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive произведен","gloss":"effect"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пользу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пользу","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies эффект","gloss":"favor"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пользу","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"произведен","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was produced"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to произведен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"показанием","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"agent of произведен","gloss":"by the testimony"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies показанием","gloss":"of Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скажу","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"presently"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying показанием","gloss":"I shall speak"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b12-c3-s78","source":"Да и вообще, когда начались свидетели à décharge, то есть вызванные защитником, то судьба как бы вдруг и даже серьезно улыбнулась Мите и — что всего замечательнее — неожиданно даже для самой защиты.","translation":"And in general, when the witnesses à décharge began — that is, those called by the defense — fate seemed all at once, and even in earnest, to smile on Mitya, and — what is most remarkable of all — unexpectedly even for the defense itself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вызванные защитником","title":"Passive participle «вызванные» + instrumental agent","body":"«Вызванные» is the past passive participle of «вызвать» ('summoned, called'), agreeing with «свидетели». Its agent «защитником» ('by the defense counsel') is in the instrumental — the same agent-marking seen with full passives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"судьба... улыбнулась Мите","title":"Dative recipient with «улыбнуться»","body":"«Улыбнуться» takes its recipient in the dative: «улыбнулась Мите» — fate 'smiled on Mitya.' The reflexive «-ся» is lexicalised here (the verb only exists in this form), and «бы»-free «как бы» means 'as it were, seemingly.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что всего замечательнее","title":"Comparative «замечательнее» with «всего»","body":"«Всего замечательнее» ('most remarkable of all') uses the invariable comparative «замечательнее» plus genitive «всего» to express a superlative — literally 'more remarkable than everything.' This «...всего/всех» pattern is the idiomatic Russian superlative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Да","gloss":"in general"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начались","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"начались","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on улыбнулась","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"свидетели","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of начались","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"word, French","role":"modifies свидетели","gloss":"à"},{"surface":"décharge","lemma":"décharge","morphology":"word, French","role":"depends on à","gloss":"décharge (for the defense)"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom то есть = that is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom то есть = that is","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"вызванные","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying свидетели","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"защитником","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of вызванные","gloss":"by the defense counsel"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, correlative","role":"resumptive particle correlating with когда, introduces main clause улыбнулась","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"судьба","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулась","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom как бы = as if","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of idiom как бы","gloss":"(idiom particle)"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies серьезно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулась","gloss":"in earnest"},{"surface":"улыбнулась","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of улыбнулась","gloss":"on Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces parenthetical clause что всего замечательнее","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замечательнее","gloss":"most of all"},{"surface":"замечательнее","lemma":"замечательный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"parenthetical clause modifying the whole sentence","gloss":"is remarkable"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулась (elided), parallel to серьезно","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies для самой защиты","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking защиты","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies защиты","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"защиты","lemma":"защита","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of неожиданно","gloss":"the defense"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b12-c3-s79","source":"Но еще прежде Катерины Ивановны спрошен был Алеша, который вдруг припомнил один факт, имевший вид даже как будто положительного уже свидетельства против одного важнейшего пункта обвинения.","translation":"But even before Katerina Ivanovna, Alyosha was questioned, and he suddenly recalled one fact that had the look of something almost like positive evidence against one of the weightiest points of the indictment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спрошен был Алеша","title":"Short passive participle «спрошен был»","body":"«Спрошен был» is the short past passive participle of «спросить» with «был» — 'was questioned.' The inverted order, participle before «был» and subject «Алёша» after, throws rhetorical weight onto the unexpected questioning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"имевший вид","title":"Past active participle «имевший»","body":"«Имевший» is the past active participle of «иметь» ('having'), agreeing with «факт» — 'a fact that had the look of...' It condenses a «который»-clause into a single modifier, the dense participial style typical of literary Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"против одного важнейшего пункта","title":"Suffixal superlative «важнейшего»","body":"«Важнейшего» is the bookish suffixal superlative of «важный», -ейш- giving 'weightiest, most important.' It declines and agrees like any adjective (here genitive after «против») — a markedly literary alternative to «самый важный»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерины","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прежде","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"спрошен","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was questioned"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to спрошен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спрошен","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of припомнил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припомнил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"припомнил","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Алеша","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies факт","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of припомнил","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"имевший","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying факт","gloss":"that had"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имевший","gloss":"the look"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как будто положительного","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom как будто = as if","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom как будто","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"положительного","lemma":"положительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies свидетельства","gloss":"positive"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свидетельства","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"свидетельства","lemma":"свидетельство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вид","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пункта","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies пункта","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"важнейшего","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пункта","gloss":"the weightiest"},{"surface":"пункта","lemma":"пункт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свидетельства","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"обвинения","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пункта","gloss":"of the indictment"}]}]}