{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b12-c4","title":{"source":"IV. Счастье улыбается Мите","translated":"Fortune Smiles on Mitya"},"section":"Book XII — A Judicial Error","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c4","lines":190},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c3","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c5","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b12-c4-s1","source":"Случилось это вовсе нечаянно даже для самого Алеши.","translation":"It happened quite unexpectedly, even for Alyosha himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Случилось это","title":"Inversion and the perfective of a single event","body":"«Случилось» (perfective past of «случиться», to happen) reports the event as one completed whole — the chapter's opening pivot. Putting the verb first, before the subject «это», is rhetorical inversion: the happening is the news, «это» trails as the topic, a typical narrative opener."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для самого Алеши","title":"«сам» as intensifier: 'even for Alyosha himself'","body":"«самого» is the intensive pronoun «сам» (himself), agreeing in case with «Алеши» after the preposition «для» (+ genitive). It singles Alyosha out — the surprise reached even him, the one who knew his brother best."}],"words":[{"surface":"Случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it happened"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Случилось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нечаянно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"нечаянно","lemma":"нечаянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Случилось","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Алеши","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алеши","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нечаянно","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b12-c4-s2","source":"Он вызван был без присяги, и я помню, что к нему все стороны отнеслись с самых первых слов допроса чрезвычайно мягко и симпатично.","translation":"He was called without being sworn in, and I remember that, from the very first words of his questioning, all parties treated him with extraordinary gentleness and sympathy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вызван был","title":"Short passive participle: 'he was called'","body":"«вызван» is the short-form past passive participle of «вызвать» (to summon), joined to «был» to make a periphrastic passive — 'he was summoned'. The short form is predicative only and states a result; note the bookish inversion «вызван был» rather than «был вызван»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отнеслись… мягко и симпатично","title":"«отнестись к» + dative: to treat / regard someone","body":"The reflexive perfective «отнестись» governs «к нему» (to him, dative) and means 'to treat, take an attitude toward'. The adverbs «мягко и симпатично» (gently and sympathetically) describe that attitude; «все стороны» (all parties) is the courtroom's two sides."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive вызван","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вызван","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was called"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of вызван","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking присяги","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"присяги","lemma":"присяга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вызван","gloss":"being sworn in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вызван","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отнеслись","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отнеслись","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of отнеслись","gloss":"parties"},{"surface":"отнеслись","lemma":"отнестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of помню","gloss":"treated"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies первых","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of отнеслись","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"допроса","lemma":"допрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"of the questioning"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мягко","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"мягко","lemma":"мягко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отнеслись","gloss":"gently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"симпатично","lemma":"симпатично","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with мягко","gloss":"sympathetically"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b12-c4-s3","source":"Видно было, что ему предшествовала добрая слава.","translation":"One could see that a good reputation had preceded him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему предшествовала добрая слава","title":"Verb governing the dative: 'preceded him'","body":"«предшествовать» (to precede) takes its object in the dative, so «ему» (to/before him) is dative, not accusative. The real subject is «добрая слава» (a good reputation), held back to the end for emphasis — it is the new information."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Видно было, что","title":"Impersonal «видно было»: 'one could see that'","body":"«Видно было» is a subjectless construction — the invariable predicative «видно» (visible, evident) plus neuter «было» — opening a «что»-clause. There is no 'one' or 'it' in the Russian; the impression simply stands on its own."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it was evident"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Видно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предшествовала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of предшествовала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"предшествовала","lemma":"предшествовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Видно","gloss":"had preceded"},{"surface":"добрая","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слава","gloss":"a good"},{"surface":"слава","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of предшествовала","gloss":"reputation"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b12-c4-s4","source":"Алеша показывал скромно и сдержанно, но в показаниях его явно прорывалась горячая симпатия к несчастному брату.","translation":"Alyosha gave his evidence modestly and with restraint, yet through his testimony there plainly broke a fervent sympathy for his unhappy brother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"показывал скромно и сдержанно","title":"Imperfective «показывал» for the unfolding testimony","body":"«показывал» is imperfective past — Alyosha 'was giving evidence' as an ongoing process, the manner («скромно и сдержанно», modestly and with restraint) painted across its whole duration. Note «показывать» here is the legal sense, 'to testify, depose'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прорывалась горячая симпатия","title":"Reflexive «прорываться»: the feeling 'broke through' on its own","body":"The -ся verb «прорываться» (to break through, burst out) is a middle/intransitive: the sympathy breaks through of itself, with no agent. The reflexive turns an act into something that happens to the speaker despite his restraint — exactly the effect Dostoevsky wants."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"несчастному брату","title":"«несчастный» — unhappy, ill-starred","body":"«несчастный» (un-happy, un-lucky) recurs as the narrator's standing epithet for Mitya: not merely sad but doomed, an object of pity. It marks the warm, partisan tone the whole courtroom takes toward him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of показывал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"показывал","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave his evidence"},{"surface":"скромно","lemma":"скромно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показывал","gloss":"modestly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сдержанно","lemma":"сдержанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with скромно","gloss":"with restraint"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking показаниях","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"показаниях","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of прорывалась","gloss":"his testimony"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies показаниях","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"явно","lemma":"явно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прорывалась","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"прорывалась","lemma":"прорываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with показывал","gloss":"broke through"},{"surface":"горячая","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies симпатия","gloss":"fervent"},{"surface":"симпатия","lemma":"симпатия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прорывалась","gloss":"sympathy"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брату","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"несчастному","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брату","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies симпатия","gloss":"brother"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b12-c4-s5","source":"Отвечая по одному вопросу, он очертил характер брата как человека, может быть и неистового, и увлеченного страстями, но тоже и благородного, гордого и великодушного, готового даже на жертву, если б от него потребовали.","translation":"In answer to one question, he sketched his brother's character as that of a man who might indeed be violent and carried away by his passions, but who was also noble, proud, and magnanimous, ready even for sacrifice should it be demanded of him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отвечая по одному вопросу","title":"Gerund «отвечая»: 'while answering'","body":"«Отвечая» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») of «отвечать» — a verb-adverb meaning 'answering / while answering', sharing Alyosha's subject with the main verb «очертил». It compactly sets the scene of the action that frames the sketch he draws."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"очертил характер брата как человека","title":"«как» + accusative: characterizing 'as a man'","body":"«очертил… как человека» — 'sketched his character as that of a man'. The chain of modifiers «неистового, и увлеченного страстями, но тоже и благородного, гордого и великодушного» all stands in the genitive/accusative agreeing with animate «человека», a long balanced portrait built by agreement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б от него потребовали","title":"Conditional «бы» with an impersonal 'they'","body":"«если б… потребовали» is the irrealis: «если бы» plus the past-form verb (here contracted «б») gives a hypothetical — 'if it should be demanded'. The subjectless plural «потребовали» ('they demanded') is Russian's way of saying 'if one demanded / if it were demanded of him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отвечая","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on очертил","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies вопросу","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"вопросу","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Отвечая","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of очертил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"очертил","lemma":"очертить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sketched"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of очертил","gloss":"the character"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характер","gloss":"of his brother"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement introduced by как, describing брата","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical идиом может быть = perhaps, modifies неистового","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неистового","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"неистового","lemma":"неистовый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of человека","gloss":"violent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"увлеченного","lemma":"увлечь","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, genitive, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with неистового","gloss":"carried away"},{"surface":"страстями","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of увлеченного","gloss":"by his passions"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благородного","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies благородного","gloss":"(intensifier)"},{"surface":"благородного","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with неистового","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"гордого","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with благородного","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"великодушного","lemma":"великодушный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with гордого","gloss":"magnanimous"},{"surface":"готового","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with благородного","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жертву","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жертву","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"жертву","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of готового","gloss":"sacrifice"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of потребовали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the clause as conditional, modifies потребовали","gloss":"(conditional particle)"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of потребовали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"потребовали","lemma":"потребовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on готового","gloss":"it were demanded"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b12-c4-s6","source":"Сознавался, впрочем, что брат был в последние дни, из-за страсти к Грушеньке, из-за соперничества с отцом, в положении невыносимом.","translation":"He admitted, however, that in those last days his brother had been in an unbearable position, because of his passion for Grushenka and his rivalry with their father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сознавался, впрочем, что","title":"Dropped subject and imperfective «сознавался»","body":"The sentence opens with no pronoun — «он» (Alyosha) is understood from context and the verb's gendered «-ся» ending. «сознавался» (imperfective, 'he kept admitting / went on to admit') reports the concession as part of his unfolding testimony; «впрочем» is the soft hinge 'however, that said'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из-за страсти… из-за соперничества","title":"«из-за» + genitive: 'because of'","body":"The compound preposition «из-за» governs the genitive and means 'because of, owing to' (often with a tinge of blame). Both «страсти к Грушеньке» (passion for Grushenka) and «соперничества с отцом» (rivalry with the father) are causes piled up to explain Mitya's «невыносимое положение»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сознавался","lemma":"сознаваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he admitted"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies Сознавался","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to положении","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies дни","gloss":"the last"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"temporal adjunct of был","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"страсти","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"his passion"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies страсти","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"соперничества","lemma":"соперничество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"his rivalry"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies соперничества","gloss":"their father"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"положении","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a position"},{"surface":"невыносимом","lemma":"невыносимый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies положении","gloss":"unbearable"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b12-c4-s7","source":"Но он с негодованием отверг даже предположение о том, что брат мог убить с целью грабежа, хотя и сознался, что эти три тысячи обратились в уме Мити в какую-то почти манию, что он считал их за недоданное ему, обманом отца, наследство и что, будучи вовсе некорыстолюбивым, даже не мог заговорить об этих трех тысячах без исступления и бешенства.","translation":"But he rejected with indignation even the supposition that his brother could have killed for the sake of robbery, though he did acknowledge that those three thousand had turned in Mitya's mind into something close to a mania, that he regarded them as an inheritance withheld from him, cheated out of him by his father, and that, being entirely free of greed, he could not so much as speak of those three thousand without frenzy and rage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с целью грабежа","title":"«с целью» + genitive: 'for the purpose of'","body":"«с целью грабежа» — 'with the aim of robbery', a fixed phrase where «целью» is instrumental and «грабежа» genitive ('the aim of robbery'). It is the legal heart of the charge Alyosha indignantly rejects: murder committed for the sake of theft."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обратились… в какую-то почти манию","title":"«обратиться в» + accusative: 'turn into'","body":"«обратиться в» (to turn into, become) takes «в» + accusative for the result: the three thousand 'turned into a kind of mania'. The indefinite «какую-то» («-то» marks a specific but un-pinned-down thing) gives the vagueness of 'something like a mania'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будучи вовсе некорыстолюбивым","title":"Gerund of «быть» + instrumental predicate","body":"«будучи» is the (rare) present gerund of «быть», 'being'; its predicate adjective «некорыстолюбивым» (free of greed) stands in the instrumental, as predicates of «быть» regularly do. The whole gerund phrase concedes a circumstance: 'being entirely without greed, he nevertheless…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"недоданное ему… наследство","title":"«недоданный» — under-given, short-changed","body":"The participle «недоданный» (from «недодать», to give short, hand over less than due) frames the inheritance as one 'not given in full' — withheld by «обманом отца» (by the father's deceit). The «недо-» prefix ('not enough') captures Mitya's grievance precisely: he was paid, but cheated of the rest."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"без исступления и бешенства","title":"«исступление» / «бешенство» — frenzy and rage","body":"Two strong, bookish nouns for loss of self-control: «исступление» is ecstatic frenzy, being 'beside oneself'; «бешенство» (from «бешеный», rabid) is fury, literally the madness of a rabid animal. Together they show how the topic of the money unhinges Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отверг","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking негодованием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"негодованием","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отверг","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"отверг","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rejected"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предположение","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"предположение","lemma":"предположение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отверг","gloss":"the supposition"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies предположение","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"could have"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целью","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"целью","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убить","gloss":"the purpose"},{"surface":"грабежа","lemma":"грабёж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies целью","gloss":"of robbery"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сознался","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies хотя","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сознался","lemma":"сознаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отверг","gloss":"he did acknowledge"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обратились","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of три","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of обратились","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"обратились","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сознался","gloss":"had turned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратились","gloss":"the mind"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking манию","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of манию","gloss":"something like a"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of indefinite pronoun какую-то","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies манию","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"манию","lemma":"мания","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратились","gloss":"a mania"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of считал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of считал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сознался","gloss":"regarded"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of считал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicate complement (за + accusative = \"as\")","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"недоданное","lemma":"недодать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies наследство","gloss":"withheld"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of недоданное","gloss":"from him"},{"surface":"обманом","lemma":"обман","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of недоданное, means","gloss":"through the deceit"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обманом","gloss":"of his father"},{"surface":"наследство","lemma":"наследство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of за, head noun modified by недоданное","gloss":"an inheritance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"будучи","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"copula linking to некорыстолюбивым","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies некорыстолюбивым","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"некорыстолюбивым","lemma":"некорыстолюбивый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of будучи","gloss":"free of greed"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with считал (parallel что-clause)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"заговорить","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"bring himself to speak"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of трех","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies тысячах","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячах","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заговорить","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступления","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"исступления","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорить","gloss":"frenzy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бешенства","lemma":"бешенство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with исступления","gloss":"rage"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b12-c4-s8","source":"Про соперничество же двух «особ», как выразился прокурор, то есть Грушеньки и Кати, отвечал уклончиво и даже на один или два вопроса совсем не пожелал отвечать.","translation":"As for the rivalry between the two \"persons,\" as the prosecutor put it — that is, between Grushenka and Katya — he answered evasively, and to one or two questions he declined to answer at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Про соперничество же двух «особ»","title":"«про» + accusative and the particle «же»","body":"«Про» + accusative means 'about, concerning' (a shade more colloquial than «о» + prepositional). The particle «же», leaning on the fronted topic, marks a shift — 'now as for the rivalry…' — setting this matter off against the previous testimony."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"особ","title":"«особа» — a 'person', here in delicate quotation marks","body":"«особа» is a slightly formal, distancing word for a person (often a woman of some standing). The prosecutor's «как выразился прокурор» and the quotation marks signal the genteel euphemism he chose to avoid naming Grushenka and Katya outright in court."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем не пожелал отвечать","title":"«не пожелал» — perfective refusal","body":"«пожелал» (perfective of «желать») negated gives a decisive, completed refusal: 'he flatly declined to answer'. «совсем не» reinforces it ('not at all'), and the perfective marks the act of declining as a single, firm decision rather than a process."}],"words":[{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соперничество","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"соперничество","lemma":"соперничество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечал","gloss":"the rivalry"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies соперничество","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies особ","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"особ","lemma":"особа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies соперничество","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выразился","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"выразился","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying особ","gloss":"put it"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выразился","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom то есть = that is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to особ","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Кати","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Грушеньки","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"отвечал","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he answered"},{"surface":"уклончиво","lemma":"уклончиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвечал","gloss":"evasively"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вопроса","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопроса","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies вопроса","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"coordinated with один","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"вопроса","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пожелал","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates пожелал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пожелал","lemma":"пожелать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвечал","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"отвечать","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пожелал","gloss":"to answer"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b12-c4-s9","source":"— Говорил ли вам по крайней мере брат ваш, что намерен убить своего отца? — спросил прокурор.","translation":"\"Did your brother, at least, ever tell you that he intended to kill his father?\" the prosecutor asked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Говорил ли вам… брат ваш","title":"Yes/no question with the particle «ли»","body":"«Говорил ли…» is the literary yes/no question: the focused verb is fronted and followed by the enclitic «ли» ('did… ?'). More formal than mere intonation, it suits the prosecutor's careful courtroom register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"намерен убить","title":"Short adjective «намерен» + infinitive: 'intending to'","body":"«намерен» is a short-form predicate adjective meaning 'intends, is minded to', completed by the perfective infinitive «убить» (to kill). Short forms like this are bookish and predicative only — 'that he intended to kill his father'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did tell"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Говорил","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of Говорил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies Говорил, part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"at","note":"«по крайней мере» is a fixed idiom meaning \"at least\"."},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Говорил","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of намерен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"намерен","lemma":"намеренный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of Говорил","gloss":"intended"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of намерен","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"the prosecutor"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b12-c4-s10","source":"— Вы можете не отвечать, если найдете это нужным, — прибавил он.","translation":"\"You may decline to answer, if you find it necessary,\" he added.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы можете не отвечать","title":"Negated infinitive: permission not to do","body":"«можете не отвечать» — 'you may refrain from answering'. Russian negates the infinitive «не отвечать» under «мочь» to grant the freedom not to act, as against «не можете отвечать» ('you cannot answer'). The «не» attaches to the infinitive, not to the modal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если найдете это нужным","title":"«найти» + accusative + instrumental: 'find it necessary'","body":"«найдете это нужным» — 'should you find this necessary'. «найти» here means 'to deem'; «это» is the accusative object and «нужным» the predicate adjective in the instrumental, the case Russian uses for what something is deemed to be."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of можете","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвечать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отвечать","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of можете","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of найдете","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"найдете","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отвечать","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of найдете","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"нужным","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of найдете","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to можете","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b12-c4-s11","source":"— Прямо не говорил, — ответил Алеша.","translation":"\"He did not say so directly,\" Alyosha answered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прямо не говорил","title":"Fronted adverb and dropped subject","body":"The reply drops «он» entirely and fronts «прямо» (directly) for contrast: 'He did not say so directly.' Placing «прямо» first sets up the prosecutor's coming «косвенно?» ('by implication?') — the answer's whole point is the word 'directly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did say"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to говорил","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b12-c4-s12","source":"— Как же?","translation":"\"How, then?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же?","title":"«же» sharpening a question","body":"«Как же?» is 'How, then? / How so?' — the modal particle «же» presses the question, demanding the missing detail. These tiny insistent particles give Dostoevsky's clipped courtroom exchanges their living texture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b12-c4-s13","source":"Косвенно?","translation":"By implication?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Косвенно?","title":"«косвенно» — indirectly, by implication","body":"«косвенно» (from «косвенный», oblique, indirect) is the legal/logical opposite of «прямо» (directly): the prosecutor asks whether the threat came by indirection. The same root gives «косвенные улики», 'circumstantial evidence'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Косвенно","lemma":"косвенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"By implication"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b12-c4-s14","source":"— Он говорил мне раз о своей личной ненависти к отцу и что боится, что… в крайнюю минуту… в минуту омерзения… может быть, и мог бы убить его.","translation":"\"He once spoke to me of his personal hatred for our father, and said that he was afraid that… at an extreme moment… at a moment of revulsion… he might perhaps even be capable of killing him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"может быть, и мог бы убить","title":"Conditional «мог бы»: 'might be capable of killing'","body":"«мог бы убить» is the irrealis — past-form «мог» plus «бы» — softened further by «может быть» (perhaps): 'he might perhaps even be capable of killing him'. The «бы» frames the killing as a feared possibility, not a stated intent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"боится, что","title":"Reflexive «бояться» + «что»-clause","body":"«боится» is from «бояться», one of the verbs that exist only in the -ся form. Here it opens a «что»-clause of feared content ('he was afraid that…'). The broken ellipses «в крайнюю минуту… в минуту омерзения…» mimic Alyosha's halting recall."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ненависти","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ненависти","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"личной","lemma":"личный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ненависти","gloss":"personal"},{"surface":"ненависти","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ненависти","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of боится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорил, coordinated with о ненависти","gloss":"was afraid"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"clausal complement of боится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайнюю","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"extreme"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"омерзения","lemma":"омерзение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"of revulsion"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of может быть (\"perhaps\")","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b12-c4-s15","source":"— И вы, услышав, поверили тому?","translation":"\"And, hearing this, did you believe it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы, услышав, поверили","title":"Perfective gerund «услышав»: 'having heard'","body":"«услышав» is the perfective past gerund of «услышать» — 'having heard, on hearing' — marking an action completed just before the main verb «поверили» (you believed). Set off by commas inside the clause, it compresses 'when you had heard this' into a single word."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поверили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"услышав","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поверили","gloss":"hearing this"},{"surface":"поверили","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did believe"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of поверили","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b12-c4-s16","source":"— Боюсь сказать, что поверил.","translation":"\"I am afraid to say that I did believe it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Боюсь сказать, что поверил","title":"Dropped «я» and «бояться» + infinitive","body":"Both «Боюсь» and «поверил» drop the pronoun «я», recoverable from the endings. «Боюсь сказать» ('I am afraid to say') takes a bare infinitive; the perfective «поверил» states the completed fact he is ashamed to admit — that he did believe it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I am afraid"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Боюсь","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поверил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"поверил","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказать","gloss":"I did believe"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b12-c4-s17","source":"Но я всегда был убежден, что некоторое высшее чувство всегда спасет его в роковую минуту, как и спасло в самом деле, потому что ''не он'' убил отца моего, — твердо закончил Алеша громким голосом и на всю залу.","translation":"But I was always convinced that some higher feeling would always save him at the fatal moment, as in fact it did save him — because it was ''not he'' who killed my father,\" Alyosha concluded firmly, in a loud voice that carried across the whole hall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спасет его… как и спасло","title":"Perfective future then perfective past of «спасти»","body":"«спасет» is the simple (perfective) future — 'would save him' (here as reported thought); «спасло» is the same verb's neuter past, agreeing with the neuter subject «чувство» (feeling): 'as in fact it did save him'. The pair turns conviction into fulfilled fact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не он","title":"Emphasis by word order and italics","body":"Russian has no fixed subject position, so placing «не он» (not he) before the verb «убил» (killed) throws all the weight onto «он» — it was not HE who killed. Dostoevsky italicises «не он» to make the stress visible on the page, which is why we set it off as ''not he'' here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убежден","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убежден","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to убежден","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"убежден","lemma":"убеждённый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спасет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чувство","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"высшее","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of спасет","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спасет","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"спасет","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of убежден","gloss":"would save"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"роковую","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"fatal"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спасет","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спасло","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спасло","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"спасло","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying минуту","gloss":"did save"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom в самом деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спасло","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"[that]"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on спасло","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закончил","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"закончил","lemma":"закончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to убежден","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закончил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"громким","lemma":"громкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"loud"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закончил","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of залу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with голосом, oblique complement of закончил","gloss":"hall"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b12-c4-s18","source":"Прокурор вздрогнул, как боевой конь, заслышавший трубный сигнал.","translation":"The prosecutor started, like a warhorse that has caught the call of the trumpet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заслышавший трубный сигнал","title":"Past active participle: 'who has caught'","body":"«заслышавший» is the past active participle of «заслышать» (to catch the sound of), agreeing with «конь» (horse): 'a warhorse that has caught the trumpet-call'. The participle packs a whole «который»-clause into one bookish modifier — a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вздрогнул, как боевой конь","title":"The warhorse simile","body":"«вздрогнул» (gave a start, perfective) plus the simile of «боевой конь» (warhorse) hearing the «трубный сигнал» (trumpet call) casts the prosecutor as a charger scenting battle — Alyosha's bold «не он!» is the bugle that rouses him. The image echoes Job 39:25, 'he saith among the trumpets, Ha, ha'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"The prosecutor"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking конь","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"боевой","lemma":"боевой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конь","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"конь","lemma":"конь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вздрогнул","gloss":"horse"},{"surface":"заслышавший","lemma":"заслышать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying конь","gloss":"that has caught"},{"surface":"трубный","lemma":"трубный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сигнал","gloss":"trumpet's"},{"surface":"сигнал","lemma":"сигнал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заслышавший","gloss":"call"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b12-c4-s19","source":"— Будьте уверены, что я совершенно верю самой полной искренности убеждения вашего, не обусловливая и не ассимилируя его нисколько с любовью к вашему несчастному брату.","translation":"\"Be assured that I fully believe in the entire sincerity of your conviction, without in the least making it conditional upon, or assimilating it to, your love for your unhappy brother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будьте уверены, что","title":"Polite imperative «будьте» + short adjective","body":"«Будьте уверены» — 'rest assured' — is the polite/plural imperative of «быть» plus the short predicate adjective «уверены» (certain). The short form fits its predicative role, and «-те» marks the formal address suited to the prosecutor's measured courtesy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не обусловливая и не ассимилируя","title":"Paired imperfective gerunds: 'without making conditional… or assimilating'","body":"Two negated present gerunds, «обусловливая» and «ассимилируя», run in parallel — 'not making it conditional upon and not assimilating it'. The bookish Latinate verbs and the gerund chain mark the prosecutor's overwrought legal eloquence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Будьте","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уверены","gloss":"Be"},{"surface":"уверены","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"assured"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of верю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верю","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of уверены","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies полной","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"полной","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies искренности","gloss":"entire"},{"surface":"искренности","lemma":"искренность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of верю","gloss":"sincerity"},{"surface":"убеждения","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies искренности","gloss":"of conviction"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of убеждения","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обусловливая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обусловливая","lemma":"обусловливать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on верю","gloss":"making it conditional"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ассимилируя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ассимилируя","lemma":"ассимилировать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обусловливая","gloss":"assimilating"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ассимилируя","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"нисколько","lemma":"нисколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ассимилируя","gloss":"in the least"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любовью","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"любовью","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ассимилируя","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брату","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вашему","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брату","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"несчастному","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брату","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies любовью","gloss":"brother"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b12-c4-s20","source":"Своеобразный взгляд ваш на весь трагический эпизод, разыгравшийся в вашем семействе, уже известен нам по предварительному следствию.","translation":"Your singular view of the whole tragic episode that played out within your family is already known to us from the preliminary investigation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"эпизод, разыгравшийся в вашем семействе","title":"Past active participle of a -ся verb","body":"«разыгравшийся» is the past active participle of the reflexive «разыграться» (to play out, unfold), agreeing with «эпизод»: 'the episode that played out'. The -ся survives inside the participle, and the whole phrase replaces a «который»-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Своеобразный","lemma":"своеобразный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"Singular"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of известен","gloss":"view"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of взгляд","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эпизод","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of эпизод","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"трагический","lemma":"трагический","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies эпизод","gloss":"tragic"},{"surface":"эпизод","lemma":"эпизод","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взгляд","gloss":"episode"},{"surface":"разыгравшийся","lemma":"разыграться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying эпизод","gloss":"that played out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семействе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"вашем","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of семействе","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"семействе","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of разыгравшийся","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известен","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"известен","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of известен","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking следствию","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"предварительному","lemma":"предварительный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies следствию","gloss":"preliminary"},{"surface":"следствию","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of известен","gloss":"investigation"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b12-c4-s21","source":"Не скрою от вас, что он в высшей степени особлив и противоречит всем прочим показаниям, полученным прокуратурою.","translation":"I will not conceal from you that it is in the highest degree peculiar and contradicts all the other testimony obtained by the prosecution.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в высшей степени особлив","title":"Short adjective «особлив»: 'is peculiar'","body":"«особлив» is the short predicative form of the archaic/bookish «особливый» (singular, peculiar) — paired with «противоречит» as predicates of the testimony. «в высшей степени» ('in the highest degree') is a fixed superlative intensifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"показаниям… полученным прокуратурою","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«полученным» is the past passive participle of «получить» (to obtain), agreeing with dative «показаниям»: 'testimony obtained'. Its agent «прокуратурою» (by the prosecution) stands in the instrumental — and «-ою» is the older, literary instrumental ending for «-ой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скрою","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скрою","lemma":"скрыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will conceal"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of скрою","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of особлив","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of особлив","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"высшей","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of особлив","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"особлив","lemma":"особливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of он","gloss":"peculiar","note":"Archaic short-form adjective from особливый (\"peculiar, singular\")."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"противоречит","lemma":"противоречить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with особлив","gloss":"contradicts"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of показаниям","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"прочим","lemma":"прочий","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies показаниям","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"показаниям","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"indirect object of противоречит","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"полученным","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, dative, perfective","role":"clause modifying показаниям","gloss":"obtained"},{"surface":"прокуратурою","lemma":"прокуратура","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent of полученным","gloss":"by the prosecution"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b12-c4-s22","source":"А потому и нахожу нужным спросить вас уже с настойчивостью: какие именно данные руководили мысль вашу и направили ее на окончательное убеждение в невинности брата вашего и, напротив, в виновности другого лица, на которого вы уже указали прямо на предварительном следствии?","translation":"And so I find it necessary to ask you, now with some insistence: what precisely were the grounds that guided your thinking and directed it toward a final conviction of your brother's innocence and, on the contrary, of the guilt of another person, whom you already named outright at the preliminary investigation?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А потому и нахожу нужным","title":"Contrastive «а» + «потому» + dropped «я»","body":"«А потому» — 'and so, therefore' — opens with the soft contrastive «а», hinging to the consequence. «нахожу нужным спросить» drops «я» and means 'I find it necessary to ask', with «нужным» in the instrumental as the thing deemed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на которого вы уже указали","title":"Relative «который» taking its own case","body":"In «лица, на которого вы… указали», «который» agrees with its antecedent «лица» (person) in gender/number but takes the case its own clause demands — here «на» + accusative for «указать на» (to point at). A textbook example of how «который» splits agreement from case."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"руководили мысль вашу и направили ее","title":"«руководить» + accusative (archaic government)","body":"In modern Russian «руководить» governs the instrumental, but the prosecutor's bookish style takes a direct accusative «мысль вашу» ('guided your thought'). Paired with «направили её» (directed it), the two verbs render the elevated, slightly old-fashioned legalese of the period."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нахожу","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"[indeed]"},{"surface":"нахожу","lemma":"находить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"нужным","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of нахожу","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of нахожу","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of спросить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросить","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking настойчивостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"настойчивостью","lemma":"настойчивость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросить","gloss":"insistence"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of данные","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какие","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"данные","lemma":"данные","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of руководили","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"руководили","lemma":"руководить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question clause","gloss":"guided"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of руководили","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"направили","lemma":"направить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with руководили","gloss":"directed"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of направили","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убеждение","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"окончательное","lemma":"окончательный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies убеждение","gloss":"final"},{"surface":"убеждение","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of направили","gloss":"conviction"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking невинности","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"невинности","lemma":"невинность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies убеждение","gloss":"innocence"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies невинности","gloss":"brother's"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виновности","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виновности","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"виновности","lemma":"виновность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with невинности","gloss":"guilt"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лица","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies виновности","gloss":"person's"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указали","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of указали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указали","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"указали","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on лица","gloss":"named"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указали","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking следствии","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"предварительном","lemma":"предварительный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies следствии","gloss":"preliminary"},{"surface":"следствии","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of указали","gloss":"investigation"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b12-c4-s23","source":"— На предварительном следствии я отвечал лишь на вопросы, — тихо и спокойно проговорил Алеша, — а не шел сам с обвинением на Смердякова.","translation":"\"At the preliminary investigation I only answered the questions put to me,\" Alyosha said quietly and calmly, \"I did not come forward of my own accord with an accusation against Smerdyakov.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отвечал лишь на вопросы, а не шел сам","title":"Contrastive «а» and imperfective «шел»","body":"«а не шел сам с обвинением» sets the two halves against each other with «а» (whereas): 'I only answered — I did not come forward myself with an accusation'. «шел» is the imperfective unidirectional motion verb «идти», used figuratively, 'did not go forth / volunteer'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тихо и спокойно проговорил","title":"Perfective «проговорил» framing dialogue","body":"«проговорил» (perfective of «проговорить», 'to utter, say') is the narrator's verb for completing a single speech, set between the quoted halves. The fronted adverbs «тихо и спокойно» (quietly and calmly) characterize the delivery, foiling the prosecutor's insistence."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking следствии","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"предварительном","lemma":"предварительный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies следствии","gloss":"preliminary"},{"surface":"следствии","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечал","gloss":"investigation"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отвечал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отвечал","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отвечал","gloss":"the questions"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with тихо","gloss":"calmly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to отвечал","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отвечал","gloss":"did come"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шел","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обвинением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"обвинением","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of шел","gloss":"an accusation"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обвинением","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b12-c4-s24","source":"— И всё же на него указали?","translation":"\"And yet you pointed to him?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И всё же на него указали?","title":"Concessive «всё же» and the impersonal-feel «указали»","body":"«И всё же» — 'and yet, all the same' — is a concessive connector pressing the contradiction. «указали» here is 2nd person plural address ('you pointed'), with «на него» (at him) governed by «указать на»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"указали","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you pointed"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b12-c4-s25","source":"— Я указал со слов брата Дмитрия.","translation":"\"I pointed to him on the strength of my brother Dmitri's words.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"со слов брата Дмитрия","title":"«со слов» + genitive: 'on the strength of someone's words'","body":"«со слов» (from «с» + genitive «слов») is a fixed phrase meaning 'going by what someone said, on the report of'. «брата Дмитрия» is the genitive of source — Alyosha pointed at Smerdyakov only because Dmitri said so, not from knowledge of his own."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of указал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"указал","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pointed"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom со слов","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of указал","gloss":"the words"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"of my brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Dmitri"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b12-c4-s26","source":"Мне еще до допроса рассказали о том, что произошло при аресте его и как он сам показал тогда на Смердякова.","translation":"Before the questioning I had already been told what had happened at his arrest, and how he himself had then pointed to Smerdyakov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне еще до допроса рассказали","title":"Subjectless plural + dative experiencer","body":"«рассказали» is the impersonal 3rd-plural ('they told', i.e. 'I was told') with no named subject, and «мне» is the dative of the person who received the news. «до допроса» («до» + genitive) sets it 'before the questioning'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как он сам показал тогда","title":"Intensive «сам» + legal «показать»","body":"«он сам показал» — 'he himself testified/pointed', the intensive «сам» stressing that Mitya did it of his own mouth. «показал на Смердякова» again uses «показать на» in its courtroom sense, 'to point the finger at, name as guilty'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказали","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказали","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking допроса","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"допроса","lemma":"допрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказали","gloss":"the questioning"},{"surface":"рассказали","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been told"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"had happened"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аресте","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"аресте","lemma":"арест","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"the arrest"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies аресте","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of показал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of показал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies показал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with произошло","gloss":"had pointed"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b12-c4-s27","source":"Я верю вполне, что брат невиновен.","translation":"I believe completely that my brother is innocent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я верю вполне, что брат невиновен","title":"Short adjective «невиновен»: a state asserted","body":"«невиновен» is the short predicative form of «невиновный» (innocent, not guilty), the natural choice after the zero copula: 'my brother is innocent'. Short forms carry exactly this kind of absolute, state-asserting predication."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верю","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of невиновен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of невиновен","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"невиновен","lemma":"невиновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of верю","gloss":"is innocent"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b12-c4-s28","source":"А если убил не он, то…","translation":"And if he did not do the killing, then…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если убил не он, то…","title":"Indicative «если» + emphatic «не он»","body":"This is a real (indicative) conditional with «если» — no «бы» — 'if it was not he who killed'. As in s17, «не он» fronts the negation onto the subject, and the trailing «то…» ('then…') leaves the inference for the prosecutor to complete."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on то","gloss":"did the killing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction, correlative","role":"correlative conjunction resuming the если-clause; the consequent is completed by Смердяков? in the next line","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b12-c4-s29","source":"— То Смердяков?","translation":"\"Then Smerdyakov?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"То Смердяков?","title":"Correlative «то»: completing the 'if… then'","body":"The prosecutor finishes Alyosha's sentence with the apodosis marker «то» ('then'): 'Then Smerdyakov?'. «то» is the correlative that answers «если» — here lifted out and turned into a pointed one-word question."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b12-c4-s30","source":"Почему же именно Смердяков?","translation":"Why Smerdyakov in particular?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему же именно Смердяков?","title":"«же» and «именно» pressing the question","body":"«Почему же именно…» stacks two intensifiers: «же» sharpens the 'why?' and «именно» means 'precisely, of all people' — 'Why Smerdyakov in particular?'. «именно» becomes a leitmotif of this scene, recurring throughout Alyosha's insistent recollection."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Почему","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"in particular"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the elliptical question (no verb)","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b12-c4-s31","source":"И почему именно вы так окончательно убедились в невиновности вашего брата?","translation":"And why, exactly, did you become so absolutely convinced of your brother's innocence?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так окончательно убедились в невиновности","title":"Reflexive «убедиться в» + prepositional","body":"«убедились» (perfective of «убедиться», to become convinced) governs «в» + prepositional «невиновности» — 'convinced of the innocence'. The -ся makes it the inner change of state ('came to be persuaded'), not 'persuaded someone'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убедились","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of убедились","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окончательно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убедились","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"убедились","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became convinced"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking невиновности","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"невиновности","lemma":"невиновность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убедились","gloss":"the innocence"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies невиновности","gloss":"brother's"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b12-c4-s32","source":"— Я не мог не поверить брату.","translation":"\"I could not but believe my brother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мог не поверить","title":"Double negative meaning 'could not but'","body":"The pattern 'не мог не + infinitive' is a double negative that means the opposite of a negation: literally 'I could not not believe' = 'I could not help believing / I had to believe.' This construction is common and idiomatic in Russian; the two negatives reinforce rather than cancel into a plain affirmative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поверить брату","title":"«поверить» + dative: 'believe someone'","body":"«поверить» (to believe, trust) takes its person in the dative — «брату» ('my brother'), not an accusative. Distinguish 'believe a person' (dative) from 'believe in' (в + accusative): Alyosha trusts his brother's word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверить","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поверить","gloss":"my brother"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b12-c4-s33","source":"Я знаю, что он мне не солжет.","translation":"I know that he would not lie to me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он мне не солжет","title":"Perfective future under negation: 'would not lie'","body":"«солжет» is the simple (perfective) future of «солгать» (to tell a lie), negated: 'he will not / would not lie to me'. «мне» is the dative of the person lied to. The perfective frames a single act of lying that Alyosha is sure will not occur."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of солжет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of солжет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of солжет","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies солжет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"солжет","lemma":"солгать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"will lie"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b12-c4-s34","source":"Я по лицу его видел, что он мне не лжет.","translation":"I saw by his face that he was not lying to me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по лицу его видел, что он мне не лжет","title":"«по» + dative and imperfective «лжет»","body":"«по лицу» («по» + dative) means 'by/from his face' — the evidence Alyosha read. Inside the «что»-clause «не лжет» is the imperfective present of «лгать» ('is not lying'), the ongoing truthfulness he saw, against the perfective «солжет» of the previous line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицу","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"лицу","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лжет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лжет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of лжет","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лжет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"лжет","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видел","gloss":"is lying"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b12-c4-s35","source":"— Только по лицу?","translation":"\"By his face alone?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только по лицу?","title":"Elliptical question and «по» + dative","body":"A bare echo question — verb omitted — repeating «по лицу» ('by his face') with «только» (only): the prosecutor's incredulous 'By his face alone?'. The instrumental-feel English 'by' is carried by «по» + dative here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лицу","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицу","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"лицу","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"his face"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b12-c4-s36","source":"В этом все ваши доказательства?","translation":"Is that the whole of your proof?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В этом все ваши доказательства?","title":"Zero copula: 'is that the whole of your proof?'","body":"No verb 'to be' appears: «В этом все ваши доказательства?» literally 'In this — all your proofs?'. The present tense of «быть» is unexpressed, and «в этом» (in this, prepositional) means 'does it all come down to this?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elliptical predicate","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of доказательства","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of доказательства","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"доказательства","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of the elliptical sentence","gloss":"proof"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b12-c4-s37","source":"— Более не имею доказательств.","translation":"\"I have no other proof.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Более не имею доказательств","title":"Genitive of negation: 'I have no other proof'","body":"«не имею доказательств» puts the object of negated «иметь» into the genitive plural «доказательств» — the genitive of negation. «Более не» ('no longer / no more') fronts for emphasis, and «я» is dropped: 'I have no further proof.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имею","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"доказательств","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"proof"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b12-c4-s38","source":"— И о виновности Смердякова тоже не основываетесь ни на малейшем ином доказательстве, кроме лишь слов вашего брата и выражения лица его?","translation":"\"And as for Smerdyakov's guilt, you likewise rest on no shred of other evidence, except only your brother's words and the expression of his face?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не основываетесь ни на малейшем ином доказательстве","title":"Negative concord with «ни»","body":"«ни на малейшем… доказательстве» — 'on not the slightest other evidence' — uses «ни» to intensify the verb's «не основываетесь» (you do not rest), one negation expressed twice as Russian requires. «кроме лишь» ('except only') marks the sole exception that follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виновности","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"виновности","lemma":"виновность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of основываетесь","gloss":"the guilt"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виновности","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies основываетесь","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies основываетесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"основываетесь","lemma":"основываться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you rest"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces не together with на (\"not even\")","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доказательстве","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"малейшем","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies доказательстве","gloss":"the slightest"},{"surface":"ином","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies доказательстве","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"доказательстве","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of основываетесь","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слов","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of основываетесь","gloss":"the words"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"brother's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выражения","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with слов","gloss":"the expression"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражения","gloss":"of face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лица","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b12-c4-s39","source":"— Да, не имею иного доказательства.","translation":"\"Yes, I have no other proof.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не имею иного доказательства","title":"Genitive of negation, singular","body":"Again the negated «иметь» takes the genitive: «иного доказательства» (genitive singular) — 'I have no other proof'. «иного» is the genitive of «иной» (other, different), agreeing with the noun it negates."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"affirmative response particle","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"иного","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies доказательства","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"доказательства","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"proof"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b12-c4-s40","source":"На этом прокурор прекратил расспросы.","translation":"With that the prosecutor broke off his questions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прекратил расспросы","title":"Perfective «прекратил»: a clean stop","body":"«прекратил» (perfective of «прекратить», to break off, cease) marks a single decisive end to the questioning. «На этом» ('with that, at this point') is a fixed transitional phrase closing the exchange."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прекратил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прекратил","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"прекратил","lemma":"прекратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke off"},{"surface":"расспросы","lemma":"расспрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of прекратил","gloss":"his questions"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b12-c4-s41","source":"Ответы Алеши произвели было на публику самое разочаровывающее впечатление.","translation":"Alyosha's answers made the most disappointing impression on the public.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"произвели было… впечатление","title":"The particle «было»: an action just begun, then reversed","body":"«произвели было» uses the special particle «было» after a perfective past to signal an action that started to take effect but is about to be undone — 'had at first made…'. It quietly foreshadows the reversal Fetyukovich is about to spring."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разочаровывающее впечатление","title":"«разочаровывающий» — disappointing","body":"«разочаровывающее» is the present active participle of «разочаровывать» (to disappoint), used adjectivally with «впечатление» (impression). The «раз-» here is privative — to un-charm, strip of illusion — so the crowd's hopes are deflated."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ответы","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of произвели","gloss":"answers"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ответы","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"произвели","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"particle marking a momentary/provisional action with произвели","gloss":"at first","note":"было after a past-tense verb marks an action that briefly took hold; here it softens произвели, not a separate verb."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking публику","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"публику","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произвели","gloss":"the public"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies разочаровывающее","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"разочаровывающее","lemma":"разочаровывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"disappointing"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвели","gloss":"an impression"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b12-c4-s42","source":"О Смердякове у нас уже поговаривали еще до суда, кто-то что-то слышал, кто-то на что-то указывал, говорили про Алешу, что он накопил какие-то чрезвычайные доказательства в пользу брата и в виновности лакея, и вот — ничего, никаких доказательств, кроме каких-то нравственных убеждений, столь естественных в его качестве родного брата подсудимого.","translation":"There had already been talk among us about Smerdyakov before the trial; someone had heard something, someone had hinted at something, and it was said of Alyosha that he had amassed some extraordinary proofs in his brother's favor and of the lackey's guilt — and now, behold: nothing, no proofs at all, except some moral convictions, so natural in him as the prisoner's own brother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у нас уже поговаривали","title":"Subjectless «поговаривали» and the narrator's «у нас»","body":"«поговаривали» is the iterative/attenuative imperfective of «говорить» — 'people kept talking, there was talk now and then'. With no subject and the chronicler's «у нас» ('among us, in our town'), it conjures diffuse local rumor, the gossip from which the narrator speaks."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто-то что-то слышал, кто-то на что-то указывал","title":"Indefinite «-то»: someone, something","body":"The clitic «-то» on «кто» and «что» marks specific-but-unidentified referents — 'someone had heard something, someone had hinted at something'. The deliberate vagueness is the very texture of rumor; nothing can be pinned to anyone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и вот — ничего, никаких доказательств","title":"Stacked negatives and genitive of negation","body":"«ничего, никаких доказательств» piles «ничего» (nothing) onto «никаких… доказательств» (no proofs at all) — negative concord again, the «никаких/доказательств» in the genitive of negation. «и вот» ('and behold, and now') stages the anticlimax with theatrical timing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лакея","title":"«лакей» — the lackey","body":"«лакей» is a male servant, a footman or flunkey — the narrator's term for Smerdyakov, who served in Fyodor's house. The word carries class contempt, and Dostoevsky uses it pointedly: the crowd had hoped to see guilt pinned on the lowly «лакей»."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякове","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Смердякове","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поговаривали","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of поговаривали","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поговаривали","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"поговаривали","lemma":"поговаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was talk"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies до","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суда","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поговаривали","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of слышал (кто-то \"someone\")","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"suffix of кто-то, subject of слышал","gloss":"-one","note":"кто-то is the indefinite pronoun 'someone'; то is a fixed suffix, not a separate word."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of слышал (что-то \"something\")","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"suffix of что-то, direct object of слышал","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поговаривали","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of указывал (кто-то \"someone\")","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"suffix of кто-то, subject of указывал","gloss":"-one"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of указывал (что-то \"something\")","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"suffix of что-то, oblique complement of указывал","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"указывал","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слышал","gloss":"hinted"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поговаривали","gloss":"it was said"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of накопил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of накопил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"накопил","lemma":"накопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорили","gloss":"had amassed"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of доказательства (какие-то \"some\")","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"suffix of какие-то, determiner of доказательства","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"чрезвычайные","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies доказательства","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"доказательства","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of накопил","gloss":"proofs"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пользу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пользу","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доказательства","gloss":"favor"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пользу","gloss":"his brother's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виновности","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"виновности","lemma":"виновность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with пользу","gloss":"the guilt"},{"surface":"лакея","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виновности","gloss":"the lackey's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"behold"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"head of the elliptical exclamation","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of доказательств","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"доказательств","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with ничего","gloss":"proofs"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убеждений","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of убеждений (каких-то \"some\")","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"suffix of каких-то, determiner of убеждений","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"нравственных","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies убеждений","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"убеждений","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of кроме","gloss":"convictions"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies естественных","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"естественных","lemma":"естественный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies убеждений","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking качестве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of качестве","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"качестве","lemma":"качество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of естественных","gloss":"capacity"},{"surface":"родного","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брата","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies качестве","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брата","gloss":"the defendant's"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b12-c4-s43","source":"Но начал спрашивать и Фетюкович.","translation":"But now Fetyukovich, too, began to put his questions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал спрашивать и Фетюкович","title":"Inversion with «и» 'too' and ingressive «начал»","body":"«начал спрашивать» — 'began to ask' — pairs the perfective «начал» with the imperfective infinitive «спрашивать», as phase verbs require. The «и» before «Фетюкович» means 'also, in his turn', and the verb-first order throws weight on the new questioner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"спрашивать","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to question"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Фетюкович","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Fetyukovich"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b12-c4-s44","source":"На вопрос о том: когда именно подсудимый говорил ему, Алеше, о своей ненависти к отцу и о том, что он мог бы убить его, и что слышал ли он это от него, например, при последнем свидании пред катастрофой, Алеша, отвечая, вдруг как бы вздрогнул, как бы нечто только теперь припомнив и сообразив:","translation":"To the question of when, precisely, the prisoner had spoken to him — to Alyosha — of his hatred for their father and of his being capable of killing him, and whether he had heard this from him, for instance, at their last meeting before the catastrophe, Alyosha, as he answered, suddenly gave a kind of start, as though something had only this moment come back to him and fallen into place:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слышал ли он это… при последнем свидании","title":"Embedded «ли»: 'whether'","body":"Inside the reported question «ли» means 'whether' — 'whether he had heard this from him… at their last meeting'. «при» + prepositional «последнем свидании» locates it in time, 'at / on the occasion of'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы нечто только теперь припомнив и сообразив","title":"Paired perfective gerunds with «как бы»","body":"«припомнив и сообразив» are two perfective past gerunds — 'having recalled and grasped' — completed just as he answers. «как бы» ('as though, as it were') hedges the whole image: he started 'as if' something had only now come back and clicked into place."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вздрогнул","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies когда","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause explaining том","gloss":"had spoken"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition with ему","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ненависти","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ненависти","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ненависти","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ненависти","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of том","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слышал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by что","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слышал","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слышал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свидании","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидании","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"последнем","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies свидании","gloss":"the last"},{"surface":"свидании","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышал","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking катастрофой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"катастрофой","lemma":"катастрофа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies свидании","gloss":"the catastrophe"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"отвечая","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вздрогнул","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздрогнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies вздрогнул (как бы \"as if\")","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave a start"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies нечто (как бы \"as though\")","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"direct object of припомнив","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припомнив","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"припомнив","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вздрогнул","gloss":"recalling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сообразив","lemma":"сообразить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with припомнив","gloss":"realizing"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b12-c4-s45","source":"— Я припоминаю теперь одно обстоятельство, о котором я было совсем и сам позабыл, но тогда оно было мне так неясно, а теперь…","translation":"\"I recall now one circumstance that I had completely forgotten even myself; but at the time it was so unclear to me, and now…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о котором я было совсем и сам позабыл","title":"«который» in the prepositional + reversive «было»","body":"«о котором» — 'about which' — is the relative «который» in «о» + prepositional, its case set by «позабыть о». The particle «было» again marks an action begun and undone: he 'had quite forgotten' it, but it is now resurfacing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оно было мне так неясно","title":"Short adjective + dative experiencer: 'it was so unclear to me'","body":"«мне… неясно» is the dative-experiencer pattern: «мне» (to me) plus the short/neuter predicate «неясно» (unclear), agreeing with neuter «оно». Russian frames the perception impersonally — the circumstance was unclear *to him*."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of припоминаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"припоминаю","lemma":"припоминать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recall"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припоминаю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies обстоятельство","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"обстоятельство","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of припоминаю","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of позабыл","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of позабыл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"particle marking a lasting past state with позабыл","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позабыл","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"позабыл","lemma":"позабыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on обстоятельство","gloss":"had forgotten"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неясно","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неясно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to неясно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of неясно","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неясно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"неясно","lemma":"неясный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"unclear"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"contrasts with тогда, elliptical","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b12-c4-s46","source":"И Алеша с увлечением, видимо сам только что теперь внезапно попав на идею, припомнил, как в последнем свидании с Митей, вечером, у дерева, по дороге к монастырю, Митя, ударяя себя в грудь, «в верхнюю часть груди», несколько раз повторил ему, что у него есть средство восстановить свою честь, что средство это здесь, вот тут, на его груди…","translation":"And Alyosha, with eagerness — evidently himself only now having suddenly hit upon the idea — recalled how, at their last meeting with Mitya, in the evening, by the tree, on the road to the monastery, Mitya, striking himself on the chest, \"on the upper part of the chest,\" had repeated to him several times that he had a means of restoring his honor, that this means was here, right here, on his chest…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам только что теперь внезапно попав на идею","title":"Perfective gerund «попав»: 'having hit upon'","body":"«попав на идею» is the perfective past gerund of «попасть» — idiomatically 'having hit upon the idea'. Banked with the adverbs «только что теперь внезапно» ('only just now suddenly'), it stresses that the insight strikes Alyosha in the very act of speaking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ударяя себя в грудь","title":"Gerund «ударяя» + reflexive «себя»","body":"«ударяя» is the imperfective present gerund of «ударять» (to strike), simultaneous with the main verb; «себя» is the reflexive object pronoun 'oneself' (distinct from the verbal «-ся»). 'Striking himself on the chest' — «в грудь» takes «в» + accusative for the target of a blow."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of припомнил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking увлечением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"увлечением","lemma":"увлечение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of припомнил","gloss":"eagerness"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попав","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алеша","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies попав (только что \"just now\")","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"now","note":"только что is a fixed idiom meaning 'just now'."},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попав","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попав","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"попав","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on припомнил","gloss":"hitting upon"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идею","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"идею","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попав","gloss":"the idea"},{"surface":"припомнил","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause recalled by припомнил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидании","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"последнем","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies свидании","gloss":"the last"},{"surface":"свидании","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of припомнил","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Митей","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свидании","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"вечером","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with свидании","gloss":"in the evening"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дерева","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"дерева","lemma":"дерево","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with свидании","gloss":"the tree"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with свидании","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"монастырю","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дороге","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"ударяя","lemma":"ударять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on повторил","gloss":"striking"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ударяя","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грудь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"грудь","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударяя","gloss":"the chest"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часть","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"верхнюю","lemma":"верхний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies часть","gloss":"upper"},{"surface":"часть","lemma":"часть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition with грудь","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies часть","gloss":"of the chest"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of повторил","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"повторил","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by как","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of повторил","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of повторил","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"средство","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"a means"},{"surface":"восстановить","lemma":"восстановить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies средство","gloss":"to restore"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of честь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of восстановить","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of здесь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"средство","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of здесь","gloss":"the means"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies средство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of средство","gloss":"is here"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with здесь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of груди","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with здесь","gloss":"chest"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b12-c4-s47","source":"«Я подумал тогда, что он, ударяя себя в грудь, говорил о своем сердце, — продолжал Алеша, — о том, что в сердце своем мог бы отыскать силы, чтобы выйти из одного какого-то ужасного позора, который предстоял ему и о котором он даже мне не смел признаться.","translation":"\"I thought at the time that, striking himself on the chest, he was speaking of his heart,\" Alyosha went on, \"of how in his heart he might find the strength to escape from some terrible disgrace that lay before him and that he dared not confess even to me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в сердце своем мог бы отыскать силы","title":"«свой» and conditional «мог бы»","body":"«в сердце своем» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» — 'in his own heart', pointing back to the clause's subject (Mitya). «мог бы отыскать» is the conditional, 'might find', the «бы» framing the strength as something he could potentially summon."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы выйти из… позора","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«чтобы выйти» — 'so as to escape' — is the purpose construction «чтобы» plus infinitive (same-subject). «выйти из… позора» ('to get out of the disgrace') uses «из» + genitive for emergence from. «который предстоял ему» relativizes it with «который» + dative-governing «предстоять»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не смел признаться","title":"«сметь» + infinitive: 'dared not confess'","body":"«не смел признаться» — 'he dared not confess' — negates the imperfective «сметь» (to dare) before the perfective infinitive «признаться» (to own up, confess). «даже мне» ('even to me') heightens the secrecy: he hid it even from Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ударяя","lemma":"ударять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорил","gloss":"striking"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ударяя","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грудь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"грудь","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударяя","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подумал (via что)","gloss":"was speaking"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel to подумал","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог (complement of том)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"отыскать","lemma":"отыскать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of отыскать","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выйти","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отыскать","gloss":"escape"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking позора","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies позора","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of позора","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to какого","gloss":"kind of","note":"«какого-то» = indefinite \"some (kind of)\"; -то is an enclitic particle, not a separate word."},{"surface":"ужасного","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies позора","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"позора","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйти","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предстоял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"предстоял","lemma":"предстоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on позора","gloss":"lay before"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of предстоял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смел","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смел","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of признаться","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смел","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предстоял","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"признаться","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смел","gloss":"confess"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b12-c4-s48","source":"Признаюсь, я именно подумал тогда, что он говорит об отце и что он содрогается, как от позора, при мысли пойти к отцу и совершить с ним какое-нибудь насилие, а между тем он именно тогда как бы на что-то указывал на своей груди, так что, помню, у меня мелькнула именно тогда же какая-то мысль, что сердце совсем не в той стороне груди, а ниже, а он ударяет себя гораздо выше, вот тут, сейчас ниже шеи, и всё указывает в это место.","translation":"I confess I thought at the time that he was speaking of our father, and that he shuddered, as at a disgrace, at the thought of going to our father and committing some violence against him; and yet it was precisely then that he seemed to be pointing at something on his chest, so that, I remember, a thought flickered through me at that very moment — that the heart is not on that side of the chest at all, but lower down, while he was striking himself much higher, right here, just below the neck, and kept pointing at that one spot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у меня мелькнула… какая-то мысль","title":"«у меня» + perfective «мелькнула»: a thought flickered through me","body":"«мелькнула» (perfective of «мелькнуть», to flash by) is a momentary, semelfactive verb — the thought 'flickered' once. The dative-like «у меня» («у» + genitive) frames it as happening to him, and «какая-то мысль» ('some thought') is left deliberately vague."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как от позора","title":"«как от» — 'as if from'","body":"«содрогается, как от позора» — 'shudders as at / as if from disgrace'. «от» + genitive «позора» gives the cause of a recoil (shuddering from shame), and «как» casts it as a simile for his reaction to the thought of confronting their father."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сердце совсем не в той стороне груди, а ниже","title":"Contrastive «а» and comparative «ниже»","body":"«не в той стороне… а ниже» pivots on «а» — 'not on that side… but lower'. «ниже» is the comparative of «низкий/низко» (lower), and «выше» its mirror ('higher'). The little anatomical argument — heart lower, blows higher — is the clue Alyosha is reconstructing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Признаюсь","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel to подумал","gloss":"I confess"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подумал","gloss":"was speaking"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отце","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"отце","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of содрогается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of содрогается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"содрогается","lemma":"содрогаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорит","gloss":"shuddered"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking позора","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking позора","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"позора","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of содрогается","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мысли","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of содрогается","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"пойти","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мысли","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойти","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совершить","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойти","gloss":"committing"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of насилие","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to какое","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"насилие","lemma":"насилие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of совершить","gloss":"violence"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывал (idiom «между тем» = meanwhile)","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of указывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указывал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies указывал","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of указывал","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to что","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"указывал","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подумал","gloss":"was pointing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of груди","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывал","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause (так что)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel to мелькнула","gloss":"I remember"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнула","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"мелькнула","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the так что clause","gloss":"flickered"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мелькнула","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to какая","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of мелькнула","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стороне","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стороне clause","gloss":"the heart"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates стороне (predicate)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороне","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороне","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стороне","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of сердце","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороне","gloss":"of the chest"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ниже","lemma":"низко","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with стороне","gloss":"lower down"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ударяет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ударяет","lemma":"ударять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мелькнула","gloss":"was striking"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ударяет","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выше","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"выше","lemma":"высоко","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies ударяет","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with выше","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ниже","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"ниже","lemma":"низко","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with выше","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"шеи","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ниже","gloss":"the neck"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указывает","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"указывает","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подумал","gloss":"pointing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of место","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывает","gloss":"spot"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b12-c4-s49","source":"Моя мысль мне показалась тогда глупою, а он именно, может быть, тогда указывал на эту ладонку, в которой зашиты были эти полторы тысячи!..»","translation":"My thought struck me then as foolish, but perhaps it was precisely then that he was pointing at that little amulet, into which those fifteen hundred had been sewn!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Моя мысль мне показалась тогда глупою","title":"«показаться» + dative + instrumental predicate","body":"«показалась… глупою» — 'struck me as foolish' — pairs the reflexive «показаться» (to seem) with a dative experiencer «мне» and an instrumental predicate «глупою». «-ою» is the older literary instrumental for «-ой»; the construction is 'X seemed Y to me'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в которой зашиты были эти полторы тысячи","title":"Short passive participle + «который»","body":"«зашиты были» — short past passive participle of «зашить» (to sew up) plus «были», 'were sewn in' — describes the money hidden in the «ладонка». «в которой» relativizes the pouch (prepositional, governed by «в»). «полторы тысячи» is 'one and a half thousand'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ладонка","title":"ладонка / ладанка — an amulet worn on the chest","body":"A «ладанка» (here spelled «ладонка») was originally a small cloth pouch hung round the neck holding incense («ладан»), a relic, or a written prayer, worn against the chest. By extension it means any little bag worn next to the body — here Mitya has sewn 1,500 roubles into one. We render it 'little amulet' (elsewhere 'little bag') to keep the sense of something worn against the skin."}],"words":[{"surface":"Моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of показалась","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of показалась","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"показалась","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показалась","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"глупою","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of показалась","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of указывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть = perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указывал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"указывал","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with показалась","gloss":"was pointing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладонку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ладонку","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ладонку","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывал","gloss":"amulet","note":"a small pouch worn on a cord round the neck, here holding sewn-in money."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашиты","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"зашиты","lemma":"зашить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on ладонку","gloss":"sewn"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to зашиты","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячи","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive зашиты","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b12-c4-s50","source":"— Именно! — крикнул вдруг Митя с места.","translation":"\"Exactly!\" Mitya suddenly cried from his place.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"крикнул вдруг Митя с места","title":"Perfective «крикнул»: a single shout, with inversion","body":"«крикнул» (perfective of «кричать», semelfactive 'gave a cry') captures one sudden outburst; «вдруг» (suddenly) underlines it. Verb-first order foregrounds the action, and «с места» ('from his seat / the dock') marks Mitya breaking decorum from where he sits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Exactly!"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Именно","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"his place"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b12-c4-s51","source":"— Это так, Алеша, так, я тогда об нее стучал кулаком!","translation":"\"That's it, Alyosha, that's it — I did beat my fist against it then!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я тогда об нее стучал кулаком","title":"Imperfective «стучал» + instrumental of means","body":"«стучал» (imperfective of «стучать», to knock/beat) renders the repeated thumping — 'I kept beating'. The means «кулаком» (with my fist) stands in the instrumental, the case of the instrument; «об нее» («об» + accusative «неё») is 'against it' (the pouch)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"That's"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with так","gloss":"that's it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стучал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стучал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стучал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"стучал","lemma":"стучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the я clause","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"кулаком","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стучал","gloss":"my fist"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b12-c4-s52","source":"Фетюкович бросился к нему впопыхах, умоляя успокоиться, и в тот же миг так и вцепился в Алешу.","translation":"Fetyukovich rushed to him in alarm, imploring him to calm down, and at that same instant fastened upon Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"умоляя успокоиться","title":"Gerund «умоляя» + reflexive infinitive","body":"«умоляя» is the imperfective gerund of «умолять» (to implore), simultaneous with «бросился» — 'rushed… imploring'. Its complement «успокоиться» is the reflexive perfective infinitive (to calm down, intransitive), the change-of-state -ся at work."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вцепился в Алешу","title":"«вцепиться в» — to fasten onto, seize","body":"«вцепиться в» (+ accusative) is to dig into, cling onto, grip tight — literally as with claws or fingers. Figuratively the lawyer 'fastened upon' Alyosha, pouncing on the promising new lead. «впопыхах» (in a flurry, hastily) colors the rush."}],"words":[{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"впопыхах","lemma":"впопыхах","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"in alarm"},{"surface":"умоляя","lemma":"умолять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросился","gloss":"imploring"},{"surface":"успокоиться","lemma":"успокоиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умоляя","gloss":"to calm down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of миг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вцепился","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вцепился","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вцепился","lemma":"вцепиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросился","gloss":"fastened"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вцепился","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b12-c4-s53","source":"Алеша, сам увлеченный своим воспоминанием, горячо высказал свое предположение, что позор этот, вероятнее всего, состоял именно в том, что, имея на себе эти тысячу пятьсот рублей, которые бы мог возвратить Катерине Ивановне, как половину своего ей долга, он все-таки решил не отдать ей этой половины и употребить на другое, то есть на увоз Грушеньки, если б она согласилась…","translation":"Alyosha, himself carried away by his recollection, ardently set out his supposition that this disgrace, most likely, consisted precisely in this: that, having these one thousand five hundred roubles on his person, which he could have returned to Katerina Ivanovna as half of the debt he owed her, he had nonetheless resolved not to give her back that half but to spend it on something else — that is, on carrying off Grushenka, if she should consent…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам увлеченный своим воспоминанием","title":"Short/past passive participle «увлеченный» + «свой»","body":"«увлеченный» is the past passive participle of «увлечь» (to carry away, captivate), here 'carried away by his recollection'; its cause «воспоминанием» is instrumental, with reflexive «своим» ('his own'). «сам» intensifies — Alyosha himself swept up."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"имея на себе эти тысячу пятьсот рублей","title":"Gerund «имея» + numeral governing case","body":"«имея» is the present gerund of «иметь» ('having'). The sum «тысячу пятьсот рублей» shows numeral government: «рублей» is genitive plural after the hundreds, while «тысячу» itself declines as the verb's object. «на себе» ('on his person') uses reflexive «себя»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые бы мог возвратить Катерине Ивановне","title":"Conditional «бы» inside a «который»-clause","body":"«которые бы мог возвратить» folds the conditional into the relative clause — 'which he could have returned'. «бы» leans on «которые», and «возвратить… Катерине Ивановне» takes the dative for the person repaid. «как половину… долга» = 'as half of his debt'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of высказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies увлеченный","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"увлеченный","lemma":"увлечь","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Алеша","gloss":"carried away"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of воспоминанием","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"воспоминанием","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of увлеченный","gloss":"recollection"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высказал","gloss":"ardently"},{"surface":"высказал","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set out"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of предположение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"предположение","lemma":"предположение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of высказал","gloss":"supposition"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of состоял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of состоял","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of позор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вероятнее","lemma":"вероятный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies состоял (вероятнее всего = most likely)","gloss":"most likely"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вероятнее","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"состоял","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying предположение","gloss":"consisted"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies том","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of состоял","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of решил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"имея","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on решил","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of имея","gloss":"his person"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячу","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"тысячу","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on пятьсот","gloss":"one thousand"},{"surface":"пятьсот","lemma":"пятьсот","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"five hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of имея","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"could have"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on рублей","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"возвратить","lemma":"возвратить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of возвратить","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking половину","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвратить","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of долга","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative complement of долга","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"долга","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies половину","gloss":"debt"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки, modifies решил","gloss":"none"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки, modifies решил","gloss":"theless"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решил","gloss":"give back"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of отдать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of половины","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"половины","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отдать","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"употребить","lemma":"употребить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with отдать","gloss":"spend"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другое","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of употребить","gloss":"something else"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть, appositive of другое","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking увоз","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"увоз","lemma":"увоз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive of другое","gloss":"carrying off"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies увоз","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of согласилась","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of согласилась","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of согласилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"согласилась","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on употребить","gloss":"consent"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b12-c4-s54","source":"— Это так, это именно так, — восклицал во внезапном возбуждении Алеша, — брат именно восклицал мне тогда, что половину, половину позора (он несколько раз выговорил: ''половину!'') он мог бы сейчас снять с себя, но что до того несчастен слабостью своего характера, что этого не сделает… знает заранее, что этого не может и не в силах сделать!","translation":"\"It's so, that's exactly how it was,\" Alyosha exclaimed in sudden agitation, \"my brother exclaimed to me then that half — half of the disgrace (he said it several times: ''half!'') — he could lift from himself at once, but that he was so wretched in the weakness of his character that he would not do it… knowing beforehand that he could not and had not the strength to do it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"восклицал… брат именно восклицал мне тогда","title":"Imperfective «восклицал» for the remembered cry","body":"«восклицал» (imperfective of «восклицать», to exclaim) is used twice, the iterative imperfective rendering Mitya's repeated, agitated exclaiming. The narrator notes «он несколько раз выговорил» ('he said it several times') — and the reduplicated «половину, половину!» enacts it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"снять с себя… позора","title":"«снять с себя» + genitive partitive","body":"«снять с себя» — 'to take off / lift from oneself' — uses «с» + genitive «себя» (the reflexive) for removal from one's own person. «половину… позора» is the partitive genitive 'half of the disgrace', the fraction he could shed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того несчастен слабостью… что","title":"Short adjective «несчастен» in a «до того… что» result clause","body":"«до того несчастен… что этого не сделает» is the correlative 'so wretched… that he would not do it'. «несчастен» is the short predicative form; its cause «слабостью своего характера» ('by the weakness of his character') stands in the instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не может и не в силах сделать","title":"Negation doubled: «не может» and «не в силах»","body":"Two negated predicates of inability pile up — «не может» (cannot) and «не в силах» (is not strong enough, hasn't the power). «не в силах» is a fixed idiom (literally 'not in [his] strengths') for being unable to bring oneself to something."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"It's"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with так","gloss":"how it was"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to так","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возбуждении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"внезапном","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies возбуждении","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"возбуждении","lemma":"возбуждение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of восклицал","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал (second)","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies восклицал","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with так","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of восклицал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восклицал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of мог","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with половину (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"позора","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies половину","gloss":"of the disgrace"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выговорил","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"выговорил","lemma":"выговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"said it"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выговорил (quoted word)","gloss":"half!"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of восклицал","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies снять","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"снять","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"lift"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of снять","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of несчастен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to such"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of несчастен","gloss":"an extent"},{"surface":"несчастен","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мог (predicate of он)","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"слабостью","lemma":"слабость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of несчастен","gloss":"by the weakness"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of характера","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"характера","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слабостью","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of того","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделает","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сделает","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"result clause on несчастен","gloss":"would do"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with восклицал","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of может","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies силах","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of может","gloss":"the strength"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of силах","gloss":"to do"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b12-c4-s55","source":"— И вы твердо, ясно помните, что он ударял себя именно в это место груди? — жадно допрашивал Фетюкович.","translation":"\"And you remember firmly, clearly, that he struck himself precisely on that spot of the chest?\" Fetyukovich questioned avidly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ударял себя именно в это место груди","title":"Imperfective «ударял» + reflexive «себя»","body":"«ударял» (imperfective of «ударять») renders the repeated striking; «себя» is the reflexive object 'himself', and «в это место груди» ('on that spot of the chest') takes «в» + accusative for the point of impact. The lawyer presses for the exact location."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жадно допрашивал","title":"«жадно» — avidly, greedily","body":"«жадно» (from «жадный», greedy) gives the defense lawyer's eager, almost ravenous questioning — he scents a decisive point. «допрашивать» is the formal verb 'to interrogate, examine', heightening the courtroom intensity."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of помните","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помните","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помните","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ударял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ударял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ударял","lemma":"ударять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of помните","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ударял","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies место","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of место","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударял","gloss":"spot"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"of the chest"},{"surface":"жадно","lemma":"жадно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies допрашивал","gloss":"avidly"},{"surface":"допрашивал","lemma":"допрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"questioned"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"Фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of допрашивал","gloss":"Fetyukovich"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b12-c4-s56","source":"— Ясно и твердо, потому что именно мне подумалось тогда: зачем это он ударяет так высоко, когда сердце ниже, и мне тогда же показалась моя мысль глупою… я это помню, что показалась глупою… это мелькнуло.","translation":"\"Clearly and firmly, because it was precisely then that the thought occurred to me: why is he striking himself so high, when the heart is lower down? — and at that very moment my own thought struck me as foolish… I remember that it struck me as foolish… it flashed through my mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне подумалось тогда","title":"Impersonal reflexive «подумалось» + dative","body":"«мне подумалось» is the impersonal -ся construction: «подумалось» (it occurred-to-mind) with dative «мне» as the experiencer — 'the thought occurred to me', as if involuntarily. Russian loves this frame for thoughts that arrive of themselves."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"показалась моя мысль глупою","title":"«показаться» + instrumental predicate, repeated","body":"Echoing s49, «показалась… глупою» — 'struck me as foolish' — uses reflexive «показаться» with the instrumental predicate «глупою» (older «-ою» ending). Alyosha repeats it for emphasis, italicized in the original by reiteration: the thought he had dismissed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with твердо, head of the elliptical answer","gloss":"Clearly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Ясно","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound потому что, modifies Ясно/твердо","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подумалось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of подумалось","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"подумалось","lemma":"подуматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on Ясно","gloss":"occurred to me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумалось","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of ударяет","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic filler particle after зачем","gloss":"is it that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ударяет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ударяет","lemma":"ударять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подумалось","gloss":"strikes"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высоко","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"высоко","lemma":"высоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ударяет","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ниже, modifies ударяет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ниже","gloss":"the heart"},{"surface":"ниже","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of сердце","gloss":"lower"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of показалась","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показалась","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"показалась","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подумалось","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of показалась","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"глупою","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of показалась","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помню","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of показалась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"показалась","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of помню","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"глупою","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of показалась","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мелькнуло","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"мелькнуло","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed through"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b12-c4-s57","source":"Вот потому-то я сейчас теперь и вспомнил.","translation":"And that is precisely why I have just now remembered it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот потому-то я сейчас теперь и вспомнил","title":"«потому-то» and the «и» of consequence","body":"«потому-то» — 'that is precisely why' — carries the emphatic clitic «-то» stressing the known reason. The «и» before «вспомнил» means 'it is for that reason that I have now remembered', a fixed «потому… и» correlation marking cause and effect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому-то","gloss":"That is"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспомнил","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies потому","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вспомнил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспомнил","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспомнил","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вспомнил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вспомнил","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b12-c4-s58","source":"И как я мог позабыть это до самых этих пор!","translation":"And how could I have forgotten it until this very moment!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И как я мог позабыть это","title":"«мог позабыть»: exclamatory past possibility","body":"«как я мог позабыть» — 'how could I have forgotten' — is the past «мог» plus perfective infinitive «позабыть», here exclamatory and self-reproaching rather than a real question. «до самых этих пор» ('until this very moment') intensifies with «самых»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"позабыть","lemma":"позабыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have forgotten"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of позабыть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies этих","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of пор","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of позабыть","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b12-c4-s59","source":"Именно он на эту ладонку указывал как на то, что у него есть средства, но что он не отдаст эти полторы тысячи!","translation":"It was precisely at that little amulet that he was pointing, as proof that he had the means, but that he would not give up those fifteen hundred!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Именно он на эту ладонку указывал","title":"Fronted «он» and imperfective «указывал»","body":"Word order foregrounds «Именно он» ('it was precisely he') and the object «на эту ладонку», held before the verb «указывал» for emphasis — the whole point being *what* he pointed at. «указывал» is imperfective, the repeated pointing Alyosha now reinterprets."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не отдаст эти полторы тысячи","title":"Perfective future «не отдаст»: a refusal in the future","body":"«не отдаст» is the simple (perfective) future of «отдать» (to give back), negated — 'he will not give up'. The perfective frames the (non-)act of repayment as a single completed event he refuses; «полторы тысячи» is 'fifteen hundred'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"Precisely"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of указывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладонку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ладонку","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ладонку","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывал","gloss":"little amulet"},{"surface":"указывал","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was pointing"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison, preposition marking то","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывал","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, existential, invariant, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"средства","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"the means"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отдаст","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отдаст","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдаст","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отдаст","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"will give up"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of полторы","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"fifteen hundred"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отдаст","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b12-c4-s60","source":"А при аресте, в Мокром, он именно кричал, — я это знаю, мне передавали, — что считает самым позорным делом всей своей жизни, что, имея средства отдать половину (именно половину!) долга Катерине Ивановне и стать пред ней не вором, он все-таки не решился отдать и лучше захотел остаться в ее глазах вором, чем расстаться с деньгами!","translation":"And at his arrest, in Mokroye, he cried out — this I know, it was reported to me — that he considered it the most shameful act of his whole life that, having the means to pay back half (precisely half!) of his debt to Katerina Ivanovna and to stand before her not as a thief, he had nonetheless not brought himself to repay it, and had chosen rather to remain a thief in her eyes than to part with the money!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"имея средства отдать половину… и стать пред ней не вором","title":"Gerund «имея» governing two infinitives + instrumental predicate","body":"«имея средства отдать… и стать» chains the gerund «имея» ('having the means') over two infinitives. «стать… не вором» uses «стать» (to become) with an instrumental predicate «вором» (a thief) — the case predicates of «стать» take — negated: 'to stand before her *not* a thief'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лучше захотел остаться… вором, чем расстаться с деньгами","title":"Comparative «лучше… чем» and «расстаться с» + instrumental","body":"«лучше… чем» frames a preference — 'chose rather to remain a thief than to part with the money'. «лучше» is the suppletive comparative of «хорошо/хороший». «расстаться с деньгами» takes «с» + instrumental for parting *with* something."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аресте","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"аресте","lemma":"арест","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кричал","gloss":"his arrest"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"parallel phrase to при аресте","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кричал","gloss":"specifically"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to кричал","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of передавали","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"передавали","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричал","gloss":"it was reported"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of считает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"считает","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to передавали","gloss":"he considers"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies позорным","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"позорным","lemma":"позорный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies делом","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"делом","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of считает","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies делом","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of решился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"имея","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on решился","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"средства","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of имея","gloss":"the means"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies средства","gloss":"to repay"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отдать","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies половину","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"parallel clause to половину","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"долга","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies половину","gloss":"of the debt"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of отдать","gloss":"to Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стать","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with отдать","gloss":"to stand"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вором","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вором","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стать","gloss":"a thief"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the compound все-таки, modifies решился","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the compound все-таки, modifies решился","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of считает","gloss":"brought himself"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решился","gloss":"to repay"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захотел","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"захотел","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with решился","gloss":"chose"},{"surface":"остаться","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотел","gloss":"to remain"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глазах","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of остаться","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"вором","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остаться","gloss":"a thief"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of расстаться","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"расстаться","lemma":"расстаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остаться","gloss":"to part"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of расстаться","gloss":"the money"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b12-c4-s61","source":"А как он мучился, как он мучился этим долгом! — закончил, восклицая, Алеша.","translation":"And how he tormented himself, how he tormented himself over that debt!\" Alyosha concluded, in an exclamation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как он мучился, как он мучился","title":"Exclamatory «как» and emphatic repetition","body":"«Как он мучился» uses «как» not as 'how?' but as an exclamatory intensifier — 'how he tormented himself!'. The doubled clause is rhetorical repetition, a hallmark of Alyosha's overflowing, breathless speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мучился","title":"Reflexive «-ся» and imperfective process","body":"«Мучился» is the reflexive «мучиться» (to torment oneself, suffer), where «-ся» turns transitive «мучить» into an inward state. The imperfective past frames the suffering as a prolonged process, not a single event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"этим долгом","title":"Instrumental of cause with «мучиться»","body":"«Мучиться» governs the instrumental: «этим долгом» (over that debt) names what torments him. The instrumental here marks the thing one suffers by or over."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"закончил, восклицая, Алеша","title":"Gerund «восклицая» framing the speech-tag","body":"«Восклицая» is an imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) from «восклицать» — 'exclaiming'. It attaches a simultaneous manner ('he concluded, exclaiming') to the main verb «закончил», sharing its subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучился (exclamatory)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мучился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мучился","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tormented himself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучился (exclamatory, repeated)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мучился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мучился","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated in parallel with мучился","gloss":"tormented himself"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of долгом","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"долгом","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучился","gloss":"debt"},{"surface":"закончил","lemma":"закончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"восклицая","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on закончил","gloss":"exclaiming"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закончил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b12-c4-s62","source":"Разумеется, ввязался и прокурор.","translation":"The prosecutor, of course, broke in as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ввязался","title":"«ввязаться» — to butt in","body":"«Ввязаться» (perfective, reflexive) means to get oneself mixed up in, to butt into something — here the prosecutor 'broke in' to the questioning. The «-ся» and the prefix «в-» together give a sense of plunging into an affair."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разумеется, ввязался и прокурор","title":"Inversion with the additive «и»","body":"The verb «ввязался» precedes its subject «прокурор», and «и» here is not 'and' but the additive particle 'also/even' ('the prosecutor too broke in'). Fronting the verb gives the sentence its abrupt, event-first momentum."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разумеется","lemma":"разумеется","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying ввязался","gloss":"Of course"},{"surface":"ввязался","lemma":"ввязаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прокурор","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ввязался","gloss":"the prosecutor"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b12-c4-s63","source":"Он попросил Алешу еще раз описать, как это всё было, и несколько раз настаивал, спрашивая: точно ли подсудимый, бия себя в грудь, как бы на что-то указывал?","translation":"He asked Alyosha to describe once more how it had all been, and several times insisted, asking: was the prisoner really, as he beat himself on the chest, seeming to point at something?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно ли подсудимый","title":"The interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«Точно ли» fronts the focused word «точно» (really, exactly) and follows it with the enclitic «ли», forming an embedded yes/no question: 'whether the prisoner really…'. This is the bookish alternative to mere question intonation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бия себя в грудь","title":"Archaic gerund «бия» + reflexive «себя»","body":"«Бия» is an archaic present gerund of «бить» (striking), markedly literary against the modern «бья/ударяя». «Себя в грудь» uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» as the object: 'beating himself on the chest'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы на что-то указывал","title":"Hedging «как бы» and indefinite «что-то»","body":"«Как бы» softens the assertion to 'as if / seeming to', while «что-то» (with the «-то» particle) marks a specific but unidentified thing he pointed at. Together they cast the gesture as ambiguous and suggestive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попросил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of попросил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of описать","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"описать","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попросил","gloss":"to describe"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the clause introduced by как","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of настаивал","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"настаивал","lemma":"настаивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with попросил","gloss":"insisted"},{"surface":"спрашивая","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on настаивал","gloss":"asking"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указывал","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies точно","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of указывал","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"бия","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on указывал","gloss":"beating"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of бия","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грудь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"грудь","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бия","gloss":"the chest"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указывал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как, forms как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что-то","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite marker attached to что","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"указывал","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main predicate of the clause introduced by спрашивая","gloss":"was pointing"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b12-c4-s64","source":"Может быть, просто бил себя кулаком по груди?","translation":"Might he not simply have been striking himself on the chest with his fist?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Может быть, просто бил себя кулаком по груди?","title":"Instrumental of means «кулаком»","body":"«Кулаком» is the instrumental of «кулак» (fist), naming the instrument of striking — 'with his fist'. «По груди» (dative after «по») gives the surface struck. The whole is a leading question from the prosecutor proposing an innocent explanation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying бил","gloss":"Perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бил","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"бил","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was striking"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of бил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"кулаком","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бил","gloss":"with his fist"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бил","gloss":"the chest"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b12-c4-s65","source":"— Да и не кулаком! — восклицал Алеша, — а именно указывал пальцами, и указывал сюда, очень высоко…","translation":"\"But it wasn't with his fist at all!\" Alyosha exclaimed, \"he was pointing precisely with his fingers, and pointing here, very high up…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да и не кулаком! … а именно указывал","title":"Contrastive «не… а» and the hinge «да и»","body":"The structure «не кулаком… а именно указывал» sets up Russian's sharp 'not X but Y' correction. «Да и» opens the retort emphatically ('but…'), and «именно» ('precisely') pins down the corrected version. Alyosha is energetically overriding the prosecutor's suggestion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"указывал … указывал сюда","title":"Imperfective process and adverb «сюда»","body":"The repeated imperfective «указывал» (was pointing) renders the gesture as an ongoing, vivid action recalled. «Сюда» ('to here') is the directional 'hither' adverb, as Alyosha re-enacts the pointing in the courtroom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кулаком","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"кулаком","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a fist"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies указывал","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"указывал","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"was pointing"},{"surface":"пальцами","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of указывал","gloss":"with his fingers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"указывал","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with указывал","gloss":"pointing"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указывал","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высоко","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"высоко","lemma":"высоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указывал","gloss":"high up"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b12-c4-s66","source":"Но как я мог это так совсем забыть до самой этой минуты!","translation":"But how could I have so completely forgotten this until this very minute!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как я мог это так совсем забыть","title":"Modal «мог» + perfective infinitive «забыть»","body":"«Мог… забыть» pairs the past of «мочь» (could) with the perfective infinitive «забыть» (to forget completely). The perfective stresses the total, accomplished lapse — 'how could I have so completely forgotten'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до самой этой минуты","title":"Intensifier «самый» = 'this very'","body":"«До самой этой минуты» uses «самый» not as 'most' but as the intensifier 'the very' — 'right up to this very minute'. «До» governs the genitive, and «самой… минуты» all agree in that case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of забыть","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыть","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have forgotten"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies этой","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыть","gloss":"minute"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b12-c4-s67","source":"Председатель обратился к Мите с вопросом, что может он сказать насчет данного показания.","translation":"The presiding judge turned to Mitya with the question of what he could say regarding this testimony.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Председатель","title":"«председатель» — the presiding judge","body":"In this trial «председатель» means the presiding judge of the court (literally 'the one who sits before/at the head'). It recurs as a fixed courtroom title throughout the chapter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обратился к Мите","title":"«обратиться к» + dative","body":"«Обратиться к» (to turn to, address) governs the dative: «к Мите». The reflexive perfective «обратился» marks the single completed act of turning toward Mitya with a question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что может он сказать","title":"Embedded «что» and inverted «может он»","body":"«Что может он сказать» is an indirect question introduced by «что», with verb-subject inversion «может он» typical of literary, slightly formal narration. «Насчёт» ('regarding', + genitive «данного показания») frames the topic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"The presiding judge"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вопросом","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to обратился","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking показания","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"данного","lemma":"данный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies показания","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"показания","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказать","gloss":"testimony"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b12-c4-s68","source":"Митя подтвердил, что именно всё так и было, что он именно указывал на свои полторы тысячи, бывшие у него на груди, сейчас пониже шеи, и что, конечно, это был позор, «позор, от которого не отрекаюсь, позорнейший акт во всей моей жизни! — вскричал Митя.","translation":"Mitya confirmed that it had all been exactly so, that he had indeed been pointing at his fifteen hundred, which he carried on his chest, just below the neck, and that, of course, it had been a disgrace — \"a disgrace I do not disown, the most shameful act of my whole life!\" Mitya cried out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"полторы тысячи, бывшие у него на груди","title":"Past active participle «бывшие»","body":"«Бывшие» is the past active participle of «быть» — 'which were (located)'. It declines like an adjective and compresses a relative clause ('the fifteen hundred that were on his chest') into a single modifier, a bookish narrative device."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"полторы тысячи","title":"«полторы» — one and a half","body":"«Полторы» means 'one and a half' (feminine form, agreeing with «тысячи»); «полторы тысячи» = 1,500. This is the disputed sum Mitya sewed into an amulet — central to the whole murder case."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"позорнейший","title":"Superlative suffix «-ейший»","body":"«Позорнейший» (most shameful) is the bookish synthetic superlative in «-ейший», built straight on «позор» (disgrace). The form is emphatic and literary, fitting Mitya's theatrical self-condemnation — 'the most shameful act of my whole life'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от которого не отрекаюсь","title":"Relative «который» in a governed case","body":"«От которого» shows «который» agreeing with «позор» (masculine) but taking the genitive that «отрекаться от» (to disown, renounce) demands. The reflexive «отрекаюсь» is a verb that exists only with «-ся»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подтвердил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"подтвердил","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confirmed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так, emphatic","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подтвердил","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of указывал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of указывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies указывал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"указывал","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подтвердил, parallel to было","gloss":"had been pointing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячи","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of полторы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"fifteen hundred"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывал","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"бывшие","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"which were"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывшие","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывшие","gloss":"his chest"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пониже","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"пониже","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"further specifies груди, modifies бывшие","gloss":"just below"},{"surface":"шеи","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пониже","gloss":"the neck"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был, coordinated with что (parallel clauses)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying был","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to позор","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a disgrace"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to позор, opening the quoted exclamation","gloss":"a disgrace"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрекаюсь","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отрекаюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отрекаюсь","lemma":"отрекаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on позор","gloss":"I disown"},{"surface":"позорнейший","lemma":"позорный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, masculine, singular, nominative","role":"modifies акт","gloss":"most shameful"},{"surface":"акт","lemma":"акт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to позор","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies акт","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b12-c4-s69","source":"— Я мог отдать и не отдал.","translation":"\"I could have repaid it and did not.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я мог отдать и не отдал","title":"Aspect contrast: «отдать» vs «не отдал»","body":"Both verbs are perfective «отдать» (to give back, repay): «мог отдать» (could have repaid) sets up the possibility, «не отдал» (did not repay) the completed failure to act. The terse parallelism dramatizes Mitya's guilt — capacity versus refusal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have repaid it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отдал","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"did"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b12-c4-s70","source":"Захотел лучше остаться в ее глазах вором, но не отдал, а самый главный позор был в том, что и вперед знал, что не отдам!","translation":"I chose rather to remain a thief in her eyes than to pay it back — and the very greatest disgrace was this: that I knew in advance I would not repay it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"остаться в ее глазах вором","title":"Predicate instrumental «вором»","body":"After «остаться» (to remain), the predicate noun goes in the instrumental: «вором» (a thief). «В её глазах» ('in her eyes') idiomatically means 'in her estimation'. So: 'to remain a thief in her eyes'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знал, что не отдам","title":"Perfective future «не отдам»","body":"«Не отдам» is the perfective-future first person of «отдать» — 'I would not repay'. Russian keeps the original tense in reported thought (lit. 'knew that I will not repay'), where English shifts to 'would'. The future-in-the-past marks foreknowledge of his own betrayal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самый главный позор был в том, что","title":"Correlative «в том, что»","body":"«Был в том, что…» is the correlative frame 'consisted in this: that…', where «том» (prepositional of «то») anticipates the «что»-clause that follows. It is a standard way to point forward to the substance of a statement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Захотел","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"chose"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остаться","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"остаться","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Захотел","gloss":"to remain"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глазах","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of остаться","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"вором","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of остаться","gloss":"a thief"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"than","note":"here \"но\" is used comparatively, like \"than\" after \"лучше\" (rather... than...)."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отдал","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остаться","gloss":"pay it back"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies главный","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"главный","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies позор","gloss":"greatest"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, predicate том","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вперед","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"I knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отдам","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отдам","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"I would repay"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b12-c4-s71","source":"Прав Алеша!","translation":"Alyosha is right!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прав Алеша!","title":"Short adjective «прав» as predicate","body":"«Прав» is the short (predicative) form of «правый», meaning 'is right/correct'. Short adjectives can only predicate, never modify, and carry a crisp, absolute force; fronting it ('Right is Alyosha!') heightens the exclamation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прав","lemma":"прав","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"is right"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Прав","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b12-c4-s72","source":"Спасибо, Алеша!»","translation":"Thank you, Alyosha!\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Спасибо","lemma":"спасибо","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thank you"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b12-c4-s73","source":"Тем кончился допрос Алеши.","translation":"With that Alyosha's examination came to an end.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тем кончился допрос Алеши","title":"Instrumental «тем» + reflexive «кончился»","body":"«Тем» is the instrumental of «то» ('with that'), and «кончился» the reflexive-intransitive 'came to an end'. The «-ся» makes the examination end of itself, with no agent — 'with that, Alyosha's examination ended'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"допрос","title":"«допрос» — examination, interrogation","body":"«Допрос» is the formal questioning of a witness or suspect — here, courtroom examination. The narrator uses it as the structural unit of the chapter ('the examination of X began… ended')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончился","gloss":"with that"},{"surface":"кончился","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to an end"},{"surface":"допрос","lemma":"допрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кончился","gloss":"examination"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies допрос","gloss":"Alyosha's"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b12-c4-s74","source":"Важно и характерно было именно то обстоятельство, что отыскался хоть один лишь факт, хоть одно лишь, положим самое мелкое, доказательство, почти только намек на доказательство, но которое всё же хоть капельку свидетельствовало, что действительно существовала эта ладонка, что были в ней полторы тысячи и что подсудимый не лгал на предварительном следствии, когда в Мокром объявил, что эти полторы тысячи «были мои».","translation":"What was important and characteristic was precisely this circumstance: that at least one fact had been found — at least one piece, let us grant a very small one, of evidence, almost only the hint of evidence — yet one that still bore witness, if only by a drop, that this little amulet had really existed, that there had been fifteen hundred in it, and that the prisoner had not been lying at the preliminary investigation when, in Mokroye, he declared that those fifteen hundred \"were mine.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Важно и характерно было именно то обстоятельство, что","title":"Short adjectives as neuter predicate","body":"«Важно и характерно было» uses short neuter adjectives as the predicate ('was important and characteristic'), agreeing with the deferred subject «то обстоятельство». Fronting them throws emphasis onto the assessment before the fact is named."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отыскался хоть один лишь факт","title":"Reflexive «отыскался» (passive-like)","body":"«Отыскался» (perfective reflexive of «отыскать») means 'was found / turned up', the «-ся» giving a middle/passive sense without naming who found it. «Хоть один лишь» piles up concessive particles: 'at least one single'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которое всё же хоть капельку свидетельствовало","title":"Relative «которое» + diminutive adverb","body":"«Которое» is the neuter relative agreeing with «доказательство» (evidence). «Хоть капельку» ('if only by a droplet') uses the diminutive «капелька» adverbially for 'a tiny bit' — a softening, intimate touch in the otherwise legalistic sentence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ладонка","title":"«ладанка» — a worn amulet","body":"A «ладанка» (here «ладонка») is a small cloth pouch or amulet worn on a cord around the neck, traditionally holding incense («ладан»), a relic, or a prayer. Mitya used one to carry the sewn-up money against his chest — both a folk-religious object and the trial's key piece of evidence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Важно","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"характерно","lemma":"характерный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Важно","gloss":"characteristic"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to характерно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обстоятельство","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"обстоятельство","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of характерно","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отыскался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отыскался","lemma":"отыскаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying обстоятельство","gloss":"was found"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies один","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies факт","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies факт","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отыскался","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies доказательство","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"положим","lemma":"положим","morphology":"verb, first, plural, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical modifying доказательство","gloss":"let us say","note":"used as a parenthetical hedge, like English \"granted\" or \"let's say\"."},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мелкое","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"мелкое","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies доказательство","gloss":"smallest"},{"surface":"доказательство","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of отыскался, coordinated with факт","gloss":"piece of evidence"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies только","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies намек","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"намек","lemma":"намёк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отыскался, coordinated with факт","gloss":"hint"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доказательство","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"доказательство","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of на","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of свидетельствовало","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies капельку","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"капельку","lemma":"капелька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of свидетельствовало","gloss":"a drop"},{"surface":"свидетельствовало","lemma":"свидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of которое","gloss":"bore witness"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of существовала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies существовала","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"существовала","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of свидетельствовало","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ладонка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ладонка","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of существовала","gloss":"little amulet"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of были","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of свидетельствовало","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of были","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of были","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лгал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лгал","gloss":"the prisoner"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лгал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"лгал","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of свидетельствовало","gloss":"had lied"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking следствии","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"предварительном","lemma":"предварительный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies следствии","gloss":"preliminary"},{"surface":"следствии","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лгал","gloss":"investigation"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объявил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of объявил","gloss":"Mokroye","note":"Mokroye, the village where Dmitri's arrest and confession took place."},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on лгал","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of были","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячи","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of были","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula, clausal complement of объявил","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"mine"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b12-c4-s75","source":"Алеша был рад, весь раскрасневшись, он проследовал на указанное ему место.","translation":"Alyosha was glad; flushed all over, he made his way to the place assigned to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь раскрасневшись","title":"Gerund «раскрасневшись» of attendant state","body":"«Раскрасневшись» is a perfective past gerund of «раскраснеться» (to flush red) — 'having flushed all over'. «Весь» ('all', agreeing) intensifies it. The gerund sets the bodily state against the main verb «проследовал»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на указанное ему место","title":"Past passive participle «указанное»","body":"«Указанное (ему) место» is the short-of-a-clause use of the past passive participle «указанный» ('indicated, assigned'), with the dative «ему» naming the one for whom it was assigned: 'the place assigned to him'. The agent of such participles is implicit (the court)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рад","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to рад","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раскрасневшись, describes он","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"раскрасневшись","lemma":"раскраснеться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying проследовал","gloss":"having flushed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проследовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"проследовал","lemma":"проследовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made his way"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"указанное","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying место","gloss":"assigned"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of указанное","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проследовал","gloss":"place"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b12-c4-s76","source":"Он долго еще повторял про себя: «Как это я забыл! Как мог я это забыть! И как это так вдруг только теперь припомнилось!»","translation":"For a long time afterward he kept repeating to himself: \"How could I have forgotten it! How could I have forgotten such a thing! And how did it all so suddenly come back to me only now!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повторял про себя","title":"Reflexive pronoun in «про себя»","body":"«Про себя» literally 'about/to himself' is the fixed idiom for thinking or speaking inwardly — 'to himself'. «Себя» is the reflexive pronoun pointing back to Alyosha; «про» governs the accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как это так вдруг только теперь припомнилось","title":"Impersonal reflexive «припомнилось»","body":"«Припомнилось» is an impersonal reflexive: the memory 'came back of itself', with no agent ('how did it suddenly come back to me'). The «-ся» frames recollection as something that happens to the mind rather than something one does — a very Dostoevskian inner event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторял","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторял","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"повторял","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept repeating"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of повторял","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of забыл","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted exclamation","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted exclamation","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забыть","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of забыть","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припомнилось","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of припомнилось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припомнилось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припомнилось","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"припомнилось","lemma":"припомниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted exclamation","gloss":"came back to mind"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b12-c4-s77","source":"Начался допрос Катерины Ивановны.","translation":"The examination of Katerina Ivanovna began.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Начался допрос Катерины Ивановны","title":"Reflexive «начался» + genitive of the object examined","body":"«Начался» (reflexive of «начать») means 'began' intransitively. «Допрос Катерины Ивановны» uses the genitive 'of Katerina Ivanovna' — here the person being examined, an objective genitive, not a possessive one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Начался","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"допрос","lemma":"допрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Начался","gloss":"examination"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies допрос","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b12-c4-s78","source":"Только что она появилась, в зале пронеслось нечто необыкновенное.","translation":"The moment she appeared, something extraordinary swept through the hall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только что она появилась","title":"«только что» = 'the moment / just as'","body":"«Только что» here functions temporally as 'the very moment that / just as' rather than the more common 'just now', setting up an immediate sequence with the main clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в зале пронеслось нечто необыкновенное","title":"Indefinite «нечто» + reflexive «пронеслось»","body":"«Нечто необыкновенное» ('something extraordinary') is the bookish indefinite pronoun «нечто», invariable here as neuter subject. «Пронеслось» (reflexive perfective) means 'swept/rushed through', a vivid impersonal-feeling motion through the hall."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of появилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"появилась","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пронеслось","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"пронеслось","lemma":"пронестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"swept"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of пронеслось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"необыкновенное","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"extraordinary"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b12-c4-s79","source":"Дамы схватились за лорнеты и бинокли, мужчины зашевелились, иные вставали с мест, чтобы лучше видеть.","translation":"The ladies snatched up their lorgnettes and opera glasses, the men stirred, and some rose from their seats to see her better.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватились … зашевелились","title":"Reflexive verbs of sudden collective motion","body":"«Схватились (за)» (snatched at) and «зашевелились» (began to stir) are both reflexive; the prefix «за-» on the latter marks the inception of the movement ('started stirring'). The chain paints the whole hall reacting at once."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"иные вставали с мест","title":"«иные» as 'some'","body":"«Иные» here means 'some (people)', a slightly elevated equivalent of «некоторые», common in 19th-century prose. The imperfective «вставали» renders the rising as a scattered, ongoing action across the crowd."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of схватились","gloss":"the ladies"},{"surface":"схватились","lemma":"схватиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"snatched up"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лорнеты","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"лорнеты","lemma":"лорнет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of схватились","gloss":"lorgnettes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бинокли","lemma":"бинокль","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with лорнеты","gloss":"opera glasses"},{"surface":"мужчины","lemma":"мужчина","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of зашевелились","gloss":"the men"},{"surface":"зашевелились","lemma":"зашевелиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватились","gloss":"stirred"},{"surface":"иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вставали","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"вставали","lemma":"вставать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with схватились","gloss":"were getting up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мест","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"мест","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of вставали","gloss":"their seats"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видеть","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видеть","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вставали","gloss":"to see"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b12-c4-s80","source":"Все утверждали потом, что Митя вдруг побледнел «как платок», только что она вошла.","translation":"Everyone afterward maintained that Mitya turned suddenly pale \"as a handkerchief\" the moment she came in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митя вдруг побледнел «как платок»","title":"Perfective «побледнел» of sudden change","body":"«Побледнел» (perfective of «бледнеть» with «по-») marks the instantaneous onset of pallor — 'turned pale'. «Вдруг» ('suddenly') reinforces the punctual, completed shift the perfective conveys."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как платок","title":"«бледный как платок» — pale as a kerchief","body":"The folk simile «как платок» ('like a kerchief/handkerchief') means deathly white. The narrator quotes it in scare-quotes to flag it as the townsfolk's own coloured phrasing rather than his."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of утверждали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"утверждали","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"maintained"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утверждали","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of побледнел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побледнел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побледнел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"побледнел","lemma":"побледнеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of утверждали","gloss":"turned pale"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking платок","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побледнел","gloss":"a handkerchief"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вошла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вошла","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on побледнел","gloss":"came in"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b12-c4-s81","source":"Вся в черном, скромно и почти робко приблизилась она к указанному ей месту.","translation":"All in black, modestly and almost timidly, she approached the place assigned to her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вся в черном, скромно и почти робко приблизилась она","title":"Fronted manner adverbs + inversion","body":"The sentence opens with the descriptive phrase «вся в чёрном» and the manner adverbs «скромно и почти робко», delaying the verb and subject «приблизилась она». This topic-first ordering builds the portrait before the action, a typical narrative rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приблизилась … к указанному ей месту","title":"«приблизиться к» + dative; passive participle","body":"«Приблизиться к» governs the dative «к… месту». «Указанному ей» is again the past passive participle 'assigned to her', echoing the formula used for Alyosha — the court directs each witness to a set place."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"describes она (all in black)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черном","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"черном","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приблизилась","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"скромно","lemma":"скромно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приблизилась","gloss":"modestly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies робко","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"робко","lemma":"робко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with скромно, modifies приблизилась","gloss":"timidly"},{"surface":"приблизилась","lemma":"приблизиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"approached"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приблизилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"указанному","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"clause modifying месту","gloss":"assigned"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of указанному","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"месту","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приблизилась","gloss":"place"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b12-c4-s82","source":"Нельзя было угадать по лицу ее, что она была взволнована, но решимость сверкала в ее темном, сумрачном взгляде.","translation":"One could not have guessed from her face that she was agitated, but resolve flashed in her dark, somber gaze.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нельзя было угадать по лицу ее","title":"Impersonal «нельзя было» + infinitive","body":"«Нельзя было угадать» is an impersonal construction with no subject: 'it was impossible to guess'. «Нельзя» plus the perfective infinitive «угадать» states an unattainable single act. The experiencer is left unnamed and general."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"решимость сверкала в ее темном, сумрачном взгляде","title":"Prepositional of location «во взгляде»","body":"«В её тёмном, сумрачном взгляде» is the prepositional after «в» marking location ('in her gaze'); the adjectives «тёмном, сумрачном» agree in that case. Word order places the new, striking subject «решимость» (resolve) first for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one could not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Нельзя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"угадать","lemma":"угадать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Нельзя","gloss":"to guess"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицу","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"лицу","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of угадать","gloss":"her face"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лицу","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взволнована","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of взволнована","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to взволнована","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"взволнована","lemma":"взволновать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement, clausal complement of угадать","gloss":"agitated"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"решимость","lemma":"решимость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сверкала","gloss":"resolve"},{"surface":"сверкала","lemma":"сверкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of взгляде","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"темном","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляде","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"сумрачном","lemma":"сумрачный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with темном","gloss":"somber"},{"surface":"взгляде","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сверкала","gloss":"gaze"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b12-c4-s83","source":"Надо заметить, потом весьма многие утверждали, что она была удивительно хороша собой в ту минуту.","translation":"It must be noted that very many afterward maintained she was astonishingly beautiful at that moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"удивительно хороша собой","title":"Short adjective «хороша» + «собой»","body":"«Хороша собой» ('good-looking') is the idiom for physical beauty, using the short feminine adjective «хороша» as predicate plus the instrumental reflexive «собой» ('in herself'). The short form fits the predicative, momentary assessment 'she was beautiful at that moment'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надо заметить","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive","body":"«Надо заметить» is a subjectless modal phrase, 'one must note / it should be noted', with «надо» governing the infinitive. It is the narrator's conventional aside-marker."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it must be"},{"surface":"заметить","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"noted"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утверждали","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многие","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of утверждали","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"утверждали","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заметить","gloss":"maintained"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хороша","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хороша","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to хороша","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"удивительно","lemma":"удивительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хороша","gloss":"astonishingly"},{"surface":"хороша","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of утверждали","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of хороша","gloss":"in appearance","note":"idiom: хороша собой = \"good-looking, beautiful (to look at)\"."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хороша","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b12-c4-s84","source":"Заговорила она тихо, но ясно, на всю залу.","translation":"She began to speak softly, but clearly enough to carry across the whole hall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Заговорила она тихо","title":"Inceptive «за-» in «заговорила»","body":"«Заговорила» (perfective of «говорить» with «за-») means 'began to speak / started talking' — the prefix «за-» marks the inception of the action. Fronting the verb before «она» gives the narrative its forward push."}],"words":[{"surface":"Заговорила","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began to speak"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Заговорила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Заговорила","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with тихо","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of залу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Заговорила","gloss":"hall"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b12-c4-s85","source":"Выражалась чрезвычайно спокойно или по крайней мере усиливаясь быть спокойною.","translation":"She expressed herself with extraordinary composure, or at least with an effort to be composed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"усиливаясь быть спокойною","title":"Gerund «усиливаясь» + instrumental predicate","body":"«Усиливаясь» is an imperfective present gerund of «усиливаться» (to strain/exert oneself) — 'straining to be calm'. «Спокойною» is the long-form instrumental predicate after «быть» (the «-ою» ending is the older/literary instrumental feminine), framing the assumed state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выражалась чрезвычайно спокойно","title":"Reflexive «выражаться» and dropped subject","body":"«Выражалась» (reflexive 'expressed herself') has no stated subject — «она» is dropped, recoverable from the feminine «-лась» ending. The middle «-ся» turns 'express' inward upon the speaker."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выражалась","lemma":"выражаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expressed herself"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спокойно","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Выражалась","gloss":"calmly"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least","note":"idiom: по крайней мере = \"at least\"."},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"усиливаясь","lemma":"усиливаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Выражалась","gloss":"striving"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to спокойною","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"спокойною","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of усиливаясь","gloss":"composed"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b12-c4-s86","source":"Председатель начал вопросы свои осторожно, чрезвычайно почтительно, как бы боясь коснуться «иных струн» и уважая великое несчастие.","translation":"The presiding judge began his questions cautiously, with extreme deference, as though afraid to touch upon \"certain chords\" and respectful of a great misfortune.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы боясь коснуться «иных струн»","title":"Gerund «боясь» + genitive object","body":"«Боясь» is the present gerund of «бояться», a verb existing only in «-ся» form. «Как бы боясь» ('as if afraid') hedges the judge's motive. «Коснуться» (to touch) governs the genitive «иных струн» — 'to touch certain chords'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"иных струн","title":"«коснуться иных струн» — to touch certain chords","body":"«Иные струны» literally 'other/certain strings', metaphorically the painful, intimate 'chords' of feeling. The narrator scare-quotes the cliché. «Иных» here is the bookish «иной» in the sense 'certain, particular'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уважая великое несчастие","title":"Gerund chain «боясь… уважая»","body":"A second present gerund «уважая» (respecting) parallels «боясь», both adverbially qualifying the judge's manner of questioning. Stacking gerunds like this is a signature of Dostoevsky's dense narrative syntax."}],"words":[{"surface":"Председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of начал","gloss":"his questions"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of вопросы","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"осторожно","lemma":"осторожно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"cautiously"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почтительно","gloss":"extremely"},{"surface":"почтительно","lemma":"почтительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with осторожно, modifies начал","gloss":"deferentially"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though","note":"idiom: как бы = \"as if, as though\"."},{"surface":"боясь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying начал","gloss":"fearing"},{"surface":"коснуться","lemma":"коснуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of боясь","gloss":"to touch"},{"surface":"иных","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies струн","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"струн","lemma":"струна","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of коснуться","gloss":"chords"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уважая","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with боясь, adverbial converb modifying начал","gloss":"respecting"},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies несчастие","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"несчастие","lemma":"несчастие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of уважая","gloss":"misfortune"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b12-c4-s87","source":"Но Катерина Ивановна сама, с самых первых слов, твердо объявила на один из предложенных вопросов, что она была помолвленною невестой подсудимого «до тех пор, пока он сам меня не оставил…» — тихо прибавила она.","translation":"But Katerina Ivanovna herself, from her very first words, firmly declared, in answer to one of the questions put to her, that she had been the prisoner's betrothed bride \"until the time when he himself abandoned me…\" she added quietly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была помолвленною невестой подсудимого","title":"Instrumental predicate after past «была»","body":"After past «была», the predicate goes in the instrumental: «помолвленною невестой» (the betrothed bride), with the participle «помолвленною» (passive past, 'betrothed') agreeing in that case. The instrumental frames a former, time-bound role."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пока он сам меня не оставил","title":"«пока… не» = 'until'","body":"«Пока… не оставил» is the standard 'until' construction, where «пока» plus a negated perfective verb means 'up until the moment he abandoned me' — the «не» is grammatical, not a true negation. «Сам» ('himself') stresses that the leaving was his doing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of объявила","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Катерина","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies первых","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"object of с","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявила","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"объявила","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking один","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"oblique complement of объявила","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросов","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"предложенных","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies вопросов","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"вопросов","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies один","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помолвленною","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of помолвленною","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to помолвленною","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"помолвленною","lemma":"помолвленный","morphology":"adjective, participle, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies невестой","gloss":"betrothed","note":"archaic instrumental ending -ою (modern -ой)."},{"surface":"невестой","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"bride"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies невестой","gloss":"the prisoner's"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of пор","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of помолвленною","gloss":"time","note":"idiom: до тех пор, пока = \"until the time when\"."},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оставил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он (emphatic)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of оставил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оставил","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying пор","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавила","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"прибавила","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to объявила","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибавила","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b12-c4-s88","source":"Когда ее спросили о трех тысячах, вверенных Мите для отсылки на почту ее родственникам, она твердо проговорила: «Я дала ему не прямо на почту; я тогда предчувствовала, что ему очень нужны деньги… в ту минуту. Я дала ему эти три тысячи под условием, чтоб он отослал их, если хочет, в течение месяца. Напрасно он так потом себя мучил из-за этого долга…»","translation":"When she was asked about the three thousand entrusted to Mitya to be sent by post to her relatives, she said firmly: \"I did not give it to him directly for the post; at the time I had a presentiment that he was in great need of money… at that very moment. I gave him those three thousand on the condition that he should send it off, if he wished, within the course of a month. He tormented himself over that debt afterward quite needlessly…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"трех тысячах, вверенных Мите","title":"Past passive participle «вверенных» + dative","body":"«Вверенных» is the past passive participle of «вверить» (to entrust), agreeing with «тысячах» and taking the dative «Мите» for the person entrusted — 'the three thousand entrusted to Mitya'. A compact participial relative clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"под условием, чтоб он отослал","title":"Purpose «чтоб» + past-form irrealis","body":"«Чтоб(ы) он отослал» uses «чтобы» with a past-tense verb to express a stipulated condition/purpose: 'on condition that he send it off'. The past form here is the irrealis fused inside «чтобы», not a real past."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Напрасно он так потом себя мучил","title":"«себя мучил» — reflexive object","body":"Here Dostoevsky uses the full reflexive pronoun «себя» with «мучил» ('tormented himself') rather than the verb «мучился» seen earlier — emphasizing Mitya as deliberate agent of his own suffering. «Напрасно» ('in vain, needlessly') frames it as wasted anguish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of спросили","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of спросили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"спросили","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective (indefinite-personal, passive sense)","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"was asked"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies тысячах","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячах","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of спросили (governed by о)","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"вверенных","lemma":"вверить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, locative, plural","role":"participial clause modifying тысячах","gloss":"entrusted","note":"Past passive participle of вверить (\"to entrust\"), agreeing with тысячах."},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of вверенных","gloss":"to Mitya"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отсылки","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"отсылки","lemma":"отсылка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вверенных","gloss":"sending"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking почту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"почту","lemma":"почта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отсылки","gloss":"the post"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of родственникам","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"родственникам","lemma":"родственник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of отсылки","gloss":"relatives"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"дала","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of her quoted statement","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прямо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дала","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking почту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"почту","lemma":"почта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дала","gloss":"the post"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предчувствовала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предчувствовала","gloss":"at the time"},{"surface":"предчувствовала","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дала","gloss":"had a presentiment"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нужны","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of нужны","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужны","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"нужны","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, plural, predicative","role":"clausal complement of предчувствовала","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural (pluralia tantum)","role":"subject of нужны","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предчувствовала","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"дала","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of три тысячи","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дала","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking условием","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"условием","lemma":"условие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дала","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отослал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отослал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отослал","lemma":"отослать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of условием","gloss":"would send"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of отослал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отослал","gloss":"wishes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking течение месяца","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"течение","lemma":"течение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase в течение","gloss":"course","note":"в течение месяца is a fixed idiom meaning \"within a month.\""},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отослал (via в течение)","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"Напрасно","lemma":"напрасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучил","gloss":"needlessly"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мучил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучил","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of мучил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"мучил","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part 1 of compound из-за)","role":"preposition marking долга","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part 2 of compound из-за)","role":"preposition marking долга","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of долга","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"долга","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучил (via из-за)","gloss":"debt"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b12-c4-s89","source":"Я не передаю всех вопросов и в точности всех ее ответов, я только передаю существенный смысл ее показаний.","translation":"I do not reproduce every question, nor every one of her answers exactly; I convey only the essential substance of her testimony.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я не передаю всех вопросов … всех ее ответов","title":"Genitive of negation after «не передаю»","body":"Under negation the objects shift to genitive: «не передаю всех вопросов… ответов» ('I do not convey all the questions/answers'). The genitive of negation is especially natural here with «всех», stressing the totality not reproduced."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"существенный смысл","title":"«существенный смысл» — the essential gist","body":"«Существенный смысл показаний» means the 'essential substance/import of her testimony'. «Существенный» (essential, material) and «показание» (legal testimony) keep the passage's juridical register while the narrator confesses to paraphrasing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of передаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies передаю","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"передаю","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reproduce"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of вопросов","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"вопросов","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of передаю (genitive of negation)","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase в точности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"точности","lemma":"точность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase в точности, modifies передаю","gloss":"exactly","note":"в точности is a fixed idiom meaning \"exactly.\""},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of ответов","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ответов","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ответов","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with вопросов, direct object of передаю","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of передаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies передаю","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"передаю","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with передаю (w3)","gloss":"convey"},{"surface":"существенный","lemma":"существенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смысл","gloss":"essential"},{"surface":"смысл","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of передаю","gloss":"substance"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of показаний","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"показаний","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies смысл","gloss":"testimony"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b12-c4-s90","source":"— Я твердо была уверена, что он всегда успеет переслать эти три тысячи, только что получит от отца, — продолжала она, отвечая на вопросы.","translation":"\"I was firmly certain that he would always be in time to send those three thousand on, the moment he received it from his father,\" she went on, answering the questions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он всегда успеет переслать … только что получит","title":"Two perfective futures of immediacy","body":"«Успеет переслать» (will manage to send) and «получит» (will receive) are both perfective futures. «Только что… получит» means 'the moment he receives' — the perfective future after «только что» expresses an action conceived as instantly completed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"продолжала она, отвечая на вопросы","title":"Gerund «отвечая» on the speech-tag","body":"«Отвечая» is an imperfective present gerund 'answering', attached to «продолжала» to show simultaneous action — she goes on speaking while answering. A typical narrative speech-tag adornment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уверена","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверена","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уверена","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уверена","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"head of the predicate","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of успеет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успеет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успеет","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"успеет","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверена","gloss":"would be in time"},{"surface":"переслать","lemma":"переслать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успеет","gloss":"to send on"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of три тысячи","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of переслать","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только что","morphology":"particle (part 1 of idiom только что)","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"только что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part 2 of idiom только что)","role":"introduces the clause of получит","gloss":"that","note":"только что + future = \"as soon as / the moment he...\"."},{"surface":"получит","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on успеет","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получит","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"продолжала","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"frame verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of продолжала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"отвечая","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжала","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отвечая","gloss":"questions"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b12-c4-s91","source":"— Я всегда была уверена в его бескорыстии и в его честности… высокой честности… в денежных делах.","translation":"\"I was always certain of his disinterestedness and of his honesty… his lofty honesty… in money matters.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уверена в его бескорыстии и в его честности","title":"«уверена в» + prepositional","body":"«Уверена в» (certain of) governs the prepositional: «в… бескорыстии… честности». «Уверена» is the short feminine adjective predicate. The repeated «в его» insistently anchors the certainty to him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бескорыстии","title":"«бескорыстие» — selflessness","body":"«Бескорыстие» (from «без» + «корысть», self-interest/greed) means disinterestedness, freedom from mercenary motive. It is a key moral virtue she ascribes to Mitya, all the more pointed at a trial about money."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уверена","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверена","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уверена","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уверена","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"head of the predicate","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бескорыстии","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of бескорыстии","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"бескорыстии","lemma":"бескорыстие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уверена","gloss":"disinterestedness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking честности","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of честности","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"честности","lemma":"честность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with бескорыстии","gloss":"honesty"},{"surface":"высокой","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies честности (w13)","gloss":"lofty"},{"surface":"честности","lemma":"честность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to честности (w11)","gloss":"honesty"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"денежных","lemma":"денежный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies делах","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"делах","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of честности","gloss":"matters"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b12-c4-s92","source":"Он твердо был уверен, что получит от отца три тысячи рублей, и несколько раз мне говорил про это.","translation":"He was firmly convinced that he would receive three thousand roubles from his father, and he told me so several times.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"получит от отца три тысячи рублей","title":"Genitive plural after «тысяч/рублей»","body":"«Три тысячи рублей»: «тысячи» is the genitive singular required after «три», while the counted «рублей» stands in the genitive plural governed by «тысяч». «От отца» ('from his father', genitive after «от») names the source."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он твердо был уверен","title":"Short adjective «уверен» (masc.)","body":"«Уверен» is the short masculine of «уверенный», 'was convinced'. The whole chapter rings with «уверена/уверен/уверенность» as Katerina insists on Mitya's honesty — the short form gives each a flat, declarative finality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уверен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверен","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уверен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the predicate","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of получит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"получит","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверен","gloss":"would receive"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получит","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of получит","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies раз","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был уверен","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b12-c4-s93","source":"Я знала, что у него с отцом распря, и всегда была и до сих пор тоже уверена, что он был обижен отцом.","translation":"I knew that he was at odds with his father, and I always was, and to this day still am, certain that he had been wronged by his father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был обижен отцом","title":"Short passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«Был обижен отцом» is a periphrastic passive: «был» plus the short past passive participle «обижен» ('wronged'), with the agent in the instrumental «отцом» ('by his father'). This is the canonical Russian passive of a result."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"распря","title":"«распря» — strife, feud","body":"«Распря» is a somewhat elevated, bookish word for discord, feud, or quarrel — graver than an ordinary «ссора». 'He was at odds («у него… распря») with his father' frames the Mitya–Fyodor conflict as a standing enmity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знала","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of распря","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessor complement of у (у него = \"he had\")","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of распря","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"распря","lemma":"распря","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the clause (\"у него ... распря\" = he was at odds)","gloss":"feud"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверена","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уверена","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"this","note":"до сих пор is a fixed idiom meaning \"to this day, still.\""},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор, modifies уверена","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверена","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"уверена","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with знала","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обижен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive обижен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of обижен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"обижен","lemma":"обидеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверена","gloss":"wronged"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent complement of обижен","gloss":"by his father"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b12-c4-s94","source":"Я не помню никаких угроз отцу с его стороны.","translation":"I do not remember any threats against his father on his part.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не помню никаких угроз","title":"Negative concord + genitive of negation","body":"«Не помню никаких угроз» stacks the «ни»-word «никаких» with the verbal «не» (negative concord — two negatives, one meaning), and the negated object «угроз» stands in the genitive of negation — 'I don't remember any threats'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of угроз","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"угроз","lemma":"угроза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of помню","gloss":"threats"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"target complement of угроз","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase с его стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase с его стороны, modifies угроз","gloss":"part","note":"с его стороны is an idiom meaning \"on his part.\""}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b12-c4-s95","source":"При мне по крайней мере он ничего не говорил, никаких угроз.","translation":"In my presence, at least, he said nothing of the kind — no threats.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он ничего не говорил, никаких угроз","title":"Triple negative concord","body":"«Ничего не говорил, никаких угроз» again shows negative concord: «ничего» and «никаких» both co-occur with «не». «Никаких угроз» is in the genitive of negation, restating the previous sentence with heightened insistence — 'nothing… no threats'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"При мне по крайней мере","title":"«при» + prepositional = 'in the presence of'","body":"«При мне» literally 'at/with me' is the idiom for 'in my presence'; «при» governs the prepositional. «По крайней мере» ('at least') carefully limits her testimony to what she personally witnessed."}],"words":[{"surface":"При","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил (при мне = \"in my presence\")","gloss":"my presence"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере, modifies говорил","gloss":"least","note":"по крайней мере is a fixed idiom meaning \"at least.\""},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of угроз","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"угроз","lemma":"угроза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to ничего","gloss":"threats"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b12-c4-s96","source":"Если б он пришел тогда ко мне, я тотчас успокоила бы его тревогу из-за должных мне им этих несчастных трех тысяч, но он не приходил ко мне более… а я сама… я была поставлена в такое положение… что не могла его звать к себе…","translation":"Had he come to me then, I would have set his mind at rest at once about those wretched three thousand he owed me, but he came to me no more… and I myself… I was placed in such a position… that I could not summon him to me…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если б он пришел … я тотчас успокоила бы","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"«Если б он пришёл… я… успокоила бы» is the full irrealis: past-tense verbs plus the particle «бы/б» in both clauses — 'had he come… I would have set at rest'. «Б» is the reduced «бы», leaning here on «если»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из-за должных мне им этих несчастных трех тысяч","title":"Participle «должных» + dense case stacking","body":"This noun phrase is a tangle of agreement: «должных… трёх тысяч» (genitive after «из-за»), with «мне» (dative, to whom owed) and «им» (instrumental, by whom owed) packed in — 'those wretched three thousand owed to me by him'. Such compression is characteristically literary."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могла его звать к себе","title":"Reflexive «к себе» = 'to my place'","body":"«Звать к себе» means to summon someone to one's own home/presence; «себе» is the dative reflexive pointing back to the subject 'I'. «Не могла… звать» pairs the modal with the imperfective infinitive for a habitual impossibility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of пришел","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood of пришел","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of успокоила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успокоила","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"успокоила","lemma":"успокоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would set at rest"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood of успокоила","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of тревогу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"тревогу","lemma":"тревога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of успокоила","gloss":"anxiety"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part 1 of compound из-за)","role":"preposition marking тысяч","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part 2 of compound из-за)","role":"preposition marking тысяч","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"должных","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies тысяч","gloss":"owed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of должных","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent complement of должных (owed by him)","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of тысяч","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"несчастных","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies тысяч","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of успокоила (via из-за)","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with успокоила","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходил","gloss":"any more"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сама","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of passive поставлена","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of поставлена","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"поставлена","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"placed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положение","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of положение","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"положение","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставлена","gloss":"position"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of положение","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of звать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"звать","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"summon"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of звать","gloss":"herself"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b12-c4-s97","source":"Да я и никакого права не имела быть к нему требовательною за этот долг, — прибавила она вдруг, и что-то решительное зазвенело в ее голосе, — я сама однажды получила от него денежное одолжение еще большее, чем в три тысячи, и приняла его, несмотря на то, что и предвидеть еще тогда не могла, что хоть когда-нибудь в состоянии буду заплатить ему долг мой.","translation":"\"And besides, I had no right whatever to be exacting with him over that debt,\" she suddenly added, and something resolute rang out in her voice, \"for I myself had once received from him a loan of money even greater than three thousand, and I accepted it, despite being unable even to foresee at the time that I should ever be in a position to repay him my debt.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никакого права не имела быть к нему требовательною","title":"Genitive of negation + instrumental predicate","body":"«Никакого права не имела» negates with «ни»-word «никакого» plus «не», the object «права» in the genitive of negation. «Быть… требовательною» takes the instrumental predicate «требовательною» (exacting) — the old «-ою» feminine ending, period-flavoured."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то решительное зазвенело в ее голосе","title":"Indefinite «что-то» + inceptive «за-»","body":"«Что-то решительное» ('something resolute') is the indefinite pronoun «что-то» with an agreeing neuter adjective. «Зазвенело» (perfective, «за-») marks the onset of the ringing — 'something resolute rang out'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и предвидеть еще тогда не могла, что … в состоянии буду заплатить","title":"Copular future «буду» + «в состоянии» + infinitive","body":"«В состоянии буду заплатить» means 'I would be in a position to repay': «буду» is the future of the copula «быть», linking the predicate «в состоянии» (in a position / able), and «заплатить» is a dependent perfective infinitive complementing «в состоянии». It is not a compound future (which would be «быть» + an imperfective infinitive). Note the future-in-the-past in reported thought, where English shifts to 'should'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имела","gloss":"and besides"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies никакого права","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of права","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имела","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имела","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of имела (право быть)","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of требовательною","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"требовательною","lemma":"требовательный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"demanding"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking долг","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of долг","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"долг","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of требовательною","gloss":"debt"},{"surface":"прибавила","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel frame clause to имела","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибавила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative (part 1 of что-то)","role":"part of the phrase что-то, subject of зазвенело","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle (part 2 of что-то)","role":"part of the phrase что-то, subject of зазвенело","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"решительное","lemma":"решительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"resolute"},{"surface":"зазвенело","lemma":"зазвенеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прибавила","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голосе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of голосе","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"голосе","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зазвенело","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of получила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получила","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"получила","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of her explanation, coordinated with имела","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"денежное","lemma":"денежный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies одолжение","gloss":"monetary"},{"surface":"одолжение","lemma":"одолжение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of получила","gloss":"loan"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies большее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"большее","lemma":"больший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies одолжение","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause of тысячи","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom в три тысячи","gloss":"in","note":"в три тысячи here means \"amounting to three thousand.\""},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of большее (via чем в)","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приняла","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with получила","gloss":"accepted"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приняла","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition (part 1 of compound несмотря на)","role":"introduces the concessive phrase","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition (part 2 of compound несмотря на)","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"antecedent of что-clause, complement of несмотря на","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предвидеть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"предвидеть","lemma":"предвидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"foresee"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause (clausal complement of то)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of буду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть когда-нибудь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of когда-нибудь)","role":"part of the phrase когда-нибудь, modifies буду","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"particle (part 2 of когда-нибудь)","role":"part of the phrase когда-нибудь","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase в состоянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase в состоянии, complement of буду","gloss":"a position"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of могла, auxiliary of заплатить","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"заплатить","lemma":"заплатить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of буду","gloss":"to pay"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of заплатить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"долг","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заплатить","gloss":"debt"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of долг","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b12-c4-s98","source":"В тоне голоса ее как бы почувствовался какой-то вызов.","translation":"In the tone of her voice there seemed to be a kind of challenge.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы почувствовался какой-то вызов","title":"Impersonal reflexive «почувствовался» + «как бы»","body":"«Почувствовался» is reflexive — the challenge 'made itself felt / seemed to be felt', with «как бы» ('as if') hedging the perception. «Какой-то вызов» ('some kind of challenge') uses the indefinite «какой-то». The whole frames an impression with no perceiving subject named."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тоне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тоне","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of почувствовался","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"голоса","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тоне","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of голоса","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part 1 of как бы)","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies почувствовался","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part 2 of как бы)","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"почувствовался","lemma":"почувствоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was felt"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular (part 1 of какой-то)","role":"determiner of вызов","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle (part 2 of какой-то)","role":"part of the phrase какой-то","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"вызов","lemma":"вызов","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовался","gloss":"challenge"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b12-c4-s99","source":"Именно в эту минуту вопросы перешли к Фетюковичу.","translation":"It was at precisely this moment that the questioning passed to Fetyukovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Именно в эту минуту вопросы перешли к Фетюковичу","title":"«перейти к» + dative","body":"«Перешли к Фетюковичу» — the prefixed motion verb «перейти» (to pass over) governs «к» + dative, 'passed to Fetyukovich'. «Именно в эту минуту» ('at precisely this moment') front-loads the temporal emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перешли","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of перешли","gloss":"the questions"},{"surface":"перешли","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Фетюковичу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Фетюковичу","lemma":"Фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перешли","gloss":"Fetyukovich"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b12-c4-s100","source":"— Это было еще не здесь, а в начале вашего знакомства? — осторожно подходя, подхватил Фетюкович, вмиг запредчувствовав нечто благоприятное.","translation":"\"This was not yet here, but at the beginning of your acquaintance?\" Fetyukovich took it up, approaching cautiously, instantly sensing something favorable.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"осторожно подходя, подхватил Фетюкович","title":"Gerund «подходя» of manner","body":"«Подходя» is an imperfective present gerund of «подходить» (to approach), giving the simultaneous manner of «подхватил» (took up) — 'taking it up, approaching cautiously'. Prefixed «под-» adds the nuance of nearing carefully."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вмиг запредчувствовав нечто благоприятное","title":"Perfective gerund «запредчувствовав»","body":"«Запредчувствовав» is a perfective past gerund — 'having instantly sensed beforehand' — built on «предчувствовать» (to have a presentiment) with the inceptive «за-». The perfective gerund marks an action completed just before the main verb. «Нечто благоприятное» = 'something favorable'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of здесь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to здесь","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начале","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"начале","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with здесь","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of знакомства","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"знакомства","lemma":"знакомство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начале","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"осторожно","lemma":"осторожно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подходя","gloss":"cautiously"},{"surface":"подходя","lemma":"подходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подхватил","gloss":"approaching"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took it up"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"Фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"вмиг","lemma":"вмиг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запредчувствовав","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"запредчувствовав","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on подхватил","gloss":"sensing in advance"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of запредчувствовав","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"благоприятное","lemma":"благоприятный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"favorable"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b12-c4-s101","source":"(Замечу в скобках, что он, несмотря на то, что был вызван из Петербурга отчасти и самою Катериною Ивановной, — все-таки не знал ничего об эпизоде о пяти тысячах, данных ей Митей еще в том городе, и о «земном поклоне».","translation":"(I will note in parentheses that he, despite having been summoned from Petersburg partly by Katerina Ivanovna herself, still knew nothing about the episode of the five thousand given to her by Mitya back in that other town, nor about the \"bow to the ground.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на то, что был вызван","title":"Concessive «несмотря на то, что» + passive","body":"«Несмотря на то, что» ('despite the fact that') opens a concessive clause. «Был вызван» is a periphrastic passive ('had been summoned'), and «самою Катериною Ивановной» gives the instrumental agent (older «-ою/-ою» endings) — 'by Katerina Ivanovna herself'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не знал ничего об эпизоде … и о «земном поклоне»","title":"Negative concord + prepositional of topic","body":"«Не знал ничего» shows negative concord («ничего»+«не»). «Об эпизоде… о пяти тысячах… о поклоне» is the prepositional of topic after «о/об» ('about'), strung in a series listing what he did not know."}],"words":[{"surface":"Замечу","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will note"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скобках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"скобках","lemma":"скобка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Замечу","gloss":"parentheses"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"with на (w7), forms the compound preposition 'despite'","gloss":"despite","note":"несмотря на = 'despite'"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition на, anticipates the что-clause","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вызван","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of вызван","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вызван","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause (modifies то)","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербурга","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Петербурга","lemma":"Петербург","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вызван","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"отчасти","lemma":"отчасти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies самою","gloss":"partly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes самою","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"самою","lemma":"сама","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Катериною (emphatic 'herself')","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"Катериною","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent of вызван","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановной","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катериною","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки, modifies знал","gloss":"still","note":"все-таки together means 'nonetheless, still'"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки, modifies знал","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by что (w4)","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эпизоде","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"эпизоде","lemma":"эпизод","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"episode"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"пяти","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies тысячах","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"тысячах","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies эпизоде","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"данных","lemma":"данный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, locative, plural","role":"modifies тысячах","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of данных","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"Митей","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of данных","gloss":"by Mitya"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies городе","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городе","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of данных","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поклоне","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"земном","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклоне","gloss":"ground","note":"земной поклон = a full prostration bow"},{"surface":"поклоне","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with эпизоде","gloss":"bow"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b12-c4-s102","source":"Она этого не сказала ему и скрыла!","translation":"She had not told him of this and had concealed it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она этого не сказала ему и скрыла!","title":"Genitive of negation «этого»","body":"«Этого не сказала» puts the negated object «это» into the genitive «этого» — the genitive of negation with a non-specific demonstrative object. «Скрыла» (perfective 'concealed') completes the pair of contrasting acts: didn't say it, hid it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сказала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказала","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скрыла","lemma":"скрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказала","gloss":"concealed"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b12-c4-s103","source":"И это было удивительно.","translation":"And that was astonishing.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of удивительно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to удивительно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"удивительно","lemma":"удивительный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"astonishing"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b12-c4-s104","source":"Можно с уверенностию предположить, что она сама, до самой последней минуты, не знала: расскажет она этот эпизод на суде или нет и ждала какого-то вдохновения)","translation":"One may suppose with confidence that she herself, until the very last moment, did not know whether she would tell this episode in court or not, and was waiting for some sort of inspiration.)","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Можно с уверенностию предположить","title":"Impersonal «можно» + archaic «-ию»","body":"«Можно… предположить» is the impersonal modal 'one may suppose'. «С уверенностию» is the old literary instrumental ending «-ию» (modern «-ью») for «уверенность» — a period flavour the narrator favours."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не знала: расскажет она этот эпизод … или нет","title":"Indirect alternative question","body":"After «не знала» the embedded question «расскажет… или нет» ('whether she would tell… or not') is posed without «ли», using the «или нет» tag instead. «Расскажет» is the perfective future kept in the original tense within reported thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one may"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уверенностию","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"уверенностию","lemma":"уверенность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Можно","gloss":"confidence"},{"surface":"предположить","lemma":"предположить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Можно","gloss":"to suppose"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of знала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сама","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она (emphatic 'herself')","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies последней","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"последней","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знала","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by что (w5)","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"расскажет","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the indirect question complementing знала","gloss":"she would tell"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of расскажет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of эпизод","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"эпизод","lemma":"эпизод","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of расскажет","gloss":"episode"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расскажет","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with расскажет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ждала","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знала","gloss":"was waiting for"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of вдохновения","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of вдохновения","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"вдохновения","lemma":"вдохновение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ждала","gloss":"inspiration"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b12-c4-s105","source":"Нет, никогда я не могу забыть этих минут!","translation":"No, never can I forget those minutes!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда я не могу забыть этих минут","title":"Negative concord + genitive of negation","body":"«Никогда… не могу забыть» pairs the «ни»-adverb «никогда» with «не» (concord), and «этих минут» appears in the genitive — the genitive of negation after the negated «не могу забыть». The narrator breaks into the present tense for vividness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of минут","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of забыть","gloss":"moments"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b12-c4-s106","source":"Она начала рассказывать, она ''всё'' рассказала, весь этот эпизод, поведанный Митей Алеше, и «земной поклон», и причины, и про отца своего, и появление свое у Мити, и ни словом, ни единым намеком не упомянула о том, что Митя, чрез сестру ее, сам предложил «прислать к нему Катерину Ивановну за деньгами».","translation":"She began to tell it; she told ''everything,'' the whole of that episode confided by Mitya to Alyosha, and the \"bow to the ground,\" and the reasons, and about her own father, and her appearance at Mitya's lodging — and not by a single word, not by the faintest hint, did she mention that Mitya, through her sister, had himself proposed that \"Katerina Ivanovna be sent to him for the money.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"эпизод, поведанный Митей Алеше","title":"Passive participle «поведанный» + instrumental & dative","body":"«Поведанный Митей Алеше» is a past passive participle of the bookish «поведать» (to relate, confide): 'the episode confided by Mitya to Alyosha'. The agent is instrumental «Митей», the recipient dative «Алеше»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни словом, ни единым намеком не упомянула","title":"Reinforced negation «ни… ни… не»","body":"«Ни словом, ни единым намёком… не упомянула» piles «ни… ни» onto «не» for emphatic negation — 'not by a single word, not by the faintest hint did she mention'. The instrumentals «словом, намёком» mark the means by which she did NOT mention it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чрез сестру ее","title":"Archaic «чрез» for «через»","body":"«Чрез» is the older, non-pleophonic form of «через» ('through, via'), governing the accusative «сестру». It belongs to the elevated literary register and is a small marker of the narrator's bookish 19th-century voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"рассказывать","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начала","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of рассказала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассказала","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"рассказала","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начала","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of эпизод","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of эпизод","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"эпизод","lemma":"эпизод","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to всё (w5)","gloss":"episode"},{"surface":"поведанный","lemma":"поведать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, nominative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying эпизод","gloss":"confided"},{"surface":"Митей","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of поведанный","gloss":"by Mitya"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поведанный","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"земной","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклон","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"поклон","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with эпизод","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"причины","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with эпизод","gloss":"reasons"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with эпизод","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"появление","lemma":"появление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with эпизод","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of появление","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies появление","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of ни...ни ('not even')","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of упомянула","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of ни...ни ('nor')","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"единым","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies намеком","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"намеком","lemma":"намёк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with словом, adverbial modifier of упомянула","gloss":"hint"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упомянула","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"упомянула","lemma":"упомянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рассказала","gloss":"mentioned"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of упомянула","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предложил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предложил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сестру","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"сестру","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition чрез","gloss":"sister"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of сестру","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Митя (emphatic 'himself')","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"предложил","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by что (w37, modifies том)","gloss":"proposed"},{"surface":"прислать","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of предложил","gloss":"to send"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прислать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Катерину","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прислать","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерину","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгами","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прислать","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b12-c4-s107","source":"Это она великодушно утаила и не устыдилась выставить наружу, что это она, она сама, прибежала тогда к молодому офицеру, своим собственным порывом, надеясь на что-то… чтобы выпросить у него денег.","translation":"This she magnanimously left unsaid, and was not ashamed to make plain that it was she, she herself, who had then run to the young officer, of her own impulse, hoping for something… in order to beg money of him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это она, она сама, прибежала","title":"Cleft «это… она сама» + emphatic repetition","body":"«Это она, она сама, прибежала» is a cleft for emphasis — 'it was she, she herself, who ran'. «Сама» intensifies, and the doubled «она» drives home that the initiative was entirely hers. «Прибежала» (prefixed perfective of motion) marks arrival at a run."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не устыдилась выставить наружу … чтобы выпросить","title":"Reflexive «устыдиться» + purpose «чтобы»","body":"«Устыдилась» (reflexive 'was ashamed') governs the infinitive «выставить». «Чтобы выпросить у него денег» is a purpose clause ('in order to beg money of him'); «выпросить… денег» takes a partitive/negation-flavoured genitive «денег»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of утаила","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of утаила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"великодушно","lemma":"великодушно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утаила","gloss":"magnanimously"},{"surface":"утаила","lemma":"утаить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept hidden"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies устыдилась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"устыдилась","lemma":"устыдиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with утаила","gloss":"was ashamed"},{"surface":"выставить","lemma":"выставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of устыдилась","gloss":"to reveal"},{"surface":"наружу","lemma":"наружу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выставить","gloss":"openly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прибежала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"emphatic subject anticipating она (w12): 'it was she'","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of cleft construction это она ('it was she')","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибежала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сама","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она (w13, emphatic 'herself')","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"прибежала","lemma":"прибежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (complement of выставить)","gloss":"had run"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибежала","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking офицеру","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"молодому","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies офицеру","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"офицеру","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибежала","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of порывом","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"собственным","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies порывом","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"порывом","lemma":"порыв","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of прибежала (means/manner)","gloss":"impulse"},{"surface":"надеясь","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибежала","gloss":"hoping"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of надеясь","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of надеясь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выпросить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"выпросить","lemma":"выпросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying прибежала","gloss":"to beg"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выпросить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of выпросить","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b12-c4-s108","source":"Это было нечто потрясающее.","translation":"It was something shattering.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это было нечто потрясающее","title":"«нечто» + present participle as adjective","body":"«Потрясающее» is the present active participle of «потрясать» (to shake, shock) used adjectivally — 'something shattering/staggering'. With invariable «нечто» it forms the predicate 'it was something shattering'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нечто","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нечто","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"потрясающее","lemma":"потрясать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"shattering"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b12-c4-s109","source":"Я холодел и дрожал слушая, зала замерла, ловя каждое слово.","translation":"I went cold and trembled as I listened; the hall held its breath, catching every word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я холодел и дрожал слушая","title":"Imperfective process + gerund «слушая»","body":"«Холодел и дрожал» are imperfective pasts (was going cold, was trembling), conveying ongoing physical states. «Слушая» is the present gerund 'as I listened', giving the simultaneous circumstance shared with the narrator-subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зала замерла, ловя каждое слово","title":"Gerund «ловя» of attendant action","body":"«Ловя каждое слово» ('catching every word') is a present gerund attached to «замерла» (froze) — the hall, having frozen, hangs on each word. Personifying «зала» (the hall) with a human gerund heightens the collective suspense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of холодел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"холодел","lemma":"холодеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went cold"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дрожал","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with холодел","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"слушая","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on холодел and дрожал","gloss":"listening"},{"surface":"зала","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of замерла","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"замерла","lemma":"замереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"new main clause, coordinated with холодел","gloss":"froze"},{"surface":"ловя","lemma":"ловить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on замерла","gloss":"catching"},{"surface":"каждое","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ловя","gloss":"word"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b12-c4-s110","source":"Тут было что-то беспримерное, так что даже и от такой самовластной и презрительно-гордой девушки, как она, почти невозможно было ожидать такого высокооткровенного показания, такой жертвы, такого самозаклания.","translation":"There was something here without precedent — so much so that even from a girl as imperious and contemptuously proud as she was, it had been all but impossible to expect such candid testimony, such a sacrifice, such self-immolation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже и от такой … девушки, как она, почти невозможно было ожидать","title":"Impersonal «невозможно было» + genitive after «ожидать»","body":"«Невозможно было ожидать» is impersonal ('it was impossible to expect'). «Ожидать» governs the genitive: «такого показания, такой жертвы, такого самозаклания». «От… девушки» ('from a girl', genitive after «от») names the source one would not expect it from."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"самозаклания","title":"«самозаклание» — self-immolation, self-sacrifice","body":"«Самозаклание» is a solemn, Church-Slavonic-flavoured compound: «само-» (self) + «заклание» (a ritual slaying/sacrifice, as of a sacrificial victim). It frames Katerina's confession in sacrificial, almost liturgical terms — 'self-immolation'. The bookish noun in «-ие» belongs to the high register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"самовластной и презрительно-гордой","title":"«самовластная» — imperious, self-willed","body":"«Самовластная» ('self-ruling, imperious') and the compound «презрительно-гордая» ('contemptuously proud') sketch Katerina's haughty character. «Самовластие» is the very word used for autocratic power, lending her pride a near-tyrannical colour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to беспримерное","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of что-то, subject of было","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of что-то, subject of было","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"беспримерное","lemma":"беспримерный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"unprecedented"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of так что ('so that'), introduces the clause of невозможно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies девушки","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies девушки","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking девушки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of девушки","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"самовластной","lemma":"самовластный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девушки","gloss":"imperious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"презрительно","lemma":"презрительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гордой","gloss":"contemptuously"},{"surface":"гордой","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with самовластной, modifies девушки","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"девушки","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition от, modifying невозможно ожидать","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause как она","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical comparative clause (как она [была])","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невозможно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the так-что result clause","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to невозможно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ожидать","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on невозможно","gloss":"to expect"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of показания","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"высокооткровенного","lemma":"высокооткровенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies показания","gloss":"candid"},{"surface":"показания","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ожидать","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жертвы","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"жертвы","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with показания","gloss":"sacrifice"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of самозаклания","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"самозаклания","lemma":"самозаклание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with показания","gloss":"self-immolation"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b12-c4-s111","source":"И для чего, для кого?","translation":"And for what, for whom?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И для чего, для кого?","title":"«для» + genitive interrogatives","body":"«Для чего, для кого» — the preposition «для» ('for the sake of') governs the genitive of the interrogatives «что» and «кто» («чего, кого»). The clipped rhetorical pair voices the narrator's incredulous wonder at her sacrifice."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition для (w2)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"object of preposition для (w4)","gloss":"whom"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b12-c4-s112","source":"Чтобы спасти своего изменника и обидчика, чтобы послужить хоть чем-нибудь, хоть малым, к спасению его, произведя в его пользу хорошее впечатление!","translation":"To save the man who had betrayed and wronged her, to do something, however slight, toward his rescue, by producing a good impression in his favor!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чтобы спасти … чтобы послужить","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + perfective infinitive","body":"Twin «чтобы»-clauses with perfective infinitives «спасти» (to save) and «послужить» (to be of service) answer the previous 'for what?'. With an infinitive (same subject) «чтобы» needs no past-form verb — just the goal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть чем-нибудь, хоть малым","title":"Non-specific «чем-нибудь» (instrumental)","body":"«Чем-нибудь» is the instrumental of «что-нибудь», the non-specific 'anything at all' (with «-нибудь», unlike specific «-то»). «Хоть чем-нибудь, хоть малым» — 'with something, anything, however slight' — names the means of helping."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"произведя в его пользу хорошее впечатление","title":"Perfective gerund «произведя»","body":"«Произведя… впечатление» is a perfective past gerund of «произвести» — 'by producing an impression'. The gerund names the means by which she would serve his rescue, completed in the act of testifying."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спасти","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to save"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of изменника","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"изменника","lemma":"изменник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"betrayer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обидчика","lemma":"обидчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with изменника","gloss":"wrongdoer"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of послужить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"послужить","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on спасти","gloss":"to be of use"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чем-нибудь","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of послужить","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of послужить","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies малым","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"малым","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послужить","gloss":"a small thing"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спасению","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"спасению","lemma":"спасение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of послужить","gloss":"rescue"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спасению","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"произведя","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on послужить","gloss":"producing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пользу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of пользу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пользу","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произведя","gloss":"favor"},{"surface":"хорошее","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произведя","gloss":"impression"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b12-c4-s113","source":"И в самом деле: образ офицера, отдающего свои последние пять тысяч рублей — всё, что у него оставалось в жизни, — и почтительно преклонившегося пред невинною девушкой, выставился весьма симпатично и привлекательно, но… у меня больно сжалось сердце!","translation":"And indeed: the image of the officer giving away his last five thousand roubles — all that he had left in the world — and reverently bowing low before an innocent girl came out as something very sympathetic and attractive, but… my heart contracted painfully!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"образ офицера, отдающего свои последние пять тысяч","title":"Present participle «отдающего» + reflexive «свои»","body":"«Отдающего» is a present active participle ('giving away'), agreeing with «офицера» in the genitive, compressing 'the officer who gives away'. «Свои последние пять тысяч» uses the reflexive possessive «свои» — 'his own last five thousand'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почтительно преклонившегося пред невинною девушкой","title":"Past participle «преклонившегося» + archaic «пред»","body":"«Преклонившегося» is a past active participle of reflexive «преклониться» (to bow low) — 'having reverently bowed'. «Пред» is the archaic, elevated form of «перед» (+ instrumental «девушкой») — 'before an innocent girl'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у меня больно сжалось сердце","title":"Impersonal reflexive + dative-like «у меня»","body":"«У меня… сжалось сердце» ('my heart contracted') uses the reflexive «сжаться» with the experiencer marked by «у меня» (у + genitive). The heart 'tightens of itself' — an involuntary inner event, the kind Dostoevsky renders impersonally."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom в самом деле ('indeed')","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom в самом деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom в самом деле, sentence adverbial","gloss":"fact","note":"в самом деле = 'indeed'"},{"surface":"образ","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выставился","gloss":"the image"},{"surface":"офицера","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образ","gloss":"of the officer"},{"surface":"отдающего","lemma":"отдавать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying офицера","gloss":"giving away"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of тысяч","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies тысяч","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысяч","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of отдающего","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to рублей (explains: all he had left)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оставалось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставалось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"оставалось","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on всё","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставалось","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почтительно","lemma":"почтительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies преклонившегося","gloss":"reverently"},{"surface":"преклонившегося","lemma":"преклониться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying офицера (coordinated with отдающего)","gloss":"bowing down"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking девушкой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"невинною","lemma":"невинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девушкой","gloss":"innocent"},{"surface":"девушкой","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of преклонившегося","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"выставился","lemma":"выставиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came out"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies симпатично","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"симпатично","lemma":"симпатично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выставился","gloss":"appealing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"привлекательно","lemma":"привлекательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with симпатично","gloss":"attractive"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts with выставился","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of сжалось","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сжалось","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"сжалось","lemma":"сжаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"contracted"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сжалось","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b12-c4-s114","source":"Я почувствовал, что может выйти потом (да и вышла потом, вышла!) клевета!","translation":"I felt that out of this might later come (and indeed it did come later, it did!) slander!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"может выйти … (да и вышла потом, вышла!) клевета","title":"Aspect play: «может выйти» / «вышла»","body":"The verb «выйти» ('to come out, result') appears first as perfective infinitive «может выйти» (might result) and then, in the parenthesis, as perfective past «вышла» twice for emphatic confirmation — 'and indeed it did come out!'. The subject «клевета» (slander) is held to the end for impact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовал, modal auxiliary of выйти","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйти","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и, links the parenthetical","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вышла","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause, first вышла, predicate of клевета","gloss":"did come"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышла","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"вышла","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"emphatic repetition of вышла","gloss":"did come"},{"surface":"клевета","lemma":"клевета","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выйти and of both вышла","gloss":"slander"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b12-c4-s115","source":"Со злобным смешком говорили потом во всем городе, что рассказ, может быть, не совсем был точен, именно в том месте, где офицер отпустил от себя девицу «будто бы только с почтительным поклоном».","translation":"With a malicious snigger it was said afterward throughout the whole town that the account had perhaps not been entirely accurate, precisely at the point where the officer dismissed the girl from his presence \"supposedly with only a respectful bow.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Со злобным смешком говорили потом","title":"Subjectless «говорили» + instrumental of manner","body":"«Говорили» (3rd plural with no subject) is the impersonal 'people said / it was said'. «Со злобным смешком» is «с» + instrumental for accompanying manner — 'with a malicious snigger'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смешком … девицу","title":"Expressive «смешок» and bookish «девица»","body":"«Смешок» is the diminutive of «смех» — a small, here nasty, snicker (the «-ок» colours it pejoratively). «Девица» is an elevated/archaic word for a young unmarried woman, more formal than «девушка», fitting the gossipy-genteel register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будто бы только с почтительным поклоном","title":"Reportative «будто бы» (alleged)","body":"«Будто бы» means 'supposedly / as if', flagging a claim the speaker doubts — here the malicious insinuation that the officer dismissed her 'supposedly with only a respectful bow'. It marks reported speech the narrator distances himself from."}],"words":[{"surface":"Со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смешком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"злобным","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смешком","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"смешком","lemma":"смешок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"snigger"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal 'it was said')","gloss":"it was said"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городе","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of точен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"рассказ","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of точен","gloss":"the account"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть, modifies точен","gloss":"perhaps","note":"может быть is a fixed idiom meaning 'perhaps'."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies точен","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking рассказ to точен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"точен","lemma":"точный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"predicate complement of рассказ, clausal complement of говорили","gloss":"accurate"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of точен","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отпустил","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"офицер","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отпустил","gloss":"the officer"},{"surface":"отпустил","lemma":"отпустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on месте","gloss":"dismissed"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of отпустил","gloss":"his presence"},{"surface":"девицу","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отпустил","gloss":"the girl"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто бы, modifies поклоном","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто бы","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поклоном","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поклоном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"почтительным","lemma":"почтительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклоном","gloss":"respectful"},{"surface":"поклоном","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отпустил","gloss":"bow"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b12-c4-s116","source":"Намекали, что тут нечто «пропущено».","translation":"It was hinted that something here had been \"left out.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Намекали, что тут нечто «пропущено»","title":"Short passive participle «пропущено»","body":"«Пропущено» is the short neuter past passive participle of «пропустить» (to leave out, omit) — predicative 'has been left out'. «Намекали» is again the subjectless plural 'they hinted'. The scare-quotes mark the townsfolk's coy euphemism."}],"words":[{"surface":"Намекали","lemma":"намекать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal 'it was hinted')","gloss":"it was hinted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пропущено","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пропущено","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of passive пропущено","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"пропущено","lemma":"пропустить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Намекали","gloss":"left out"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b12-c4-s117","source":"«Да если б и не было пропущено, если б и всё правда была, — говорили даже самые почтенные наши дамы, — то и тогда еще неизвестно, очень ли благородно так поступить было девушке, даже хоть бы спасая отца?»","translation":"\"And even if nothing had been left out, even if it were all true,\" said even the most respectable of our ladies, \"it remains a question even so whether it was very noble of a girl to act in that way, even if she was saving her father.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да если б и не было пропущено, если б и всё правда была","title":"Counterfactual «если б» chain","body":"Two counterfactual clauses with «если б» (reduced «бы») and past-form verbs: 'even if nothing had been left out, even if it were all true'. The «и» after «если б» is the concessive 'even'. «Не было пропущено» combines negation with the passive participle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"очень ли благородно так поступить было девушке","title":"«ли» question + dative subject of evaluation","body":"«Очень ли благородно… было» fronts «благородно» with «ли» for an embedded question 'whether it was very noble'. «Девушке… поступить» is the dative-experiencer with an infinitive: the impersonal frame 'for a girl to act'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже хоть бы спасая отца","title":"Concessive «хоть бы» + gerund «спасая»","body":"«Хоть бы спасая отца» ('even if she was saving her father') combines the concessive «хоть бы» with the present gerund «спасая» (saving). The gerund supplies the concessive circumstance attached to the implied subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of неизвестно","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"б","morphology":"particle, conditional (contraction of бы)","role":"part of the phrase если б","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было пропущено","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of пропущено","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"пропущено","lemma":"пропустить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying неизвестно","gloss":"left out"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second conditional clause of неизвестно","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"б","morphology":"particle, conditional (contraction of бы)","role":"part of the phrase если б","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking всё to правда","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the inserted attribution clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самые","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies почтенные","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"почтенные","lemma":"почтенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies дамы","gloss":"respectable"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of дамы","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlative to если, introduces the main clause неизвестно","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неизвестно","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неизвестно","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"неизвестно","lemma":"неизвестно","morphology":"adverb, predicative (impersonal)","role":"main predicate of the то-clause","gloss":"it's unknown"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благородно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the embedded question, modifies благородно","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"благородно","lemma":"благородно","morphology":"adverb, predicative (impersonal)","role":"predicate of the embedded question; поступить is its logical subject","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступить","gloss":"that way"},{"surface":"поступить","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitival subject of благородно","gloss":"to act"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular (neuter), imperfective","role":"past-tense marker of the impersonal construction","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"девушке","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of поступить","gloss":"for a girl"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хоть бы спасая","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть бы, modifies спасая","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть бы","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"спасая","lemma":"спасать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поступить","gloss":"saving"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасая","gloss":"her father"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b12-c4-s118","source":"И неужели Катерина Ивановна, с ее умом, с ее болезненною проницательностью, не предчувствовала заранее, что так заговорят?","translation":"And could Katerina Ivanovna, with her intelligence, with her morbid perceptiveness, really have failed to foresee in advance that people would talk so?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И неужели Катерина Ивановна … не предчувствовала","title":"Rhetorical particle «неужели»","body":"«Неужели» is an incredulous question particle — 'could it really be that…?', expecting a 'no'. Paired with «не предчувствовала», it conveys the narrator's astonishment that she could NOT have foreseen the gossip."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"болезненною проницательностью","title":"«болезненная проницательность» — morbid acuteness","body":"«Болезненный» here means 'morbid, sickly' rather than literally 'painful', and «проницательность» is keen insight/perceptiveness. Together they name the over-sensitive, almost pathological perceptiveness Dostoevsky ascribes to his most self-tormenting characters. Note the archaic instrumental «-ою»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предчувствовала","gloss":"could it be that"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of предчувствовала","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of умом","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"умом","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предчувствовала","gloss":"intelligence"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking проницательностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of проницательностью","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"болезненною","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies проницательностью","gloss":"morbid"},{"surface":"проницательностью","lemma":"проницательность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with умом, oblique complement of предчувствовала","gloss":"perceptiveness"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предчувствовала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"предчувствовала","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"foresee"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предчувствовала","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заговорят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорят","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"заговорят","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of предчувствовала","gloss":"people would talk"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b12-c4-s119","source":"Непременно предчувствовала, и вот решилась же сказать всё!","translation":"She certainly did foresee it — and yet she resolved to tell everything!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот решилась же сказать всё","title":"Particles «вот… же» of insistence","body":"«Вот… же» heap emphasis: «вот» points triumphantly ('and yet there!'), «же» insists against expectation — 'and yet she did resolve to say everything!'. «Решилась» is reflexive «решиться» (to bring oneself to, dare)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предчувствовала","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"предчувствовала","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did foresee"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решилась","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"решилась","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with предчувствовала","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решилась","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решилась","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"everything"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b12-c4-s120","source":"Разумеется, все эти грязненькие сомнения в правде рассказа начались лишь потом, а в первую минуту всё и все были потрясены.","translation":"Of course, all these grubby little doubts about the truth of her account began only afterward; in the first moment everything and everyone was overwhelmed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"грязненькие сомнения","title":"Diminutive «грязненькие» — grubby little","body":"«Грязненькие» adds the expressive diminutive «-еньк-» to «грязный» (dirty), yielding a contemptuous 'grubby little' rather than merely 'small'. The suffix loads the doubts with the narrator's moral disdain."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а в первую минуту всё и все были потрясены","title":"Contrastive «а» + «всё и все»","body":"The contrastive «а» pivots from 'afterward' to 'in the first moment'. «Всё и все» plays neuter «всё» (everything) against masculine-plural «все» (everyone), both subjects of «были потрясены» (short passive participle, 'were overwhelmed') — a sweeping totality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разумеется","lemma":"разумеется","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies начались","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of сомнения","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of сомнения","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"грязненькие","lemma":"грязненький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies сомнения","gloss":"grubby little"},{"surface":"сомнения","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of начались","gloss":"doubts"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правде","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"правде","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of сомнения (via в)","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"рассказа","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies правде","gloss":"of her account"},{"surface":"начались","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потом","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начались","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первую","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of потрясены","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive потрясены","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with всё","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of потрясены","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"потрясены","lemma":"потрясти","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with начались","gloss":"overwhelmed"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b12-c4-s121","source":"Что же до членов суда, то Катерину Ивановну выслушали в благоговейном, так сказать, даже стыдливом молчании.","translation":"As for the members of the court, they heard Katerina Ivanovna out in a reverent, one might even say a bashful, silence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же до членов суда, то","title":"The «что до… то» frame","body":"«Что (же) до X, то…» is a bookish topic-fronting formula, 'as for X, then…', that hoists the topic to the front and resumes the main clause with «то». The particle «же» adds a light insistent emphasis to the shift of subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в благоговейном… молчании","title":"Prepositional of manner","body":"«в… молчании» (in… silence) is the prepositional case after «в», here naming the manner in which they listened. The adjectives «благоговейном… стыдливом» agree with «молчании» in the prepositional."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благоговейном","title":"«благоговейный» — reverent, awestruck","body":"An elevated, faintly liturgical word for reverence before something holy (the noun «благоговение»). Applied to a courtroom hush, it lends Katerina Ivanovna's testimony an almost sacred aura."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase что до, topic marker","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что же до","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking членов","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"членов","lemma":"член","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Что до","gloss":"the members"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies членов","gloss":"of the court"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlative particle introducing the main clause выслушали","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Катерину","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выслушали","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерину","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"выслушали","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молчании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"благоговейном","lemma":"благоговейный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies молчании","gloss":"reverent"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the parenthetical idiom так сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical idiom так сказать, modifies стыдливом","gloss":"so to speak"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыдливом","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"стыдливом","lemma":"стыдливый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies молчании","gloss":"bashful"},{"surface":"молчании","lemma":"молчание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выслушали","gloss":"silence"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b12-c4-s122","source":"Прокурор не позволил себе ни единого дальнейшего вопроса на эту тему.","translation":"The prosecutor did not permit himself a single further question on the subject.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не позволил себе ни единого дальнейшего вопроса","title":"Genitive of negation with «ни единого»","body":"Under negation the object «вопрос» shifts from accusative to genitive — «ни единого… вопроса». The intensifier «ни» ('not a single') reinforces the negation and itself demands the genitive of the noun it counts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не позволил себе","title":"Reflexive «себе» — 'allow oneself'","body":"«позволить себе» literally 'permit to oneself', with the dative of the reflexive pronoun «себя». «себе» points back to the subject (the prosecutor) and has no nominative form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of позволил","gloss":"The prosecutor"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"позволил","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"permit"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of позволил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies единого","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"единого","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопроса","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"дальнейшего","lemma":"дальнейший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопроса","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"вопроса","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of позволил","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тему","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тему","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тему","lemma":"тема","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вопроса","gloss":"subject"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b12-c4-s123","source":"Фетюкович глубоко поклонился ей.","translation":"Fetyukovich bowed to her deeply.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поклонился ей","title":"Dative object of «поклониться»","body":"«поклониться» (to bow to) governs the dative — one bows 'to' someone — hence «ей» (to her). The «-ся» here is lexicalised: the verb exists only in this reflexive form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поклонился","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поклонился","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"поклонился","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of поклонился","gloss":"to her"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b12-c4-s124","source":"О, он почти торжествовал!","translation":"Oh, he was all but triumphant!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти торжествовал","title":"Imperfective past for an inner state","body":"«торжествовал» (was triumphant) is imperfective past, viewing the exultation as an ongoing condition rather than a single event. «почти» ('almost') softens it to a swelling, not-quite-declared triumph."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"торжествовал","title":"«торжествовать» — to triumph, exult","body":"A solemn, somewhat elevated verb (cf. «торжество», a celebration or triumph). The narrator's «О» and exclamation lend it an ironic, theatrical flourish over the lawyer's private gloating."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of торжествовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies торжествовал","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"торжествовал","lemma":"торжествовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was triumphant"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b12-c4-s125","source":"Многое было приобретено: человек, отдающий, в благородном порыве, последние пять тысяч, и потом тот же человек, убивающий отца ночью с целью ограбить его на три тысячи, — это было нечто отчасти и несвязуемое.","translation":"Much had been gained: a man who, in a noble impulse, gives away his last five thousand, and then that same man murdering his father in the night in order to rob him of three thousand — there was something here that did not altogether hang together.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Многое было приобретено","title":"Past passive participle (short form)","body":"«было приобретено» is the periphrastic passive: «было» (was) plus the short neuter past passive participle «приобретено» (had been gained), from perfective «приобрести». The short form states a result; the agent, if named, would stand in the instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отдающий… убивающий","title":"Present active participles in apposition","body":"«отдающий» (giving away) and «убивающий» (murdering) are present active participles in -ющ-, each compressing a «который»-clause into one adjectival word and agreeing with «человек». Their parallelism stages the two irreconcilable portraits of the same man."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с целью ограбить","title":"«с целью» + infinitive — purpose","body":"«с целью» ('with the aim of') plus the perfective infinitive «ограбить» expresses purpose, a tighter bookish alternative to a «чтобы»-clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"несвязуемое","title":"«несвязуемое» — that won't connect up","body":"A rare, almost coined adjective (negated «не-» + «связуемое», 'joinable') meaning the two halves of the picture cannot be reconciled. The bookish passive-participial form suits the narrator's analytic register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive приобретено","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of приобретено","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"приобретено","lemma":"приобрести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gained"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Многое, first illustration","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"отдающий","lemma":"отдавать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying человек","gloss":"giving away"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порыве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"благородном","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies порыве","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"порыве","lemma":"порыв","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдающий","gloss":"impulse"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies пять тысяч","gloss":"his last"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысяч","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of отдающий","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies человек (second illustration)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Многое, second illustration, coordinated with the first человек","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"убивающий","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying человек","gloss":"murdering"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убивающий","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убивающий","gloss":"at night"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"целью","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убивающий","gloss":"the aim"},{"surface":"ограбить","lemma":"ограбить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies целью","gloss":"to rob"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ограбить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячи","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ограбить","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было нечто","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking это to нечто","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"отчасти","lemma":"отчасти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несвязуемое","gloss":"partly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несвязуемое","lemma":"несвязуемый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"incongruous"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b12-c4-s126","source":"По крайней мере хоть грабеж-то мог теперь устранить Фетюкович.","translation":"At the very least Fetyukovich could now do away with the robbery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"грабеж-то","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «грабеж» highlights it as the known topic — 'the robbery, at least'. This is the topic-marking «-то», distinct from the indefinite «что-то»; it foregrounds the one charge the defense can now neutralise."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"По крайней мере хоть","title":"«хоть» as concessive minimiser","body":"Stacked with «по крайней мере» ('at least'), the particle «хоть» scales the claim down to a minimum — 'at the very least, the robbery anyway'. Such concessive particles are the fine grain of the narrator's hedging voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying грабеж","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"грабеж","lemma":"грабёж","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of устранить","gloss":"the robbery"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic clitic","role":"emphatic particle attached to грабеж","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устранить","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"устранить","lemma":"устранить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"do away with"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Fetyukovich"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b12-c4-s127","source":"«Дело» вдруг облилось каким-то новым светом.","translation":"The \"case\" was suddenly bathed in some new light.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"облилось каким-то новым светом","title":"Instrumental of means with «-ся» verb","body":"«облилось» (was bathed/flooded), a reflexive perfective, takes the instrumental «светом» (with light) to name what it was flooded by. The «-ся» gives the intransitive, middle sense 'became suffused'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каким-то","title":"Indefinite «какой-то»","body":"«какой-то» ('some… or other') marks the new light as real but undefined — the narrator gestures at a shift in mood he cannot yet pin down. The «-то» series flags a specific-but-unknown quality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of облилось","gloss":"The case"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies облилось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"облилось","lemma":"облиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was bathed"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase каким-то, determiner of светом","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каким-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"новым","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies светом","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"светом","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of облилось","gloss":"light"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b12-c4-s128","source":"Что-то симпатичное пронеслось в пользу Мити.","translation":"Something sympathetic had swept through the room in Mitya's favor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что-то симпатичное пронеслось","title":"Neuter indefinite subject","body":"«Что-то симпатичное» ('something sympathetic') is a neuter indefinite subject; the adjective takes neuter agreement and the verb «пронеслось» (swept through) the neuter past. Russian readily makes an unnamed atmosphere the grammatical subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в пользу Мити","title":"«в пользу» — in favour of","body":"A fixed phrase, «в пользу» + genitive, 'in favour / to the benefit of'. «Мити» is the genitive of the affectionate diminutive «Митя» (for Дмитрий)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase что-то, subject of пронеслось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"симпатичное","lemma":"симпатичный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"sympathetic"},{"surface":"пронеслось","lemma":"пронестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"swept through"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пользу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пользу","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пронеслось","gloss":"favor"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пользу","gloss":"Mitya's"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b12-c4-s129","source":"Он же… про него рассказывали, что он раз или два во время показания Катерины Ивановны вскочил было с места, потом упал опять на скамью и закрыл обеими ладонями лицо.","translation":"As for him… they told afterward that once or twice during Katerina Ivanovna's testimony he had started up from his seat, then dropped back onto the bench and covered his face with both palms.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он же…","title":"Contrastive «же» after the pronoun","body":"Postposed «же» on «он» marks a sharp turn of subject — 'As for him…' — pivoting from the courtroom mood back to Mitya himself. It is the spoken hinge English can only render with stress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочил было… упал опять","title":"The particle «было» — an interrupted action","body":"«было» after a perfective past («вскочил было») marks an action begun or just completed but then reversed or undercut — he started up, only to drop back down. This 19th-century «было» of the abandoned action has no neat English equivalent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"про него рассказывали","title":"Subjectless 'they said'","body":"«рассказывали» (they told/related), 3rd-person plural with no stated subject, is Russian's standard impersonal 'people said'. It frames Mitya's behaviour as courtroom hearsay the narrator merely relays."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обеими ладонями","title":"Instrumental of means; «оба/обе»","body":"«обеими ладонями» (with both palms) is the instrumental of means. «обеими» is the feminine form of the dual-like quantifier «обе» ('both'), agreeing with feminine «ладони»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topicalized subject, resumed by него","gloss":"As for him"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the topic marker Он же","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказывали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"рассказывали","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they told"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вскочил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase раз или два, adverbial modifying вскочил","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"coordinated with раз","gloss":"twice"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase во время, preposition marking показания","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase во время","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"показания","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies показания","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies показания","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рассказывали","gloss":"had started up"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"aspectual auxiliary of вскочил (aborted action)","gloss":"started to"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочил","gloss":"his seat"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"упал","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"dropped"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скамью","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"скамью","lemma":"скамья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упал","gloss":"the bench"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"закрыл","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"обеими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine","role":"modifies ладонями","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ладонями","lemma":"ладонь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of закрыл","gloss":"palms"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of закрыл","gloss":"his face"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b12-c4-s130","source":"Но когда она кончила, он вдруг рыдающим голосом воскликнул, простирая к ней руки:","translation":"But when she had finished, he suddenly cried out in a sobbing voice, stretching his hands toward her:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"простирая к ней руки","title":"Imperfective gerund of simultaneous action","body":"«простирая» (stretching out) is an imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») in -я, naming an action going on at the same time as the main verb «воскликнул». It shares Mitya as its subject — he cried out while reaching toward her."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда она кончила","title":"Perfective past in a temporal clause","body":"«кончила» (she had finished) is perfective past, marking the completed point after which the main event follows. «когда» + perfective gives the 'once / after she had done' sense that anchors the sequence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"простирая","title":"«простирать» — to stretch forth","body":"A solemn, elevated verb for extending the arms (cf. liturgical 'stretch forth thy hands'), nobler than everyday «протягивать». It dignifies Mitya's anguished gesture toward Katerina."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончила","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of кончила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"кончила","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнул","gloss":"had finished"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"рыдающим","lemma":"рыдать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"sobbing"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"простирая","lemma":"простирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнул","gloss":"stretching"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простирая","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of простирая","gloss":"his hands"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b12-c4-s131","source":"— Катя, зачем меня погубила!","translation":"\"Katya, why have you destroyed me!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зачем меня погубила","title":"Dropped pronoun; «зачем» of reproach","body":"The subject «ты» is omitted — the feminine past «погубила» alone tells us he addresses Katya. «зачем» ('what for, why') here is accusatory rather than truly inquiring: 'why on earth have you ruined me'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, addressee","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погубила","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of погубила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"погубила","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, subject is Катя (ты, implied)","gloss":"have you destroyed"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b12-c4-s132","source":"И громко зарыдал было на всю залу.","translation":"And he began to weep aloud for the whole hall to hear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зарыдал было","title":"Ingressive «за-» + «было»","body":"The prefix «за-» on «рыдать» gives an inceptive perfective, 'burst into sobbing'; «было» again signals the action was begun but at once checked (see the next sentence). Aspect and particle together stage a sob he immediately stifles."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на всю залу","title":"«на всю залу» — for the whole hall","body":"Idiomatic «на всю залу» = loud enough to fill the whole courtroom. Note the older feminine «зала» (hall) where modern Russian prefers the masculine «зал»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зарыдал","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"зарыдал","lemma":"зарыдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began to weep"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"aspectual auxiliary of зарыдал","gloss":"began to"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom на всю залу, preposition marking залу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of залу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зарыдал","gloss":"hall"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b12-c4-s133","source":"Впрочем, мигом сдержал себя и опять прокричал:","translation":"He checked himself in an instant, however, and cried out again:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сдержал себя","title":"«себя» vs. «-ся»","body":"«сдержал себя» (checked himself) uses the full reflexive object pronoun «себя» for deliberate emphasis on self-control, where the verb «сдержаться» could carry the same sense more compactly."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мигом","title":"«мигом» — in a flash","body":"A frozen instrumental of «миг» (an instant) functioning as an adverb, 'in a flash, instantly'. Such adverbial instrumentals (cf. «шёпотом», «бегом») are a productive corner of Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies сдержал","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial, modifies сдержал","gloss":"in an instant"},{"surface":"сдержал","lemma":"сдержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"checked"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сдержал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокричал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сдержал","gloss":"cried out"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b12-c4-s134","source":"— Теперь я приговорен!","translation":"\"Now I am condemned!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я приговорен","title":"Short past passive participle as predicate","body":"«приговорён» is the short masculine past passive participle of «приговорить» (to sentence) — 'I am condemned'. The short form, standing as predicate with an implied 'am', states the result as a finished verdict over Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приговорен","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of passive приговорен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"приговорен","lemma":"приговорить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am condemned"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b12-c4-s135","source":"А затем как бы закоченел на месте, стиснув зубы и сжав крестом на груди руки.","translation":"And after that he seemed to freeze stiff where he sat, his teeth clenched and his arms folded crosswise on his chest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стиснув зубы и сжав… руки","title":"Two perfective past gerunds","body":"«стиснув» (having clenched) and «сжав» (having folded) are perfective past gerunds in -в, naming the completed actions that produce his frozen posture. Sharing the subject with «закоченел», they pile attendant detail in one terse clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы закоченел","title":"«как бы» — softening simile","body":"«как бы» ('as if, as it were') hedges the verb «закоченел» (froze stiff) into a simile — he seemed to turn rigid. The narrator marks the description as impression, not literal fact."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"крестом","title":"«крестом» — crosswise, in a cross","body":"Instrumental of «крест» used adverbially: arms folded 'in the form of a cross' over the chest. The image quietly overlays a religious resonance on Mitya's frozen, martyr-like stillness."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закоченел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies закоченел","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"[as if]"},{"surface":"закоченел","lemma":"закоченеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"froze stiff"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of закоченел","gloss":"the spot"},{"surface":"стиснув","lemma":"стиснуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on закоченел","gloss":"clenching"},{"surface":"зубы","lemma":"зуб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of стиснув","gloss":"his teeth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сжав","lemma":"сжать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with стиснув","gloss":"pressing together"},{"surface":"крестом","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of сжав (manner)","gloss":"crosswise"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сжав","gloss":"his chest"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of сжав","gloss":"his arms"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b12-c4-s136","source":"Катерина Ивановна осталась в зале и села на указанный ей стул.","translation":"Katerina Ivanovna remained in the hall and sat down on the chair that had been pointed out to her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на указанный ей стул","title":"Past passive participle as modifier","body":"«указанный» (pointed-out, indicated) is a long-form past passive participle modifying «стул»; «ей» (to her) is its dative complement — the chair indicated to her. It compresses a relative clause into a single adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"осталась… и села","title":"Two perfectives advance the scene","body":"«осталась» (remained) and «села» (sat down) are perfective pasts, each a single completed move that carries the narrative one step forward, against the imperfective background description that follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of осталась","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"patronymic in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"осталась","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осталась","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"села","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with осталась","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стул","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"указанный","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying стул","gloss":"pointed out"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of указанный","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of села","gloss":"chair"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b12-c4-s137","source":"Она была бледна и сидела потупившись.","translation":"She was pale and sat with her eyes cast down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была бледна","title":"Short adjective in predicate","body":"«бледна» is the short feminine form of «бледный» (pale), used predicatively after «была». The short adjective, characteristically bookish, presents her pallor as a state of that moment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидела потупившись","title":"Gerund of «-ся» verb","body":"«потупившись» is the perfective past gerund of reflexive «потупиться» (to cast one's eyes down). It modifies «сидела» — she sat 'having lowered her gaze' — and the «-сь» is the post-vowel form of the reflexive clitic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бледна","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to бледна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"бледна","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сидела","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бледна","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"потупившись","lemma":"потупиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сидела","gloss":"eyes cast down"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b12-c4-s138","source":"Рассказывали бывшие близ нее, что она долго вся дрожала как в лихорадке.","translation":"Those who had been near her told afterward that for a long while she trembled all over as though in a fever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рассказывали бывшие близ нее","title":"Substantivised past active participle","body":"«бывшие» (those who had been), the past active participle of «быть», stands on its own as a noun-phrase subject — 'those who had been near her'. «близ» is a bookish preposition ('near') governing the genitive «нее»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вся дрожала как в лихорадке","title":"Imperfective of prolonged trembling","body":"«дрожала» (was trembling), imperfective past with «долго» (a long while), views the shaking as drawn-out process. «вся» ('all over') intensifies it; «как в лихорадке» = 'as in a fever'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рассказывали","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recounted"},{"surface":"бывшие","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Рассказывали","gloss":"those who had been"},{"surface":"близ","lemma":"близ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывшие","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дрожала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дрожала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дрожала","gloss":"for a long while"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она (predicative)","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"дрожала","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Рассказывали","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the comparison в лихорадке","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лихорадке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лихорадке","lemma":"лихорадка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дрожала (comparison with в лихорадке)","gloss":"a fever"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b12-c4-s139","source":"К допросу явилась Грушенька.","translation":"Grushenka came forward to be examined.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"К допросу явилась Грушенька","title":"Fronted phrase, verb-before-subject","body":"The dative-goal phrase «к допросу» ('for the examination') is fronted and the verb «явилась» precedes the subject «Грушенька» — a presentational order that introduces a new figure onto the scene with weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking допросу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"допросу","lemma":"допрос","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явилась","gloss":"the examination"},{"surface":"явилась","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came forward"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of явилась","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b12-c4-s140","source":"Я подхожу близко к той катастрофе, которая, разразившись внезапно, действительно, может быть, погубила Митю.","translation":"I am drawing near to that catastrophe which, breaking out abruptly, may indeed have been what destroyed Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к той катастрофе, которая, разразившись внезапно… погубила","title":"Relative «которая» wrapping a gerund","body":"The relative «которая» agrees with feminine «катастрофе» in gender/number but takes nominative as subject of its own clause. Nested inside it, the perfective gerund «разразившись» (having broken out) adds a prior circumstance — the catastrophe, once it erupted, destroyed Mitya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я подхожу близко","title":"Present tense as narratorial 'now'","body":"«подхожу» (I am drawing near), present of imperfective «подходить», marks the chronicler-narrator stepping into the foreground in his own storytelling present — a recurring device of this novel's intimate chronicler."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подхожу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подхожу","lemma":"подходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am drawing near"},{"surface":"близко","lemma":"близко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подхожу","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking катастрофе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of катастрофе","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"катастрофе","lemma":"катастрофа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подхожу","gloss":"catastrophe"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of погубила","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"разразившись","lemma":"разразиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on погубила","gloss":"breaking out"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разразившись","gloss":"abruptly"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies погубила","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies погубила","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"погубила","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of которая","gloss":"destroyed"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of погубила","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b12-c4-s141","source":"Ибо я уверен, да и все тоже, все юристы после так говорили, что не явись этого эпизода, преступнику по крайней мере дали бы снисхождение.","translation":"For I am convinced — and so is everyone, all the lawyers said as much afterward — that had this episode not occurred, the prisoner would at the very least have been shown some leniency.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не явись этого эпизода… дали бы снисхождение","title":"Conditional: imperative-as-protasis + «бы»","body":"«не явись» is a 2nd-person imperative form pressed into service as the 'if' clause of an irrealis condition ('had this episode not appeared'), with the apodosis «дали бы» (would have given) built from past + «бы». This imperative-conditional is a vivid bookish counterfactual."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дали бы снисхождение","title":"Subjectless 'they would have shown leniency'","body":"«дали бы» is again the subjectless 3rd-plural ('they/the court would have granted'), with «снисхождение» (leniency, mitigation) as object. The dropped subject keeps the focus on the impersonal verdict of the court."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ибо","title":"«ибо» — archaic 'for'","body":"«Ибо» is a bookish, Church-Slavonic-flavoured conjunction for 'for, because', heavier and more solemn than «потому что». It pitches the narrator's aside into a higher, almost scriptural register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уверен","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уверен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"am convinced"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ellided уверен, parallel to я","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ellided уверен","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of юристы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"юристы","lemma":"юрист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"the lawyers"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to уверен","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies явись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"явись","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, counterfactual conditional, perfective","role":"conditional clause (protasis) on дали","gloss":"had occurred"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of эпизода","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"эпизода","lemma":"эпизод","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явись","gloss":"episode"},{"surface":"преступнику","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дали","gloss":"the prisoner"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере, modifies дали","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"дали","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (apodosis)","gloss":"would have given"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of дали","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"снисхождение","lemma":"снисхождение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дали","gloss":"leniency"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b12-c4-s142","source":"Но об этом сейчас.","translation":"But of that presently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но об этом сейчас.","title":"Verbless sentence","body":"A complete utterance with no verb: «об этом» (about that, prepositional after «о») plus «сейчас» ('presently') — 'but of that in a moment'. Russian freely omits the copula, leaving a crisp narratorial deferral."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the implied verb (I'll speak)","gloss":"presently"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b12-c4-s143","source":"Два слова лишь прежде о Грушеньке.","translation":"First just a couple of words about Grushenka.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Два слова лишь прежде о Грушеньке","title":"Genitive singular after «два»","body":"After «два» the noun takes the genitive singular: «два слова» ('a couple of words'). The fronted «лишь» ('only, just') and «прежде» ('beforehand') compress this into a terse aside."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Грушеньке","title":"«Грушенька» — the affectionate name","body":"An affectionate diminutive of Аграфена / Груша, built with the warm «-еньк-» suffix. The narrator's habitual use of it signals his tenderness toward her even as a witness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical phrase","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Два","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of о","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b12-c4-s144","source":"Она явилась в залу тоже вся одетая в черное, в своей прекрасной черной шали на плечах.","translation":"She too came into the hall dressed entirely in black, with her beautiful black shawl over her shoulders.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вся одетая в черное","title":"Past passive participle + «в» of attire","body":"«одетая» (dressed) is a long-form past passive participle agreeing with the subject; «в черное» ('in black', accusative neuter substantivised) names what she is dressed in. «вся» ('entirely') stresses head-to-toe black."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в своей прекрасной черной шали","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«своей» (her own) refers back to the clause subject Grushenka, where «её» could ambiguously mean someone else's. The whole phrase is prepositional after «в», with all three words agreeing in case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of явилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"явилась","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явилась","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явилась","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of одетая","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"одетая","lemma":"одеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"complement of явилась","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черное","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"черное","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of одетая","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шали","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of шали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"прекрасной","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шали","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"черной","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шали","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"шали","lemma":"шаль","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of одетая","gloss":"shawl"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечах","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"плечах","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies шали","gloss":"her shoulders"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b12-c4-s145","source":"Плавно, своею неслышною походкой, с маленькою раскачкой, как ходят иногда полные женщины, приблизилась она к балюстраде, пристально смотря на председателя и ни разу не взглянув ни направо, ни налево.","translation":"Smoothly, with her noiseless gait and a slight swaying motion, the way stout women sometimes walk, she approached the balustrade, gazing fixedly at the presiding judge and not once glancing either to the right or to the left.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"своею неслышною походкой, с маленькою раскачкой","title":"Archaic instrumental in -ою","body":"«своею… походкой» (with her gait) and «с маленькою раскачкой» (with a slight sway) are instrumentals of manner; the long endings -ою/-ою are the bookish 19th-century variant of modern -ой, lending a measured, literary cadence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пристально смотря… ни разу не взглянув","title":"Paired gerunds, imperfective vs perfective","body":"«смотря» (gazing), imperfective present gerund, gives the sustained look; «не взглянув» (not having glanced), perfective past gerund under negation, gives the single look she never gave. The aspect contrast sets ongoing stare against absent glance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ходят… полные женщины","title":"Multidirectional «ходят» for habit","body":"«ходят» (walk, generally) is the multidirectional motion verb, the right choice for a habitual, characteristic manner of walking — 'the way stout women sometimes walk', not a single trip."}],"words":[{"surface":"Плавно","lemma":"плавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приблизилась","gloss":"smoothly"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies походкой","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"неслышною","lemma":"неслышный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies походкой","gloss":"noiseless"},{"surface":"походкой","lemma":"походка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приблизилась (manner)","gloss":"gait"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раскачкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"маленькою","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раскачкой","gloss":"slight"},{"surface":"раскачкой","lemma":"раскачка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приблизилась (manner)","gloss":"swaying motion"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison ходят","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"ходят","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"comparison clause modifying раскачкой","gloss":"walk"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходят","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"полные","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies женщины","gloss":"stout"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of ходят","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"приблизилась","lemma":"приблизиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"approached"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приблизилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking балюстраде","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"балюстраде","lemma":"балюстрада","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приблизилась","gloss":"the balustrade"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"fixedly"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on приблизилась","gloss":"gazing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking председателя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"председателя","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разу","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглянув","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взглянув","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"взглянув","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with смотря","gloss":"glancing"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"направо","lemma":"направо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взглянув","gloss":"to the right"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"налево","lemma":"налево","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with направо","gloss":"to the left"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b12-c4-s146","source":"По-моему, она была очень хороша собой в ту минуту и вовсе не бледна, как уверяли потом дамы.","translation":"To my mind she looked very handsome at that moment, and not at all pale, as the ladies later insisted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хороша собой","title":"Short adjective + «собой» idiom","body":"«хороша собой» is a set phrase, 'good-looking', literally 'good in herself': the short feminine adjective «хороша» plus the instrumental of the reflexive «себя». «собой» here means 'in respect of her own person'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как уверяли потом дамы","title":"«как» of reported claim","body":"«как уверяли… дамы» ('as the ladies insisted') subordinates the gossip the narrator is contradicting. «уверяли» is imperfective past — repeated, insistent claiming."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по-моему","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по-моему, modifies хороша","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"по-моему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom по-моему","gloss":"my opinion"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хороша","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to хороша","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хороша","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"хороша","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"handsome"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of хороша","gloss":"in appearance"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хороша","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бледна","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бледна","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бледна","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with хороша","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уверяли","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"уверяли","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to бледна","gloss":"insisted"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверяли","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of уверяли","gloss":"the ladies"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b12-c4-s147","source":"Уверяли тоже, что у ней было какое-то сосредоточенное и злое лицо.","translation":"They also insisted that her face wore a kind of concentrated, malicious look.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у ней было… лицо","title":"«у» + genitive of possession","body":"«у ней было… лицо» = 'she had a… face', the standard «у кого-то есть» possessive frame with «у» + genitive «ней». «ней» is a colloquial/older variant of «неё» after a preposition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сосредоточенное и злое","title":"«сосредоточенный» / «злой»","body":"«сосредоточенное» (concentrated, intent — from «сосредоточить») paired with «злое» (angry, malicious) sketches the hostile composure the ladies impute to her. «злой» ranges from 'angry' to 'wicked', and Dostoevsky exploits the blur."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уверяли","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they insisted"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Уверяли","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"[she had]"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Уверяли","gloss":"wore"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase какое-то","gloss":"[kind of]"},{"surface":"сосредоточенное","lemma":"сосредоточенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"concentrated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"злое","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with сосредоточенное","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"a face"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b12-c4-s148","source":"Я думаю только, что она была раздражена и тяжело чувствовала на себе презрительно-любопытные взгляды жадной к скандалу нашей публики.","translation":"I think only that she was irritated and felt keenly upon her the contemptuously curious stares of our public, so greedy for a scandal.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тяжело чувствовала на себе… взгляды","title":"«на себе» — felt upon herself","body":"«чувствовала на себе… взгляды» = 'felt the stares upon herself', with reflexive «себе» (prepositional after «на») pointing back to Grushenka. The imperfective «чувствовала» renders it a sustained, oppressive awareness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"жадной к скандалу нашей публики","title":"Genitive phrase with embedded adjective","body":"The genitive «нашей публики» (of our public) is expanded by «жадной к скандалу» ('greedy for scandal'), itself an adjective governing «к» + dative «скандалу». The whole stack agrees in the genitive after «взгляды… публики»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of раздражена","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive раздражена","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of раздражена","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"раздражена","lemma":"раздражить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"irritated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тяжело","lemma":"тяжело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствовала","gloss":"keenly"},{"surface":"чувствовала","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with раздражена","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of чувствовала","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"презрительно","lemma":"презрительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любопытные","gloss":"contemptuously"},{"surface":"любопытные","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies взгляды","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"взгляды","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of чувствовала","gloss":"the stares"},{"surface":"жадной","lemma":"жадный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies публики","gloss":"greedy"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скандалу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"скандалу","lemma":"скандал","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жадной","gloss":"scandal"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of публики","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"публики","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies взгляды","gloss":"the public"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b12-c4-s149","source":"Это был характер гордый, не выносящий презрения, один из таких, которые, чуть лишь заподозрят от кого презрение, — тотчас воспламеняются гневом и жаждой отпора.","translation":"Hers was a proud character, one that could not endure contempt — the sort of person who, at the very suspicion of contempt from anyone, instantly flares up with anger and a craving to strike back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не выносящий презрения","title":"Present active participle + genitive of negation","body":"«не выносящий» (not enduring), a present active participle modifying «характер», takes the genitive «презрения» under its negation — the genitive of negation operating inside a participial phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые, чуть лишь заподозрят… воспламеняются","title":"Relative clause with perfective future of condition","body":"Inside the «которые» relative clause, «заподозрят» (would suspect), a perfective present-form = future, expresses the recurring trigger after «чуть лишь» ('the moment that'); the main «воспламеняются» (flare up) is present for the habitual reaction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жаждой отпора","title":"«жажда отпора» — a craving to strike back","body":"«жажда» (thirst, craving) + genitive «отпора» (rebuff, retaliation) — instrumental «жаждой» here. The pairing 'thirst for retaliation' is high, almost epic diction for a flash of temper."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of характер","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to характер","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a character"},{"surface":"гордый","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характер","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выносящий","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выносящий","lemma":"выносить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies характер","gloss":"enduring"},{"surface":"презрения","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выносящий","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with характер","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking таких","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of один","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заподозрят","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom чуть лишь, modifies заподозрят","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom чуть лишь","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"заподозрят","lemma":"заподозрить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of которые","gloss":"suspect"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of заподозрят","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"презрение","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заподозрят","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воспламеняются","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"воспламеняются","lemma":"воспламеняться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate of которые","gloss":"flare up"},{"surface":"гневом","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воспламеняются","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жаждой","lemma":"жажда","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with гневом","gloss":"a craving"},{"surface":"отпора","lemma":"отпор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жаждой","gloss":"to strike back"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b12-c4-s150","source":"При этом была, конечно, и робость, и внутренний стыд за эту робость, так что немудрено, что разговор ее был неровен — то гневлив, то презрителен и усиленно груб, то вдруг звучала искренняя сердечная нотка самоосуждения, самообвинения.","translation":"Mixed in with this, of course, there was also a shyness, and an inner shame at that shyness, so that it is no wonder her speech was uneven — now wrathful, now contemptuous and emphatically rude, then suddenly a sincere, heartfelt note of self-reproach, of self-accusation would ring out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"немудрено, что","title":"Impersonal predicate «немудрено»","body":"«немудрено, что…» ('it is no wonder that…') is an impersonal, subjectless predicate — a frozen short-form word governing a «что»-clause. Russian builds many such judgements with no nominative subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то гневлив, то презрителен… то вдруг звучала","title":"Correlative «то… то…»","body":"The «то… то…» construction lists alternating states ('now this, now that'). The first members are short adjectives («гневлив», «презрителен»); the last switches to a finite verb «звучала», mirroring in grammar the unevenness of her speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"самоосуждения, самообвинения","title":"«само-» compounds of self-reproach","body":"«самоосуждение» (self-condemnation) and «самообвинение» (self-accusation) are «само-» ('self') compounds — abstract bookish nouns in genitive here. The doubling underscores the self-lacerating note Dostoevsky hears in her."}],"words":[{"surface":"При","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies была","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphatic, modifies робость","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"робость","lemma":"робость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"a shyness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"внутренний","lemma":"внутренний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стыд","gloss":"inner"},{"surface":"стыд","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with робость","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking робость","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of робость","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"робость","lemma":"робость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стыд","gloss":"shyness"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так что, introduces немудрено","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"немудрено","lemma":"немудрено","morphology":"predicate adverb","role":"predicate of the result clause","gloss":"no wonder"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of неровен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of неровен","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to неровен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"неровен","lemma":"неровный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of немудрено","gloss":"uneven"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces one of parallel predicates of разговор","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"гневлив","lemma":"гневливый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate coordinated with неровен","gloss":"wrathful"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces one of parallel predicates of разговор","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"презрителен","lemma":"презрительный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with гневлив","gloss":"contemptuous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"усиленно","lemma":"усиленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies груб","gloss":"emphatically"},{"surface":"груб","lemma":"грубый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with презрителен","gloss":"rude"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces one of parallel predicates of разговор","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies звучала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"звучала","lemma":"звучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate coordinated with неровен (subject нотка)","gloss":"would ring out"},{"surface":"искренняя","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нотка","gloss":"sincere"},{"surface":"сердечная","lemma":"сердечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нотка","gloss":"heartfelt"},{"surface":"нотка","lemma":"нотка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of звучала","gloss":"a note"},{"surface":"самоосуждения","lemma":"самоосуждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нотка","gloss":"of self-reproach"},{"surface":"самообвинения","lemma":"самообвинение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with самоосуждения","gloss":"of self-accusation"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b12-c4-s151","source":"Иногда же говорила так, как будто летела в какую-то пропасть: «все-де равно, что бы ни вышло, а я все-таки скажу…»","translation":"And sometimes she spoke as though she were hurtling into some abyss: \"It's all the same, whatever may come of it, I'll say it anyway…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто летела в какую-то пропасть","title":"«как будто» + imperfective of process","body":"«как будто» ('as if') introduces a simile; «летела» (was flying/hurtling), imperfective past, paints the plunge as ongoing motion into «пропасть» (abyss, accusative of direction after «в»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все-де равно… что бы ни вышло","title":"Reportive «-де» and concessive «что бы ни»","body":"The clitic «-де» flags reported speech ('she said'), an old colloquial hearsay marker. «что бы ни вышло» ('whatever may come of it') is the concessive «кто/что бы ни» pattern, built on «бы» + past, expressing 'no matter what'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорила","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорила","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорила","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase как будто, introduces летела","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"летела","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"comparison clause on говорила","gloss":"were flying"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пропасть","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пропасть","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какую-то","gloss":"[or other]"},{"surface":"пропасть","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of летела","gloss":"abyss"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom все равно, modifies равно","gloss":"it's all"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"quotative marker attached to все","gloss":"[reported speech]"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, head of the idiom все равно","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вышло","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of вышло","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"concessive clause modifying равно","gloss":"might come of it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё-таки, modifies скажу","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё-таки","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of я, contrasted with равно","gloss":"I'll say it"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b12-c4-s152","source":"Насчет знакомства своего с Федором Павловичем она резко заметила: «Всё пустяки, разве я виновата, что он ко мне привязался?»","translation":"Concerning her acquaintance with Fyodor Pavlovich she remarked sharply: \"It's all nonsense — is it my fault that he fastened himself onto me?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве я виновата, что он ко мне привязался","title":"Rhetorical particle «разве»","body":"«разве» turns the clause into an indignant rhetorical question expecting 'no' — 'is it really my fault…?'. «виновата» is the short feminine adjective ('to blame'), and «привязался» is the reflexive perfective 'fastened himself onto'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"привязался","title":"«привязаться» — to latch onto","body":"Reflexive «привязаться» (от «привязать», to tie) means both 'to become attached to' and, dismissively, 'to pester/latch onto'. Grushenka means the contemptuous sense — Fyodor Pavlovich fastened himself on her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знакомства","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"знакомства","lemma":"знакомство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметила","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of знакомства","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Федором","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знакомства","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичем","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"patronymic in apposition to Федором","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заметила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"резко","lemma":"резко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметила","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"заметила","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пустяки","gloss":"it's all"},{"surface":"пустяки","lemma":"пустяк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of Всё","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виновата","gloss":"is it that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виновата","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"виновата","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"at fault"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of привязался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of привязался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of привязался","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"привязался","lemma":"привязаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of виновата","gloss":"attached himself"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b12-c4-s153","source":"А потом через минуту прибавила: «Я во всем виновата, я смеялась над тем и другим — и над стариком, и над этим — и их обоих до того довела. Из-за меня всё произошло».","translation":"And then, a moment later, she added: \"I'm to blame for everything, I laughed at the one and the other — at the old man and at this one too — and drove them both to such a pitch. It all came about because of me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"их обоих до того довела","title":"Animate accusative «обоих»; «до того… что»","body":"«их обоих» (both of them) shows the animate accusative borrowing the genitive form «обоих». «до того довела» ('drove them to such a pitch') uses «до того» to set up an intensity, here left to «—» rather than a full «что»-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Из-за меня всё произошло","title":"Causal «из-за» + genitive","body":"«из-за меня» = 'because of me', the compound preposition «из-за» governing the genitive «меня» to assign blame/cause. «произошло» (came about) is perfective — the whole affair as a finished event."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавила","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавила","gloss":"moment later"},{"surface":"прибавила","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виновата","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновата","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"виновата","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of я (main clause of the quote)","gloss":"am to blame"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смеялась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"смеялась","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with виновата","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеялась","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with тем","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стариком","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"стариком","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to смеялась","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этим","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with стариком","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies обоих","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, genitive-accusative, masculine","role":"direct object of довела","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of довела","gloss":"such a pitch"},{"surface":"довела","lemma":"довести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смеялась","gloss":"drove"},{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition из-за, marking меня","gloss":"because","note":"Из-за is a single compound preposition ('because of'), tokenized here into two words."},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition из-за, marking меня","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"It all"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came about"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b12-c4-s154","source":"Как-то коснулось дело до Самсонова: «Какое кому дело, — с каким-то наглым вызовом тотчас же огрызнулась она, — он был мой благодетель, он меня босоногую взял, когда меня родные из избы вышвырнули».","translation":"The matter happened to touch on Samsonov: \"What business is that of anyone's,\" she snapped back at once with a kind of insolent defiance, \"he was my benefactor, he took me in barefoot when my own people threw me out of the house.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какое кому дело","title":"Impersonal «какое кому дело»","body":"An idiomatic subjectless retort: «(какое) кому дело» = 'what business is it of anyone's', with the dative «кому» naming the (indefinite) person concerned. Russian frames 'it's none of X's business' through this dative-experiencer pattern."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"огрызнулась","title":"«огрызнуться» — to snap back","body":"A vivid colloquial perfective, literally 'to snarl/snap back' (cf. «грызть», to gnaw). It paints Grushenka's retort as an animal flash of teeth, matched by «с наглым вызовом» (with insolent defiance)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of как-то, modifies коснулось","gloss":"Somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"indefinite marker attached to как","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"коснулось","lemma":"коснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened to touch"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of коснулось","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Самсонова","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Самсонова","lemma":"Самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of коснулось","gloss":"Samsonov"},{"surface":"Какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"dative complement of дело","gloss":"to anyone"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical clause 'Какое кому дело'","gloss":"business","note":"Idiom: 'какое кому дело' = 'what business is it of anyone's'."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вызовом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вызовом","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"indefinite marker attached to каким","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"наглым","lemma":"наглый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вызовом","gloss":"insolent"},{"surface":"вызовом","lemma":"вызов","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of огрызнулась","gloss":"defiance"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies огрызнулась","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"огрызнулась","lemma":"огрызнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to коснулось","gloss":"snapped back"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of огрызнулась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of благодетель","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to благодетель","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of благодетель","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"благодетель","lemma":"благодетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to коснулось","gloss":"benefactor"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"босоногую","lemma":"босоногий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"barefoot"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with коснулось","gloss":"took me in"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышвырнули","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of вышвырнули","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"родные","lemma":"родной","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вышвырнули","gloss":"my own people"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избы","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"избы","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышвырнули","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"вышвырнули","lemma":"вышвырнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on взял","gloss":"threw out"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b12-c4-s155","source":"Председатель, впрочем весьма вежливо, напомнил ей, что надо отвечать прямо на вопросы, не вдаваясь в излишние подробности.","translation":"The presiding judge, very courteously for all that, reminded her that she must answer the questions directly, without going into unnecessary detail.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"напомнил ей, что надо отвечать","title":"Dative object + impersonal «надо»","body":"«напомнил ей» (reminded her) takes the dative «ей». The reported content uses impersonal «надо» ('one must') + infinitive «отвечать» — a subjectless obligation rather than a 'you must'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не вдаваясь в излишние подробности","title":"Negated imperfective gerund","body":"«не вдаваясь» ('without going into'), an imperfective gerund of reflexive «вдаваться», renders the English 'without …-ing'. It modifies «отвечать», prescribing the manner of answering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of напомнил","gloss":"The presiding judge"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вежливо","gloss":"for all that"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вежливо","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"вежливо","lemma":"вежливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напомнил","gloss":"courteously"},{"surface":"напомнил","lemma":"напомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reminded"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of напомнил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of напомнил","gloss":"she must"},{"surface":"отвечать","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвечать","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отвечать","gloss":"the questions"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вдаваясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вдаваясь","lemma":"вдаваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отвечать","gloss":"going into"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробности","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"излишние","lemma":"излишний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies подробности","gloss":"unnecessary"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вдаваясь","gloss":"detail"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b12-c4-s156","source":"Грушенька покраснела, и глаза ее сверкнули.","translation":"Grushenka flushed, and her eyes flashed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"покраснела… сверкнули","title":"Inceptive «по-» and instantaneous perfectives","body":"«покраснела» (flushed), with inceptive «по-», and «сверкнули» (flashed) are perfective pasts marking two abrupt, momentary changes. The terse paired perfectives mirror the sudden flare of her reaction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of покраснела","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"покраснела","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flushed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сверкнули","gloss":"her eyes"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"possessive pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сверкнули","lemma":"сверкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with покраснела","gloss":"flashed"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b12-c4-s157","source":"Пакета с деньгами она не видала, а только слыхала от «злодея», что есть у Федора Павловича какой-то пакет с тремя тысячами.","translation":"She had not seen the packet of money; she had only heard from \"the villain\" that Fyodor Pavlovich had some packet with three thousand in it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пакета… она не видала","title":"Fronted genitive of negation","body":"«Пакета… не видала» — the object «пакет» appears in the genitive «пакета» under the negated «видала», and is fronted as the topic. «видала» is a colloquial imperfective past variant of «видела»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слыхала от «злодея», что есть… пакет","title":"«у… есть» possession in reported speech","body":"The reported clause «есть у Федора Павловича… пакет» is the «у кого-то есть что-то» possessive frame: «у» + genitive «Федора Павловича» plus «пакет» in the nominative as what exists. «слыхала» is again the colloquial imperfective for 'had heard'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пакета","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видала (genitive of negation)","gloss":"The packet","note":"Genitive case because видала is negated (genitive of negation)."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгами","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies Пакета","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of видала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видала","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхала","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"слыхала","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видала","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злодея","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"злодея","lemma":"злодей","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слыхала","gloss":"the villain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of слыхала","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федора","gloss":"(possessive) at"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пакет","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"indefinite marker attached to какой","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"packet"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тремя","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies тысячами","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячами","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies пакет","gloss":"thousand in it"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b12-c4-s158","source":"«Только это всё глупости, я смеялась, и ни за что бы туда не пошла…»","translation":"\"Only it's all foolishness, I was laughing, and nothing on earth would have made me go there…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни за что бы туда не пошла","title":"Conditional «бы» + «ни за что» negation","body":"«ни за что… не пошла бы» is an unreal conditional ('nothing would have made me go'), past «пошла» + «бы». «ни за что» ('for nothing in the world') is an ни-intensified negation working in concord with «не»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"туда не пошла","title":"Unidirectional «пойти» of motion","body":"«пошла» is the perfective of «идти» (one-way going) — a single, directed trip 'there' («туда»). She denies ever making that one journey, not habitual visits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"Only"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of глупости","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of глупости","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"глупости","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"foolishness"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смеялась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"смеялась","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глупости","gloss":"was laughing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom ни за что, modifies пошла","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom ни за что, modifies пошла","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom ни за что, modifies пошла","gloss":"earth","note":"'ни за что' is an idiom meaning 'not for anything, on no account'."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks пошла as conditional","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошла","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пошла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пошла","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with глупости","gloss":"gone"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b12-c4-s159","source":"— Про кого вы сейчас упомянули как о «злодее»? — осведомился прокурор.","translation":"\"Whom did you just refer to as 'the villain'?\" the prosecutor inquired.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Про кого вы сейчас упомянули","title":"«про» + accusative interrogative","body":"«Про кого» ('about whom') fronts the accusative interrogative «кого» governed by «про» (about). «упомянули» (referred to / mentioned) is the perfective of a completed act of naming."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осведомился","title":"«осведомиться» — to inquire (formally)","body":"A formal, official verb for inquiring, fitting the prosecutor's measured courtroom register. It recurs in this scene («Осведомились…») as the narrator's marker of the lawyers' polished questioning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of упомянули","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of упомянули","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упомянули","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"упомянули","lemma":"упомянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"refer to"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"introduces о злодее, meaning 'as'","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злодее","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"злодее","lemma":"злодей","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упомянули","gloss":"villain'"},{"surface":"осведомился","lemma":"осведомиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"inquired"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осведомился","gloss":"the prosecutor"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b12-c4-s160","source":"— А про лакея, про Смердякова, что барина своего убил, а вчера повесился.","translation":"\"Why, the lackey, Smerdyakov, the one who killed his master and hanged himself yesterday.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что барина своего убил","title":"Relative «что» + reflexive «свой»","body":"Here «что» functions as a colloquial relative ('the one who'), introducing the clause that identifies Smerdyakov. «барина своего» (his own master) is the animate accusative «барина» with reflexive «своего» pointing back to Smerdyakov."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лакея","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"лакея","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"lackey"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with лакея","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"introduces the relative clause on лакея, subject of убил","gloss":"the one who"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"his master"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of барина","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on лакея","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повесился","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"повесился","lemma":"повеситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"hanged himself"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b12-c4-s161","source":"Конечно, ее мигом спросили: какие же у ней основания для такого решительного обвинения, но оснований не оказалось тоже и у ней никаких.","translation":"Naturally she was asked at once what grounds she had for such a decisive accusation, but it turned out that she too had no grounds whatsoever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оснований не оказалось… никаких","title":"Genitive of negation with «не оказалось»","body":"«не оказалось» ('there turned out to be none'), an impersonal negated existential, forces its logical subject «оснований» (grounds) into the genitive plural. «никаких» ('none whatever') reinforces in negative concord with «не»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ее мигом спросили","title":"Subjectless 'they asked her'","body":"«спросили» with no subject is again the impersonal 3rd-plural ('she was asked'), keeping the court itself, not any one questioner, as the agent. «мигом» = 'in a flash'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросили","gloss":"Naturally"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of спросили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спросили","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"спросили","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of основания","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какие","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of у, marking possessor of основания","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"основания","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"predicate noun of the indirect question (parallel to спросили)","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обвинения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обвинения","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"решительного","lemma":"решительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обвинения","gloss":"decisive"},{"surface":"обвинения","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies основания","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"оснований","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"subject of оказалось (genitive of negation)","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оказалось","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to спросили","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказалось","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes у ней","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of preposition у, modifies оказалось","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies the elided оснований","gloss":"whatsoever"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b12-c4-s162","source":"— Так Дмитрий Федорович мне сам говорил, ему и верьте.","translation":"\"Dmitri Fyodorovich told me so himself, you should believe him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему и верьте","title":"Imperative with dative + emphatic «и»","body":"«верьте» is the polite/plural imperative of «верить» (to believe), which governs the dative «ему» (believe him). The little «и» here is emphatic — 'him is the one you should believe'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Дмитрий, emphasizing говорил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of верьте","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"верьте","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"believe"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b12-c4-s163","source":"Разлучница его погубила, вот что, всему одна она причиной, вот что, — вся как будто содрогаясь от ненависти, прибавила Грушенька, и злобная нотка зазвенела в ее голосе.","translation":"\"The husband-stealer destroyed him, that's what it is, she alone is the cause of it all, that's what it is,\" Grushenka added, all but shuddering with hatred, and a spiteful note rang in her voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вся как будто содрогаясь от ненависти","title":"Gerund of attendant manner","body":"«содрогаясь» (shuddering), an imperfective gerund of reflexive «содрогаться», describes how she added her words. «от ненависти» ('with/from hatred') is «от» + genitive marking the cause of the shudder."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Разлучница","title":"«разлучница» — the woman who parts lovers","body":"A pointedly feminine, folk-tinged noun (от «разлучить», to separate) for a rival who steals one's man away — rendered 'husband-stealer'. Grushenka hurls it at Katerina Ivanovna; the «-ниц-» suffix marks the female agent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разлучница","lemma":"разлучница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of погубила","gloss":"The husband-stealer"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of погубила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"погубила","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"destroyed"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom вот что, tag on погубила","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical tag restating погубила","gloss":"what it is"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of причиной","gloss":"of it all"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of причиной","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"причиной","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement (with elided copula)","gloss":"is the cause"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom вот что, tag on причиной","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical tag restating причиной","gloss":"what it is"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Грушенька, describing her as she shudders","gloss":"all but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of как будто, modifies содрогаясь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"содрогаясь","lemma":"содрогаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавила","gloss":"shuddering"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ненависти","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ненависти","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of содрогаясь","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"прибавила","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to погубила","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибавила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"злобная","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нотка","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"нотка","lemma":"нотка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of зазвенела","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"зазвенела","lemma":"зазвенеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with погубила","gloss":"rang"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голосе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"possessive pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of голосе","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"голосе","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зазвенела","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b12-c4-s164","source":"Осведомились, на кого она опять намекает.","translation":"They asked her whom she was hinting at this time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Осведомились, на кого она… намекает","title":"Subjectless main verb + indirect question","body":"«Осведомились» (they inquired) is once more the impersonal 3rd-plural. The embedded indirect question keeps «на кого» (at whom, accusative after «на») fronted before the imperfective present «намекает» (is hinting)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Осведомились","lemma":"осведомиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"They asked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of намекает","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of намекает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies намекает","gloss":"this time"},{"surface":"намекает","lemma":"намекать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"depends on Осведомились","gloss":"was hinting at"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b12-c4-s165","source":"— А на барышню, на эту вот Катерину Ивановну.","translation":"\"Why, the young lady, this Katerina Ivanovna here.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А на барышню, на эту вот Катерину Ивановну","title":"Reply-fragment with deictic «вот»","body":"An answer-fragment with no verb, echoing the «на»+accusative of the question. «эту вот» ('this here'), with the pointing particle «вот», jabs deictically at Katerina Ivanovna present in the hall."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"барышню","title":"«барышня» — the young lady","body":"«барышня» is an unmarried young lady of the gentry/educated class. In Grushenka's mouth, contrasting her own peasant «изба» origins, the word carries a sneer at Katerina Ivanovna's refinement."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барышню","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"барышню","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерину","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Катерину","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эту","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Катерину","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with барышню","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерину","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b12-c4-s166","source":"К себе меня тогда зазвала, шоколатом потчевала, прельстить хотела.","translation":"\"She summoned me to her that time, plied me with chocolate, wanted to win me over.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"К себе меня тогда зазвала","title":"Reflexive «к себе»; fronted objects","body":"«к себе» ('to her own place', dative reflexive after «к») and the fronted accusative «меня» throw the emphasis onto the summoning. «зазвала» is the perfective of a single completed act of luring her over."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шоколатом потчевала","title":"«шоколат» and «потчевать»","body":"«шоколатом» (instrumental) is an old colloquial form of 'chocolate'; «потчевать» is a folksy verb for plying or treating a guest with food and drink. The pairing renders Katerina's hospitality in mocking, homely terms."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of зазвала","gloss":"her place"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of зазвала","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зазвала","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"зазвала","lemma":"зазвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"шоколатом","lemma":"шоколад","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of потчевала","gloss":"chocolate"},{"surface":"потчевала","lemma":"потчевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with зазвала","gloss":"plied me with"},{"surface":"прельстить","lemma":"прельстить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"win me over"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with зазвала","gloss":"wanted to"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b12-c4-s167","source":"Стыда в ней мало истинного, вот что…","translation":"There's little true shame in her, that's what…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стыда в ней мало истинного","title":"Genitive of quantity with «мало»","body":"«мало стыда» ('little shame') puts the noun «стыд» in the genitive after the quantifier «мало». Scattered word order — «Стыда… мало истинного» — fronts 'shame' as the indignant topic, with «истинного» (true) tagging on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стыда","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of мало (quantity genitive)","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мало (в ней = in her)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"истинного","lemma":"истинный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Стыда","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom вот что, tag on мало","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical tag restating мало","gloss":"what it is"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b12-c4-s168","source":"Тут председатель уже строго остановил ее, прося умерить свои выражения.","translation":"At this the presiding judge stopped her, sternly now, asking her to moderate her language.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"строго остановил ее, прося умерить","title":"Gerund «прося» chaining a request","body":"«прося» (asking), imperfective gerund of «просить», attaches the request to «остановил» (stopped her). «умерить свои выражения» ('moderate her language', literally 'her expressions', with reflexive «свои') is the infinitive complement of the asking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановил","gloss":"At this"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановил","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies строго","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановил","gloss":"sternly"},{"surface":"остановил","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of остановил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"прося","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановил","gloss":"asking her"},{"surface":"умерить","lemma":"умерить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of прося","gloss":"to moderate"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of выражения","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"выражения","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of умерить","gloss":"language"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b12-c4-s169","source":"Но сердце ревнивой женщины уже разгорелось, она готова была полететь хоть в бездну…","translation":"But the heart of a jealous woman had already taken fire, and she was ready to fly into the abyss itself…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сердце ревнивой женщины уже разгорелось","title":"Inceptive perfective «разгорелось»","body":"«разгорелось» (took fire, flared up), reflexive perfective with kindling «раз-», marks the single decisive ignition of her jealousy. The genitive chain «сердце ревнивой женщины» ('the heart of a jealous woman') generalises her to a type."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"готова была полететь хоть в бездну","title":"Short adjective «готова» + «хоть»","body":"«готова была» = short feminine adjective «готова» ('ready') + «была», predicating readiness; «полететь» is the perfective infinitive 'to fly off'. «хоть в бездну» ('into the abyss itself') uses concessive «хоть» for 'even as far as'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of разгорелось","gloss":"the heart"},{"surface":"ревнивой","lemma":"ревнивый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщины","gloss":"of a jealous"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разгорелось","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"разгорелось","lemma":"разгореться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had taken fire"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of готова","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"готова","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with разгорелось","gloss":"was ready"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to готова","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"полететь","lemma":"полететь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готова","gloss":"to fly"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бездну","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бездну","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"бездну","lemma":"бездна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полететь","gloss":"the abyss itself"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b12-c4-s170","source":"— При аресте в селе Мокром, — припоминая, спросил прокурор, — все видели и слышали, как вы, выбежав из другой комнаты, закричали: «Я во всем виновата, вместе в каторгу пойдем!»","translation":"\"At the arrest in the village of Mokroye,\" the prosecutor asked, recollecting, \"everyone saw and heard how you, having run in from the other room, cried out: 'I'm to blame for everything, we'll go to penal servitude together!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выбежав из другой комнаты, закричали","title":"Perfective gerund of prior motion","body":"«выбежав» (having run out), perfective past gerund of prefixed motion verb «выбежать», names the action completed just before the shout «закричали». The prefix «вы-» (out of) plus genitive «из… комнаты» gives the precise trajectory."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вместе в каторгу пойдем","title":"Perfective future «пойдём»","body":"«пойдём» (we'll go), perfective present-form = simple future, vows a single committed departure together. «в каторгу» is accusative of direction after «в»."}],"words":[{"surface":"При","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аресте","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"аресте","lemma":"арест","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросил","gloss":"the arrest"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking селе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"селе","lemma":"село","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies аресте","gloss":"the village of"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to селе","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"припоминая","lemma":"припоминать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросил","gloss":"recollecting"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видели","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of спросил","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видели","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of закричали","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of закричали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"выбежав","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on закричали","gloss":"having run in"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнаты","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбежав","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"закричали","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of слышали","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виновата","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновата","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"виновата","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of Я (main clause of the quote)","gloss":"am to blame"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдем","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каторгу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"каторгу","lemma":"каторга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдем","gloss":"penal servitude"},{"surface":"пойдем","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with виновата","gloss":"we'll go"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b12-c4-s171","source":"Стало быть, была уже и у вас в ту минуту уверенность, что он отцеубийца?","translation":"So at that moment you too were already certain that he was a parricide?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стало быть, была уже и у вас… уверенность","title":"«стало быть» — inferential 'so then'","body":"«Стало быть» ('so then, therefore') is a fixed inferential connective drawing a conclusion. «была… у вас… уверенность» is the «у» + genitive possessive ('you had a certainty'); the emphatic «и» means 'you too'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"first part of idiom стало быть (\"so, that means\")","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"second part of idiom стало быть","gloss":"that is","note":"«Стало быть» is a fixed idiom meaning \"so / that means,\" not a literal \"became to be.\""},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, existential predicate with уверенность","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вас (\"you too\")","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас (possessor)","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of preposition у","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of в, temporal modifier of была","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"уверенность","lemma":"уверенность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"certainty"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отцеубийца","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отцеубийца (understood copula)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отцеубийца","lemma":"отцеубийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of он, complement clause of уверенность","gloss":"a parricide"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b12-c4-s172","source":"— Я чувств моих тогдашних не помню, — ответила Грушенька, — все тогда закричали, что он отца убил, я и почувствовала, что это я виновата и что из-за меня он убил.","translation":"\"I don't remember my feelings at the time,\" Grushenka answered, \"everyone was shouting then that he had killed his father, and so I felt that it was I who was to blame and that he had killed because of me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я чувств моих тогдашних не помню","title":"Genitive of negation, fronted","body":"«чувств… не помню» ('I don't remember my feelings') puts the object «чувства» into the genitive plural «чувств» under negation, fronted as topic. «тогдашних» ('of-that-time', from «тогда») is a bookish adjective agreeing in the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я и почувствовала, что это я виновата","title":"Inceptive «по-» + zero-copula predicate","body":"«почувствовала» (came to feel), perfective with «по-», marks the onset of the feeling. The embedded «это я виновата» needs no verb 'to be' — short adjective «виновата» predicates 'I am to blame' directly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of помню (genitive under negation)","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies чувств","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"тогдашних","lemma":"тогдашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies чувств","gloss":"of that time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"ответила","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause naming the speaker","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ответила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of закричали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закричали","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"закричали","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"independent clause, coordinated with помню","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of закричали","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of почувствовала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почувствовала (\"I too\")","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"почувствовала","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"independent clause, coordinated with закричали","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of виновата","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject of виновата (cleft construction)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виновата","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"виновата","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of почувствовала","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part of compound из-за)","role":"first part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part of compound из-за)","role":"second part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of preposition из-за","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовала","gloss":"killed"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b12-c4-s173","source":"А как он сказал, что неповинен, я ему тотчас поверила, и теперь верю, и всегда буду верить: не таков человек, чтобы солгал.","translation":"But once he said he was innocent, I believed him on the spot, and I believe him now, and I always shall: he is not the kind of man to lie.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поверила… верю… буду верить","title":"Aspect across the tenses of belief","body":"The triad spans all three time-frames: perfective past «поверила» (came to believe, on the spot), imperfective present «верю» (believe now), and compound future «буду верить» (will go on believing) — «быть» + imperfective infinitive for an enduring future."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не таков человек, чтобы солгал","title":"«не таков… чтобы» + past-form result","body":"«не таков… чтобы солгал» = 'not such a man as to lie': the correlative «таков» ('such') with «чтобы» introducing the result, whose verb «солгал» takes the past form required after «чтобы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of subordinate clause introduced by как","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of неповинен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"неповинен","lemma":"неповинный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"innocent"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поверила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поверила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверила","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"поверила","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поверила","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верить","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"future auxiliary of верить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"верить","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поверила","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таков","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"таков","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of человек, coordinated with поверила","gloss":"the kind"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of таков","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of солгал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"солгал","lemma":"солгать","morphology":"verb, past, irrealis (after чтобы), singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying таков","gloss":"would lie"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b12-c4-s174","source":"Вопросы перешли к Фетюковичу.","translation":"The questioning passed to Fetyukovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вопросы перешли к Фетюковичу","title":"Prefixed motion verb, figurative","body":"«перешли» (passed over), perfective of prefixed «перейти» («пере-» = across/over), is used figuratively: the questioning 'passed' to Fetyukovich. «к Фетюковичу» is «к» + dative naming the goal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of перешли","gloss":"the questioning"},{"surface":"перешли","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Фетюковичу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Фетюковичу","lemma":"Фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перешли","gloss":"Fetyukovich"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b12-c4-s175","source":"Между прочим, я помню, он спросил про Ракитина и про двадцать пять рублей «за то, что привел к вам Алексея Федоровича Карамазова».","translation":"Among other things, I remember, he asked about Rakitin and about the twenty-five rubles \"for bringing Alexei Fyodorovich Karamazov to you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за то, что привел к вам","title":"«за то, что» — causal 'for'","body":"«за то, что…» ('for the fact that…', 'for —ing') gives the ground of payment: «за» + accusative «то» pointing forward to the «что»-clause. «привёл» is the perfective of prefixed «привести» — a single completed bringing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прочим, forms idiom между прочим","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"прочим","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of между, forms idiom между прочим","gloss":"other things"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ракитина","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросил","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рублей","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on пять","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"-five"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Ракитина, object of про","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of за, referring forward to the что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of привел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"привел","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of привел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Алексея","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of привел","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"patronymic in apposition to Алексея","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"surname in apposition to Алексея","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b12-c4-s176","source":"— А что ж удивительного, что он деньги взял, — с презрительною злобой усмехнулась Грушенька, — он и всё ко мне приходил деньги канючить, рублей по тридцати, бывало, в месяц выберет, всё больше на баловство: пить-есть ему было на что и без моего.","translation":"\"And what's so surprising about his taking the money,\" Grushenka smirked with contemptuous spite, \"he was always coming to me to wheedle money, he'd take maybe thirty rubles in a month, all of it mostly for indulgences: he had enough to eat and drink without anything from me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что ж удивительного, что он деньги взял","title":"«что удивительного» + genitive","body":"«что удивительного» ('what's surprising', literally 'what of-surprising', genitive «удивительного») is an idiomatic dismissive question; «ж» (= «же») adds an offhand insistence. The «что»-clause then states what is unsurprising."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рублей по тридцати… выберет","title":"Distributive «по» + genitive of frequency","body":"«по тридцати» uses distributive «по» ('about/at a rate of thirty each') with an old genitive «тридцати»; «рублей» is the genitive plural after the numeral. «выберет» here is a habitual perfective-future 'he'd take out', with «бывало» marking the recurrence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"канючить… на баловство","title":"«канючить» and «баловство»","body":"«канючить» is a contemptuous colloquial verb for whining/wheedling for money; «баловство» means frivolous indulgence, pampering oneself. Together they paint Rakitin as a petty cadger spending on treats."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of удивительного","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"удивительного","lemma":"удивительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement, head of что ж ... удивительного","gloss":"surprising"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of удивительного","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"презрительною","lemma":"презрительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злобой","gloss":"contemptuous"},{"surface":"злобой","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of усмехнулась","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"усмехнулась","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause naming the speaker","gloss":"smirked"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулась","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes он (\"he too\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходил","gloss":"constantly"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept coming"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of канючить","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"канючить","lemma":"канючить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of приходил","gloss":"to wheedle"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"in apposition to деньги, quantified by по тридцати","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тридцати (distributive)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тридцати","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"object of по, quantifies рублей","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, marks habitual action","gloss":"he'd"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal oblique complement of выберет","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"выберет","lemma":"выбрать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (habitual)","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"mostly"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the phrase на баловство, coordinated with выберет","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking баловство","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"баловство","lemma":"баловство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of больше","gloss":"indulgences"},{"surface":"пить","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive subject complement of было","gloss":"to drink"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"есть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пить","gloss":"to eat"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative of possessor/experiencer","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause (existential)","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of на, that which there was (enough money)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies моего","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking моего","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of без (\"my [money]\")","gloss":"mine"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b12-c4-s177","source":"— На каком же основании вы были так щедры к господину Ракитину? — подхватил Фетюкович, несмотря на то, что председатель сильно шевелился.","translation":"\"On what grounds were you so generous to Mr. Rakitin?\" Fetyukovich pressed, in spite of the fact that the presiding judge was stirring uneasily.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на то, что председатель сильно шевелился","title":"Concessive «несмотря на то, что»","body":"«несмотря на то, что…» ('in spite of the fact that…') is the full concessive conjunction, «несмотря на» + the correlative «то» + «что». «шевелился» is imperfective past — the judge was stirring uneasily, a continuous fidget."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"На каком же основании","title":"Prepositional «на… основании» + «же»","body":"«на каком основании» ('on what grounds', prepositional after «на») is a formal idiom for asking the basis of something. The intercalated «же» sharpens it into a pointed challenge."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking основании","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of основании","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies каком","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"основании","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of щедры","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of щедры","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to щедры","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies щедры","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"щедры","lemma":"щедрый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"generous"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господину","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"господину","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of щедры","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Ракитину","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господину","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"Фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition (part of compound несмотря на)","role":"forms idiom несмотря на with на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition (part of compound несмотря на)","role":"second part of compound preposition несмотря на","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition несмотря на","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of шевелился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шевелился","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шевелился","gloss":"uneasily"},{"surface":"шевелился","lemma":"шевелиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"was stirring"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b12-c4-s178","source":"— Да ведь он же мне двоюродный брат.","translation":"\"Why, he's my cousin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь он же мне двоюродный брат","title":"Stacked particles «да ведь… же»","body":"Three particles cluster: «да» opens with concessive 'why', «ведь» appeals to shared obviousness ('after all'), «же» insists — together 'why, but he's my cousin, you see'. The zero copula leaves «он… двоюродный брат» verbless."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"двоюродный брат","title":"«двоюродный брат» — first cousin","body":"«двоюродный» ('of the second [degree]') + «брат» = first cousin. Russian builds kinship with such modifiers; «двоюродная сестра» is a female cousin, «троюродный» a second cousin."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of брат","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative of relation, modifies брат","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"двоюродный","lemma":"двоюродный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"cousin"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, predicate noun","gloss":"brother"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b12-c4-s179","source":"Моя мать с его матерью родные сестры.","translation":"My mother and his mother are own sisters.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Моя мать с его матерью родные сестры","title":"«X с Y» = 'X and Y' (joint subject)","body":"«мать с… матерью» literally 'mother with mother' functions as a coordinated plural subject ('my mother and his mother'), with «с» + instrumental «матерью». The predicate «родные сестры» (own/full sisters) is a verbless nominative complement."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"родные сестры","title":"«родные» — full-blood kin","body":"«родной» marks blood-kinship 'by birth': «родные сестры» are full sisters (same parents), as opposed to «двоюродные». The word also carries the warm sense of 'one's own dear'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мать","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сестры","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking матерью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of матерью","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"матерью","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinate subject with мать (comitative construction)","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"родные","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies сестры","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"сестры","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"sisters"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b12-c4-s180","source":"Он только всё молил меня никому про то здесь не сказывать, стыдился меня уж очень.","translation":"He only kept begging me not to tell anyone here about it, he was that ashamed of me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он только всё молил меня… не сказывать","title":"Imperfective «всё молил» of persistence","body":"«всё молил» ('kept on begging'), imperfective past with adverbial «всё» ('all the while'), stresses repeated, persistent pleading. «не сказывать» is the negated imperfective infinitive ('not to tell'), «сказывать» being a folksy/archaic variant of «говорить/сказать»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стыдился меня уж очень","title":"«стыдиться» + genitive; emphatic «уж»","body":"Reflexive «стыдился» (was ashamed) governs the genitive «меня» — one is ashamed 'of' someone. «уж очень» ('ever so', 'really very') is an emphatic intensifier, «уж» colouring the degree."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies молил","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молил","gloss":"constantly"},{"surface":"молил","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept begging"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of молил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of сказывать","gloss":"to no one"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказывать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказывать","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказывать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сказывать","lemma":"сказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of молил","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"стыдился","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молил","gloss":"was ashamed"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"genitive complement of стыдился","gloss":"of me"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыдился","gloss":"very"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b12-c4-s181","source":"Этот новый факт оказался совершенною неожиданностью для всех, никто про него до сих пор не знал во всем городе, даже в монастыре, даже не знал Митя.","translation":"This new fact came as a complete surprise to everyone; no one in the whole town had known of it until now, not even at the monastery, not even Mitya knew.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оказался совершенною неожиданностью","title":"Instrumental of the predicate after «оказаться»","body":"«Оказаться» (to turn out to be) is one of the linking verbs that put their predicate in the instrumental: «неожиданностью» rather than «неожиданность». The agreeing adjective «совершенною» is the older bookish instrumental ending -ою for what is today -ой."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто про него до сих пор не знал","title":"Negative concord with «никто … не»","body":"Russian requires the verb to keep «не» even when a negative pronoun is present, so «никто … не знал» literally stacks two negatives for one negation — 'no one knew'. The further «даже не знал Митя» extends the same negation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"до сих пор","title":"«до сих пор» — 'up to now'","body":"A fixed adverbial phrase, 'until now / to this day'. «сих» is the genitive plural of the archaic demonstrative «сей» (this), frozen into the idiom long after «сей» itself faded from speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of факт","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies факт","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оказался","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"оказался","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"совершенною","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies неожиданностью","gloss":"a complete"},{"surface":"неожиданностью","lemma":"неожиданность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of оказался","gloss":"surprise"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of для, modifies неожиданностью","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of про","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition, part of idiom до сих пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of idiom до сих пор","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of idiom до сих пор","gloss":"time","note":"«До сих пор» is the fixed idiom \"until now.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with оказался","gloss":"had known"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городе","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies монастыре","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал (parallel to городе)","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with оказался","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b12-c4-s182","source":"Рассказывали, что Ракитин побагровел от стыда на своем стуле.","translation":"They told that Rakitin turned crimson with shame in his seat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рассказывали, что","title":"Subjectless «рассказывали» — 'they said'","body":"A bare third-person-plural verb with no stated subject is Russian's impersonal 'they / people' — 'it was told', 'rumour had it'. It opens reported gossip neutrally, without naming who did the telling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"побагровел","title":"«побагроветь» — to flush crimson","body":"From «багровый», a dark blood-red. The perfective prefix по- marks the onset of the state — he 'went crimson'. Stronger and more shaming than mere «покраснеть» (to blush red)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"побагровел от стыда","title":"Cause expressed by «от» + genitive","body":"The preposition «от» here marks the cause of an involuntary reaction — 'crimson from shame' — and governs the genitive «стыда». This «от» of cause is standard with physical responses (дрожать от холода, плакать от радости)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рассказывали","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was told"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of побагровел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побагровел","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"побагровел","lemma":"побагроветь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Рассказывали","gloss":"turned crimson"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стыда","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"стыда","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побагровел","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стуле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стуле","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"стуле","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побагровел, locative","gloss":"chair"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b12-c4-s183","source":"Грушенька еще до входа в залу как-то узнала, что он показал против Мити, а потому и озлилась.","translation":"Even before entering the hall Grushenka had somehow learned that he had testified against Mitya, and that was why she had grown furious.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще до входа в залу как-то узнала","title":"«до» + genitive verbal noun = 'before -ing'","body":"Russian often compresses 'before she entered' into a preposition plus a noun: «до входа» (before the entering), with «до» governing the genitive. «в залу» then uses the accusative of motion-toward."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как-то","title":"Indefinite «как-то» — 'somehow'","body":"The clitic -то makes the interrogative «как» indefinite: 'somehow, in some way' — a specific but unspecified manner. The same -то builds «кто-то», «что-то», «где-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а потому и озлилась","title":"«а потому» and the reflexive «озлилась»","body":"«а потому» means 'and that is why', the contrastive «а» hinging into a consequence. «озлилась» is the reflexive -ся perfective of «озлиться» (to grow bitter/furious) — the -ся marks a change of inner state, with the added particle «и» underscoring 'precisely for that reason'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of узнала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies входа","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking входа","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"входа","lemma":"вход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнала","gloss":"entering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies входа","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (part of как-то)","role":"first part of idiom как-то, modifies узнала","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (part of как-то)","role":"second part of idiom как-то","gloss":"somehow","note":"«Как-то» is a single adverb meaning \"somehow,\" split by the tagger into как + то."},{"surface":"узнала","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of показал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of показал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of узнала","gloss":"had testified"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озлилась, forms idiom потому и","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom потому и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"озлилась","lemma":"озлиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with узнала","gloss":"grew furious"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b12-c4-s184","source":"Вся давешняя речь господина Ракитина, всё благородство ее, все выходки на крепостное право, на гражданское неустройство России — всё это уже окончательно на этот раз было похерено и уничтожено в общем мнении.","translation":"The whole of Mr. Rakitin's earlier speech, all its high-mindedness, all its sallies against serfdom, against the civic disorder of Russia — all of it was now finally, this time around, crossed out and annihilated in the common opinion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давешняя","title":"«давешний» — 'the earlier (one), from a while ago'","body":"A colloquial-archaic adjective, 'of a little while ago, the aforementioned' — pointing back to Rakitin's speech delivered earlier in the same session. Common in 19th-century narration, now decidedly old-fashioned."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выходки","title":"«выходка» — a sally, an antic","body":"Here 'sallies, escapades' — Rakitin's showy rhetorical thrusts. The word carries a faint contempt (a stunt, a stroke of bravado), undercutting the high-mindedness it describes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"было похерено и уничтожено","title":"Periphrastic passive: «было» + short passive participle","body":"Two short past-passive participles, «похерено» and «уничтожено», join «было» to state a result — 'was crossed out and annihilated'. The short neuter -о agrees with the collective neuter subject «всё это». The agent ('in the common opinion') is left in a prepositional phrase rather than the instrumental."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"похерено","title":"«похерить» — to cross out (from the letter 'хер')","body":"«похерить» literally means to strike a thing through with an X — from «хер», the old name of the Cyrillic letter Х. By Dostoevsky's day it meant 'to cancel, write off'; the same root later spawned a vulgar slang sense, but here it is merely 'crossed out'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речь","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"давешняя","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies речь","gloss":"of before"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive похерено","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"господина","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies речь","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господина","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of благородство","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"благородство","lemma":"благородство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated subject with речь","gloss":"high-mindedness"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"pronoun, genitive (possessive), invariant","role":"modifies благородство","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of выходки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"выходки","lemma":"выходка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated subject with речь","gloss":"sallies"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking право","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"крепостное","lemma":"крепостной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies право","gloss":"serf"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of на, target of выходки","gloss":"law"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неустройство","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"гражданское","lemma":"гражданский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies неустройство","gloss":"civic"},{"surface":"неустройство","lemma":"неустройство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of на, second target parallel to право","gloss":"disorder"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies неустройство","gloss":"of Russia"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive subject of похерено, summarizing речь ... неустройство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окончательно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похерено","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз, forms phrase на этот раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похерено","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of похерено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"похерено","lemma":"похерить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crossed out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уничтожено","lemma":"уничтожить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with похерено","gloss":"annihilated"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"общем","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мнении","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"мнении","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уничтожено","gloss":"opinion"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b12-c4-s185","source":"Фетюкович был доволен: опять бог на шапку послал.","translation":"Fetyukovich was content: once again God had dropped something into his cap.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"опять бог на шапку послал","title":"«бог на шапку послал» — God dropped it in his cap","body":"A folksy idiom of unexpected good fortune: like alms falling into a beggar's upturned cap, fortune has handed the defence lawyer Fetyukovich a windfall. The chapter title — 'Fortune Smiles on Mitya' — turns on exactly this run of luck."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Фетюкович был доволен","title":"Short adjective predicate «доволен»","body":"«доволен» (satisfied, content) is a short-form adjective serving as predicate after «был» — the short form is the normal, bookish choice for such states. Its long counterpart «довольный» would feel attributive rather than predicative here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"Фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of доволен","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to доволен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"доволен","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послал","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шапку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"шапку","lemma":"шапка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послал","gloss":"his cap"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the idiom clause, coordinated with доволен","gloss":"had sent","note":"«Бог на шапку послал» is an idiom for an unexpected windfall/stroke of luck."}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b12-c4-s186","source":"Вообще же Грушеньку допрашивали не очень долго, да и не могла она, конечно, сообщить ничего особенно нового.","translation":"On the whole Grushenka was not examined for very long, and of course she could communicate nothing especially new.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могла она … сообщить ничего особенно нового","title":"Genitive of negation: «ничего нового»","body":"Under negation the object slides into the genitive: «ничего … нового» rather than accusative «что-то новое». The negative pronoun «ничего» and the agreeing «нового» are both genitive, and «не могла» supplies the obligatory verbal «не»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да и не могла она","title":"Connective «да и» — 'and besides'","body":"«да и» is an additive coordinator, 'and besides / and anyway', joining a confirming afterthought. The «да» here is the folksy 'and', distinct from «да» meaning 'yes'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"допрашивали","title":"Imperfective «допрашивали» — the questioning as process","body":"Imperfective past frames the interrogation as an ongoing process viewed as a whole ('she was examined / they questioned her'), not a single completed act. Its perfective partner «допросить» would close the action off."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies допрашивали","gloss":"on the whole"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Вообще","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of допрашивали","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"допрашивали","lemma":"допрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was questioned"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долго","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies допрашивали","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with допрашивали","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies могла","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"сообщить","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of сообщить","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нового","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"нового","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"new"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b12-c4-s187","source":"Оставила она в публике весьма неприятное впечатление.","translation":"She left a most unpleasant impression on the public.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Оставила она в публике весьма неприятное впечатление","title":"Verb-first word order for narrative momentum","body":"Fronting the verb «оставила» before the subject «она» is an emphatic, literary inversion that pushes the new information — the bad impression — toward the end. Case endings keep subject and object clear no matter the order."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"весьма","title":"«весьма» — 'most, exceedingly'","body":"A bookish intensifier, 'very, exceedingly', more elevated than colloquial «очень». Its formal register suits the narrator's measured account of the public's reaction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в публике","title":"«публика» — the courtroom spectators","body":"Here «публика» is the assembled audience at the trial — the gallery whose collective opinion Dostoevsky tracks throughout the book. A near-false-friend: it means 'the public / the spectators', not a place of publication."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оставила","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Оставила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking публике","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"публике","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Оставила","gloss":"the public"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неприятное","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"неприятное","lemma":"неприятный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"unpleasant"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Оставила","gloss":"impression"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b12-c4-s188","source":"Сотни презрительных взглядов устремились на нее, когда она, кончив показание, уселась в зале довольно далеко от Катерины Ивановны.","translation":"Hundreds of contemptuous glances fixed upon her when, her testimony finished, she took her seat in the hall a fair distance from Katerina Ivanovna.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сотни презрительных взглядов устремились на нее","title":"«сотни» + genitive plural after the numeral","body":"«сотни» (hundreds) governs the genitive plural «презрительных взглядов» — the rule that quantity-words and numerals above four take the genitive plural of what they count. The reflexive «устремились» ('fixed themselves upon') uses -ся for the middle, self-directed motion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кончив показание","title":"Perfective gerund «кончив» — 'having finished'","body":"«кончив» is a perfective adverbial participle («деепричастие») in -в: 'having finished her testimony'. It marks an action completed just before the main verb «уселась», and shares its subject — she finishes, then sits."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уселась","title":"«усесться» — to settle into a seat","body":"A perfective reflexive of sitting, 'to settle oneself, take one's seat' — the у- prefix and -ся give a sense of getting comfortably installed, slightly more deliberate than plain «сесть»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"показание","title":"«показание» — testimony, deposition","body":"The legal noun for 'testimony / evidence given', a bookish -ние formation from «показать» (to show, indicate). It is the witness's statement on the stand, central to the trial machinery of Book XII."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сотни","lemma":"сотня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of устремились","gloss":"hundreds"},{"surface":"презрительных","lemma":"презрительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies взглядов","gloss":"contemptuous"},{"surface":"взглядов","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Сотни","gloss":"glances"},{"surface":"устремились","lemma":"устремиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"нее","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устремились","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уселась","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of уселась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"кончив","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on уселась","gloss":"having finished"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of кончив","gloss":"her testimony"},{"surface":"уселась","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause introduced by когда, modifies устремились","gloss":"took her seat"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уселась","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies далеко","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уселась","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерины","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of далеко","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"иванович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b12-c4-s189","source":"Всё время, пока ее спрашивали, Митя молчал, как бы окаменев, опустив глаза в землю.","translation":"The whole time she was being questioned, Mitya was silent, as though turned to stone, his eyes lowered to the ground.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пока ее спрашивали","title":"«пока» + imperfective — 'while she was being questioned'","body":"«пока» ('while, as long as') opens a subordinate clause of simultaneous time, and pairs naturally with the imperfective «спрашивали» to express the ongoing background against which Mitya's silence stands."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы окаменев","title":"«как бы» + gerund «окаменев» — 'as though turned to stone'","body":"«окаменев» is a perfective gerund, 'having turned to stone', and «как бы» ('as if') softens it into a simile of Mitya's frozen state. The gerund shares the subject of «молчал» — he stays silent, as if petrified."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"опустив глаза в землю","title":"Second perfective gerund «опустив»","body":"A chain of «деепричастия» — «окаменев … опустив» — packs two attendant circumstances onto one main verb, a hallmark of literary Russian. «опустив глаза» ('having lowered his eyes') depicts the posture accompanying his silence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"окаменев","title":"«окаменеть» — to turn to stone","body":"Literally 'to become stone' (from «камень», stone), used figuratively for being frozen rigid by shock or despair. The image of Mitya petrified anticipates the verdict bearing down on him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration, modifies молчал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спрашивали","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"ее","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of спрашивали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"спрашивали","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying время","gloss":"was questioned"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was silent"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окаменев","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"окаменев","lemma":"окаменеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on молчал","gloss":"turned to stone","note":"Converb from окаменеть ('to turn to stone'); the spaCy tag mistook it for a noun."},{"surface":"опустив","lemma":"опустить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on молчал","gloss":"having lowered"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of опустив","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опустив","gloss":"the ground"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b12-c4-s190","source":"Появился свидетелем Иван Федорович.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich appeared as a witness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Появился свидетелем Иван Федорович","title":"Instrumental of role: «появился свидетелем»","body":"«свидетелем» is instrumental — 'appeared as a witness' — the instrumental marking the capacity or role in which someone acts, just as it does after «быть» or «стать». The verb-first order again throws weight onto the named witness at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Появился","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"свидетелем","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Появился","gloss":"as a witness"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Появился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]}]}