{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b12-c5","title":{"source":"V. Внезапная катастрофа","translated":"A Sudden Catastrophe"},"section":"Book XII — A Judicial Error","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c5","lines":226},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c4","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c6","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b12-c5-s1","source":"Замечу, что его вызвали было еще до Алеши.","translation":"I should note that they had tried to call him even before Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его вызвали было","title":"The 'almost-but-not' particle «было»","body":"«было» after a past-tense perfective marks an action that was begun or about to happen but did not come off as intended — here, they had set about summoning Ivan but it fell through. This frozen particle (etymologically the neuter past of «быть») recurs all through the chapter («вскочил было», «пошел было», «начал было») and is a hallmark of 19th-century narrative prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Замечу","title":"Perfective future as a narrator's aside","body":"«Замечу» is the perfective «заметить» conjugated like a present, which yields a single completed future: 'I will note (just this once)'. The chronicler-narrator uses it to step momentarily out of the scene, a conversational reflex very common in Dostoevsky's first-person frame."}],"words":[{"surface":"Замечу","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I should note"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вызвали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вызвали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вызвали","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Замечу","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of вызвали","gloss":"had tried","note":"The было-construction after a perfective past verb marks an action begun or intended but then interrupted."},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies до Алеши","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вызвали","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b12-c5-s2","source":"Но судебный пристав доложил тогда председателю, что, по внезапному нездоровью или какому-то припадку, свидетель не может явиться сейчас, но только что оправится, то когда угодно готов будет дать свое показание.","translation":"But the court usher reported to the presiding judge at the time that, owing to a sudden indisposition or some kind of fit, the witness could not appear just then, though as soon as he recovered he would be ready to give his testimony whenever it pleased the court.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по внезапному нездоровью","title":"«по» + dative = 'owing to'","body":"Here «по» governs the dative «нездоровью» in its causal sense, 'owing to / because of a sudden indisposition'. «по» is one of the prepositions that always take the dative, and this bureaucratic 'by reason of' register suits the usher's official report."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"готов будет дать свое показание","title":"Compound future + perfective infinitive","body":"«будет» here is the future of «быть» supporting the short adjective «готов» ('ready'), and «дать показание» ('to give testimony') is a perfective infinitive naming the single completed act. Together they project a one-off future event the witness promises to perform once recovered."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"судебный","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пристав","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"пристав","lemma":"пристав","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of доложил","gloss":"usher"},{"surface":"доложил","lemma":"доложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reported"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доложил","gloss":"at the time"},{"surface":"председателю","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of доложил","gloss":"to the presiding judge"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нездоровью","gloss":"owing to"},{"surface":"внезапному","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нездоровью","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"нездоровью","lemma":"нездоровье","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of может","gloss":"indisposition"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"какому","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of припадку","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какому","gloss":"some (indef.)"},{"surface":"припадку","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with нездоровью","gloss":"fit"},{"surface":"свидетель","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"the witness"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of доложил","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"явиться","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"appear"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явиться","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оправится","gloss":"as soon","note":"только что + a perfective verb = 'as soon as'."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"оправится","lemma":"оправиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with может","gloss":"recovers"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of готов","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies готов","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase когда","gloss":"pleases"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, complement of будет","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to готов","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готов","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of показание","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дать","gloss":"testimony"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b12-c5-s3","source":"Этого, впрочем, как-то никто не слыхал, и узнали уже впоследствии.","translation":"This, however, somehow no one had heard, and it came to light only afterward.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слыхал","title":"«слыхал» — the folksy variant of «слышал»","body":"«слыхать» is a colloquial, slightly old-fashioned by-form of «слышать» ('to hear'), common in 19th-century narration. It carries a faint flavour of oral storytelling, as if reporting hearsay; the chronicler uses it to underline that no one actually caught what was said at the time."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто не слыхал","title":"Negative concord: «никто… не»","body":"Russian requires double negation: the negative pronoun «никто» ('no one') still demands «не» on the verb, so literally 'no one did not hear'. The two negatives make one negation — a fixed rule, not emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слыхал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to слыхал","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слыхал","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"somehow (indef.)"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of слыхал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слыхал","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had heard"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"узнали","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with слыхал","gloss":"came to light"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies впоследствии","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнали","gloss":"afterward"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b12-c5-s4","source":"Появление его в первую минуту было почти не замечено: главные свидетели, особенно две соперницы, были уже допрошены; любопытство было пока удовлетворено.","translation":"His appearance, in the first moment, went almost unnoticed: the chief witnesses, especially the two rivals, had already been examined; curiosity, for the time being, was satisfied.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"было почти не замечено… были уже допрошены… было удовлетворено","title":"A run of passive participles","body":"Three short-form past passive participles in a row — «замечено» (noticed), «допрошены» (examined/questioned), «удовлетворено» (satisfied) — each joined to «было/были» to state a result. The agentless passive gives the courtroom report its cool, official detachment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"две соперницы","title":"«соперницы» — the two female rivals","body":"«соперница» is the feminine of «соперник», 'rival'. The 'two rivals' are Katerina Ivanovna and Grushenka, the women whose love and jealousy have driven the whole drama; naming them only as 'the two rivals' is the chronicler's discreet shorthand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Появление","lemma":"появление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive замечено","gloss":"his appearance"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies Появление","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первую","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Появление","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of замечено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замечено","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"замечено","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"главные","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies свидетели","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"свидетели","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive допрошены","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies две","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on соперницы","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"соперницы","lemma":"соперница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to свидетели","gloss":"rivals"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"были","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of допрошены","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies допрошены","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"допрошены","lemma":"допросить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with замечено","gloss":"examined"},{"surface":"любопытство","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive удовлетворено","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of удовлетворено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удовлетворено","gloss":"for the time being"},{"surface":"удовлетворено","lemma":"удовлетворить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with допрошены","gloss":"satisfied"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b12-c5-s5","source":"В публике чувствовалось даже утомление.","translation":"Among the public one could even feel a certain weariness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чувствовалось","title":"Impersonal «-ся»: 'one could feel'","body":"«чувствовалось» is the reflexive «чувствоваться» in a neuter impersonal frame — there is no grammatical subject; the sense is 'it was felt / one could feel'. The «-ся» here builds a subjectless middle-passive that lets the mood hang in the air over the whole room."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking публике","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"публике","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чувствовалось","gloss":"the public"},{"surface":"чувствовалось","lemma":"чувствоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could be felt"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утомление","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"утомление","lemma":"утомление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of чувствовалось","gloss":"weariness"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b12-c5-s6","source":"Предстояло еще выслушать несколько свидетелей, которые, вероятно, ничего особенного не могли сообщить ввиду всего, что было уже сообщено.","translation":"There were still several witnesses left to be heard, who in all likelihood could add nothing of importance in light of everything that had already been reported.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Предстояло еще выслушать","title":"Impersonal «предстояло» + infinitive","body":"«предстояло» ('it remained / was still in store') is a subjectless impersonal verb taking the infinitive «выслушать»: 'there was still to be heard'. Such impersonal framing, with no nominative actor, is a favourite Russian way of presenting an obligation as simply looming."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего особенного не могли сообщить","title":"Genitive of negation: «ничего особенного»","body":"Under the negated «не могли сообщить», the object slides into the genitive: «ничего особенного» ('nothing of importance'), genitive forms of «ничто/особенное». A negated indefinite object regularly takes this genitive rather than the accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые… не могли сообщить","title":"The relative «который»","body":"«которые» opens a relative clause modifying «свидетелей» ('witnesses'), agreeing with it in number and gender but taking nominative as the subject of its own clause. The comma-set «который»-clause is the standard literary way to pile descriptive detail onto a noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Предстояло","lemma":"предстоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there remained"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выслушать","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"выслушать","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Предстояло","gloss":"to hear"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on свидетелей","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of выслушать","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"которые","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"вероятно","lemma":"вероятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to могли","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of могли","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"особенного","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"of note"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on свидетелей","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"сообщить","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"add"},{"surface":"ввиду","lemma":"ввиду","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всего","gloss":"in light of"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сообщить","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive сообщено","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of сообщено","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщено","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сообщено","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on всего","gloss":"reported"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b12-c5-s7","source":"Время же уходило.","translation":"And time was wearing on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Время же уходило","title":"Emphatic «же» and imperfective «уходило»","body":"The particle «же» here is lightly adversative-emphatic, pinning attention on «время» — 'time, for its part, was slipping away'. The imperfective past «уходило» (of «уходить») views the passing as an ongoing process, not a completed event, which is why English reaches for 'was wearing on'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of уходило","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Время","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уходило","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was wearing on"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b12-c5-s8","source":"Иван Федорович приблизился как-то удивительно медленно, ни на кого не глядя и опустив даже голову, точно о чем-то нахмуренно соображая.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich approached somehow strangely slowly, looking at no one and even with his head lowered, as though he were puzzling over something with a frown.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни на кого не глядя и опустив","title":"Two gerunds: simultaneous vs. prior","body":"«глядя» is an imperfective present gerund ('while looking'), describing manner alongside the main verb; «опустив» is a perfective past gerund ('having lowered'), describing a completed prior act. Russian deftly chains both «деепричастия» onto one subject, a signature of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни на кого не глядя","title":"Negative concord with «ни… не»","body":"«ни на кого… не глядя» literally stacks 'not at no one not looking' — «ни на кого» ('at no one', accusative/genitive of «никто» split around the preposition «на») demands «не» on the gerund. The intensifying «ни» reinforces the negation rather than cancelling it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"соображая","title":"«соображать» — to ponder, work out","body":"«соображать» means to mull or figure something out in one's head; with «нахмуренно» ('with a frown') it paints Ivan inwardly puzzling. Here it is itself a present gerund «соображая», 'as though working something out'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приблизился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"приблизился","lemma":"приблизиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"approached"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies медленно","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удивительно","gloss":"somehow (indef.)"},{"surface":"удивительно","lemma":"удивительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies медленно","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"медленно","lemma":"медленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приблизился","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"not (at all)"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of глядя","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глядя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on приблизился","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опустив","lemma":"опустить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with глядя","gloss":"lowering"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies голову","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of опустив","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соображая","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of соображая","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чем","gloss":"something (indef.)"},{"surface":"нахмуренно","lemma":"нахмуренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соображая","gloss":"with a frown"},{"surface":"соображая","lemma":"соображать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on приблизился","gloss":"puzzling"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b12-c5-s9","source":"Одет он был безукоризненно, но лицо его, на меня по крайней мере, произвело болезненное впечатление: было в этом лице что-то как бы тронутое землей, что-то похожее на лицо помирающего человека.","translation":"He was dressed impeccably, but his face, on me at least, made a sickly impression: there was something in that face as if already touched by the grave, something resembling the face of a dying man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тронутое землей","title":"«тронутое землей» — touched by the grave","body":"Literally 'touched by earth', this is a vivid death-image: «земля» here evokes the grave, the soil that takes the dead. The phrase makes Ivan's face look already claimed by death, foreshadowing the brain-fever about to break over him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"помирающего","title":"«помирать» — the folksy 'to die'","body":"«помирать/помереть» is a colloquial, homely variant of «умирать/умереть» ('to die'). Its plain peasant flavour, against the bookish «болезненное впечатление», quietly lowers the register at the moment death is named."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"помирающего человека","title":"Present active participle «помирающий»","body":"«помирающего» is the present active participle of «помирать» ('dying'), declined to agree with «человека» in the genitive. The participle compresses 'a man who is dying' into a single modifier — typical bookish economy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одет","lemma":"одеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"dressed","note":"Short-form passive participle used predicatively with был ('was dressed')."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of Одет","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"безукоризненно","lemma":"безукоризненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Одет","gloss":"impeccably"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произвело","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of произвело","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мере","gloss":"at","note":"Idiom по крайней мере = 'at least'."},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of по","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"произвело","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the но-clause, coordinated with Одет","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"болезненное","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"sickly"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвело","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (existential 'there was')","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лице","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of было","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"something (indef.)"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тронутое","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"тронутое","lemma":"тронуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies что (subject что-то)","gloss":"touched"},{"surface":"землей","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тронутое","gloss":"by the grave"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"coordinated with что (first что-то)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"something (indef.)"},{"surface":"похожее","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies то","gloss":"resembling"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of похожее","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"помирающего","lemma":"помирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"dying"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b12-c5-s10","source":"Глаза были мутны; он поднял их и медленно обвел ими залу.","translation":"His eyes were clouded; he raised them and slowly swept the courtroom with them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Глаза были мутны","title":"Short-form predicate adjective «мутны»","body":"«мутны» is the short form of «мутный» ('clouded, turbid'), used predicatively after «были». Short adjectives can only predicate, and they carry a slightly bookish, often state-describing flavour well suited to this clinical observation of his eyes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обвел ими залу","title":"Instrumental of means: «ими»","body":"«ими» ('with them', i.e. his eyes) is the instrumental, the case of the instrument by which the room is 'swept'. «обвести глазами» — to run one's eyes over — is a fixed idiom that always puts the eyes in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of мутны","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"были","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to мутны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"мутны","lemma":"мутный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"clouded"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мутны","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"медленно","lemma":"медленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обвел","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"обвел","lemma":"обвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"swept"},{"surface":"ими","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"instrumental complement of обвел","gloss":"with them"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обвел","gloss":"the hall","note":"Зала is an older/dialectal feminine form of зал ('hall'); залу is its accusative singular, not the dative of зал."}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b12-c5-s11","source":"Алеша вдруг вскочил было со своего стула и простонал: ах!","translation":"Alyosha suddenly half rose from his chair and let out a groan: ah!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочил было","title":"«было» again: a half-completed start","body":"«вскочил было» tells us Alyosha started up from his seat — and the «было» hints the impulse was checked or came to nothing in the moment. The chronicler reaches for this particle whenever a movement is begun but interrupted."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"простонал","title":"«простонать» — to let out a groan","body":"The perfective «простонать» (from «стонать», to moan) means to utter something with a groan — a single completed cry. The «про-» prefix gives it the sense of voicing a brief sound aloud, here the involuntary «ах!»"}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"half rose"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of вскочил","gloss":"started to","note":"The было-construction marks an action begun but interrupted or checked before completion."},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стула","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стула","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"стула","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочил","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"простонал","lemma":"простонать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"groaned"},{"surface":"ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to простонал","gloss":"ah"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b12-c5-s12","source":"Я помню это.","translation":"I remember it.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помню","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b12-c5-s13","source":"Но и это мало кто уловил.","translation":"But even this few people caught.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но и это мало кто уловил","title":"Fronted object and «мало кто»","body":"The object «это» is fronted before the subject «мало кто» ('few people') for emphasis — Russian's free, case-driven word order lets the topic ('even this') lead while the new information trails. «мало кто» is an idiom meaning 'hardly anyone'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Но","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of уловил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of уловил","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"уловил","lemma":"уловить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b12-c5-s14","source":"Председатель начал было с того, что он свидетель без присяги, что он может показывать или умолчать, но что, конечно, всё показанное должно быть по совести, и т. д., и т. д.","translation":"The presiding judge began by saying that he was a witness not under oath, that he might testify or hold his tongue, but that, of course, whatever he did testify must be in accordance with his conscience, and so on, and so on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал было с того, что","title":"«начать с того, что…»","body":"«начать с того, что…» is a set frame, 'to begin by (saying) that…', where the correlative «того» (genitive of «то» after «с») points forward to the «что»-clause. Combined with «было», it tells us the judge merely started this preamble before Ivan's laughter cut in."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по совести","title":"«по совести» — in good conscience","body":"«по совести» means 'according to one's conscience, honestly'. The phrase carries weight in this novel of guilt and conscience: the judge means it as legal boilerplate, but for Ivan, whose conscience is tearing him apart, the words land very differently."}],"words":[{"surface":"Председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of начал","gloss":"began to"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of начал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of свидетель","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of свидетель","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"свидетель","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"a witness"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking присяги","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"присяги","lemma":"присяга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies свидетель","gloss":"oath"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"показывать","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"testify"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"умолчать","lemma":"умолчать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with показывать","gloss":"stay silent"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to должно","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of показанное","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"показанное","lemma":"показанный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, nominative, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"subject of должно","gloss":"testified"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the third clause (modifies того)","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to совести","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking совести","gloss":"in accordance with"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of должно","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"т","lemma":"так далее","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"part of the idiom и т. д. (etc.)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"д.","lemma":"далее","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"part of the idiom и т. д. (etc.)","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"т","lemma":"так далее","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"part of the idiom и т. д. (etc.)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"д.","lemma":"далее","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"part of the idiom и т. д. (etc.)","gloss":"on"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b12-c5-s15","source":"Иван Федорович слушал и мутно глядел на него; но вдруг лицо его стало медленно раздвигаться в улыбку, и только что председатель, с удивлением на него смотревший, кончил говорить, он вдруг рассмеялся.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich listened and gazed at him dully; but suddenly his face slowly began to spread into a smile, and the moment the presiding judge, who had been watching him in astonishment, finished speaking, he suddenly burst out laughing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слушал и… глядел… стало раздвигаться","title":"Imperfective background, perfective turn","body":"The imperfectives «слушал», «глядел», and «раздвигаться» hold the scene as ongoing process, until the perfective «стало» and «рассмеялся» snap it forward to the sudden laugh. This interplay of standing imperfective background and perfective event is the basic engine of Russian narrative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотревший","title":"Past active participle «смотревший»","body":"«смотревший» is the past active participle of «смотреть» ('who had been watching'), agreeing with «председатель» in the nominative masculine. It packs a whole «который»-clause — 'the judge, who had been looking at him in astonishment' — into one inserted phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что… кончил говорить","title":"«только что» — 'the moment that'","body":"Here «только что» works as a temporal hinge, 'just as / the moment that' the judge finished speaking. The perfective «кончил» marks the completion that triggers the next perfective event, «рассмеялся»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слушал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мутно","lemma":"мутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"dully"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слушал","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with слушал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"медленно","lemma":"медленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздвигаться","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"раздвигаться","lemma":"раздвигаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"spread"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"улыбку","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздвигаться","gloss":"a smile"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кончил","gloss":"as soon"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кончил","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотревший","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотревший","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"смотревший","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies председатель (relative participial clause)","gloss":"watching"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with слушал","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of кончил","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассмеялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмеялся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"рассмеялся","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with слушал","gloss":"burst out laughing"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b12-c5-s16","source":"— Ну и что же еще? — громко спросил он","translation":"\"Well, and what else?\" he asked loudly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну и что же еще?","title":"Particle «же» in a challenge","body":"«что же еще?» loads the question with «же» — an insistent, faintly impatient 'well, and what else then?'. The particle conveys Ivan's needling tone, which a flat English 'what else' can only approximate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b12-c5-s17","source":"Всё затихло в зале, что-то как бы почувствовалось.","translation":"Everything went still in the hall, as though something were being sensed in the air.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё затихло… что-то… почувствовалось","title":"Impersonal «-ся» again","body":"«почувствовалось» repeats the subjectless reflexive of «чувствоваться» ('something seemed to be sensed'), with the vague «что-то» as a placeholder rather than a true agent. The «-ся» dissolves any actor, leaving only a mood gripping the room."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of затихло","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"затихло","lemma":"затихнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of затихло","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of почувствовалось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"something (indef.)"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовалось","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"почувствовалось","lemma":"почувствоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with затихло","gloss":"were sensed"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b12-c5-s18","source":"Председатель забеспокоился.","translation":"The presiding judge grew uneasy.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забеспокоился","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"забеспокоился","lemma":"забеспокоиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew uneasy"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b12-c5-s19","source":"— Вы… может быть, еще не так здоровы? — проговорил он было, ища глазами судебного пристава.","translation":"\"You... perhaps you are not yet quite well?\" he started to say, his eyes searching for the court usher.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не так здоровы","title":"Short adjective «здоровы»","body":"«здоровы» is the short plural form of «здоровый», predicating a state: 'are you not quite well?'. The polite «Вы» takes plural agreement, and the short form fits this momentary-condition sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проговорил он было, ища глазами","title":"«было» plus a present gerund","body":"«проговорил он было» marks the judge's question as begun-and-checked, while «ища» is the present gerund of «искать» ('searching') describing the simultaneous hunt for the usher. Note again «глазами» in the instrumental — 'with his eyes'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of здоровы","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifier of здоровы (может быть = \"perhaps\")","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies здоровы","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"здоровы","lemma":"здоровый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate complement of Вы","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started to say"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary particle, past, marking an interrupted action","role":"auxiliary of проговорил","gloss":"about to","note":"\"было\" after a past-tense verb marks an action begun and broken off."},{"surface":"ища","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"searching"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ища","gloss":"with his eyes"},{"surface":"судебного","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пристава","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"пристава","lemma":"пристав","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ища","gloss":"usher"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b12-c5-s20","source":"— Не беспокойтесь, ваше превосходительство, я достаточно здоров и могу вам кое-что рассказать любопытное, — ответил вдруг совсем спокойно и почтительно Иван Федорович.","translation":"\"Do not trouble yourself, Your Excellency, I am well enough and can tell you something rather curious,\" Ivan Fyodorovich answered, all at once perfectly calm and respectful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не беспокойтесь","title":"Polite negative imperative","body":"«Не беспокойтесь» is the imperative of the reflexive «беспокоиться» ('to worry') with the plural/polite «-те»: 'don't trouble yourself'. The «-сь» (post-vowel «-ся») makes it reflexive, and «не» + imperfective imperative is the normal shape of a polite prohibition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кое-что","title":"«кое-что» — 'a little something'","body":"«кое-что» is an indefinite pronoun, 'something (in particular), a thing or two', formed with the prefix «кое-». Paired with «любопытное» ('curious'), it teases that Ivan has a specific revelation in store — soon to detonate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокойтесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"беспокойтесь","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trouble yourself"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of превосходительство","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"превосходительство","lemma":"превосходительство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"vocative, addressing the judge","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of здоров","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"достаточно","lemma":"достаточно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies здоров","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"здоров","lemma":"здоровый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with здоров","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of рассказать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase кое-что, direct object of рассказать","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase кое-что, direct object of рассказать","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"рассказать","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"любопытное","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies кое-что","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спокойно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"calmly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почтительно","lemma":"почтительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"respectfully"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b12-c5-s21","source":"— Вы имеете предъявить какое-нибудь особое сообщение? — всё еще с недоверчивостью продолжал председатель.","translation":"\"You have some particular statement to make?\" the presiding judge went on, still with a note of distrust.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"недоверчивостью","title":"«недоверчивость» — distrust","body":"«недоверчивость» ('mistrust, suspicion') is built from «доверчивость» ('trustfulness') with the negating prefix «не-». In the instrumental «с недоверчивостью» it describes the manner of the judge's continued questioning — 'with distrust'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of имеете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"имеете","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"предъявить","lemma":"предъявить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of имеете","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сообщение","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"particle, indefiniteness marker","role":"part of the phrase какое-нибудь","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"особое","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сообщение","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"сообщение","lemma":"сообщение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предъявить","gloss":"statement"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё еще, modifies продолжал","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё еще, modifies продолжал","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недоверчивостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"недоверчивостью","lemma":"недоверчивость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжал","gloss":"distrust"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"the presiding judge"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b12-c5-s22","source":"Иван Федорович потупился, помедлил несколько секунд и, подняв снова голову, ответил как бы заикаясь:","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich dropped his eyes, paused a few seconds, and, raising his head again, answered as if stammering:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потупился, помедлил… и, подняв… ответил","title":"Perfective chain + a gerund","body":"A string of perfectives — «потупился» (dropped his eyes), «помедлил» (paused), «ответил» (answered) — drives the action forward step by step, with the perfective past gerund «подняв» ('having raised') folding in a completed sub-action. The «по-» on «помедлил» adds the 'for a little while' sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы заикаясь","title":"«как бы» + gerund: 'as if'","body":"«как бы» ('as it were, as if') softens the present gerund «заикаясь» ('stammering') into a hedged impression — he answered 'as though stammering'. Dostoevsky's narrator loves «как бы» for marking an observation as tentative rather than asserted."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of потупился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"потупился","lemma":"потупиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dropped his eyes"},{"surface":"помедлил","lemma":"помедлить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with потупился","gloss":"paused"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on секунд","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"секунд","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of помедлил","gloss":"seconds"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подняв","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ответил","gloss":"raising"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подняв","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подняв","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with потупился","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies заикаясь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"заикаясь","lemma":"заикаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ответил","gloss":"stammering"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b12-c5-s23","source":"— Нет… не имею.","translation":"\"No... I have none.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не имею","title":"Negated «иметь»","body":"«не имею» ('I do not have') uses the verb «иметь», which in Russian is rather bookish — everyday Russian prefers the «у меня есть» construction. Its bare, clipped use here gives Ivan's denial a stiff, formal edge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"stands alone as a negative answer","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b12-c5-s24","source":"Не имею ничего особенного.","translation":"\"I have nothing in particular.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не имею ничего особенного","title":"Genitive of negation: «ничего особенного»","body":"The negated «не имею» pulls its object into the genitive: «ничего особенного» ('nothing in particular'), the genitive forms of «ничто» and «особенное». A negated object regularly takes this genitive in place of the accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"особенного","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"in particular"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b12-c5-s25","source":"Ему стали предлагать вопросы.","translation":"They began to put questions to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему стали предлагать вопросы","title":"Dative «Ему» + impersonal 'they'","body":"«Ему» is the dative ('to him'), the indirect object of the questions put to him, while the subjectless «стали предлагать» ('began to put') is an indefinite-personal 'they began'. Russian routinely drops the agent like this, letting the action fall impersonally on the dative experiencer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of предлагать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"предлагать","lemma":"предлагать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to put"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of предлагать","gloss":"questions"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b12-c5-s26","source":"Он отвечал совсем как-то нехотя, как-то усиленно кратко, с каким-то даже отвращением, всё более и более нараставшим, хотя, впрочем, отвечал все-таки толково.","translation":"He answered altogether somehow reluctantly, somehow with a forced brevity, even with a kind of disgust that kept mounting more and more, though, for all that, he answered coherently enough.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нехотя… кратко… с отвращением","title":"Stacked manner adverbials","body":"The narrator piles up adverbials of manner — «нехотя» (reluctantly), «усиленно кратко» (with forced brevity), «с… отвращением» (with disgust) — each prefaced by the vague «как-то / с каким-то» ('somehow / a kind of'). This hedging vagueness, repeated obsessively, is a defining tic of Dostoevsky's nervous narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нараставшим","title":"Past active participle «нараставший»","body":"«нараставшим» is the past active participle of «нарастать» ('to grow, mount'), in the instrumental to agree with «отвращением» — 'a disgust that kept mounting'. The imperfective stem gives it an ongoing, swelling sense rather than a completed one."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"толково","title":"«толково» — sensibly, coherently","body":"«толково» (from «толк», 'sense') means 'to the point, coherently, with good sense'. The point is the contrast: however reluctant and disgusted Ivan is, he still answers «толково» — lucidly — which makes his coming collapse the more alarming."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отвечал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отвечал","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нехотя","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как-то, modifies нехотя","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle, indefiniteness marker","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"-how"},{"surface":"нехотя","lemma":"нехотя","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвечал","gloss":"reluctantly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как-то, modifies кратко","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle, indefiniteness marker","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"-how"},{"surface":"усиленно","lemma":"усиленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кратко","gloss":"forcedly"},{"surface":"кратко","lemma":"кратко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with нехотя, modifies отвечал","gloss":"briefly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отвращением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase каким-то, determiner of отвращением","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle, indefiniteness marker","role":"part of the phrase каким-то","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвращением","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"отвращением","lemma":"отвращение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечал","gloss":"disgust"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нараставшим","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with более","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"нараставшим","lemma":"нараставший","morphology":"participle, past, active, instrumental, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying отвращением","gloss":"mounting"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the second отвечал","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"отвечал","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the хотя-clause","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё-таки, modifies the second отвечал","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"толково","lemma":"толково","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the second отвечал","gloss":"coherently"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b12-c5-s27","source":"На многое отговорился незнанием.","translation":"To much of it he excused himself with not knowing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отговорился незнанием","title":"Instrumental of means: «незнанием»","body":"«отговориться» ('to beg off, plead as an excuse') governs the instrumental: «незнанием» means 'by (pleading) not-knowing'. The instrumental names the means by which he excused himself; «незнание» is the noun 'lack of knowledge', with the «не-» prefix."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking многое","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отговорился","gloss":"much of it"},{"surface":"отговорился","lemma":"отговориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"excused himself"},{"surface":"незнанием","lemma":"незнание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отговорился","gloss":"not knowing"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b12-c5-s28","source":"Про счеты отца с Дмитрием Федоровичем ничего не знал.","translation":"Of his father's accounts with Dmitri Fyodorovich he knew nothing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Про счеты отца… ничего не знал","title":"Fronted topic with «про» + genitive of negation","body":"The topic «про счеты отца с Дмитрием» ('about Father's accounts with Dmitri') is fronted for emphasis, and the negated «не знал» takes the genitive object «ничего» ('nothing'). The colloquial «про» + accusative ('about') is more conversational than «о» + prepositional."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"счеты","title":"«счёты» — accounts, scores to settle","body":"«счёты» (plural) means money 'accounts' or 'reckonings' between people, and idiomatically the scores or grudges they breed. Father Fyodor and Dmitri's bitter dispute over Dmitri's inheritance — the money at the heart of the murder — is exactly this «счёты»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счеты","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"счеты","lemma":"счеты","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"accounts"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies счеты","gloss":"his father's"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Дмитрием","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies счеты","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрием","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b12-c5-s29","source":"«И не занимался этим», — произнес он.","translation":"\"And I never concerned myself with it,\" he pronounced.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не занимался этим","title":"Instrumental after «заниматься»","body":"The reflexive «заниматься» ('to occupy oneself with') governs the instrumental: «этим» ('with this'). Even negated, the case stays instrumental — this is the verb's fixed government, not a genitive of negation, since «этим» is an oblique object, not a direct one."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies занимался","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"занимался","lemma":"заниматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"concerned myself"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of занимался","gloss":"with it"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b12-c5-s30","source":"Об угрозах убить отца слышал от подсудимого.","translation":"Of the threats to kill his father he had heard from the defendant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подсудимого","title":"«подсудимый» — the defendant","body":"«подсудимый» (literally 'the one under judgment', built from «суд», 'court') is the legal term for the accused on trial — here Dmitri. It is a substantivized adjective, declined like «человека»; in the genitive «от подсудимого» it means 'from the defendant'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угрозах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"угрозах","lemma":"угроза","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of слышал","gloss":"threats"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies угрозах","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had heard"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подсудимого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышал","gloss":"the defendant"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b12-c5-s31","source":"Про деньги в пакете слышал от Смердякова…","translation":"Of the money in the envelope he had heard from Smerdyakov...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Про деньги в пакете слышал от Смердякова","title":"Subjectless reported testimony","body":"The clause drops the subject «он» entirely — the verb «слышал» (masculine past) alone carries it, in the clipped indirect-report style the narrator uses to summarise Ivan's answers. «от Смердякова» ('from Smerdyakov') uses «от» + genitive for the source."}],"words":[{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньги","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of слышал","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пакете","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"the envelope"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had heard"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b12-c5-s32","source":"— Всё одно и то же, — прервал он вдруг с утомленным видом, — я ничего не могу сообщить суду особенного.","translation":"\"It is all one and the same thing,\" he broke off suddenly with a weary air, \"I can tell the court nothing in particular.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Всё одно и то же","title":"«одно и то же» — 'one and the same'","body":"«(всё) одно и то же» is a fixed phrase, 'it's all one and the same thing, the same old story'. The wearied formula signals Ivan breaking off in exhaustion, dismissing the whole interrogation as pointless repetition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего… особенного","title":"Genitive of negation once more","body":"«не могу сообщить… особенного» again drives the object into the genitive: «ничего особенного». The repeated genitive-of-negation phrase becomes almost a refrain of Ivan's testimony — 'nothing in particular' he can give."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то же","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with одно","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"прервал","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"broke off"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прервал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прервал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"утомленным","lemma":"утомлённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"weary"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прервал","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of сообщить","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"сообщить","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"суду","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщить","gloss":"the court"},{"surface":"особенного","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"in particular"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b12-c5-s33","source":"— Я вижу, вы нездоровы, и понимаю ваши чувства… — начал было председатель.","translation":"\"I see you are unwell, and I understand your feelings...\" the presiding judge began.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал было","title":"«было»: the interrupted opening","body":"Yet again «начал было» — 'the judge had begun (but was cut off)'. The particle quietly tells us the conciliatory speech never finished, since Ivan's revelation is about to overwhelm the courtroom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of нездоровы","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нездоровы","lemma":"нездоровый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate complement of вы, clausal object of вижу","gloss":"unwell"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вижу","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of чувства","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary particle, past, marking an interrupted action","role":"auxiliary of начал","gloss":"about to","note":"\"было\" here signals the judge is cut off before finishing."},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"the presiding judge"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b12-c5-s34","source":"Он обратился было к сторонам, к прокурору и защитнику, приглашая их, если найдут нужным, предложить вопросы, как вдруг Иван Федорович изнеможенным голосом попросил:","translation":"He was on the point of turning to the parties, to the prosecutor and the defense counsel, inviting them, if they thought it necessary, to put their questions, when suddenly Ivan Fyodorovich asked in an exhausted voice:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обратился было… приглашая их… как вдруг","title":"«было» + gerund + «как вдруг»","body":"«обратился было» (had started to turn), the present gerund «приглашая» (inviting), and the pivot «как вдруг» ('when suddenly') together stage an action launched and abruptly cut across by Ivan's plea. «как вдруг» is the narrator's standard hinge for an interrupting event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если найдут нужным","title":"«найти нужным» — 'to think it necessary'","body":"«найти нужным» is an idiom, 'to deem/find it necessary', with «нужным» in the instrumental as a predicate complement of the implied object. The perfective future «найдут» ('they will find') makes it a one-off condition: 'if they should think it necessary'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was turning"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary particle, past, marking an interrupted action","role":"auxiliary of обратился","gloss":"about to"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторонам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сторонам","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"the parties"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прокурору","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"прокурору","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сторонам","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"защитнику","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прокурору","gloss":"the defense counsel"},{"surface":"приглашая","lemma":"приглашать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обратился","gloss":"inviting"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of приглашая","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of найдут","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"найдут","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"deem"},{"surface":"нужным","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of найдут","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"предложить","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of приглашая","gloss":"to put"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of предложить","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of попросил (как вдруг = \"when suddenly\")","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попросил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попросил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"изнеможенным","lemma":"изнеможённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"exhausted"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попросил","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"asked"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b12-c5-s35","source":"— Отпустите меня, ваше превосходительство, я чувствую себя очень нездоровым.","translation":"\"Let me go, Your Excellency, I feel very unwell.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отпустите меня","title":"Polite imperative «отпустите»","body":"«Отпустите» is the perfective imperative of «отпустить» ('to let go, release') with polite «-те»: 'let me go, release me'. The perfective fits a single requested act, and the politeness suits his address to 'Your Excellency'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чувствую себя… нездоровым","title":"Reflexive «себя» + instrumental predicate","body":"«чувствовать себя» ('to feel oneself [to be]') takes the reflexive pronoun «себя» as object and an instrumental complement «нездоровым» ('unwell') describing the state felt. This is the standard frame for 'I feel [some way]', with the adjective always in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отпустите","lemma":"отпустить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let go"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Отпустите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of превосходительство","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"превосходительство","lemma":"превосходительство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"vocative, addressing the judge","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of чувствую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"чувствую","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of чувствую","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нездоровым","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"нездоровым","lemma":"нездоровый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of чувствую","gloss":"unwell"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b12-c5-s36","source":"И с этим словом, не дожидаясь позволения, вдруг сам повернулся и пошел было из залы.","translation":"And with these words, not waiting for permission, he suddenly turned of his own accord and started to walk out of the hall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не дожидаясь позволения","title":"Gerund + genitive of negation","body":"«не дожидаясь позволения» is a negated present gerund of «дожидаться» ('to wait for') governing the genitive «позволения» — 'not waiting for permission'. «дожидаться» normally takes the genitive of what is awaited, and the negation reinforces it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пошел было из залы","title":"«пошёл было» — set off but stopped","body":"«пошёл было» — 'he set off (but didn't get away)' — uses «было» once more to flag the aborted exit, since the next sentence has him stop and return. «пошёл» is the perfective of the unidirectional motion verb «идти», marking the single act of starting to walk."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам повернулся","title":"Intensifier «сам» — 'of his own accord'","body":"«сам» here intensifies the subject, 'he himself / of his own accord', stressing that Ivan turned to leave without being dismissed. Distinct from the reflexive «себя», «сам» agrees with the subject and underscores his willful, unsanctioned move."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of словом","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дожидаясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дожидаясь","lemma":"дожидаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on повернулся","gloss":"waiting for"},{"surface":"позволения","lemma":"позволение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дожидаясь","gloss":"permission"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повернулся","gloss":"started to walk"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary particle, past, marking an interrupted action","role":"auxiliary of пошел","gloss":"about to"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залы","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"залы","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the hall"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b12-c5-s37","source":"Но, пройдя шага четыре, остановился, как бы что-то вдруг обдумав, тихо усмехнулся и воротился опять на прежнее место.","translation":"But having gone some four paces, he stopped, as if he had suddenly thought something over, gave a quiet chuckle, and returned to his former place.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пройдя… обдумав","title":"Two perfective gerunds","body":"«пройдя» ('having gone') and «обдумав» ('having thought over') are both perfective past gerunds in «-я/-в», each naming a completed action prior to the main verbs. They share Ivan's subject and stack his movements economically: having walked, having pondered, he stops and returns."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"шага четыре","title":"Approximation by inversion: «шага четыре»","body":"Putting the noun before the numeral — «шага четыре» instead of «четыре шага» — signals approximation: 'some four paces, about four steps'. «шага» is genitive singular, as the count 2–4 requires after «четыре»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воротился","title":"«воротиться» — the old word for 'return'","body":"«воротиться» is an archaic/folksy variant of «возвратиться / вернуться» ('to return'). Its slightly antique flavour suits the chronicle's 19th-century voice; modern Russian would more likely say «вернулся»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пройдя","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановился","gloss":"having gone"},{"surface":"шага","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пройдя","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"in apposition to шага","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies обдумав","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the phrase что-то, direct object of обдумав","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle, indefiniteness marker","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обдумав","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"обдумав","lemma":"обдумать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановился","gloss":"thought over"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"gave a chuckle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"прежнее","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротился","gloss":"place"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b12-c5-s38","source":"— Я, ваше превосходительство, как та крестьянская девка… знаете, как это: «Захоцу — вскоцу, захоцу — не вскоцу».","translation":"\"I, Your Excellency, am like that peasant girl... you know how it goes: 'If I want, I'll jump up; if I want, I won't jump up.'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Захоцу — вскоцу","title":"Peasant dialect spelling","body":"The girl's line is written in non-standard peasant pronunciation: «захоцу/вскоцу» stand for «захочу/вскочу» ('I'll want to' / 'I'll jump up'), with «ц» replacing «ч». This 'tsokanye' feature (merging «ч» into «ц») marks rural Northern Russian speech, and Dostoevsky spells it phonetically to convey the girl's class and region. Our English keeps the line plain, since the dialect lives entirely in the Russian spelling — listen for the «ц» sound where standard Russian would say «ч»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"крестьянская девка","title":"«девка» — a peasant lass","body":"«девка» means a young peasant woman or 'lass'; in peasant speech it is neutral, though in polite urban usage it can sound coarse. Ivan deliberately reaches for this folk register to compare his own perverse balking on the stand to a village girl's whim."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Захоцу — вскоцу","title":"Perfective futures: 'I'll want, I'll jump'","body":"Beneath the dialect spelling, «захочу» and «вскочу» are perfective verbs conjugated like a present to give simple future meaning — 'I will (suddenly) want' and 'I will jump up'. The perfective captures each as a single sharp impulse, fitting the girl's capricious 'now I will, now I won't'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (elided copula \"am\")","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of превосходительство","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"превосходительство","lemma":"превосходительство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"vocative, addressing the judge","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"preposition marking девка","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of девка","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"крестьянская","lemma":"крестьянский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девка","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"девка","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the как-phrase, predicate complement of Я","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies это","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаете, introducing the saying","gloss":"it goes"},{"surface":"Захоцу","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective (dialectal for захочу)","role":"protasis, parallel to вскоцу","gloss":"if I want","note":"Peasant dialect: захоцу/вскоцу for захочу/вскочу."},{"surface":"вскоцу","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective (dialectal for вскочу)","role":"apodosis of Захоцу","gloss":"I'll jump up"},{"surface":"захоцу","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective (dialectal for захочу)","role":"coordinated with Захоцу, second protasis","gloss":"if I want"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вскоцу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вскоцу","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective (dialectal for вскочу)","role":"apodosis of захоцу, negated","gloss":"I'll jump up"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b12-c5-s39","source":"За ней ходят с сарафаном али с паневой, что ли, чтоб она вскочила, чтобы завязать и венчать везти, а она говорит: «Захоцу — вскоцу, захоцу — не вскоцу»…","translation":"They come after her with the sarafan, or with the panyova, whatever it is, so that she'll jump up, so they can tie her up and carry her off to be married, and she keeps saying: 'If I want, I'll jump up; if I want, I won't jump up'...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али… что ли","title":"«али» and «что ли» — folk hedges","body":"«али» is a dialectal/archaic variant of «или» ('or'), and «что ли» is a colloquial tag meaning 'or something, whatever it is'. Together they keep Ivan's retelling deliberately loose and folksy, mimicking peasant speech as he half-remembers the custom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб она вскочила, чтобы завязать","title":"«чтобы» + past for purpose","body":"Both «чтоб(ы)» clauses express purpose: «чтоб она вскочила» uses the past-form irrealis (subject differs) — 'so that she'd jump up' — while «чтобы завязать… везти» takes infinitives (purpose with the same understood actors). This is the core «чтобы» split: past-form when the subject changes, infinitive when it doesn't."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходят","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ходят","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сарафаном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сарафаном","lemma":"сарафан","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходят","gloss":"the sarafan"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction (dialectal for или)","role":"links the coordination of сарафаном and паневой","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking паневой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"паневой","lemma":"панева","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сарафаном","gloss":"the panyova"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что ли, parenthetical modifier of паневой","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"что ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что ли","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вскочила","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскочила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вскочила","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the чтоб-clause","gloss":"jumps up"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of завязать","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"завязать","lemma":"завязать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of чтобы","gloss":"tie her up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"венчать","lemma":"венчать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with завязать","gloss":"marry"},{"surface":"везти","lemma":"везти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with завязать","gloss":"carry off"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходят","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"Захоцу","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective (dialectal for захочу)","role":"protasis, parallel to вскоцу","gloss":"if I want"},{"surface":"вскоцу","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective (dialectal for вскочу)","role":"apodosis of Захоцу","gloss":"I'll jump up"},{"surface":"захоцу","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective (dialectal for захочу)","role":"coordinated with Захоцу, second protasis","gloss":"if I want"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вскоцу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вскоцу","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective (dialectal for вскочу)","role":"apodosis of захоцу, negated","gloss":"I'll jump up"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b12-c5-s40","source":"Это в какой-то нашей народности…","translation":"It's in some folk custom of ours...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"народности","title":"«народность» — folk custom / national character","body":"«народность» (from «народ», 'the people') here means a folk custom or piece of national lore — 'something in our folkways'. The word also carried heavy ideological weight in Dostoevsky's era as one of the pillars of the 'Official Nationality' triad; Ivan throws it out vaguely, 'some folk thing of ours'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (elided copula \"is\")","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase какой-то, determiner of народности","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle, indefiniteness marker","role":"part of the phrase какой-то","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of народности","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"народности","lemma":"народность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"folk custom"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b12-c5-s41","source":"— Что вы этим хотите сказать? — строго спросил председатель.","translation":"\"What do you mean to say by this?\" the presiding judge asked sternly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что вы этим хотите сказать?","title":"Instrumental of means: «этим»","body":"«этим» ('by this') is the instrumental — the means by which Ivan supposedly conveys his point: 'what do you mean to say by this?'. «хотеть сказать» ('to mean') is the fixed idiom for intended meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of хотите","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хотите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотите","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотите","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"sternly"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"the presiding judge"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b12-c5-s42","source":"— А вот, — вынул вдруг Иван Федорович пачку денег, — вот деньги… те самые, которые лежали вот в том пакете, — он кивнул на стол с вещественными доказательствами, — и из-за которых убили отца.","translation":"\"Why, here,\" Ivan Fyodorovich suddenly pulled out a packet of money, \"here is the money... the very money that lay in that envelope there,\" he nodded toward the table with the material evidence, \"and for the sake of which Father was killed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"те самые… которые лежали… и из-за которых убили","title":"Twin «который»-clauses","body":"Two relative clauses hang off «деньги»: «которые лежали в… пакете» (nominative, subject of its clause) and «из-за которых убили отца» (genitive after «из-за», 'because of which'). The relative «который» keeps the same gender/number but shifts case to fit each clause's grammar."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"те самые, которые","title":"«тот самый» — 'the very one'","body":"«те самые деньги» ('the very same money') uses the demonstrative «тот» reinforced by «самый» to point with insistence — not just 'that money' but 'that very money'. The «тот… который» pairing then sets up the relative clauses identifying it."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"opens the quoted utterance","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the exclamation А вот","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"pulled out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вынул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вынул","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"пачку","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"a packet"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies пачку","gloss":"of money"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces деньги","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"predicate noun, presented by вот","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to деньги","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies те","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of лежали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"лежали","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying деньги","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пакете","gloss":"right there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пакете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пакете","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежали","gloss":"envelope"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кивнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"кивнул","lemma":"кивнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"nodded"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кивнул","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доказательствами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вещественными","lemma":"вещественный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies доказательствами","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"доказательствами","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"object of с, modifying стол","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition из-за, marking которых","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition из-за, marking которых","gloss":"the sake of","note":"из-за которых is one compound preposition, 'because of/for the sake of which'."},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of из-за, complement of убили","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"убили","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to кивнул","gloss":"was killed","note":"Impersonal plural (убили) rendered as a passive in English."},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убили","gloss":"Father"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b12-c5-s43","source":"Куда положить?","translation":"Where shall I put it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Куда положить?","title":"Bare infinitive question","body":"«Куда положить?» ('Where to put it?') is a subjectless infinitive question — Russian poses deliberative 'where shall I…?' with a plain perfective infinitive and no modal. The understood dative experiencer ('for me to…') stays unspoken, a compact impersonal construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies положить","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"положить","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall I put"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b12-c5-s44","source":"Господин судебный пристав, передайте.","translation":"Mister court usher, hand it over.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"передайте","title":"Imperative «передайте»","body":"«передайте» is the perfective imperative of «передать» ('to hand over, pass') with polite «-те». A single requested act, addressed formally to the «господин судебный пристав» — the courtroom courtesy held even at this delirious moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"title, head of the address","gloss":"Mister"},{"surface":"судебный","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пристав","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"пристав","lemma":"пристав","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Господин","gloss":"usher"},{"surface":"передайте","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hand it over"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b12-c5-s45","source":"Судебный пристав взял всю пачку и передал председателю.","translation":"The court usher took the whole packet and passed it to the presiding judge.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Судебный","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пристав","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"пристав","lemma":"пристав","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"usher"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пачку","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"пачку","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"packet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"передал","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"passed it"},{"surface":"председателю","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of передал","gloss":"to the presiding judge"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b12-c5-s46","source":"— Каким образом могли эти деньги очутиться у вас… если это те самые деньги? — в удивлении проговорил председатель.","translation":"\"How could this money have come into your hands... if it is the very same money?\" the presiding judge said in astonishment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"очутиться","title":"«очутиться» — to find oneself / turn up","body":"«очутиться» means to end up or turn up somewhere, often unexpectedly: 'how could this money have come to be in your hands?'. It exists only in the perfective and only in this 'suddenly find oneself' sense — there is no «-аю» present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Каким образом могли эти деньги очутиться у вас","title":"«каким образом» — instrumental idiom","body":"«каким образом» ('in what way, how') is a fixed instrumental phrase, literally 'by what manner'. «у вас» uses «у» + genitive for possession/location — 'in your keeping'. The judge's astonished 'how on earth…?' frames the bombshell."}],"words":[{"surface":"Каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of могли, forms каким образом ('how')","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"очутиться","lemma":"очутиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"have come"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of очутиться","gloss":"your hands"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of copula, predicate деньги","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"predicate noun of это","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"удивлении","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"the presiding judge"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b12-c5-s47","source":"— Получил от Смердякова, от убийцы, вчера.","translation":"\"I got it from Smerdyakov, from the murderer, yesterday.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Получил от Смердякова, от убийцы","title":"Subject-drop and «от» + genitive","body":"Ivan drops the «я» — the masculine «получил» ('I got') carries it — and names the source twice with «от» + genitive: «от Смердякова, от убийцы» ('from Smerdyakov, from the murderer'). The doubled phrase, naming him outright as the killer, is the hammer-blow of the confession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Получил","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I got it"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Получил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убийцы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"убийцы","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Смердякова","gloss":"the murderer"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Получил","gloss":"yesterday"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b12-c5-s48","source":"Был у него пред тем, как он повесился.","translation":"I was at his place just before he hanged himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред тем, как он повесился","title":"«пред тем, как» — 'just before'","body":"«пред тем, как…» (bookish for «перед тем, как») is the temporal frame 'just before (he)…', with the correlative «тем» (instrumental of «то») governed by «пред» and pointing to the «как»-clause. The archaic «пред» (for «перед») lends the chronicle's elevated tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повесился","title":"Reflexive «-ся»: 'hanged himself'","body":"«повесился» is the reflexive of «повесить» ('to hang [something]'): the «-ся» turns the act back on the subject — 'he hanged himself'. Smerdyakov's suicide, just disclosed, is the dark pivot of Ivan's whole testimony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I was"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Был","gloss":"his place"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound conjunction пред тем как ('before')","gloss":"before","note":"пред тем, как is a fixed temporal phrase meaning 'before'."},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the compound conjunction пред тем как","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the compound conjunction пред тем как, introduces the clause of повесился","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повесился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"повесился","lemma":"повеситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause introduced by как","gloss":"hanged himself"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b12-c5-s49","source":"Убил отца он, а не брат.","translation":"It was he who killed Father, not my brother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Убил отца он, а не брат","title":"Emphatic word order: subject last","body":"Russian's free order lets the verb and object lead — «Убил отца он» — throwing the subject «он» ('he') into the stressed final slot: 'it was HE who killed Father'. The contrastive «а не брат» ('and not my brother') uses «а», the topic-shifting 'but', to set the killer against the accused."}],"words":[{"surface":"Убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Убил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast, part of а не","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with он","gloss":"my brother"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b12-c5-s50","source":"Он убил, а я его научил убить… Кто не желает смерти отца?..","translation":"He killed him, but I put him up to it... Who doesn't wish for his father's death?..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он убил, а я его научил убить","title":"Contrastive «а»: 'he… but I…'","body":"The coordinating «а» pivots between two agents — «Он убил, а я… научил» ('he killed, but I taught/incited [him]') — marking a shift of subject rather than flat opposition. This is the untranslatable hinge «а»: not quite 'and', not quite 'but'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто не желает смерти отца?","title":"Genitive after «желать»","body":"«желать» ('to wish for, desire') governs the genitive of its object: «смерти отца» ('the death of [one's] father'). Even un-negated, «желать» takes the genitive of the thing wished — a verb of striving/wanting. Ivan's terrible rhetorical question implicates everyone present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of научил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of научил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"научил","lemma":"научить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"put up to it"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of научил","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of желает","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"желает","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wishes"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of желает","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"his father's"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b12-c5-s51","source":"— Вы в уме или нет? — вырвалось невольно у председателя.","translation":"\"Are you in your right mind or not?\" broke involuntarily from the presiding judge.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вы в уме или нет?","title":"«в уме» — in one's right mind","body":"«быть в уме» is an idiom, 'to be in one's right mind, sane'; «ум» is 'mind, reason'. The judge's blurted 'are you in your right mind or not?' sets up Ivan's bitter wordplay in the next line, where he seizes on «ум» itself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вырвалось невольно у председателя","title":"Reflexive «-ся» + dative-like «у»","body":"«вырвалось» (reflexive of «вырвать», 'to tear out') is impersonal-middle: the cry 'broke involuntarily' out of the speaker, with «у председателя» ('from the judge') marking the source. The «-ся» makes the outburst happen of itself, beyond his will — exactly «невольно», 'involuntarily'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elided copula, complement в уме","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Вы","gloss":"your right mind"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with в уме","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke out"},{"surface":"невольно","lemma":"невольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"involuntarily"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking председателя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"председателя","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"the presiding judge"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b12-c5-s52","source":"— То-то и есть, что в уме… и в подлом уме, в таком же, как и вы, как и все эти… р-рожи! — обернулся он вдруг на публику.","translation":"\"That's just the point, that I am in my right mind... and a vile mind it is, the very same as yours, as all these... m-mugs!\" He turned suddenly on the public.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"То-то и есть","title":"«То-то и есть» — 'that's just it'","body":"«То-то и есть, что…» is a colloquial fixed phrase, 'that's exactly the point, that…'. Ivan flings the judge's «в уме» back at him — 'precisely, I AM in my right mind' — turning the question of his sanity into a savage admission of shared guilt."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в таком же, как и вы","title":"Comparative correlative «такой же, как»","body":"«такой же… как и вы» ('the very same as you') uses «такой же» ('such, the same kind') paired with «как» to draw the comparison — his vile mind is identical to theirs. The «же» intensifies the sameness, hammering home the accusation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"р-рожи","title":"«рожа» — 'mug, ugly face'","body":"«рожа» is a crude, contemptuous word for a face — 'mug, ugly snout'. The stammered «р-рожи» (the doubled «р» rendering his spitting fury) makes it a slur hurled at the whole crowd. Against his earlier polite 'Your Excellency', the coarseness measures how far Ivan has cracked."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то-то и есть ('that's just it')","gloss":"That's","note":"то-то и есть, что... is an idiom: 'the very point is that...'"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то-то и есть","gloss":"just it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, part of то-то и есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the matrix clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause в уме","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the elided subject я, clausal complement of есть","gloss":"my right mind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подлом","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with the first в уме","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking таком","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уме","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таком, reinforcing 'the very same'","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with вы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies вы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"comparison target of как","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with все эти рожи","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies все","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of эти рожи","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of рожи","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"р","lemma":"рожа","morphology":"interjection, stammered fragment of рожи","role":"stammer prefixed to рожи","gloss":"m-","note":"р-рожи represents a stutter on 'mugs', rendered as 'm-mugs' in translation."},{"surface":"рожи","lemma":"рожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"comparison target, in apposition to вы","gloss":"mugs"},{"surface":"обернулся","lemma":"обернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обернулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обернулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking публику","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"публику","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обернулся","gloss":"the public"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b12-c5-s53","source":"— Убили отца, а притворяются, что испугались, — проскрежетал он с яростным презрением.","translation":"\"They killed their father and pretend to be horrified,\" he ground out with furious contempt.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Убили отца, а притворяются","title":"Indefinite-personal plural + «а»","body":"Subjectless «Убили… притворяются» ('they killed… they pretend') is the indefinite-personal 'they', the bare 3rd-plural verb standing for 'people' at large. The «а» pivots between the deed and the pose — 'they killed their father, yet pretend to be horrified'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"проскрежетал","title":"«проскрежетать» — to grind out","body":"«проскрежетать» (from «скрежетать», to grind/gnash) means to utter through gritted teeth — 'he ground out'. Paired with «с яростным презрением» ('with furious contempt'), the verb makes the words themselves sound like grating teeth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Убили","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"They killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Убили","gloss":"their father"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"притворяются","lemma":"притворяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Убили","gloss":"pretend"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of испугались","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"испугались","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of притворяются","gloss":"were horrified"},{"surface":"проскрежетал","lemma":"проскрежетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the tag clause","gloss":"ground out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проскрежетал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking презрением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"яростным","lemma":"яростный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies презрением","gloss":"furious"},{"surface":"презрением","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проскрежетал","gloss":"contempt"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b12-c5-s54","source":"— Друг пред другом кривляются.","translation":"\"They put on airs in front of one another.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Друг пред другом кривляются","title":"«кривляться» — to grimace, put on airs","body":"«кривляться» (from «кривой», crooked) means to make faces, clown, or strike false poses — here 'they put on airs / play-act for one another'. «друг пред другом» is the reciprocal 'one before another' (with archaic «пред» for «перед»). Ivan accuses the whole room of theatrical hypocrisy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Друг","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"reciprocal pronoun, first part","role":"first part of the reciprocal pronoun, oblique complement of кривляются","gloss":"one","note":"Друг пред другом is the fixed idiom 'in front of one another'."},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"reciprocal pronoun, instrumental, second part","role":"second part of the reciprocal pronoun, object of пред","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"кривляются","lemma":"кривляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put on airs"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b12-c5-s55","source":"Лгуны!","translation":"Liars!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Лгуны!","title":"«лгун» — liar","body":"«лгун» ('liar', from «лгать», to lie) is a sharp, plain noun of abuse; the plural «лгуны!» is hurled at the courtroom. Its bluntness, standing as a one-word exclamation, intensifies Ivan's mounting tirade."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лгуны","lemma":"лгун","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"Liars"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b12-c5-s56","source":"Все желают смерти отца.","translation":"They all wish for their father's death.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Все желают смерти отца","title":"Genitive after «желать»","body":"Again «желать» takes the genitive of its object: «смерти отца» ('the death of [the] father'). Ivan universalises his earlier rhetorical question into a flat accusation — 'all of them wish for their father's death' — the genitive marking the desired thing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of желают","gloss":"They all"},{"surface":"желают","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wish for"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of желают","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"their father's"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b12-c5-s57","source":"Один гад съедает другую гадину… Не будь отцеубийства — все бы они рассердились и разошлись злые… Зрелищ!","translation":"One viper devours another... Were there no parricide, they'd all have gone home cross and out of sorts... A show! They want a show!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гад… гадину","title":"«гад / гадина» — vermin, reptile","body":"«гад» and its feminine «гадина» mean a loathsome creeping creature — reptile, vermin — and figuratively a vile person. 'One viper devours another' reduces humanity to mutually consuming vermin; the imperfective «съедает» makes it a timeless, general truth, not one event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не будь отцеубийства — все бы они рассердились","title":"Conditional with «бы» and imperative-as-condition","body":"«Не будь отцеубийства» uses the imperative form «будь» as a counterfactual condition ('were there no parricide'), and the main clause carries the irrealis «бы»: «все бы они рассердились и разошлись» ('they'd all have got cross and dispersed'). The «бы» + past is Russia's single hypothetical mood."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отцеубийства","title":"«отцеубийство» — parricide","body":"«отцеубийство» ('parricide', literally 'father-killing', from «отец» + «убить») is the grave compound naming the novel's central crime. Its weight here, dropped into Ivan's raving, is deliberate: the killing of the father is both the literal charge and the book's vast moral theme."}],"words":[{"surface":"Один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies гад","gloss":"One"},{"surface":"гад","lemma":"гад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of съедает","gloss":"viper"},{"surface":"съедает","lemma":"съедать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"devours"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гадину","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"гадину","lemma":"гадина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of съедает","gloss":"viper"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будь","gloss":"Were there no"},{"surface":"будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, conditional idiom, active, imperfective","role":"conditional protasis (не будь X = 'if not for X')","gloss":"were it not for"},{"surface":"отцеубийства","lemma":"отцеубийство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of будь","gloss":"parricide"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of рассердились","gloss":"they all"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks рассердились as conditional","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of рассердились","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"рассердились","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the protasis's apodosis","gloss":"grown angry"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разошлись","lemma":"разойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with рассердились","gloss":"dispersed"},{"surface":"злые","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject complement of рассердились/разошлись","gloss":"out of sorts"},{"surface":"Зрелищ","lemma":"зрелище","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"elliptical exclamatory object ('[they want] a show')","gloss":"A show","note":"Elliptical for 'хотим зрелищ' — 'we want a show.'"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b12-c5-s58","source":"«Хлеба и зрелищ!»","translation":"\"Bread and circuses!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хлеба и зрелищ","title":"Genitive after an implied 'give'","body":"Both nouns stand in the genitive — «хлеба» (partitive genitive of «хлеб») and «зрелищ» (genitive plural of «зрелище») — under an understood verb of giving/wanting. The genitive of the thing demanded ('[give us] of bread and of shows') matches the Latin's accusatives only in sense, not form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хлеба","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"Bread"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зрелищ","lemma":"зрелище","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with Хлеба","gloss":"circuses"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b12-c5-s59","source":"Впрочем, ведь и я хорош!","translation":"Though, after all, I'm a fine one myself!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь и я хорош","title":"Particle «ведь» + ironic «хорош»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared understanding — 'after all, you know' — softening Ivan's sudden turn against himself. «хорош» is the short adjective «хороший» used ironically: «я хорош!» means 'I'm a fine one [too]!', i.e. no better than the rest. The short form drives the sarcastic predicate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb introducing the sentence","gloss":"Though"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle, modifies хорош","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хорош","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хорош","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"a fine one"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b12-c5-s60","source":"Есть у вас вода или нет, дайте напиться, Христа ради! — схватил он вдруг себя за голову.","translation":"Have you any water or not, give me a drink, for Christ's sake!\" He suddenly clutched his head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дайте напиться","title":"Imperative «дайте» + reflexive infinitive","body":"«дайте напиться» pairs the polite imperative «дайте» ('give') with the reflexive perfective infinitive «напиться» ('to drink one's fill') — literally 'let [me] get a drink'. The «-ся» here gives the 'satisfy oneself with drinking' sense, and the construction is the everyday way to ask for water."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватил он вдруг себя за голову","title":"Reflexive «себя» + «за» + accusative","body":"«схватить себя за голову» ('to clutch oneself by the head') uses the reflexive object «себя» plus the «за + accusative» construction for the body-part seized — 'grabbed himself by the head'. This «за голову / за руку» pattern is the fixed Russian way to say one grabs a part of someone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, existential 'is there'","gloss":"Is there"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of Есть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вода","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Есть","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Есть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дайте","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the new clause","gloss":"give me"},{"surface":"напиться","lemma":"напиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дайте","gloss":"a drink"},{"surface":"Христа","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of ради, forming Христа ради","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"ради","lemma":"ради","morphology":"postposition","role":"postposition governing Христа, modifies дайте ('for Christ's sake')","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"clutched"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"the head"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b12-c5-s61","source":"Судебный пристав тотчас к нему приблизился.","translation":"The court usher approached him at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к нему приблизился","title":"Perfective approach with «к» + dative","body":"The perfective «приблизился» (drew near, in one completed move) governs «к нему» — the preposition «к» always takes the dative, here the prepositional third-person pronoun with its added н-. The single completed step contrasts with the imperfective drift of «приближаться»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Судебный","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пристав","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"пристав","lemma":"пристав","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приблизился","gloss":"usher"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приблизился","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приблизился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"приблизился","lemma":"приблизиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"approached"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b12-c5-s62","source":"Алеша вдруг вскочил и закричал: «Он болен, не верьте ему, он в белой горячке!»","translation":"Alyosha suddenly sprang up and cried out: \"He is ill, do not believe him, he is in delirium tremens!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочил и закричал","title":"A chain of perfectives","body":"«вскочил» (sprang up) and «закричал» (started shouting) are both perfective past, each naming a single completed jolt of action; «за-» on «кричать» marks the sudden onset of crying out. They drive the narrative forward event by event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не верьте ему","title":"Negated imperative + dative object","body":"«верьте» is the polite/plural imperative of «верить»; negated by «не», it warns the court off. «Верить» governs the dative, hence «ему» — you believe to someone in Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в белой горячке","title":"«белая горячка» — delirium tremens","body":"Literally 'white fever', «белая горячка» is the 19th-century term for the hallucinatory delirium of acute alcohol withdrawal. Alyosha flings it out as a desperate medical excuse for Ivan's confession; Katerina Ivanovna will echo it at the chapter's end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of болен","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"болен","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Он","gloss":"is ill"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верьте","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"верьте","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of верьте","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the third clause","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горячке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"белой","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies горячке","gloss":"delirium","note":"белая горячка ('white fever') is the fixed idiom for delirium tremens."},{"surface":"горячке","lemma":"горячка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of он","gloss":"tremens"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b12-c5-s63","source":"Катерина Ивановна стремительно встала со своего стула и, неподвижная от ужаса, смотрела на Ивана Федоровича.","translation":"Katerina Ivanovna rose impetuously from her chair and, motionless with horror, stared at Ivan Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"неподвижная от ужаса","title":"«от» + genitive of cause","body":"«от ужаса» (from horror) uses «от» with the genitive to name the cause of a state — a standard way Russian attributes an involuntary condition. The long-form adjective «неподвижная» agrees with Катерина Ивановна in feminine nominative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"встала со своего стула","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«со своего стула» — 'from her own chair' — uses the reflexive possessive «свой», which always points back to the clause's subject (Katerina Ivanovna). Using «её» instead would suggest someone else's chair."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стремительно","title":"«стремительно» — headlong, impetuously","body":"From «стремиться» (to strive, rush toward), the adverb conveys a violent, headlong rush. Dostoevsky pins it to Katerina Ivanovna twice in this scene (cf. «стремительно воскликнула» below), marking her characteristic impulsive intensity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of встала","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встала","gloss":"impetuously"},{"surface":"встала","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стула","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стула","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"стула","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встала","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неподвижная","lemma":"неподвижный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicative modifier of Катерина Ивановна","gloss":"motionless"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ужаса","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ужаса","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of неподвижная","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"смотрела","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with встала","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрела","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b12-c5-s64","source":"Митя поднялся и с какою-то дикою искривленною улыбкой жадно смотрел и слушал брата.","translation":"Mitya stood up and, with some wild, twisted smile, watched and listened to his brother avidly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с какою-то дикою искривленною улыбкой","title":"Archaic instrumental endings in -ою","body":"«с» (with) governs the instrumental, and the modifiers carry the bookish 19th-century feminine instrumental ending -ою/-ою rather than modern -ой («какою-то дикою искривленною» for «какой-то дикой искривлённой»). The accumulation of three agreeing words paints the smile before the noun arrives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какою-то","title":"Indefinite «-то»: 'some kind of'","body":"The clitic «-то» on «какой» marks a specific but unnamed quality — 'some (particular) wild, twisted smile', not just any. It signals the narrator registering something real yet not fully nameable on Mitya's face."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднялся","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular, first part","role":"determiner of улыбкой","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular, second part","role":"second part of the indefinite determiner какая-то, modifies улыбкой","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"дикою","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"искривленною","lemma":"искривлённый","morphology":"adjective (participle), instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"twisted"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел, modified by какою-то дикою искривленною","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"жадно","lemma":"жадно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"avidly"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поднялся","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрел","gloss":"listened to"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слушал","gloss":"his brother"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b12-c5-s65","source":"— Успокойтесь, не помешанный, я только убийца! — начал опять Иван.","translation":"\"Calm yourselves, I am not mad, I am only a murderer!\" Ivan began again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Успокойтесь","title":"Reflexive imperative «-тесь»","body":"«Успокойтесь» is the polite/plural imperative of the reflexive verb «успокоиться» (to calm down): the imperative «-те» plus the reflexive clitic «-сь» after the vowel. The «-ся/-сь» here gives the middle, change-of-state sense — calm yourself, become calm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не помешанный, я только убийца","title":"Zero copula with nominative predicates","body":"The present tense uses no 'to be': «я только убийца» is simply 'I [am] only a murderer', the predicate noun standing in the bare nominative. Ivan's chilling self-definition lands all the harder for needing no verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"помешанный","title":"«помешанный» — deranged","body":"A past passive participle of «помешать(ся)» used as an adjective/noun: 'one whose mind is disturbed', a madman. Ivan rejects the label «помешанный» only to claim the worse one, «убийца»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Успокойтесь","lemma":"успокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Calm yourselves"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помешанный","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помешанный","lemma":"помешанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the elided я","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убийца","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убийца","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"a murderer"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the tag clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b12-c5-s66","source":"— С убийцы нельзя же спрашивать красноречия… — прибавил он вдруг для чего-то и искривленно засмеялся.","translation":"\"You can't expect eloquence from a murderer...\" he added suddenly, for some reason, and gave a twisted laugh.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С убийцы нельзя же спрашивать красноречия","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + genitive object","body":"«нельзя» heads a subjectless construction — 'one cannot / it's not allowed' — with no nominative subject. «спрашивать» here governs the genitive «красноречия» (to demand eloquence of someone), and «с убийцы» uses «с» + genitive for the source one demands from."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нельзя же","title":"The insisting particle «же»","body":"«же» adds an appeal to the obvious — 'you surely can't expect…'. It gives Ivan's grim joke its tone of self-evidence, as if the point needed no arguing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"красноречия","title":"«красноречие» — eloquence","body":"A bookish compound, literally 'beautiful-speech' («красный» in its old sense 'beautiful' + «речь»), parallel to Latin elo-quentia. Ivan mocks the courtroom's appetite for fine oratory."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убийцы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"убийцы","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивать","gloss":"a murderer"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"can't"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"спрашивать","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"expect"},{"surface":"красноречия","lemma":"красноречие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of спрашивать","gloss":"eloquence"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the tag clause","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего-то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, first part","role":"object of для, forms чего-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, second part","role":"second part of чего-то","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"искривленно","lemma":"искривлённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялся","gloss":"twistedly"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прибавил","gloss":"laughed"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b12-c5-s67","source":"Прокурор в видимом смятении нагнулся к председателю.","translation":"The prosecutor, in evident agitation, leaned toward the presiding judge.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в видимом смятении","title":"«в» + prepositional for a state","body":"«в видимом смятении» (in evident agitation) sets the prosecutor's inner state with «в» + prepositional, the locative extended metaphorically to a condition. The adjective «видимом» agrees in neuter prepositional."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нагнулся","gloss":"The prosecutor"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смятении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"видимом","lemma":"видимый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies смятении","gloss":"evident"},{"surface":"смятении","lemma":"смятение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нагнулся","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"нагнулся","lemma":"нагнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leaned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking председателю","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"председателю","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нагнулся","gloss":"the presiding judge"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b12-c5-s68","source":"Члены суда суетливо шептались между собой.","translation":"The members of the court whispered among themselves in a flurry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"шептались между собой","title":"Reciprocal «-ся» with «между собой»","body":"«шептались» is the reciprocal reflexive — they whispered to one another — reinforced by «между собой», 'among themselves', with the reflexive pronoun «собой» in the instrumental after «между»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"суетливо","title":"«суетливо» — fussily, in a flurry","body":"From «суета» (bustle, vanity — also the biblical 'vanity of vanities'), the adverb paints the judges' agitated, scurrying whispers. It is one of a cluster of bustle-words («суматоха», «суетливо») Dostoevsky uses to convey the courtroom's collapse into chaos."}],"words":[{"surface":"Члены","lemma":"член","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of шептались","gloss":"The members"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Члены","gloss":"of the court"},{"surface":"суетливо","lemma":"суетливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шептались","gloss":"in a flurry"},{"surface":"шептались","lemma":"шептаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of шептались","gloss":"themselves"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b12-c5-s69","source":"Фетюкович весь навострил уши, прислушиваясь.","translation":"Fetyukovich pricked up his ears, listening intently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"навострил уши","title":"Idiom «навострить уши» — to prick up one's ears","body":"A vivid idiom (literally 'to sharpen the ears'), drawn from an animal turning its ears to a sound. Of the defense lawyer Fetyukovich it suggests a hound catching a scent — he senses Ivan's words may help his case."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прислушиваясь","title":"Imperfective gerund «прислушиваясь»","body":"«прислушиваясь» (listening intently) is an imperfective present gerund — деепричастие — naming an action simultaneous with the main verb «навострил». It shares Fetyukovich as subject and adds the attendant circumstance to his alertness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of навострил","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifier of Фетюкович","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"навострил","lemma":"навострить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pricked up"},{"surface":"уши","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of навострил","gloss":"his ears"},{"surface":"прислушиваясь","lemma":"прислушиваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on навострил","gloss":"listening intently"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b12-c5-s70","source":"Зала замерла в ожидании.","translation":"The hall froze in expectation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зала замерла в ожидании","title":"Perfective «замерла» — froze","body":"«замерла» (came to a dead halt) is perfective past, feminine to agree with «зала» (the hall): a single sudden freezing of the whole room. «в ожидании» (in expectation) gives the prepositional of an attendant state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зала","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of замерла","gloss":"The hall"},{"surface":"замерла","lemma":"замереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"froze"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ожидании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ожидании","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of замерла","gloss":"expectation"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b12-c5-s71","source":"Председатель вдруг как бы опомнился.","translation":"The presiding judge suddenly seemed to come to himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы опомнился","title":"Hedging «как бы» — 'as if'","body":"«как бы» (literally 'as if', containing the irrealis particle «бы») softens the verb into a guarded impression: the judge 'seemed to' come to himself. Dostoevsky's narrator uses this hedge repeatedly to keep events at one remove, refusing to vouch fully for what he saw."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"опомнился","title":"«опомниться» — to come to one's senses","body":"A perfective reflexive, 'to recover one's wits, snap out of a daze'. The presiding judge, momentarily stunned by the scene, regains command of the room."}],"words":[{"surface":"Председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опомнился","gloss":"The presiding judge"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опомнился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опомнился (как бы = 'as if')","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if","note":"как бы = 'as if, seemingly'; бы here is a fixed particle, not a verb."},{"surface":"опомнился","lemma":"опомниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to himself"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b12-c5-s72","source":"— Свидетель, ваши слова непонятны и здесь невозможны.","translation":"\"Witness, your words are incomprehensible and impermissible here.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ваши слова непонятны и здесь невозможны","title":"Short-form predicate adjectives","body":"«непонятны» and «невозможны» are short-form adjectives in the plural, used predicatively after the zero copula — a markedly bookish, formal register fitting a judge's pronouncement. The short form states a categorical verdict on the words: incomprehensible and impermissible."}],"words":[{"surface":"Свидетель","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative direct address","gloss":"Witness"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of непонятны","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"непонятны","lemma":"непонятный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of слова, coordinated with невозможны","gloss":"incomprehensible"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невозможны","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"невозможны","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of слова, coordinated with непонятны","gloss":"impermissible"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b12-c5-s73","source":"Успокойтесь, если можете, и расскажите… если вправду имеете что сказать.","translation":"Calm yourself, if you can, and tell us... if you really have something to say.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Успокойтесь, если можете, и расскажите","title":"Imperatives framing a conditional","body":"Two perfective imperatives, «Успокойтесь» and «расскажите», bracket the real conditional «если можете» (if you can). «если» + present indicative states an open, real condition, distinct from the «бы»-conditional of unreal cases."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"имеете что сказать","title":"«имеете что сказать» — bookish 'have something to say'","body":"«что сказать» here is 'something to say' (что functioning as an indefinite object of the infinitive), and «иметь» + infinitive is an elevated, almost legalistic 'to have [the matter] to say'. The phrasing suits the courtroom's formal register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Успокойтесь","lemma":"успокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Calm yourself"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можете","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Успокойтесь","gloss":"you can"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"расскажите","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Успокойтесь","gloss":"tell us"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имеете","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вправду","lemma":"вправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имеете","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"имеете","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on расскажите","gloss":"you have"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of имеете","gloss":"to say"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b12-c5-s74","source":"Чем вы можете подтвердить такое признание… если вы только не бредите?","translation":"By what can you confirm such a confession... if you are not simply raving?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чем вы можете подтвердить","title":"Instrumental «чем» — by what means","body":"«Чем» is the instrumental of «что», asking 'by what means?' — the case of the instrument used to confirm the confession. The question fronts the means, a natural Russian information structure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если вы только не бредите","title":"Conditional «если … только не»","body":"«если … только не бредите» — 'unless you are simply raving' — combines «если не» with the limiting «только». The imperfective present «бредите» frames raving as an ongoing state."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бредите","title":"«бредить» — to rave, be delirious","body":"To talk wildly in fever or delirium. The judge's word picks up the «белая горячка» theme — is Ivan confessing or merely delirious? — the question the whole scene turns on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подтвердить","gloss":"With what"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of можете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"подтвердить","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можете","gloss":"confirm"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of признание","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"признание","lemma":"признание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подтвердить","gloss":"confession"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бредите","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of бредите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бредите","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бредите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бредите","lemma":"бредить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the adverbial clause","gloss":"raving"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b12-c5-s75","source":"— То-то и есть, что не имею свидетелей.","translation":"\"That's just the point, that I have no witnesses.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"То-то и есть","title":"Idiom «то-то и есть» — 'that's just the point'","body":"A fixed colloquial expression, 'that's exactly it / there's the rub', conceding the interlocutor has touched the crux. Ivan seizes on the judge's word to admit his fatal lack of proof."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не имею свидетелей","title":"Genitive of negation","body":"Under negation the object of «иметь» shifts from accusative to genitive plural: «не имею свидетелей», 'I have no witnesses'. This genitive-of-negation is one of the case's most pervasive jobs."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies То (То-то = 'that's just it')","gloss":"'s-just-it","note":"То-то и есть is an idiom: 'that's exactly the point.'"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имею","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of есть","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"witnesses"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b12-c5-s76","source":"Собака Смердяков не пришлет с того света вам показание… в пакете.","translation":"The dog Smerdyakov won't send you his testimony from the other world... in an envelope.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не пришлет … с того света","title":"Perfective future under negation","body":"«не пришлёт» is the simple (perfective) future of «прислать» — conjugated like a present but pointing forward: 'will not send'. «с того света» ('from the other world') uses «с» + genitive with the demonstrative «тот»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Собака","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пришлет","gloss":"The dog","note":"Contemptuous epithet applied to Smerdyakov."},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Собака","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришлет","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"пришлет","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"send"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking света","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of света","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"света","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришлет","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of пришлет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пришлет","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пакете","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришлет","gloss":"an envelope"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b12-c5-s77","source":"Вам бы всё пакетов, довольно и одного.","translation":"You'd want envelopes for everything; one is enough.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вам бы всё пакетов","title":"Dative + «бы»: 'you'd want…'","body":"A subjectless wish-construction: the experiencer in the dative «вам», the irrealis «бы», and the genitive «пакетов» (you'd be after envelopes). «всё» here is adverbial, 'always, forever' — 'envelopes are all you ever want'. The verb is left unspoken, a clipped colloquial ellipsis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"довольно и одного","title":"«довольно» + genitive, with focusing «и»","body":"«довольно» ('enough') governs the genitive «одного» (of one). The particle «и» here focuses — 'even one is enough / one alone suffices'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"experiencer of the wish expressed by бы","gloss":"You'd"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the wish construction with Вам","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the wish (habitual insistence)","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"пакетов","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of the implied wish (Вам бы... пакетов)","gloss":"envelopes"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, modifies одного","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of довольно","gloss":"one"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b12-c5-s78","source":"Нет у меня свидетелей… Кроме только разве одного, — задумчиво усмехнулся он.","translation":"I have no witnesses... Except, perhaps, just one,\" he chuckled pensively.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нет у меня свидетелей","title":"«нет» + genitive of an absent subject","body":"The existential negator «нет» forces the absent thing into the genitive: «свидетелей» (witnesses) — there are none of them. Fronting «Нет» and inverting «у меня» gives the line a weary, emphatic fall."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кроме только разве одного","title":"Stacked hedging particles","body":"Three softeners pile up — «кроме» (except), «только» (only), «разве» (perhaps, save) — before «одного» (one [witness]). The accumulation lets Ivan hint, half-mockingly, at the devil he will name next."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"задумчиво усмехнулся","title":"Perfective semelfactive «усмехнулся»","body":"The «-ну-» suffix in «усмехнулся» marks a single momentary act — one brief smirk — and the «-ся» makes it intransitive/reflexive. The adverb «задумчиво» (pensively) colours the gesture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative, negation of existence","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"I have none"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of Нет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"logical subject of Нет","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"Кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одного","gloss":"Except"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разве","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Кроме","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"задумчиво","lemma":"задумчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"pensively"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"chuckled"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b12-c5-s79","source":"— Кто ваш свидетель?","translation":"\"Who is your witness?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто ваш свидетель?","title":"Zero-copula identity question","body":"'Who [is] your witness?' — a present-tense identifying clause with no verb, both «кто» and «свидетель» in the nominative. «ваш» is the polite/plural possessive agreeing with «свидетель»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свидетель","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"свидетель","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Кто","gloss":"witness"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b12-c5-s80","source":"— С хвостом, ваше превосходительство, не по форме будет!","translation":"\"He has a tail, Your Excellency, it wouldn't be in proper form!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"С хвостом","title":"«с хвостом» — 'with a tail'","body":"Ivan answers 'who is your witness?' with «С хвостом» — 'one with a tail', i.e. the devil. The folk image of the horned, tailed devil makes the answer at once a riddle and a confession of his hallucinations."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не по форме будет","title":"«не по форме» + future of «быть»","body":"«по форме» ('according to proper form/procedure') takes «по» + dative; negated, 'it wouldn't be regular'. «будет» is the simple future of «быть», 'it will [turn out to] be' — Ivan mocking legal propriety."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хвостом","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"хвостом","lemma":"хвост","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"a tail"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of превосходительство","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"превосходительство","lemma":"превосходительство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"vocative address, parenthetical","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking форме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"форме","lemma":"форма","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would be"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b12-c5-s81","source":"Le diable n’existe point!","translation":"Le diable n'existe point!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner (French)","role":"determiner of diable","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"diable","lemma":"diable","morphology":"noun (French)","role":"subject of n’existe","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"n’existe","lemma":"exister","morphology":"verb, negated (French)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does not exist"},{"surface":"point","lemma":"point","morphology":"adverb, negation particle (French)","role":"modifies n’existe","gloss":"at all","note":"French: 'The devil does not exist at all!' — ne...point is an emphatic negation."}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b12-c5-s82","source":"Не обращайте внимания, дрянной, мелкий черт, — прибавил он, вдруг перестав смеяться и как бы конфиденциально, — он, наверно, здесь где-нибудь, вот под этим столом с вещественными доказательствами, где ж ему сидеть, как не там?","translation":"Never mind, a paltry, petty little devil,\" he added, suddenly leaving off laughing and as if confidentially, \"he is surely here somewhere, right under that table with the material evidence — where else would he sit, if not there?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дрянной, мелкий черт","title":"«дрянной, мелкий чёрт» — a paltry, petty devil","body":"«дрянной» (trashy, worthless, from «дрянь» 'rubbish') and «мелкий» (petty, small-time) reduce Satan to a shabby nonentity. This is precisely Ivan's devil from Chapter IX — not a grand Mephistopheles but a seedy, sponging gentleman — and the diminishment is the point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"перестав смеяться","title":"Perfective gerund «перестав»","body":"«перестав смеяться» — 'having stopped laughing' — is a perfective past gerund (деепричастие) in «-в», naming a completed action just prior to the main verb «прибавил». «перестать» governs an imperfective infinitive, «смеяться»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где ж ему сидеть, как не там?","title":"Dative + infinitive rhetorical question","body":"A subjectless dative-and-infinitive question: «ему сидеть» — literally 'where [is it] for him to sit?', the devil in the dative as the one who would do the sitting. «ж» (= «же») sharpens it, «как не там» means 'if not there', expecting the answer 'nowhere else'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обращайте","gloss":"Don't"},{"surface":"обращайте","lemma":"обращать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pay"},{"surface":"внимания","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обращайте","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"дрянной","lemma":"дрянной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies черт","gloss":"paltry"},{"surface":"мелкий","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies черт","gloss":"petty"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, apposition","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb resuming the narration","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перестав","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"перестав","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавил","gloss":"having stopped"},{"surface":"смеяться","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестав","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies конфиденциально","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"конфиденциально","lemma":"конфиденциальный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил (manner)","gloss":"confidentially"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (он ... здесь)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate location of он","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with здесь","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of где-нибудь ('somewhere')","gloss":"-where"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столом","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столом","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of столом","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"столом","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement locating он","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доказательствами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вещественными","lemma":"вещественный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies доказательствами","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"доказательствами","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"modifies столом","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидеть","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of сидеть","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"сидеть","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"predicate of the rhetorical clause (где ж ему сидеть)","gloss":"to sit"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of там","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies там","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on сидеть","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b12-c5-s83","source":"Видите, слушайте меня: я ему сказал: не хочу молчать, а он про геологический переворот… глупости!","translation":"You see, listen to me: I told him I won't keep silent, and he went on about some geological upheaval... nonsense!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хочу молчать","title":"Imperfective infinitive after «хотеть»","body":"«не хочу молчать» — 'I don't want to keep silent'. «молчать» is imperfective, naming the ongoing state of silence Ivan refuses; the negation falls on the wanting, not the silence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а он про геологический переворот","title":"Contrastive «а» with a verbless clause","body":"The hinge «а» sets Ivan's resolve against the devil's evasion — 'I said X, while he [went on] about Y'. The verb is elided: «он про геологический переворот» leaves only «про» + accusative, 'on about a geological upheaval', the colloquial ellipsis miming Ivan's broken speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"discourse marker, parallel to слушайте","gloss":"You see"},{"surface":"слушайте","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of слушайте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to слушайте","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"молчать","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to be silent"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (он ... про переворот)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переворот","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"геологический","lemma":"геологический","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies переворот","gloss":"geological"},{"surface":"переворот","lemma":"переворот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb ('went on about')","gloss":"upheaval"},{"surface":"глупости","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"exclamation, head of its own clause","gloss":"nonsense!"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b12-c5-s84","source":"Ну, освободите же изверга… он гимн запел, это потому, что ему легко!","translation":"Well, set the monster free... he has struck up a hymn, and that's because it comes easy to him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"освободите же изверга","title":"Imperative urged by «же»","body":"«освободите» is the perfective imperative 'set free [in one act]', and «же» here urges and presses — 'go on, free him!'. «изверга» is animate masculine accusative (= genitive form), the object to be released — Mitya."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изверг","title":"«изверг» — monster, fiend","body":"A heavy literary word for a monster or brute (etymologically one 'cast out'). Ivan applies it bitterly to Mitya — the brother wrongly accused — and Katerina Ivanovna will hurl the same word at Mitya minutes later."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это потому, что ему легко","title":"Dative-subject «ему легко»","body":"«ему легко» — 'it is easy for him' — is a classic impersonal: the experiencer in the dative «ему», the predicate the invariable «легко», no nominative subject. Ivan reads Mitya's hymn-singing as the ease of a soul ready to suffer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"освободите","lemma":"освободить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set free"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies освободите","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"изверга","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of освободите","gloss":"the monster"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"гимн","lemma":"гимн","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of запел","gloss":"a hymn"},{"surface":"запел","lemma":"запеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"struck up"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это, introduces the reason clause","gloss":"is because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of легко","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of легко","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"легко","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, complement of что-clause","gloss":"easy"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b12-c5-s85","source":"Всё равно что пьяная каналья загорланит, как «поехал Ванька в Питер», а я за две секунды радости отдал бы квадриллион квадриллионов.","translation":"It's just the same as when some drunken scoundrel bawls out 'Off went Vanka to Petersburg,' and I would have given a quadrillion of quadrillions for two seconds of joy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пьяная каналья загорланит","title":"«каналья» and «загорланить»","body":"«каналья» (from Italian canaglia, 'rabble') is an abusive 'scoundrel, rogue'; «загорланить» (inceptive «за-» + «горланить», to bawl) is 'to start bellowing at the top of one's lungs'. The coarse, low-register pair sets up Ivan's deliberately degrading comparison."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я … отдал бы квадриллион квадриллионов","title":"Conditional «отдал бы»","body":"«отдал бы» — past-tense verb + «бы» — is the conditional: 'I would have given'. The hyperbolic «квадриллион квадриллионов» (a quadrillion of quadrillions) echoes the devil's parable of the sinner made to walk a quadrillion kilometres before reaching heaven."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Всё равно ('just the same')","gloss":"It's"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase Всё равно","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of загорланит","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"пьяная","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies каналья","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"каналья","lemma":"каналья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of загорланит","gloss":"scoundrel"},{"surface":"загорланит","lemma":"загорланить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the comparison clause","gloss":"bawls out"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the quoted line","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"поехал","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of загорланит","gloss":"off went"},{"surface":"Ванька","lemma":"Ванька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поехал","gloss":"Vanka"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Питер","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Питер","lemma":"Питер","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поехал","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отдал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking секунды","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on секунды","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"секунды","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдал","gloss":"seconds"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies секунды","gloss":"of joy"},{"surface":"отдал","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"would have given"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood of отдал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"квадриллион","lemma":"квадриллион","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отдал","gloss":"a quadrillion"},{"surface":"квадриллионов","lemma":"квадриллион","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies квадриллион","gloss":"of quadrillions"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b12-c5-s86","source":"Не знаете вы меня!","translation":"You don't know me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не знаете вы меня!","title":"Inverted word order for emphasis","body":"Neutral order would be «Вы меня не знаете»; fronting the negated verb — «Не знаете вы меня!» — throws the weight onto the not-knowing, an emphatic, almost wounded outburst. Russian's case-marked freedom lets position carry the stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b12-c5-s87","source":"О, как это всё у вас глупо!","translation":"Oh, how stupid this all is of you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как это всё у вас глупо","title":"«как … глупо» exclamation + «у вас» of judgement","body":"«как … глупо!» is the exclamatory 'how stupid…!', with the short/adverbial «глупо» as predicate. «у вас» ('on your part, among you') uses «у» + genitive to lay the foolishness at the court's door."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глупо","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of глупо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of глупо","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"глупо","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это, main clause","gloss":"stupid"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b12-c5-s88","source":"Ну, берите же меня вместо него!","translation":"Come, take me instead of him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"берите же меня вместо него","title":"Imperfective imperative + «вместо» + genitive","body":"«берите» is the imperfective imperative 'take' (general, urging the action itself), pressed by «же». «вместо него» ('instead of him') uses «вместо» + genitive — Ivan demanding to be substituted for Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Come"},{"surface":"берите","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies берите","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of берите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of берите","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b12-c5-s89","source":"Для чего же нибудь я пришел… Отчего, отчего это всё, что ни есть, так глупо!..","translation":"I came here for some reason... Why, why is everything, whatever there is, so stupid!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Для чего же нибудь я пришел","title":"«для чего-нибудь» — for some reason or other","body":"«для чего-нибудь» ('for some [unspecified] purpose') uses «для» + genitive of the indefinite «что-нибудь», whose «-нибудь» marks a non-specific 'any reason at all'. Split here as «для чего же нибудь», with «же» wedged in, miming Ivan's faltering speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё, что ни есть","title":"«что ни есть» — 'whatever there is'","body":"The set turn «что ни есть» uses concessive «ни» to mean 'whatsoever, every last thing'. The «ни» here is generalizing rather than purely negative — 'everything, the whole of it, is so stupid'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"some reason"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with чего (чего-нибудь = 'some reason')","gloss":"-thing","note":"Broken word order (чего-нибудь split by же) mirrors the speaker's agitated, disjointed speech."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"Отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глупо","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats/intensifies Отчего","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies всё (это всё = 'all this')","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of глупо","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on всё","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глупо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"глупо","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of всё, main clause","gloss":"stupid"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b12-c5-s90","source":"И он опять стал медленно и как бы в задумчивости оглядывать залу.","translation":"And once more he began slowly, as if in thought, to look about the hall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"опять стал … оглядывать","title":"«стать» + imperfective infinitive (ingressive)","body":"«стал … оглядывать» — 'began to look about' — uses perfective «стать» plus an imperfective infinitive to mark the onset of a continuing action. «оглядывать» being imperfective keeps the gazing open-ended."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы в задумчивости","title":"Hedging «как бы» again","body":"Once more the narrator hedges Ivan's state with «как бы» ('as if') — 'as if in thought' — declining to assert what was really in his mind. «в задумчивости» gives the state in the prepositional."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"медленно","lemma":"медленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оглядывать","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оглядывать","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking задумчивости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"задумчивости","lemma":"задумчивость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оглядывать","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"оглядывать","lemma":"оглядывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to look about"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оглядывать","gloss":"the hall"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b12-c5-s91","source":"Но уже всё заволновалось.","translation":"But by now everything was in commotion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё заволновалось","title":"Inceptive «за-» + reflexive «-ся»","body":"«заволновалось» fuses the inceptive prefix «за-» (a sudden beginning) with the reflexive «-ся» (an intransitive change of state): 'everything began to seethe / grew agitated'. Neuter singular «всё … заволновалось» treats the whole room as one stirring mass."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of заволновалось","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"заволновалось","lemma":"заволноваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was in commotion"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b12-c5-s92","source":"Алеша кинулся было к нему со своего места, но судебный пристав уже схватил Ивана Федоровича за руку.","translation":"Alyosha started to rush to him from his place, but the court usher had already seized Ivan Fyodorovich by the arm.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кинулся было к нему","title":"The particle «было» — an action begun and broken off","body":"«было» after a perfective verb marks an action that was just started but checked or undone: Alyosha 'started to rush' — and was stopped (the usher already had Ivan). This special «было» is a fine point of 19th-century narrative aspect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватил … за руку","title":"«схватить … за» + accusative body-part","body":"The idiom «схватить кого-то за руку» — 'to seize someone by the arm' — puts the person in the accusative («Ивана Фёдоровича») and the gripped part after «за» in the accusative («за руку»). Russian routinely marks the body part this way rather than with a possessive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кинулся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"кинулся","lemma":"кинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started to rush"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle, marking an interrupted action","role":"marks кинулся as an abandoned action","gloss":"[but stopped]","note":"кинулся было = began to rush but the action was cut short."},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кинулся","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of места","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кинулся","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"судебный","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пристав","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"пристав","lemma":"пристав","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"usher"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with кинулся","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"the arm"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b12-c5-s93","source":"— Это что еще такое? — вскричал тот, вглядываясь в упор в лицо пристава, и вдруг, схватив его за плечи, яростно ударил об пол.","translation":"\"What is this now?\" he cried out, staring point-blank into the usher's face, and suddenly, grabbing him by the shoulders, hurled him furiously to the floor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это что еще такое?","title":"Idiomatic «Что это такое?»","body":"The scrambled «Это что ещё такое?» is the indignant 'What [on earth] is this now?', with «такое» reinforcing «что» and «ещё» adding affront. The free order throws «что» into the middle for spoken emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вглядываясь в упор … схватив … ударил","title":"Two gerunds framing a perfective verb","body":"An imperfective gerund «вглядываясь» (staring, simultaneous) and a perfective gerund «схватив» (having grabbed, prior) cluster around the main perfective verb «ударил» (hurled). This dense participial layering is a hallmark of Dostoevsky's narrative syntax, compressing several actions onto one subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в упор","title":"«в упор» — point-blank, fixedly","body":"An idiom for looking 'straight in the face, point-blank', with the unflinching directness of a gun held at zero range. Ivan's mad stare into the usher's face just before he throws him down."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies такое","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of что","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вглядываясь","lemma":"вглядываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскричал","gloss":"staring"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упор","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"упор","lemma":"упор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вглядываясь","gloss":"point-blank"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"second oblique complement of вглядываясь","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"пристава","lemma":"пристав","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"the usher's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ударил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"схватив","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ударил","gloss":"grabbing"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватив","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечи","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"плечи","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of схватив","gloss":"the shoulders"},{"surface":"яростно","lemma":"яростно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ударил","gloss":"furiously"},{"surface":"ударил","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскричал","gloss":"hurled"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пол","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударил","gloss":"the floor"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b12-c5-s94","source":"Но стража уже подоспела, его схватили, и тут он завопил неистовым воплем.","translation":"But the guards were already on hand; they seized him, and at that he let out a frenzied howl.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стража уже подоспела","title":"Collective «стража» as singular","body":"«стража» (the guard, the watch) is a singular feminine collective noun standing for several guards, so the verb is singular «подоспела». «подоспеть» means to arrive just in time; «уже» stresses they were already on hand."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"завопил неистовым воплем","title":"Cognate intensifier «завопил … воплем»","body":"Verb and noun share a root — «завопил … воплем», 'howled a howl' — an etymological figure that intensifies the cry. «неистовым» (frenzied, ungovernable, from «неистовство») in the instrumental of manner doubles the violence. «за-» marks the sudden bursting-out of the howl."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"стража","lemma":"стража","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подоспела","gloss":"the guards"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подоспела","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"подоспела","lemma":"подоспеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"were on hand"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"схватили","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завопил","gloss":"at that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"let out a howl"},{"surface":"неистовым","lemma":"неистовый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воплем","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"воплем","lemma":"вопль","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завопил","gloss":"a howl"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b12-c5-s95","source":"И всё время, пока его уносили, он вопил и выкрикивал что-то несвязное.","translation":"And the whole time he was being carried out, he howled and shouted something incoherent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пока его уносили","title":"«пока» + imperfective: 'while…'","body":"«пока его уносили» — 'while they were carrying him out' — pairs the temporal conjunction «пока» with the imperfective past «уносили» to frame an ongoing background action. The unnamed plural subject ('they') is the standard Russian impersonal-agent construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вопил и выкрикивал что-то несвязное","title":"Imperfective duration + indefinite «что-то»","body":"The imperfective pair «вопил и выкрикивал» renders sustained, repeated howling and shouting throughout the removal. «что-то несвязное» ('something incoherent') uses «-то» for a real but unidentifiable content — the narrator could not make out the words."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вопил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уносили","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уносили","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уносили","lemma":"уносить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вопил","gloss":"was being carried out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вопил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вопил","lemma":"вопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"howled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выкрикивал","lemma":"выкрикивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вопил","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of что-то, direct object of выкрикивал","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of что-то ('something')","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"несвязное","lemma":"несвязный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"incoherent"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b12-c5-s96","source":"Поднялась суматоха.","translation":"An uproar broke out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"суматоха","title":"«суматоха» — uproar, hubbub","body":"A turmoil of confused movement and noise. With «суетливо» and «заволновалось» it belongs to Dostoevsky's lexicon of collapse: the orderly courtroom dissolving into chaos. The narrator will repeat «суматоха» a few lines on, confessing his own confusion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поднялась суматоха","title":"Verb-first presentation","body":"Beginning with the verb — «Поднялась суматоха» rather than «Суматоха поднялась» — presents the uproar as new information erupting onto the scene, the comment preceding its subject. The reflexive «поднялась» is here intransitive 'arose'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поднялась","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke out"},{"surface":"суматоха","lemma":"суматоха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Поднялась","gloss":"An uproar"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b12-c5-s97","source":"Я не упомню всего в порядке, сам был взволнован и не мог уследить.","translation":"I cannot recall it all in order, I was myself agitated and could not follow it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я не упомню всего в порядке","title":"Genitive of negation with «всё»","body":"Negated, the object «всё» appears as genitive «всего» — 'I cannot recall it all'. «упомнить» (perfective) is 'to retain in memory / recall'; the narrator's admission of imperfect memory frames the whole chaotic scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of упомню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упомню","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"упомню","lemma":"упомнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will recall"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of упомню (partitive genitive under negation)","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порядке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"порядке","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упомню","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the (elided) subject of взволнован","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of взволнован","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"взволнован","lemma":"взволновать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мог (second predicate of я)","gloss":"agitated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взволнован","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"уследить","lemma":"уследить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"follow"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b12-c5-s98","source":"Знаю только, что потом, когда уже всё успокоилось и все поняли, в чем дело, судебному приставу таки досталось, хотя он и основательно объяснил начальству, что свидетель был всё время здоров, что его видел доктор, когда час пред тем с ним сделалась легкая дурнота, но что до входа в залу он всё говорил связно, так что предвидеть было ничего невозможно; что он сам, напротив, настаивал и непременно хотел дать показание.","translation":"I know only that afterward, when everything had quieted down and everyone understood what the matter was, the court usher did catch it, though he explained thoroughly to his superiors that the witness had been well the entire time, that the doctor had seen him an hour earlier when a slight faintness had come over him, but that up to the moment he entered the hall he had spoken coherently throughout, so that it was impossible to foresee anything; that he himself, on the contrary, had insisted and was bent on giving his testimony.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"судебному приставу таки досталось","title":"Impersonal «досталось» + dative","body":"«досталось» used impersonally with a dative means 'someone caught it / got a scolding': «судебному приставу таки досталось» — 'the usher did catch it'. The colloquial «таки» ('after all, indeed') and the dative experiencer make a wholly subjectless idiom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что … что … но что … что","title":"A chain of «что»-clauses in reported speech","body":"The usher's whole self-defence is reported indirectly through a long series of «что»-clauses ('that…, that…, but that…') — the subordinating «что» introducing reported fact. This unbroken indirect-discourse chain mirrors his anxious, run-on justification to his superiors."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с ним сделалась легкая дурнота","title":"«с кем-то сделалось» — something came over someone","body":"The reflexive «сделаться» with «с» + instrumental means an affliction 'befell' a person: «с ним сделалась … дурнота», 'a faintness came over him'. This is the same frame used below for Katerina Ivanovna's hysterics («с … сделалась истерика»), the body as passive site of what happens to it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"предвидеть было ничего невозможно","title":"Impersonal «было невозможно» with «ничего»","body":"A subjectless predicate: «было невозможно … предвидеть» — 'it was impossible to foresee'. Negative concord pulls in «ничего» (genitive of «ничто»), so 'impossible to foresee anything' carries the «ни»-word and the negation together."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дурнота","title":"«дурнота» — faintness, a turn","body":"A feeling of sickness or faintness, 'a turn' coming over one (from «дурной», 'bad, ill'). The doctor had noted Ivan's brief «дурнота» an hour before — a clinical foreshadowing of the full collapse the court has just witnessed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Знаю","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of досталось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies досталось","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of успокоилось","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of успокоилось","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"успокоилось","lemma":"успокоиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on досталось","gloss":"had quieted down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поняли","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"поняли","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with успокоилось","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поняли; predicate of дело","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (чем is its predicate)","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"судебному","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приставу","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"приставу","lemma":"пристав","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of досталось","gloss":"usher"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies досталось","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"досталось","lemma":"достаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Знаю","gloss":"did catch it","note":"idiom: досталось = 'got blamed/caught it', not literally 'was given'."},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объяснил","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объяснил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies основательно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"основательно","lemma":"основательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объяснил","gloss":"thoroughly"},{"surface":"объяснил","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on досталось","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"начальству","lemma":"начальство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of объяснил","gloss":"to his superiors"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of здоров","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"свидетель","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of здоров","gloss":"the witness"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to здоров","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of здоров","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"здоров","lemma":"здоровый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of объяснил","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of здоров","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделалась","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделалась","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies сделалась","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделалась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделалась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сделалась","lemma":"сделаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on видел","gloss":"came over him"},{"surface":"легкая","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дурнота","gloss":"slight"},{"surface":"дурнота","lemma":"дурнота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сделалась","gloss":"faintness"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking входа","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"входа","lemma":"вход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"entering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies входа","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"the whole time"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"had spoken"},{"surface":"связно","lemma":"связно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"coherently"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"pairs with что (так что = 'so that')","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так (так что)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"предвидеть","lemma":"предвидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on невозможно","gloss":"to foresee"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to невозможно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of предвидеть","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было, governs предвидеть","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of настаивал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of настаивал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes он, modifies настаивал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies настаивал (contrastive)","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"настаивал","lemma":"настаивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорил","gloss":"had insisted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"definitely"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with настаивал","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дать","gloss":"testimony"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b12-c5-s99","source":"Но прежде чем хоть сколько-нибудь успокоились и пришли в себя, сейчас же вслед за этою сценой разразилась и другая: с Катериной Ивановной сделалась истерика.","translation":"But before people had calmed down even a little and come to themselves, right on the heels of this scene another broke out: Katerina Ivanovna was seized with hysterics.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прежде чем … успокоились и пришли в себя","title":"«прежде чем» + perfectives","body":"«прежде чем» ('before') governs the perfectives «успокоились» and «пришли в себя» — completed acts that had not yet happened when the next scene broke out. «прийти в себя» is the set idiom 'to come to oneself, recover'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с Катериной Ивановной сделалась истерика","title":"Affliction-frame: «с … сделалась истерика»","body":"Again the body is acted upon: «с Катериной Ивановной сделалась истерика», 'Katerina Ivanovna was seized with hysterics' — «с» + instrumental for the person, the fit itself as grammatical subject. The construction denies her any agency over the breakdown."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разразилась","title":"«разразиться» — to burst forth","body":"A forceful perfective, 'to break out, erupt' (of a storm, a scandal, a scene). The second «сцена» 'разразилась' on the very heels of the first, the verb borrowed from thunderstorms to convey the courtroom's mounting catastrophe."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase прежде чем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase прежде чем, introduces успокоились","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase хоть сколько-нибудь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успокоились","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase сколько-нибудь","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"успокоились","lemma":"успокоиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had calmed down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пришли","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with успокоились","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of пришли","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разразилась","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разразилась","gloss":"on the heels"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сценой (with вслед)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этою","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сценой","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сценой","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of the preposition вслед за","gloss":"scene"},{"surface":"разразилась","lemma":"разразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with успокоились","gloss":"broke out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links другая to the clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другая","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of разразилась (elliptical 'another scene')","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катериной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Катериной","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделалась","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановной","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катериной","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"сделалась","lemma":"сделаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate explaining другая (colon clause)","gloss":"was seized"},{"surface":"истерика","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сделалась","gloss":"hysterics"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b12-c5-s100","source":"Она, громко взвизгивая, зарыдала, но не хотела уйти, рвалась, молила, чтоб ее не уводили, и вдруг закричала председателю:","translation":"Shrieking loudly, she burst into sobs, but would not leave, struggled, pleaded that they not take her away, and suddenly cried out to the presiding judge:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"громко взвизгивая","title":"Imperfective gerund of manner","body":"«взвизгивая» (shrieking) is an imperfective present gerund describing the manner accompanying «зарыдала». The «-ив-/-ыв-» stem makes it iterative — repeated, shrill little shrieks — heightened by «громко»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"молила, чтоб ее не уводили","title":"«чтобы» + past form for an indirect plea","body":"After a verb of entreaty, «чтоб(ы)» takes the past-tense (irrealis) form: «чтоб её не уводили», 'that they not take her away'. The «бы» buried in «чтоб» marks the willed, not-yet-real outcome she begs for; the plural «уводили» is the impersonal 'they'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зарыдала … рвалась, молила … закричала","title":"A surge of inceptive perfectives","body":"«зарыдала» (burst out sobbing) and «закричала» (cried out) carry the inceptive «за-», while «рвалась» and «молила» are imperfective for sustained struggling and pleading. The mix of sudden onsets and durative middles renders the rhythm of her hysteria."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of зарыдала","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взвизгивая","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"взвизгивая","lemma":"взвизгивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on зарыдала","gloss":"shrieking"},{"surface":"зарыдала","lemma":"зарыдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst into sobs"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with зарыдала","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"уйти","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"рвалась","lemma":"рваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with зарыдала","gloss":"struggled"},{"surface":"молила","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with зарыдала","gloss":"pleaded"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уводили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of уводили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уводили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уводили","lemma":"уводить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of молила","gloss":"take away"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закричала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"закричала","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with молила","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"председателю","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of закричала","gloss":"to the presiding judge"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b12-c5-s101","source":"— Я должна сообщить еще одно показание, немедленно… немедленно!..","translation":"\"I must give one more piece of testimony, at once... at once!..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я должна сообщить","title":"«должна» — short adjective of obligation","body":"«должна» is the feminine short form of «должный», used predicatively as a modal: 'I must / am obliged to'. Agreeing in feminine, it shows the speaker is Katerina Ivanovna; it governs the perfective infinitive «сообщить» (to communicate, in one act)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"немедленно… немедленно!","title":"«немедленно» — at once, immediately","body":"A bookish-emphatic 'without delay' (literally 'un-tarry-ingly'). Its doubling, like «скорее, скорее» just below, conveys Katerina Ivanovna's frantic urgency to be heard before she can be silenced."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должна","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"должна","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"сообщить","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должна","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"one more"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies показание","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сообщить","gloss":"piece of testimony"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщить","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats немедленно for emphasis","gloss":"at once"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b12-c5-s102","source":"Вот бумага, письмо… возьмите, прочтите скорее, скорее!","translation":"Here is a paper, a letter... take it, read it quickly, quickly!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"возьмите, прочтите скорее","title":"Perfective imperatives + comparative «скорее»","body":"«возьмите» and «прочтите» are perfective imperatives demanding a single completed act — take it, read it through. «скорее» is the comparative of «скоро» used adverbially as an urgent 'quicker! faster!'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бумага","gloss":"Here is"},{"surface":"бумага","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a paper"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with бумага","gloss":"a letter"},{"surface":"возьмите","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take it"},{"surface":"прочтите","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of возьмите","gloss":"read it"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочтите","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats скорее for emphasis","gloss":"quickly"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b12-c5-s103","source":"Это письмо этого изверга, вот этого, этого! — она указывала на Митю.","translation":"It is the letter of that monster, of that one, that one!\" She was pointing at Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот этого, этого","title":"Stuttered demonstrative «этот»","body":"The genitive/accusative «этого» (animate, of «этот») points to Mitya, doubled with «вот» ('there, that very one') in a stammering repetition. «вот» + demonstrative is the deictic gesture made audible — she is literally pointing as she speaks."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она указывала на Митю","title":"Imperfective «указывала» — sustained gesture","body":"The imperfective past «указывала» (was pointing) frames a continuous gesture accompanying her cry, not a single jab. «указывать на» + accusative is the regular government for 'to point at someone'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of письмо","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is the letter"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of изверга","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"изверга","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"monster"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этого","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to изверга","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"repeats этого for emphasis","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of указывала","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"указывала","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was pointing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывала","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b12-c5-s104","source":"— Это он убил отца, вы увидите сейчас, он мне пишет, как он убьет отца!","translation":"\"It was he who killed Father, you will see in a moment, he writes to me how he is going to kill his father!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это он убил отца","title":"Cleft emphasis with «это … он»","body":"«Это он убил отца» is a cleft — 'It was he who killed Father' — where invariable «это» plus fronted «он» throws the whole stress onto the agent. Word order, not a special construction, does the work of English 'it was he who'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как он убьет отца","title":"Perfective future «убьёт» in reported content","body":"«как он убьёт отца» — 'how he will kill his father' — uses the simple perfective future «убьёт» to report what the letter announced as a single intended deed. The present-tense narration of a past letter keeps the menace vivid."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"expletive with убил (cleft: 'it was he who')","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of увидите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"увидите","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"will see"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидите","gloss":"in a moment"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пишет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of пишет","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"пишет","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"writes"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убьет","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убьет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убьет","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of пишет","gloss":"is going to kill"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убьет","gloss":"his father"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b12-c5-s105","source":"А тот больной, больной, тот в белой горячке!","translation":"And that one is ill, ill, that one is in delirium tremens!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А тот больной, больной","title":"Distancing «тот» + predicative long-form «больной»","body":"«тот» ('that one [over there]') distinguishes Ivan from Mitya, the «этот» of the previous line — the demonstrative pair doing the deictic sorting. The repeated «больной» ('ill') is predicative with zero copula, set against Mitya's «изверг»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical predicate больной ('that one is ill')","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of тот","gloss":"is ill"},{"surface":"больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"repeats больной for emphasis","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical predicate в белой горячке ('that one is in delirium tremens')","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горячке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"белой","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies горячке","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"горячке","lemma":"горячка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of тот","gloss":"tremens","note":"белая горячка is a fixed idiom for delirium tremens, literally 'white fever'."}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b12-c5-s106","source":"Я уже три дня вижу, что он в горячке!","translation":"For three days now I have seen that he is in a fever!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я уже три дня вижу, что он в горячке","title":"Present «вижу» over a span: 'I have seen'","body":"Russian uses the imperfective present «вижу» with «уже три дня» for an action begun in the past and still going — English's present perfect 'I have seen for three days'. «он в горячке» is the verbless 'he [is] in a fever', «в» + prepositional."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies три","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вижу","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have seen"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of горячке","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of горячке","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горячке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"горячке","lemma":"горячка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"a fever"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b12-c5-s107","source":"Так вскрикивала она вне себя.","translation":"So she cried out, beside herself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вне себя","title":"«вне себя» — beside oneself","body":"The idiom «вне себя» ('outside oneself', i.e. beside oneself with emotion) uses «вне» + genitive of the reflexive «себя». Russian locates loss of self-control as being literally outside one's own person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскрикивала","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"вскрикивала","lemma":"вскрикивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскрикивала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вне","lemma":"вне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of вскрикивала","gloss":"herself"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b12-c5-s108","source":"Судебный пристав взял бумагу, которую она протягивала председателю, а она, упав на свой стул и закрыв лицо, начала конвульсивно и беззвучно рыдать, вся сотрясаясь и подавляя малейший стон в боязни, что ее вышлют из залы.","translation":"The court usher took the paper she was holding out to the presiding judge, and she, sinking onto her chair and covering her face, began to sob convulsively and soundlessly, her whole body shaking, stifling the faintest moan for fear that she would be put out of the hall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бумагу, которую она протягивала","title":"Relative «который» in the accusative","body":"«которую» agrees with «бумагу» in feminine singular but takes the accusative its own clause demands (the object of «протягивала»). The imperfective «протягивала» catches the paper still in mid-air, being held out, as the usher takes it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"упав … закрыв … вся сотрясаясь … подавляя","title":"A garland of gerunds","body":"Four деепричастия hang off the main verb «начала рыдать»: perfective «упав» (having sunk) and «закрыв» (having covered) for the prior acts, imperfective «сотрясаясь» (shaking) and «подавляя» (stifling) for what goes on as she sobs. All share her as subject, packing the whole collapse into one sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в боязни, что ее вышлют","title":"Fear-clause with «что» + perfective future","body":"«в боязни, что её вышлют» — 'in fear that they would put her out' — uses «что» for the feared eventuality, with the perfective future «вышлют» (impersonal 'they') naming the dreaded single act. «подавляя малейший стон» fronts the superlative «малейший» (the very faintest)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Судебный","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пристав","gloss":"Court"},{"surface":"пристав","lemma":"пристав","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"usher"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"бумагу","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"the paper"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of протягивала","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of протягивала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"протягивала","lemma":"протягивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on бумагу","gloss":"was holding out"},{"surface":"председателю","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of протягивала","gloss":"to the presiding judge"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"упав","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on начала","gloss":"sinking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стул","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стул","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упав","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"закрыв","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with упав","gloss":"covering"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of закрыв","gloss":"her face"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with протягивала","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"конвульсивно","lemma":"конвульсивный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рыдать","gloss":"convulsively"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"беззвучно","lemma":"беззвучно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with конвульсивно","gloss":"soundlessly"},{"surface":"рыдать","lemma":"рыдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начала","gloss":"to sob"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of she, modifies сотрясаясь","gloss":"her whole body"},{"surface":"сотрясаясь","lemma":"сотрясаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начала","gloss":"shaking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подавляя","lemma":"подавлять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сотрясаясь","gloss":"stifling"},{"surface":"малейший","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стон","gloss":"the faintest"},{"surface":"стон","lemma":"стон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подавляя","gloss":"moan"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боязни","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"боязни","lemma":"боязнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подавляя","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышлют","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вышлют","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вышлют","lemma":"выслать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of боязни","gloss":"would be put out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залы","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"залы","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышлют","gloss":"the hall"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b12-c5-s109","source":"Бумага, поданная ею, была то самое письмо Мити из трактира «Столичный город», которое Иван Федорович называл «математической» важности документом.","translation":"The paper she had handed over was that very letter of Mitya's from the tavern \"The Metropolis,\" which Ivan Fyodorovich had called a document of \"mathematical\" importance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поданная ею","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«поданная» is a past passive participle (from perfective «подать») agreeing with «бумага» — 'the paper handed over'. Its agent stands, as the rule requires, in the instrumental: «ею» ('by her'). This compressed participle replaces a full который-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то самое письмо … которое … называл","title":"Correlative «то самое … которое»","body":"«то самое письмо, которое…» — 'that very letter which…' — pairs the emphatic demonstrative «то самое» ('that very same') with the relative «которое», a standard correlative frame for singling out a known referent. «называл» is imperfective, of a repeated past characterization."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бумага","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of письмо","gloss":"The paper"},{"surface":"поданная","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Бумага","gloss":"handed over"},{"surface":"ею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent of поданная","gloss":"by her"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Бумага to письмо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактира","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"трактира","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"Столичный","lemma":"столичный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies город","gloss":"Metropolitan"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to трактира","gloss":"City"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of называл","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of называл","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"называл","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on письмо","gloss":"had called"},{"surface":"математической","lemma":"математический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies важности","gloss":"mathematical"},{"surface":"важности","lemma":"важность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies документом","gloss":"importance"},{"surface":"документом","lemma":"документ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of называл","gloss":"a document"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b12-c5-s110","source":"Увы! за ним именно признали эту математичность, и, не будь этого письма, может быть и не погиб бы Митя, или по крайней мере не погиб бы так ужасно!","translation":"Alas! it was precisely this mathematical quality that they recognized in it, and had it not been for this letter, perhaps Mitya would not have perished, or at least would not have perished so terribly!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не будь этого письма","title":"Conditional «не будь» — 'had it not been for'","body":"«не будь этого письма» is a vivid conditional using a bare imperative form of «быть» for an unreal past condition: 'had this letter not existed'. The absent subject sits in the genitive «этого письма» (genitive of negation), and the result-clause «не погиб бы Митя» carries «бы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Увы!","title":"«Увы!» — alas","body":"An archaic-poetic interjection of lament, 'alas!'. The chronicler-narrator breaks his report to grieve over the letter's effect, foretelling Mitya's ruin — a rare lapse of his composure into open sorrow."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"погиб … не погиб бы так ужасно","title":"«погибнуть» — to perish, be ruined","body":"«погибнуть» means to perish, be destroyed, come to ruin — here Mitya's destruction by an unjust verdict rather than literal death. The repetition «не погиб бы … не погиб бы так ужасно» tolls his doom and softens it in the same breath: not ruin, or at least not so cruel a ruin."}],"words":[{"surface":"Увы","lemma":"увы","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Alas"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of признали","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies признали","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"признали","lemma":"признать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recognized"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of математичность","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"математичность","lemma":"математичность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of признали","gloss":"mathematical quality"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on может, conditional 'had it not been'","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письма","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"письма","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будь","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with признали, part of может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может (может быть = 'perhaps')","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погиб","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погиб","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"погиб","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with признали","gloss":"have perished"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of погиб","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of погиб","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере ('at least')","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погиб","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"погиб","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with признали","gloss":"perished"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of погиб","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ужасно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"modifies погиб","gloss":"terribly"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b12-c5-s111","source":"Повторяю, трудно было уследить за подробностями.","translation":"I repeat, it was hard to follow the particulars.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"трудно было уследить за подробностями","title":"Impersonal «трудно было» + infinitive","body":"A subjectless predicate of difficulty: «трудно было уследить», 'it was hard to follow'. «уследить за» governs the instrumental «за подробностями» ('keep track of the details'). The narrator's recurring refrain of difficulty keeps the scene deliberately blurred."}],"words":[{"surface":"Повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"трудно","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to трудно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уследить","lemma":"уследить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on трудно","gloss":"to follow"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробностями","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"подробностями","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of уследить","gloss":"particulars"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b12-c5-s112","source":"Мне и теперь всё это представляется в такой суматохе.","translation":"Even now it all comes back to me in such a confusion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне … всё это представляется","title":"Dative experiencer with «представляется»","body":"«Мне … представляется» — 'it appears to me, it comes back to me' — sets the narrator as a dative experiencer of the reflexive «представляться», with «всё это» as what presents itself to his mind. «в такой суматохе» repeats the chaos-word, now of memory."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of представляется","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представляется","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of представляется","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"представляется","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суматохе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of суматохе","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"суматохе","lemma":"суматоха","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of представляется","gloss":"a confusion"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b12-c5-s113","source":"Должно быть, председатель тут же сообщил новый документ суду, прокурору, защитнику, присяжным.","translation":"The presiding judge must have communicated the new document then and there to the court, the prosecutor, the defense counsel, and the jurors.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Должно быть, председатель … сообщил","title":"Modal «должно быть» — 'must have'","body":"The parenthetical «должно быть» ('it must be, presumably') marks the narrator's inference: he did not see it, but it must have happened. It frames the whole sentence as reconstruction rather than witnessed fact, of a piece with his confessed uncertainty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Должно","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, expresses probability of сообщил (должно быть = 'must have')","gloss":"must have"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Должно (должно быть)","gloss":"must have"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сообщил","gloss":"The presiding judge"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщил, part of тут же","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут (тут же = 'then and there')","gloss":"and there"},{"surface":"сообщил","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"communicated"},{"surface":"новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies документ","gloss":"the new"},{"surface":"документ","lemma":"документ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сообщил","gloss":"document"},{"surface":"суду","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщил","gloss":"to the court"},{"surface":"прокурору","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with суду","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"защитнику","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with суду","gloss":"the defense counsel"},{"surface":"присяжным","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with суду","gloss":"and the jurors"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b12-c5-s114","source":"Я помню только, как свидетельницу начали спрашивать.","translation":"I remember only how they began to question the witness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"свидетельницу начали спрашивать","title":"Feminine «свидетельница» + impersonal 'they'","body":"«свидетельница» is the feminine of «свидетель» (the -ниц- suffix forming the female agent) — the witness now being Katerina Ivanovna, in the animate accusative «свидетельницу». «начали спрашивать» is the impersonal plural 'they began to question', subject unnamed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of начали","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"свидетельницу","lemma":"свидетельница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of спрашивать","gloss":"the witness"},{"surface":"начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of помню","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"спрашивать","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начали","gloss":"to question"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b12-c5-s115","source":"На вопрос: успокоилась ли она? мягко обращенный к ней председателем, Катерина Ивановна стремительно воскликнула:","translation":"To the question, gently put to her by the presiding judge, of whether she had calmed down, Katerina Ivanovna exclaimed impetuously:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"успокоилась ли она","title":"Embedded «ли» — 'whether'","body":"«успокоилась ли она» is an indirect yes/no question: «ли» follows the focused word «успокоилась» to mean 'whether she had calmed down'. This enclitic «ли», more literary than mere intonation, embeds the judge's gentle query inside the narrator's report."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мягко обращенный к ней","title":"Past passive participle as a tucked-in modifier","body":"«мягко обращённый к ней председателем» — 'gently put to her by the presiding judge' — is a past passive participle (from «обратить») modifying «вопрос», with its agent «председателем» in the instrumental. The whole participial phrase nests between «вопрос» and the colon, bookish and compressed."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"успокоилась","lemma":"успокоиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause in apposition to вопрос","gloss":"had calmed down"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успокоилась","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of успокоилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"мягко","lemma":"мягко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обращенный","gloss":"gently"},{"surface":"обращенный","lemma":"обратить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participial modifier of вопрос","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращенный","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"председателем","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of обращенный","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнула","gloss":"impetuously"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b12-c5-s116","source":"— Я готова, готова!","translation":"\"I am ready, ready!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я готова, готова!","title":"Short adjective «готова»","body":"«готова» is the feminine short-form adjective 'ready', predicative after the zero copula. Its repetition, agreeing in feminine, conveys Katerina Ivanovna's breathless eagerness — the short form being the natural way Russian says 'I'm ready'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of готова","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"готова","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular, short form","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"готова","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular, short form","role":"coordinated with готова","gloss":"ready"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b12-c5-s117","source":"Я совершенно в состоянии вам отвечать, — прибавила она, видимо всё еще ужасно боясь, что ее почему-нибудь не выслушают.","translation":"I am perfectly capable of answering you,\" she added, evidently still terribly afraid that for some reason they would not hear her out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"видимо всё еще ужасно боясь","title":"Gerund of an inherently reflexive verb","body":"«боясь» is the imperfective gerund of «бояться» — a verb that exists only in the «-ся» form — describing the fear that persists as she speaks. It governs the «что»-clause «что ее … не выслушают», 'that they would not hear her out'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по чему-нибудь … не выслушают","title":"Indefinite «почему-нибудь» — 'for some reason'","body":"«почему-нибудь» ('for some reason or other') uses «-нибудь» for an unspecified, hypothetical cause — she fears a refusal on any grounds at all. The perfective future «не выслушают» is the impersonal 'they won't hear her out'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of состоянии","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase в состоянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the predicate в состоянии отвечать","gloss":"able"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of отвечать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отвечать","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to answer"},{"surface":"прибавила","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to отвечать","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибавила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боясь","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё еще","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё еще","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боясь","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"боясь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавила","gloss":"fearing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выслушают","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выслушают","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase почему-нибудь","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase почему-нибудь","gloss":"reason","note":"почему-нибудь together means \"for some reason\"."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выслушают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выслушают","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of боясь","gloss":"will hear out"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b12-c5-s118","source":"Ее попросили объяснить подробнее: какое это письмо и при каких обстоятельствах она его получила?","translation":"They asked her to explain in more detail: what letter was this, and under what circumstances had she received it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ее попросили объяснить","title":"Impersonal 'they asked her'","body":"«Её попросили объяснить» — accusative «её» as the one asked, the subject unnamed plural 'they'. «попросить» + accusative-of-person + infinitive is the standard frame for requesting someone to do something. «объяснить … подробнее» takes the comparative adverb 'in more detail'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"при каких обстоятельствах","title":"«при» + prepositional — attendant circumstances","body":"«при каких обстоятельствах» ('under what circumstances') uses «при» + prepositional, the preposition's job being to set the circumstances accompanying an event. «какие» here is the interrogative adjective agreeing in plural prepositional."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of попросили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"попросили","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"объяснить","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попросили","gloss":"to explain"},{"surface":"подробнее","lemma":"подробный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies объяснить","gloss":"in more detail"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмо","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the clause какое это письмо","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обстоятельствах","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of обстоятельствах","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"обстоятельствах","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of получила","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of получила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of получила","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"получила","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of объяснить","gloss":"had received"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b12-c5-s119","source":"— Я получила его накануне самого преступления, а писал он его еще за день из трактира, стало быть, за два дня до своего преступления — посмотрите, оно написано на каком-то счете! — прокричала она задыхаясь.","translation":"\"I received it on the very eve of the crime, but he had written it a day earlier still, from the tavern — that is to say, two days before his crime. Look, it is written on some sort of bill!\" she cried out, gasping for breath.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я получила его … а писал он его","title":"Aspect contrast: «получила» vs «писал»","body":"Perfective «получила» pins the single moment of receiving, while imperfective «писал» views the writing as a process some days earlier — 'he was writing it'. The contrastive «а» hinges the two, and the aspect itself lays out the timeline she is reconstructing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"накануне самого преступления … за два дня до","title":"Genitive time-phrases","body":"«накануне … преступления» ('on the eve of the crime') and «за два дня до … преступления» ('two days before the crime') both end in the genitive: «накануне» and «до» each govern it. «самого» ('the very') intensifies «преступления»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стало быть","title":"«стало быть» — 'that is to say, therefore'","body":"A common discourse marker drawing an inference, 'so then, consequently'. Katerina Ivanovna uses it to do the damning arithmetic aloud — the letter predates the murder by two days, proving premeditation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of получила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"получила","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of получила","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"накануне","lemma":"накануне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступления","gloss":"on the eve of"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies преступления","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"преступления","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of получила","gloss":"the crime"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"писал","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with получила","gloss":"had written"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of писал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of писал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies день","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of писал","gloss":"a day before"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактира","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"трактира","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of писал","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the phrase стало быть","gloss":"that is","note":"стало быть is a fixed idiom meaning \"that is to say / in other words\"."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase стало быть","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of писал","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступления","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of преступления","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"преступления","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"посмотрите","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of написано","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"написано","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the clause introduced by посмотрите","gloss":"is written"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счете","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase каком-то","gloss":"some sort of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каком-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"счете","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написано","gloss":"bill"},{"surface":"прокричала","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to получила","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прокричала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"задыхаясь","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"complement of прокричала","gloss":"gasping for breath"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b12-c5-s120","source":"— Он меня тогда ненавидел, потому что сам сделал подлый поступок и пошел за этою тварью… и потому еще, что должен был мне эти три тысячи..","translation":"\"He hated me then, because he had himself done a vile thing and gone off after that creature... and because, besides, he owed me those three thousand...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что … и потому еще, что","title":"Causal «потому что» doubled","body":"She gives two reasons with «потому что» ('because') and the resumptive «и потому ещё, что» ('and because, besides'), the subordinator «что» heading each cause. The parallel structure builds her accusation reason upon reason."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должен был мне эти три тысячи","title":"«должен» of debt + dative creditor","body":"Here «должен был» means 'owed' (a literal debt), with the creditor in the dative «мне» and the sum in the accusative «эти три тысячи». «три тысячи» takes «тысячи» in the genitive singular after the numeral 'three'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пошел за этою тварью","title":"«тварь» — 'creature', as an insult","body":"«тварь» literally means a created being, but as invective it is a contemptuous 'creature, vile thing' — Katerina Ivanovna's scornful term for Grushenka. «за этою тварью» ('after that creature') uses «за» + the archaic instrumental «-ою», 'in pursuit of'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ненавидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ненавидел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненавидел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ненавидел","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hated"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying сделал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ненавидел","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"подлый","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поступок","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"поступок","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделал","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тварью","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"этою","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тварью","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тварью","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of должен","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому еще что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"coordinated with ненавидел","gloss":"owed"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of должен","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of три","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of должен","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b12-c5-s121","source":"О, ему было обидно за эти три тысячи из-за своей же низости!","translation":"Oh, those three thousand stung him—and it was his own baseness that made them sting!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему было обидно","title":"Dative experiencer of feeling","body":"A classic impersonal construction: the person who feels stands in the dative («ему»), with the neuter «было обидно» and no nominative subject — 'it was painful to him'. (Our English shifts the subject to Katya; the Russian keeps the grammar impersonal.)"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"своей же низости","title":"Reflexive «свой» plus the particle «же»","body":"«Свой» points the possession back to the clause's own experiencer (the masculine dative «ему», i.e. Mitya) — his own baseness, no one else's — and «же» insists on it ('his very own'), one of the tiny emphatic particles that carry the heat of the speech. (Our English loosely shifts the subject to Katya, but the Russian «своей» is grammatically his.)"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"низость","title":"«низость» — baseness","body":"A bookish abstract noun in -ость from «низкий» ('low'): moral lowness, baseness. It belongs to the same charged moral vocabulary («бесчестен», «подлец», «изверг») that saturates this whole confession."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to обидно","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of обидно","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to обидно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"обидно","lemma":"обидный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"stung"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячи","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of три","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обидно","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase из-за","gloss":"because","note":"из-за is a two-word compound preposition meaning \"because of\"."},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase из-за","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of низости","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies своей","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"низости","lemma":"низость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of из-за","gloss":"baseness"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b12-c5-s122","source":"Эти три тысячи вот как были — я вас прошу, я вас умоляю меня выслушать: еще за три недели до того, как убил отца, он пришел ко мне утром.","translation":"Here is how those three thousand came about—I beg you, I implore you to hear me out: a full three weeks before he killed his father, he came to me one morning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вас прошу, я вас умоляю меня выслушать","title":"Doubled verb, accusative object, perfective infinitive","body":"«Вас» is the accusative object of both verbs; the rising pair «прошу… умоляю» («I beg… I implore») is Dostoevsky's hallmark intensifying repetition. The perfective infinitive «выслушать» frames the hearing-out as a single completed act, not an ongoing one."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того, как убил отца","title":"«до того, как» + perfective past","body":"A temporal clause 'before he killed his father'. The pronoun «он» is dropped — the perfective past «убил» (masculine -л) already carries person and gender — and «отца» is the animate-masculine accusative, identical in form to the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of три","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of были","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот как","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies были","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"came about"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прошу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of прошу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with были","gloss":"beg"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умоляю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of умоляю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"умоляю","lemma":"умолять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"implore"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of выслушать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"выслушать","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умоляю","gloss":"to hear out"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недели","gloss":"a full"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недели","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on недели","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase до того как","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase до того как","gloss":"that","note":"до того, как is a fixed construction meaning \"before\"."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"one morning"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b12-c5-s123","source":"Я знала, что ему надо — деньги, и знала на что — вот, вот именно на то, чтобы соблазнить эту тварь и увезти с собой.","translation":"I knew what he needed—money—and I knew what for: precisely, precisely to seduce that creature and carry her off with him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы соблазнить эту тварь и увезти с собой","title":"Purpose «чтобы» with perfective infinitives","body":"«Чтобы» + infinitive states purpose ('in order to seduce… and carry off'). Both verbs are perfective, viewing seduction and abduction as single accomplished aims; «с собой» uses the reflexive «себя» in the instrumental, 'with himself'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"эту тварь","title":"«тварь» — creature, here as contempt","body":"Literally a 'created thing' (from «творить», to create) — neutral in Scripture ('every creature'), but flung at a woman it becomes a venomous slur, 'that creature'. Katya's repeated «эта тварь» for Grushenka is pure jealousy made lexical."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знала","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of знала","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to что","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знала","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знала","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знала","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот именно","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот именно","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of соблазнить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"соблазнить","lemma":"соблазнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on то","gloss":"seduce"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тварь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тварь","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of соблазнить","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"увезти","lemma":"увезти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with соблазнить","gloss":"carry off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of увезти","gloss":"him","note":"собой (\"with himself\") refers back to he, the man taking her away."}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b12-c5-s124","source":"Я знала тогда, что уж он мне изменил и хочет бросить меня, и я, я сама протянула тогда ему эти деньги, сама предложила будто бы для того, чтоб отослать моей сестре в Москве, — и когда отдавала, то посмотрела ему в лицо и сказала, что он может, когда хочет, послать, «хоть еще через месяц».","translation":"I knew then that he had already betrayed me and wanted to abandon me, and I, I myself held out that money to him, I myself offered it, supposedly to send to my sister in Moscow—and as I gave it over, I looked him in the face and said that he could send it whenever he wished, \"even a month from now.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж он мне изменил","title":"«изменить» + dative: to betray someone","body":"«Изменить» governs the dative of the person betrayed («мне»), not a direct object — a fixed pattern for this verb. The particle «уж» (a clipped «уже», 'already') adds a weary 'by then'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я, я сама протянула… сама предложила","title":"Emphatic «сама» and repeated subject","body":"The stammered «я, я» and the intensifier «сама» ('I myself') hammer her own agency — she, of her own hand, held the money out. «Сама» is the feminine of the emphatic «сам», stressing that the subject did it personally."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб отослать моей сестре в Москве","title":"Pretext clause and case contrast","body":"«Будто бы» ('supposedly') flags the pretext as false. «Чтоб» (clipped «чтобы») + perfective infinitive gives the alleged purpose; «сестре» is dative (the recipient), while «в Москве» is prepositional for location — contrast «в Москву» which would mean motion toward."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть еще через месяц","title":"«через» + accusative of elapsed time","body":"«Через месяц» means 'a month from now / after a month has passed' — «через» with the accusative measures time still to elapse. «Хоть» here is concessive, 'even, if you like'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знала","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знала","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of изменил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изменил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изменил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of изменил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"изменил","lemma":"изменить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знала","gloss":"had betrayed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with изменил","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"бросить","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"abandon"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of бросить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of протянула","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of протянула","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying протянула","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"протянула","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"held out"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протянула","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of протянула","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of протянула","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying предложила","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"предложила","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with протянула","gloss":"offered"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто бы","gloss":"supposedly","note":"будто бы together means \"supposedly / as if\"."},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase для того, чтоб","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase для того, чтоб","gloss":"the purpose"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отослать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отослать","lemma":"отослать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on того","gloss":"send"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сестре","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сестре","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of отослать","gloss":"sister"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отослать","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отдавала","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"отдавала","lemma":"отдавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on посмотрела","gloss":"was giving it"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumes the clause after когда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"посмотрела","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to знала","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of посмотрела","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрела","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with посмотрела","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сказала","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочет","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on может","gloss":"wishes"},{"surface":"послать","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"send"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"from now"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послать","gloss":"a month"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b12-c5-s125","source":"Ну как же, как же бы он не понял, что я в глаза ему прямо говорила: «Тебе надо денег для измены мне с твоею тварью, так вот тебе эти деньги, я сама тебе их даю, возьми, если ты так бесчестен, что возьмешь!..»","translation":"How could he, how could he have failed to understand that I was telling him straight to his face: \"You need money to betray me with your creature—well, here is the money, I give it to you myself, take it, if you are vile enough to take it!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же, как же бы он не понял","title":"Rhetorical conditional with «бы» and «же»","body":"«Бы» turns «не понял» into a hypothetical — 'how could he possibly have failed to understand' — and «же» pours emphasis on the «как». The double negative incredulity ('how would he NOT have understood') is sharper in Russian than English can be."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тебе надо денег для измены","title":"Dative + «надо» + genitive object","body":"Impersonal need: «тебе надо» ('you need', dative experiencer) takes its object «денег» in the genitive — the partitive/quantity genitive natural with «надо денег». «Для измены» is genitive after «для», 'for the betrayal'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если ты так бесчестен, что возьмешь","title":"Short adjective «бесчестен» as predicate","body":"The short form «бесчестен» ('dishonorable, base') can only be a predicate — 'if you are so dishonorable' — and carries the bookish, absolute flavour of a moral verdict. The result clause «так… что» ('so… that') leans on it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ну","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks понял as conditional","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорила","gloss":"the eyes"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорила","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понял","gloss":"was saying"},{"surface":"Тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to говорила","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of надо","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking измены","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"измены","lemma":"измена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies денег","gloss":"betraying"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of измены","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тварью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"твоею","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тварью","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"тварью","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of измены","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative in the phrase вот тебе","gloss":"you","note":"вот тебе эти деньги is an elliptical construction meaning \"here, this is for you\" with no stated verb."},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase вот тебе эти деньги","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of даю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying даю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of даю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of даю","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"даю","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with даю","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бесчестен","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бесчестен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бесчестен","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"бесчестен","lemma":"бесчестный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"adverbial clause on возьми","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возьмешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"возьмешь","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of бесчестен","gloss":"will take"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b12-c5-s126","source":"Я уличить его хотела, и что же?","translation":"I wanted to catch him out—and what then?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уличить его хотела","title":"Inverted word order: object and verb before «хотела»","body":"Neutral order would be «я хотела уличить его»; fronting «уличить его» throws the weight onto the act of catching-him-out. Free word order lets her foreground the intention, the comment falling on «хотела»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и что же?","title":"«и что же?» — and what then?","body":"A set rhetorical turn: «что же» ('well, what?') with the insistent particle «же», bracing the listener for a bitter answer. It is the verbal pivot into her self-accusation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уличить","lemma":"уличить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"catch out"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уличить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with хотела","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b12-c5-s127","source":"Он взял, он их взял, и унес, и истратил их с этою тварью там, в одну ночь…","translation":"He took it, he took it, and carried it off, and squandered it with that creature there, in a single night…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он взял, он их взял, и унес, и истратил","title":"Chain of perfective pasts","body":"A string of perfective verbs — «взял… унес… истратил» — drives the narration forward event by completed event: took, carried off, spent. The breathless «он… он их» repetition is her trauma stuttering through the grammar."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в одну ночь","title":"«в» + accusative for duration 'in a single night'","body":"Here «в одну ночь» means 'in the space of one night' — «в» with the accusative measuring the span within which the squandering was completed, fitting the perfective «истратил»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял (w5)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of взял (w5)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял (w2)","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"унес","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"carried it off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"истратил","lemma":"истратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"squandered"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of истратил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тварью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этою","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тварью","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тварью","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of истратил","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies истратил","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies ночь","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of истратил","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b12-c5-s128","source":"Но он понял, он понял, что я всё знаю, уверяю вас, что он тогда понял и то, что я, отдавая ему деньги, только пытаю его: будет ли он так бесчестен, что возьмет от меня, или нет?","translation":"But he understood, he understood that I knew everything; I assure you that he understood, even then, that in handing him the money I was merely testing him: would he be base enough to take it from me, or not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отдавая ему деньги, только пытаю его","title":"Imperfective gerund «отдавая» (attendant action)","body":"The деепричастие «отдавая» ('[while] handing over') from imperfective «отдавать» names the action going on at the same time as the main verb, sharing its subject 'I'. It compresses 'as I gave him the money' into one verb-adverb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будет ли он так бесчестен, что возьмет","title":"Embedded yes/no question with «ли»","body":"«Ли» turns the indirect question into 'whether he would be base enough to take it' — the focused word «будет» fronted, «ли» trailing it. This literary «ли» is far more frequent in Dostoevsky's narration than in speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял (w5)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with понял (w3)","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понял (w5)","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"уверяю","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to понял","gloss":"I assure"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of уверяю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of понял (w15)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял (w15)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"even then"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверяю","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понял (w15)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пытаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пытаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отдавая","lemma":"отдавать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пытаю","gloss":"in handing"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отдавая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of отдавая","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пытаю","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"пытаю","lemma":"пытать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"was testing"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пытаю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to бесчестен","gloss":"would he be"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бесчестен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бесчестен","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"бесчестен","lemma":"бесчестный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of пытаю","gloss":"base enough"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возьмет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"возьмет","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of бесчестен","gloss":"he'd take it"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of возьмет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with возьмет","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b12-c5-s129","source":"В глаза ему глядела, и он мне глядел в глаза и всё понимал, всё понимал, и взял, и взял, и унес мои деньги!","translation":"I gazed into his eyes, and he gazed into mine and understood it all, understood it all, and took it, and took it, and carried off my money!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В глаза ему глядела, и он мне глядел в глаза","title":"Mirroring word order and dative «of looking»","body":"The two clauses mirror each other — «в глаза ему / он мне в глаза» — a chiasmus enacting the locked gaze. «Глядеть в глаза» takes the person in the dative («ему», «мне»): to look into someone's eyes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё понимал, всё понимал, и взял, и взял","title":"Imperfective then perfective: knowing vs. seizing","body":"«Понимал» (imperfective) holds the durative understanding as an ongoing state; «взял» (perfective) snaps to the single decisive act of taking. The obsessive doubling is Katya's voice, but the aspect shift quietly tells the whole moral story."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of глядела","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of глядела","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"глядела","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I gazed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of глядел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глядела","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимал (w13)","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глядел","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимал (w15)","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with понимал (w13)","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with глядела","gloss":"took it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял (w17)","gloss":"took it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"унес","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял (w19)","gloss":"carried off"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of унес","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b12-c5-s130","source":"— Правда, Катя! — завопил вдруг Митя, — в глаза смотрел и понимал, что бесчестишь меня и все-таки взял твои деньги!","translation":"\"It's true, Katya!\" Mitya suddenly cried out, \"I looked into your eyes and knew that you were dishonoring me, and still I took your money!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"завопил","title":"«завопить» — to cry out, with inceptive «за-»","body":"From «вопить» ('to wail, howl'); the prefix «за-» marks the sudden onset of the action — 'he burst out wailing'. Much more violent than 'said', it pitches Mitya's interjection at a scream."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Катя","title":"«Катя» — the intimate diminutive of Катерина","body":"Mitya addresses her by the bare affectionate short form «Катя» (from «Катерина»). Against the courtroom's formal «Катерина Ивановна», this diminutive lays bare the intimacy between them — the naming itself is characterisation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it's true"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"direct address (vocative)","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Правда","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завопил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to завопил","gloss":"I looked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрел","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бесчестишь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бесчестишь","lemma":"бесчестить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понимал","gloss":"you were dishonoring"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of бесчестишь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бесчестишь","gloss":"I took"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b12-c5-s131","source":"Презирайте подлеца, презирайте все, заслужил!","translation":"Despise the scoundrel, all of you despise me, I have earned it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Презирайте подлеца, презирайте все","title":"Plural imperative «презирайте»","body":"«Презирайте» is the polite/plural imperative ('despise [you all]'), addressed to the whole court; «все» is the subject 'everyone'. The bare imperative repeated is Mitya hurling self-condemnation outward."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлеца","title":"«подлец» — scoundrel","body":"A strong term of abuse, 'scoundrel, base wretch'. Mitya speaks of himself in the third person — «презирайте подлеца» ('despise the scoundrel') — turning self-loathing into a public exhibit. The animate accusative «подлеца» equals the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Презирайте","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"despise"},{"surface":"подлеца","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Презирайте","gloss":"the scoundrel"},{"surface":"презирайте","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Презирайте","gloss":"despise"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes the implied subject of презирайте","gloss":"all of you"},{"surface":"заслужил","lemma":"заслужить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Презирайте","gloss":"I have earned it"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b12-c5-s132","source":"— Подсудимый, — вскричал председатель, — еще слово — я вас велю вывесть.","translation":"\"Defendant,\" the presiding judge cried out, \"one more word and I will have you removed.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вас велю вывесть","title":"«велеть» + infinitive; archaic «вывесть»","body":"«Велю» ('I shall order') governs the infinitive «вывесть» — 'I will have you led out'. «Вывесть» is the older variant of modern «вывести», the kind of period form natural in a 19th-century courtroom register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address (vocative)","gloss":"defendant"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Подсудимый","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"one more"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Подсудимый","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of велю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вывесть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"велю","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will have"},{"surface":"вывесть","lemma":"вывесть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велю","gloss":"removed"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b12-c5-s133","source":"— Эти деньги его мучили, — продолжала, судорожно торопясь, Катя, — он хотел мне их отдать, он хотел, это правда, но ему деньги нужны были и для этой твари.","translation":"\"That money tormented him,\" Katya went on, hurrying convulsively, \"he wanted to give it back to me, he did want to, that is the truth, but he also needed the money for that creature.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"судорожно торопясь","title":"Gerund «торопясь» (simultaneous manner)","body":"The imperfective деепричастие «торопясь» ('hurrying') from «торопиться» describes how Katya speaks — convulsively rushing — while she goes on. The reflexive -ся verb is one that exists only in this form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему деньги нужны были","title":"Dative + «нужны» agreeing with «деньги»","body":"In this need-construction the thing needed is grammatically the subject: «деньги нужны» (money [is] needed), with «нужны» agreeing in plural; the needer «ему» stands in the dative. English inverts it to 'he needed the money'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of мучили","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мучили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мучили","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"продолжала","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to мучили","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"судорожно","lemma":"судорожно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies торопясь","gloss":"convulsively"},{"surface":"торопясь","lemma":"торопиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжала","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of продолжала","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел (w10)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to мучили","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отдать","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of отдать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"give back"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел (w15)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хотел (w10)","gloss":"did want to"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of правда","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"parallel clause to мучили","gloss":"is the truth"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of нужны","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of нужны","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"нужны","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"parallel clause to мучили","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нужны","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies твари","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking твари","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of твари","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"твари","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нужны","gloss":"creature"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b12-c5-s134","source":"Вот он и убил отца, а денег все-таки мне не отдал, а уехал с ней в ту деревню, где его схватили.","translation":"And so he killed his father, yet still did not return the money to me, but went off with her to that village where they seized him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот он и убил отца","title":"«вот… и» — the resultative 'and so'","body":"«Вот он и убил» means 'and so he went and killed' — the «вот… и» frame draws a grim conclusion from what precedes, the «и» here adverbial ('indeed, went and') rather than the conjunction 'and'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"денег все-таки мне не отдал","title":"Genitive of negation: «денег… не отдал»","body":"Under negation the object «деньги» shifts to the genitive «денег» — 'did not give back (any of) the money'. The fronting of «денег» also throws emphasis onto the unreturned money, the heart of her grievance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уехал с ней в ту деревню, где его схватили","title":"Prefixed motion verb and relative «где»-clause","body":"«Уехал» is the perfective of «уезжать/уехать» — the prefix «у-» means departure, 'went away by vehicle'. «В ту деревню» (accusative, motion toward) is then specified by the relative clause «где его схватили»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of отдал","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдал","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдал","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отдал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отдал","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уехал","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уехал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деревню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of деревню","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"деревню","lemma":"деревня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уехал","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватили","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"схватили","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on деревню","gloss":"seized"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b12-c5-s135","source":"Там он опять прокутил эти деньги, которые украл у убитого им отца.","translation":"There he squandered that money once again—the money he had stolen from the father he had murdered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые украл у убитого им отца","title":"Relative «которые» + past passive participle «убитого»","body":"«Которые» ('which') is accusative, the object of «украл» inside its clause. Folded in is «убитого им отца» — 'the father murdered by him' — where the past passive participle «убитый» takes the agent in the instrumental «им»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прокутил","title":"«прокутить» — to blow on carousing","body":"From «кутить» ('to carouse, go on a spree'); the prefix «про-» means to squander away (one's money) through such revelry. The choice paints the spending as drunken dissipation, not mere expense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокутил","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокутил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокутил","gloss":"once again"},{"surface":"прокутил","lemma":"прокутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"squandered"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of прокутил","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of украл","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"украл","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on деньги","gloss":"had stolen"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"убитого","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying отца","gloss":"murdered"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of убитого","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of украл","gloss":"the father"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b12-c5-s136","source":"А за день до того, как убил отца, и написал мне это письмо, написал пьяный, я сейчас тогда увидела, написал из злобы и зная, наверно зная, что я никому не покажу этого письма, даже если б он и убил.","translation":"And a day before he killed his father, he wrote me this letter—he wrote it drunk, I saw that at once—he wrote it out of spite, and knowing, knowing for certain, that I would show this letter to no one, even if he did go through with the murder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"написал из злобы и зная, наверно зная","title":"Gerund «зная» chained to a finite verb","body":"«Зная» is the imperfective gerund of «знать», 'knowing', running alongside «написал»: he wrote out of spite, [all the while] knowing. «Из злобы» uses «из» + genitive for motive, 'out of spite'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже если б он и убил","title":"Hypothetical «если б… и»","body":"«Если б» (clipped «если бы») + past «убил» builds the irrealis 'even if he had killed'. The «и» after it is concessive-emphatic, 'even (actually) did it' — a delicate stacking of particles that English renders as 'went through with it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написал","gloss":"a day"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of написал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of написал","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to написал (w10)","gloss":"wrote it"},{"surface":"пьяный","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"describes the subject of написал (w14)","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of увидела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидела","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидела","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"увидела","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with написал","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with написал (w14)","gloss":"wrote it"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобы","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"злобы","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написал (w20)","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on написал (w20)","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зная (w26)","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with зная (w24)","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of покажу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of покажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of покажу","gloss":"to no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покажу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"покажу","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of зная (w26)","gloss":"would show"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письма","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"письма","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of покажу","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил (w39)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил (w39)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of убил (w39)","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил (w39)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил (w39)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on покажу","gloss":"did go through with the murder"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b12-c5-s137","source":"А то бы он не написал.","translation":"Otherwise he would not have written it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А то бы он не написал","title":"«а то бы» — otherwise + conditional","body":"«А то» means 'otherwise, or else', and the «бы» on «не написал» makes the whole thing a counterfactual: 'otherwise he would not have written it'. A whole hypothetical condensed into four words."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"forms idiom with то meaning \"otherwise\"","gloss":"(otherwise)"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms idiom а то meaning \"otherwise\"","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of написал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of написал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies написал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have written it"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b12-c5-s138","source":"Он знал, что я не захочу ему мстить и его погубить!","translation":"He knew that I would not want to take my revenge and ruin him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не захочу ему мстить и его погубить","title":"«мстить» + dative, «погубить» + accusative","body":"Two verbs share «не захочу» ('would not want'): «мстить» governs the dative of the person avenged-upon («ему»), while «погубить» (perfective, 'to destroy, ruin') takes the accusative «его». The same 'him' surfaces in two cases."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захочу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of захочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захочу","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"would want"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of мстить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мстить","lemma":"мстить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of захочу","gloss":"take revenge"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of погубить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"погубить","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with мстить","gloss":"ruin"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b12-c5-s139","source":"Но прочтите, прочтите внимательно, пожалуйста внимательнее, и вы увидите, что он в письме всё описал, всё заранее: как убьет отца и где у того деньги лежат.","translation":"But read it, read it carefully, please, more carefully still, and you will see that in the letter he set it all down, all of it in advance: how he would kill his father and where the old man kept his money.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прочтите, прочтите внимательно","title":"Perfective imperative «прочтите»","body":"«Прочтите» is the polite imperative of perfective «прочесть» ('read [through to the end]') — a single completed reading is demanded, not the process «читайте». The repetition is Katya's urgency pressing on the court."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как убьет отца и где у того деньги лежат","title":"Perfective future «убьет» and demonstrative «у того»","body":"«Убьет» is the perfective present-form used for future, 'how he would kill'. «У того» — 'at that one's', i.e. where the old man kept his money — uses the demonstrative «тот» in the genitive after «у» to track the father as a discourse referent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"прочтите","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read it"},{"surface":"прочтите","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with прочтите (w2)","gloss":"read it"},{"surface":"внимательно","lemma":"внимательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочтите (w3)","gloss":"carefully"},{"surface":"пожалуйста","lemma":"пожалуйста","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies внимательнее","gloss":"please"},{"surface":"внимательнее","lemma":"внимательный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies прочтите (w3)","gloss":"more carefully still"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of увидите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"увидите","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with прочтите","gloss":"will see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of описал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of описал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"письме","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of описал","gloss":"the letter"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of описал","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"описал","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of увидите","gloss":"set down"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to the direct object of описал","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies описал","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убьет","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"убьет","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clause explaining заранее","gloss":"he would kill"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убьет","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежат","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежат","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of лежат","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"лежат","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with убьет","gloss":"kept"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b12-c5-s140","source":"Посмотрите, пожалуйста не пропустите, там есть одна фраза: «Убью, только бы уехал Иван».","translation":"Look closely, please do not skip it, there is one phrase there: \"I'll kill him, only let Ivan get away first.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пожалуйста не пропустите","title":"Negated perfective imperative","body":"«Не пропустите» — 'do not skip / miss it' — is the perfective imperative under negation, warning against a single failure to notice. With perfectives, a negated imperative typically warns of an accidental lapse."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Убью, только бы уехал Иван","title":"«только бы» + past = 'if only / so long as'","body":"«Убью» is bare perfective future, 'I'll kill [him]'. «Только бы уехал Иван» uses the wishing «только бы» + past form: 'only let Ivan get away first', the «бы» marking the desired condition. A chilling clause Katya isolates as proof of premeditation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Посмотрите","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look closely"},{"surface":"пожалуйста","lemma":"пожалуйста","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пропустите","gloss":"please"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пропустите","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"пропустите","lemma":"пропустить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Посмотрите","gloss":"skip it"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Посмотрите","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies фраза","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"фраза","lemma":"фраза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"phrase"},{"surface":"Убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to фраза","gloss":"I'll kill him"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уехал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, optative","role":"combines with только to form optative \"only let\"","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"уехал","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Убью","gloss":"get away"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уехал","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b12-c5-s141","source":"Значит, он заранее уж обдумал, как он убьет, — злорадно и ехидно подсказывала суду Катерина Ивановна.","translation":"So you see, he had thought out in advance how he would do the killing,\" Katerina Ivanovna prompted the court with gloating, venomous malice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он заранее уж обдумал, как он убьет","title":"Perfective «обдумал» vs. future «убьет»","body":"«Обдумал» (perfective past, 'had thought through') reports the completed planning; the embedded «как он убьет» keeps the perfective future for the still-to-come deed. «Заранее уж» piles 'beforehand, already' onto the premeditation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"злорадно и ехидно","title":"«злорадно», «ехидно» — gloating, venomous","body":"«Злорадно» ('with malicious joy', from «зло» + «радость», literally 'evil-gladness') and «ехидно» ('spitefully, snidely', from «ехидна», a viper/echidna). The narrator's adverbs expose the relish under Katya's testimony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so you see"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обдумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обдумал","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обдумал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"обдумал","lemma":"обдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had thought out"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убьет","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убьет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убьет","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of обдумал","gloss":"would do the killing"},{"surface":"злорадно","lemma":"злорадно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подсказывала","gloss":"gloatingly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ехидно","lemma":"ехидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подсказывала","gloss":"venomously"},{"surface":"подсказывала","lemma":"подсказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to обдумал","gloss":"prompted"},{"surface":"суду","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подсказывала","gloss":"the court"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подсказывала","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b12-c5-s142","source":"О, видно было, что она до тонкости вчиталась в это роковое письмо и изучила в нем каждую черточку.","translation":"Oh, it was plain that she had pored over that fatal letter down to its finest nuances and had studied every last stroke of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вчиталась","title":"«вчитаться» — to read oneself deep into","body":"A reflexive perfective from «читать» with «в-»: to immerse oneself in a text until one grasps its every detail. «До тонкости вчиталась» — 'pored over it down to its subtleties' — captures her obsessive study."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"черточку","title":"«черточка» — diminutive 'little stroke'","body":"The diminutive of «черта» ('line, stroke, feature'), suffix -очк-: 'every last little stroke' of the handwriting. The diminutive intensifies the sense of minute, exhaustive scrutiny rather than smallness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"роковое письмо","title":"Adjective–noun agreement: «роковое письмо»","body":"«Роковое» ('fateful, fatal', from «рок», fate/doom) agrees with neuter «письмо» in the neuter singular -ое ending. The long attributive adjective carries the tragic weight: this is the doom-laden letter."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection preceding видно","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"was plain"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to видно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вчиталась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вчиталась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тонкости","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тонкости","lemma":"тонкость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вчиталась","gloss":"the finest nuance"},{"surface":"вчиталась","lemma":"вчитаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видно","gloss":"had pored over"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письмо","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"роковое","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"fatal"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вчиталась","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"изучила","lemma":"изучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вчиталась","gloss":"had studied"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изучила","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"каждую","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of черточку","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"черточку","lemma":"чёрточка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of изучила","gloss":"last stroke"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b12-c5-s143","source":"— Не пьяный он бы мне не написал, но посмотрите, там всё описано вперед, всё точь-в-точь, как он потом убил, вся программа!","translation":"\"Had he not been drunk he would never have written it to me, but look here, it is all set down beforehand, everything exactly, point for point, as he afterward did the murder—the whole program!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не пьяный он бы мне не написал","title":"Counterfactual with «бы» and double negation","body":"'Had he not been drunk, he would not have written to me': «не пьяный» negates the condition, «бы… не написал» the result — a full counterfactual with no «если», the «бы» alone carrying the irrealis. The logic: only drunkenness produced the letter."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"точь-в-точь","title":"«точь-в-точь» — exactly, point for point","body":"A reduplicated colloquial idiom (from «точка», 'point'): 'exactly so, to the letter'. Paired with «всё описано вперед» it stresses how perfectly the letter prefigured the crime."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пьяный","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пьяный","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of написал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional of написал","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of написал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies написал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"посмотрите","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with написал","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies описано","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive описано","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"описано","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with посмотрите","gloss":"set down"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies описано","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with всё (w11)","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb, part of fixed idiom точь-в-точь","role":"head of idiom modifying всё (w14)","gloss":"point","note":"точь-в-точь is a fixed idiom meaning \"exactly, point for point\"; split across w15–w17."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb, part of fixed idiom точь-в-точь","role":"part of idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb, part of fixed idiom точь-в-точь","role":"part of idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying точь-в-точь (w15)","gloss":"did the murder"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of программа","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"программа","lemma":"программа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to всё (w11)","gloss":"program"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b12-c5-s144","source":"Так восклицала она вне себя и уж, конечно, презирая все для себя последствия, хотя, разумеется, их предвидела еще, может, за месяц тому, потому что и тогда еще, может быть, содрогаясь от злобы, мечтала: «Не прочесть ли это суду?»","translation":"So she exclaimed, beside herself, and, of course, scorning every consequence to herself—though she had, naturally, foreseen them perhaps a month before, since even then, perhaps, shuddering with malice, she had dreamed: \"Shall I not read it aloud to the court?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"презирая все для себя последствия… содрогаясь от злобы, мечтала","title":"Chained gerunds of the literary narration","body":"Two imperfective gerunds — «презирая» ('scorning') and «содрогаясь» ('shuddering') — hang attendant circumstances on the finite verbs «восклицала… мечтала». Such dense participial/gerund chains are a signature of 19th-century bookish prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не прочесть ли это суду?","title":"Deliberative «не… ли» with dative «суду»","body":"A self-questioning 'Shall I not read this to the court?': the perfective infinitive «прочесть» with «не… ли» frames a wavering deliberation, and «суду» is the dative recipient, 'to the court'. The «ли» gives it the inward, hesitating tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вне себя","title":"«вне себя» — beside oneself","body":"Idiom 'outside oneself' (with the reflexive «себя» in its genitive form after «вне»): overcome, no longer in control. It recurs as the keynote of Katya's whole testimony — «в исступлении», «в истерике», «обезумевшей»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восклицала","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"восклицала","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of восклицала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вне","lemma":"вне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of восклицала","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies презирая","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"презирая","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with восклицала","gloss":"scorning"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"determiner of последствия","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of презирая","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"последствия","lemma":"последствие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of презирая","gloss":"consequence"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предвидела","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parallel clause to предвидела","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of предвидела","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"предвидела","lemma":"предвидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on презирая","gloss":"had foreseen"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предвидела","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies предвидела","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предвидела","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тому","morphology":"adverb, part of idiom месяц тому","role":"part of idiom месяц тому (with месяц, w21)","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of мечтала (with что, w24)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мечтала","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective, parenthetical","role":"parallel clause to мечтала","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может (w28), idiom может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"содрогаясь","lemma":"содрогаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on мечтала","gloss":"shuddering"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"злобы","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of содрогаясь","gloss":"malice"},{"surface":"мечтала","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the потому-что clause","gloss":"had mused"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прочесть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прочесть","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of quoted question","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, interrogative","role":"marks прочесть as a yes/no question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прочесть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"суду","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прочесть","gloss":"to the court"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b12-c5-s145","source":"Теперь же как бы полетела с горы.","translation":"Now, though, it was as if she had flung herself headlong down a mountainside.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы полетела с горы","title":"«как бы» softening a vivid image","body":"«Как бы» ('as if, as it were') hedges the metaphor — she did not literally fall, but it was as though she 'flew down a mountain'. The «бы» here is part of the comparative «как бы», not a conditional."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полетела","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Теперь","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"adverb, part of idiom как бы","role":"head of idiom как бы, modifies полетела","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle, part of idiom как бы","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"полетела","lemma":"полететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flew headlong"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горы","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"горы","lemma":"гора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полетела","gloss":"the mountainside"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b12-c5-s146","source":"Помню, кажется, именно тут же письмо было прочитано вслух секретарем и произвело потрясающее впечатление.","translation":"I remember that the letter was, I think, read aloud right then by the secretary, and that it produced an overwhelming impression.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"письмо было прочитано вслух секретарем","title":"Periphrastic passive with instrumental agent","body":"«Было прочитано» = «быть» + short past passive participle of «прочитать»: 'was read aloud'. The agent is in the instrumental, «секретарем» ('by the secretary') — the standard way Russian names the doer of a passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I remember"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies прочитано","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочитано","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive прочитано","gloss":"the letter"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of прочитано","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"прочитано","lemma":"прочитать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Помню","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочитано","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"секретарем","lemma":"секретарь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прочитано","gloss":"by the secretary"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"произвело","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прочитано","gloss":"produced"},{"surface":"потрясающее","lemma":"потрясающий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"overwhelming"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвело","gloss":"impression"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b12-c5-s147","source":"Обратились к Мите с вопросом: «Признает ли он это письмо?»","translation":"They turned to Mitya with the question: \"Does he acknowledge this letter?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Обратились к Мите с вопросом","title":"Impersonal-plural «обратились» + «к» dative","body":"The subjectless third-person plural «обратились» ('they turned') is Russian's neutral way of saying 'one turned / the court turned'. «К Мите» uses «к» + dative for direction toward a person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Признает ли он это письмо?","title":"Yes/no question with «ли»","body":"«Признает ли он…?» — the verb fronted, «ли» following — is the formal 'Does he acknowledge this letter?'. «Признать» here is the legal sense 'to recognize as one's own'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обратились","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Обратились","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вопросом","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Обратились","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"Признает","lemma":"признавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"acknowledge"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, interrogative","role":"marks Признает as a yes/no question","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Признает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Признает","gloss":"letter"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b12-c5-s148","source":"— Мое, мое! — воскликнул Митя.","translation":"\"Mine, it's mine!\" Mitya exclaimed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мое, мое!","title":"Bare possessive «мое» as a full sentence","body":"Just the neuter possessive «мое» ('mine'), agreeing with the dropped «письмо», stands as Mitya's whole reply — with the zero copula of the present tense, no 'is' is needed. Two words confess authorship of the fatal letter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Мое (w1)","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Мое","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b12-c5-s149","source":"— Не пьяный бы не написал!..","translation":"\"Had I not been drunk I would never have written it!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не пьяный бы не написал!","title":"Elliptical counterfactual, subject dropped","body":"Mitya echoes Katya's own counterfactual but pares it to the bone: 'Sober [I] wouldn't have written it', subject «я» dropped, «бы» carrying the irrealis. The clipped repetition binds his confession to her accusation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пьяный","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пьяный","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"elliptical predicate, implied subject я","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional of написал","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies написал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"written"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b12-c5-s150","source":"За многое мы друг друга ненавидели, Катя, но клянусь, клянусь, я тебя и ненавидя любил, а ты меня — нет!","translation":"We hated each other for a great many things, Katya, but I swear, I swear, even hating you I loved you—and you did not love me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я тебя и ненавидя любил","title":"Gerund «ненавидя» inside the main clause","body":"The imperfective gerund «ненавидя» ('[while] hating') sits between subject and verb: 'I, even while hating you, loved you'. The «и» before it is concessive, 'even'. The gerund makes hatred and love simultaneous in one breath."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а ты меня — нет","title":"Contrastive «а» and gapped negation","body":"«А» marks the gentle but pointed contrast — 'but you [loved] me — not'. The verb is gapped, «нет» standing in for «не любила»: a terse, devastating ellipsis the «а» pivots on."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking многое","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ненавидели","gloss":"many things"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ненавидели","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"pronoun, part of reciprocal idiom друг друга","role":"head of idiom друг друга","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, part of reciprocal idiom друг друга","role":"direct object of ненавидели, part of the phrase друг","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ненавидели","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hated"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with ненавидели","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with клянусь (w9)","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ненавидя","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ненавидя","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on любил","gloss":"hating"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the я-clause, coordinated with ненавидели (w6)","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided любила","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of elided любила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"elliptical negation of the elided любила","gloss":"did not"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b12-c5-s151","source":"Он упал на свое место, ломая руки в отчаянии.","translation":"He sank back into his seat, wringing his hands in despair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ломая руки в отчаянии","title":"Imperfective gerund of manner «ломая руки»","body":"«Ломая» ('wringing', literally 'breaking') is the imperfective gerund from «ломать», describing the manner of «упал»: he sank down, wringing his hands. «В отчаянии» is prepositional, 'in despair'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of упал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"упал","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sank"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of место","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of упал","gloss":"seat"},{"surface":"ломая","lemma":"ломать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on упал","gloss":"wringing"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of ломая","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отчаянии","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ломая","gloss":"despair"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b12-c5-s152","source":"Прокурор и защитник стали предлагать перекрестные вопросы, главное в том смысле: «что, дескать, побудило вас давеча утаить такой документ и показывать прежде совершенно в другом духе и тоне?»","translation":"The prosecutor and the defense counsel began putting cross-questions, chiefly to this effect: \"What, may we ask, induced you earlier to conceal such a document and to give your evidence before in an altogether different spirit and tone?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — reportative 'as it were, supposedly'","body":"An old quotative particle marking reported, second-hand speech and faint irony — here flagging the court's question as paraphrase. It belongs to the colloquial-archaic texture of narrated speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — a short while ago, earlier today","body":"An archaic-colloquial adverb meaning 'earlier, a little while back (today)'. Frequent in 19th-century dialogue, it recurs through this scene as Katya contrasts what she said «давеча» with what she now confesses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"защитник","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Прокурор","gloss":"the defense counsel"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"предлагать","lemma":"предлагать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"putting"},{"surface":"перекрестные","lemma":"перекрёстный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"cross"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of предлагать","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies смысле","gloss":"chiefly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смысле","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смысле","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"смысле","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of главное","gloss":"effect"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of побудило","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical particle modifying побудило","gloss":"so to speak"},{"surface":"побудило","lemma":"побудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"induced"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of побудило","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побудило","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"утаить","lemma":"утаить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of побудило","gloss":"conceal"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of документ","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"документ","lemma":"документ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of утаить","gloss":"document"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"показывать","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with утаить","gloss":"give evidence"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показывать","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies духе","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking духе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies духе","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"духе","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показывать","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тоне","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with духе","gloss":"tone"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b12-c5-s153","source":"— Да, да, я давеча солгала, всё лгала, против чести и совести, но я хотела давеча спасти его, потому что он меня так ненавидел и так презирал, — как безумная воскликнула Катя.","translation":"\"Yes, yes, earlier I lied, I lied through it all, against my honor and my conscience, but earlier I wanted to save him, because he hated me so and despised me so,\" Katya cried out like a woman gone mad.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я давеча солгала, всё лгала","title":"Perfective «солгала» vs. imperfective «лгала»","body":"«Солгала» (perfective) names the single act of telling the lie; «всё лгала» (imperfective) stretches it into a sustained, repeated lying — 'I lied through it all'. The aspect pair lets her confess both the act and the long deceit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как безумная воскликнула","title":"«как» + nominative for 'like a madwoman'","body":"«Как безумная» — 'like a madwoman' — uses «как» with the nominative for a comparison of state. The feminine «безумная» (long adjective used as a noun) agrees with Katya as the implied subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to солгала","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to солгала","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of солгала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies солгала","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"солгала","lemma":"солгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lied"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лгала","gloss":"all along"},{"surface":"лгала","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with солгала","gloss":"lied"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чести","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"чести","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лгала","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with чести","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with солгала","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотела","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of ненавидел","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ненавидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ненавидел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненавидел","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ненавидел","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спасти","gloss":"hated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies презирал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"презирал","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ненавидел","gloss":"despised"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воскликнула","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"безумная","lemma":"безумный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies воскликнула","gloss":"a madwoman"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to солгала","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"Katya"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b12-c5-s154","source":"— О, он презирал меня ужасно, презирал всегда, и знаете, знаете — он презирал меня с самой той минуты, когда я ему тогда в ноги за эти деньги поклонилась.","translation":"\"Oh, he despised me terribly, he always despised me, and you know, you know—he despised me from the very moment I bowed down to the ground before him over that money.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с самой той минуты, когда","title":"«с» + genitive + «самый» 'from the very moment'","body":"«С… минуты» uses «с» + genitive for the starting point in time; «самой той» ('that very') intensifies and pins it down, both words in the genitive agreeing with «минуты». Then «когда» opens the defining time-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to презирал","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of презирал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"презирал","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"despised"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of презирал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies презирал","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"презирал","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with презирал (w3)","gloss":"despised"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies презирал","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with презирал","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to знаете (w9)","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of презирал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"презирал","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаете","gloss":"despised"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of презирал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies той","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of презирал","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поклонилась","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поклонилась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поклонилась","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поклонилась","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поклонилась","gloss":"his feet"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньги","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of поклонилась","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"поклонилась","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on презирал","gloss":"bowed"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b12-c5-s155","source":"Я увидала это… Я сейчас тогда же это почувствовала, но я долго себе не верила.","translation":"I saw it… I felt it the instant it happened, but for a long time I would not believe myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я долго себе не верила","title":"«верить» + dative; reflexive «себе»","body":"«Верить» governs the dative of what/whom one trusts: «себе» ('myself'). 'For a long time I did not believe myself' — the reflexive pronoun in its dative form «себе», distinct from the verbal -ся."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of увидала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"увидала","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of увидала","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of почувствовала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовала","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовала","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of почувствовала","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"почувствовала","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верила","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of верила","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верила","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with почувствовала","gloss":"believed"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b12-c5-s156","source":"Сколько раз я читала в глазах его: «Все-таки ты сама тогда ко мне пришла».","translation":"How many times I read in his eyes: \"All the same, you came to me of your own accord that time.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сколько раз я читала в глазах его","title":"Imperfective «читала» for habitual repetition","body":"«Сколько раз… читала» — 'how many times I [used to] read' — the imperfective past carries the iterative sense of a thing done again and again. «В глазах его» fronts the location for emphasis, with «его» trailing as a possessive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты сама тогда ко мне пришла","title":"«сама» and prefixed «прийти»","body":"The imagined reproach in his eyes: «сама… пришла» — 'you came of your own accord'. «Пришла» is perfective «прийти» (arrive on foot); «сама» underscores that the coming was her own doing — the very fact that humiliates her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of читала","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of читала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"читала","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of читала","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of глазах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"adverb, part of idiom всё-таки","role":"head of idiom всё-таки, modifies пришла","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle, part of idiom всё-таки","role":"part of idiom всё-таки","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришла","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришла","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришла","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"came"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b12-c5-s157","source":"О, он не понял, он не понял ничего, зачем я тогда прибежала, он способен подозревать только низость!","translation":"Oh, he did not understand, he understood nothing of why I ran to him then; he is capable of suspecting only baseness!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он не понял ничего","title":"Negative concord: «не… ничего»","body":"Russian requires the verb to keep «не» even with the negative pronoun «ничего» — literally 'he did not understand nothing', meaning 'he understood nothing'. The double negative is obligatory, not emphatic error."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прибежала","title":"«прибежать» — to come running","body":"Perfective of «прибегать/прибежать», prefixed «при-» (arrival) on «бежать» (run): she didn't merely come, she came running. The verb's urgency answers «зачем я тогда прибежала» — the desperate reason he failed to grasp."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to понял","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with понял (w4)","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of понял","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибежала","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прибежала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибежала","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"прибежала","lemma":"прибежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of понял","gloss":"ran to him"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of способен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"способен","lemma":"способный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with понял","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"подозревать","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of способен","gloss":"suspecting"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies низость","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"низость","lemma":"низость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подозревать","gloss":"baseness"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b12-c5-s158","source":"Он мерил на себя, он думал, что и все такие, как он, — яростно проскрежетала Катя, совсем уже в исступлении.","translation":"He measured everyone by himself, he thought that all are made as he is,\" Katya ground out furiously, by now wholly in a frenzy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он мерил на себя","title":"Idiom «мерить на себя» with reflexive «себя»","body":"«Мерить на себя» — to measure others by oneself, judge them by one's own standard. «На себя» uses the reflexive «себя» in the accusative after «на». Katya's bitter diagnosis: he assumed everyone as base as he."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"проскрежетала","title":"«проскрежетать» — to grind out (through one's teeth)","body":"From «скрежетать» ('to gnash, grate'), with «про-»: she ground the words out as through clenched teeth. With «в исступлении» ('in a frenzy') it pitches her delivery at the edge of breakdown."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мерил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мерил","lemma":"мерить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"measured"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of мерил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мерил","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of такие","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies все","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of такие","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"clausal complement of думал","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking он","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of такие","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"яростно","lemma":"яростно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проскрежетала","gloss":"furiously"},{"surface":"проскрежетала","lemma":"проскрежетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to мерил","gloss":"ground out"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проскрежетала","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исступлении","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"исступлении","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проскрежетала","gloss":"a frenzy"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b12-c5-s159","source":"— А жениться он на мне захотел потому только, что я получила наследство, потому, потому!","translation":"\"And he wanted to marry me only because I had come into an inheritance, only that, only that!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"жениться он на мне захотел потому только, что","title":"«жениться на» + prepositional; emphatic order","body":"A man's marrying is «жениться на ком» — «на мне» in the prepositional. The marked order, fronting «жениться» and stranding «потому только, что» ('only because'), throws all the weight onto the mercenary motive."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жениться","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of захотел","gloss":"to marry"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of жениться","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"захотел","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захотел, paired with что","gloss":"because","note":"потому...что split across the sentence together mean 'because'."},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of получила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of получила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"получила","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of потому","gloss":"came into"},{"surface":"наследство","lemma":"наследство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of получила","gloss":"an inheritance"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamatory repetition","gloss":"for that"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamatory repetition","gloss":"for that"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b12-c5-s160","source":"Я всегда подозревала, что потому!","translation":"I always suspected that it was for that!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что потому","title":"Elliptical «что потому»","body":"'I always suspected [it was] for that' — the clause is gapped, «потому» ('for that reason') standing alone after «что». The terseness mimics obsessive certainty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подозревала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подозревала","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"подозревала","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suspected"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of подозревала","gloss":"for that"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b12-c5-s161","source":"О, это зверь!","translation":"Oh, he is a brute!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это зверь","title":"Zero copula: «это зверь»","body":"'He is a brute' — Russian needs no 'is' in the present; «это зверь» juxtaposes demonstrative and predicate nominative directly. «Зверь» ('beast, wild animal') is one of a rising series — «зверь… изверг… изверг и убийца»."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to зверь","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of зверь","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"зверь","lemma":"зверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a brute"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b12-c5-s162","source":"Он всю жизнь был уверен, что я всю жизнь буду пред ним трепетать от стыда за то, что тогда приходила, и что он может вечно за это презирать меня, а потому первенствовать, — вот почему он на мне захотел жениться!","translation":"All his life he was convinced that all my life I would tremble before him in shame at having gone to him that time, and that he could despise me for it forever, and so lord it over me—that is why he wanted to marry me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"буду пред ним трепетать от стыда","title":"Compound future «буду трепетать»","body":"«Буду трепетать» is the imperfective compound future: «быть» conjugated + imperfective infinitive, naming an ongoing future state — 'I would [forever] tremble'. «Пред» is the bookish form of «перед» ('before'), + instrumental «ним»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"первенствовать","title":"«первенствовать» — to take first place, lord it","body":"A bookish verb from «первый» ('first'): to hold pre-eminence, dominate. Katya's claim is that Mitya wanted to marry her precisely in order to «первенствовать» — to reign over her in perpetual shame."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уверен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative (duration) modifying уверен","gloss":"his life"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уверен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of трепетать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of трепетать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative (duration) modifying трепетать","gloss":"my life"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of трепетать","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of трепетать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"трепетать","lemma":"трепетать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of уверен","gloss":"tremble"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стыда","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"стыда","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of трепетать","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of трепетать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приходила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходила","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"приходила","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приходила","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"вечно","lemma":"вечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies презирать","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of презирать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"презирать","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"despise"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of презирать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies первенствовать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"первенствовать","lemma":"первенствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with презирать","gloss":"lord it over me"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захотел","gloss":"is why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of жениться","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"захотел","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to уверен","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"жениться","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотел","gloss":"to marry"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b12-c5-s163","source":"Это так, это всё так!","translation":"It is so, it is all so!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это так, это всё так!","title":"Predicate adverb «так» with zero copula","body":"'It is so, it is all so' — «так» ('so, thus') stands as the whole predicate with no copula. The bare, hammered repetition is Katya convincing herself as much as the court."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of всё","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with так","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b12-c5-s164","source":"Я пробовала победить его моею любовью, любовью без конца, даже измену его хотела снести, но он ничего, ничего не понял.","translation":"I tried to conquer him with my love, with a love without end; I was even ready to bear his betrayal, but he understood nothing, nothing at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"победить его моею любовью","title":"Instrumental of means «моею любовью»","body":"«Любовью» is instrumental, the means by which she tried to conquer him — 'with my love'. The ending «-ою» on «моею» is the older, bookish variant of «-ой» (модерн «моей»), at home in literary 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего, ничего не понял","title":"Negative concord intensified by repetition","body":"Again «ничего… не понял» keeps the obligatory double negative; the doubled «ничего, ничего» pushes it past grammar into emotional emphasis — 'nothing, nothing at all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пробовала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пробовала","lemma":"пробовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"победить","lemma":"победить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пробовала","gloss":"to conquer"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of победить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"моею","lemma":"мой","morphology":"possessive pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любовью","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"любовью","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement (means) of победить","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"любовью","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with любовью","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конца","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"конца","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies любовью","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies измену","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"измену","lemma":"измена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of снести","gloss":"betrayal"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of измену","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пробовала","gloss":"was ready"},{"surface":"снести","lemma":"снести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"to bear"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of понял","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of понял, emphatic repetition","gloss":"nothing at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пробовала","gloss":"understood"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b12-c5-s165","source":"Да разве он может что-нибудь понять!","translation":"As if he were even capable of understanding anything!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да разве он может что-нибудь понять!","title":"Rhetorical «разве» and indefinite «что-нибудь»","body":"«Разве» turns the question into incredulous denial — 'as if he could understand anything!'. «Что-нибудь» is the non-specific indefinite ('anything at all'), built from «что» + «-нибудь», fitting the open, dismissive scope."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were capable"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of понять, part of что-нибудь","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun particle, accusative","role":"direct object of понять, part of что-нибудь","gloss":"thing","note":"что-нибудь together means 'anything'."},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"understanding"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b12-c5-s166","source":"Это изверг!","translation":"He is a monster!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изверг","title":"«изверг» — monster, fiend","body":"A heavy term, 'monster, inhuman wretch' (etymologically one 'cast out'). It escalates her earlier «зверь» and recurs in «изверг и убийца» — the very words Ivan strove to disprove. Stronger and more moral than English 'monster'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of изверг","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"изверг","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a monster"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b12-c5-s167","source":"Это письмо я получила только на другой день вечером, мне из трактира принесли, а еще утром, еще утром в тот день, я хотела было всё простить ему, всё, даже его измену!","translation":"I received this letter only the next evening, it was brought to me from the tavern, but earlier that same morning, that very morning, I had meant to forgive him everything, everything, even his betrayal!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне из трактира принесли","title":"Impersonal-plural «принесли» + dative «мне»","body":"The subjectless plural «принесли» ('they brought / it was brought') with dative «мне» — 'it was brought to me' — needs no named agent. «Из трактира» is «из» + genitive, 'from the tavern'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я хотела было всё простить ему","title":"The particle «было» of the abandoned intention","body":"«Хотела было… простить» uses the special «было» that marks an action begun or intended but cut short — 'I had been about to forgive'. «Простить» governs the dative of the forgiven person, «ему»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of получила","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of получила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"получила","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies день","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получила","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"вечером","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of принесли","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактира","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"трактира","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принесли","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"принесли","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with получила","gloss":"was brought"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утром","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотела","gloss":"that morning"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утром","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with утром","gloss":"that very morning"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies утром","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with получила","gloss":"had meant"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"marks an unfulfilled intention with хотела","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of простить","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"to forgive"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of простить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"emphatic repetition of всё","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies измену","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of измену","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"измену","lemma":"измена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with всё","gloss":"betrayal"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b12-c5-s168","source":"Конечно, председатель и прокурор ее успокоивали.","translation":"Of course, the presiding judge and the prosecutor tried to calm her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ее успокоивали","title":"Imperfective «успокоивали» of attempted action","body":"The imperfective past «успокоивали» ('tried to calm') here reads as conative — an effort under way, not necessarily succeeding. «Ее» is the accusative object; the imperfective leaves the calming open-ended."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to успокоивали","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успокоивали","gloss":"presiding judge"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with председатель","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of успокоивали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"успокоивали","lemma":"успокаивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tried to calm"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b12-c5-s169","source":"Я уверен, что им всем было даже, может быть, самим стыдно так пользоваться ее исступлением и выслушивать такие признания.","translation":"I am convinced that they themselves were ashamed, perhaps, to be exploiting her frenzy in this way and to be listening to such confessions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"им всем было… стыдно","title":"Dative experiencer «им всем было стыдно»","body":"Another impersonal feeling-construction: 'they were ashamed' is built on dative «им всем» + neuter «было стыдно», no nominative subject. The shame is something that happens to them — the experiencer-first frame Dostoevsky loves."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пользоваться ее исступлением","title":"«пользоваться» + instrumental","body":"«Пользоваться» ('to use, exploit') governs the instrumental, «исступлением» — to exploit her frenzy. The verb's required case turns the abstract «исступление» (ecstatic frenzy, derangement) into the instrument of their advantage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уверен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стыдно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative experiencer of стыдно","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"modifies им","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking им to стыдно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical with быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"самим","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"in apposition to им","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of уверен","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пользоваться","gloss":"in this way"},{"surface":"пользоваться","lemma":"пользоваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on стыдно","gloss":"to exploit"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of исступлением","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"исступлением","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пользоваться","gloss":"frenzy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выслушивать","lemma":"выслушивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пользоваться","gloss":"to listen to"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of признания","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"признания","lemma":"признание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of выслушивать","gloss":"confessions"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b12-c5-s170","source":"Я помню, я слышал, как они говорили ей: «Мы понимаем, как вам тяжело, поверьте, мы способны чувствовать», и проч., и проч., — а показания-то все-таки вытянули от обезумевшей женщины в истерике.","translation":"I remember, I heard them say to her: \"We understand how hard this is for you, believe us, we are capable of feeling,\" and so on, and so forth—and yet they went on extracting the testimony from a woman beside herself, hysterical.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"показания-то все-таки вытянули","title":"The topic clitic «-то»","body":"Hyphenated «-то» on «показания» marks it as the known topic under contrast — 'the testimony, for all that, they did drag out'. This emphatic «-то» is distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то»; here it spotlights a given referent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от обезумевшей женщины","title":"Past active participle «обезумевшей»","body":"«Обезумевшая» ('having gone mad / out of her mind') is a past active participle from «обезуметь», declined here as genitive feminine after «от». It compresses 'a woman who had lost her reason' into a single modifier — a bookish participial economy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with помню","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорили","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of слышал","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорили","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of понимаем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"понимаем","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to говорили","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тяжело","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative experiencer of тяжело","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тяжело","lemma":"тяжёлый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of понимаем","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"поверьте","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to способны","gloss":"believe us"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of способны","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"способны","lemma":"способный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with понимаем","gloss":"are capable"},{"surface":"чувствовать","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of способны","gloss":"of feeling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun, neuter, abbreviation","role":"list marker after чувствовать","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun, neuter, abbreviation","role":"list marker after понимаем","gloss":"so forth"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"показания","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of вытянули","gloss":"the testimony"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to показания","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вытянули, part of все-таки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вытянули, part of все-таки","gloss":"the same","note":"все-таки together means 'nevertheless, all the same'."},{"surface":"вытянули","lemma":"вытянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to помню","gloss":"extracted"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщины","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"обезумевшей","lemma":"обезуметь","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies женщины","gloss":"distraught"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытянули","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking истерике","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"истерике","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытянули","gloss":"hysterics"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b12-c5-s171","source":"Она, наконец, описала с чрезвычайною ясностью, которая так часто, хотя и мгновенно, мелькает даже в минуты такого напряженного состояния, как Иван Федорович почти сходил с ума во все эти два месяца на том, чтобы спасти «изверга и убийцу», своего брата.","translation":"At last she described, with that extraordinary lucidity which so often flashes out—even if only for an instant—at moments of such intense strain, how Ivan Fyodorovich had very nearly gone out of his mind over these last two months in his determination to save \"the monster and murderer,\" his own brother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с чрезвычайною ясностью, которая… мелькает","title":"Instrumental of manner + relative «которая»","body":"«С… ясностью» (instrumental after «с») describes the manner — 'with lucidity'. The relative «которая» agrees with feminine «ясность» but takes nominative for its own role as subject of «мелькает». Note again the bookish «-ою» ending on «чрезвычайною»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти сходил с ума… на том, чтобы спасти","title":"Imperfective «сходил с ума» and purpose «чтобы»","body":"«Сходил с ума» (imperfective, 'was going out of his mind') paints the prolonged torment; «на том, чтобы спасти» — 'over the aim of saving' — uses «чтобы» + perfective infinitive for the goal Ivan fixed on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of описала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to описала","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"описала","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"described"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чрезвычайною","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чрезвычайною","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ясностью","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"ясностью","lemma":"ясность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of описала","gloss":"lucidity"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of мелькает","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мелькает","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мгновенно","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мгновенно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мгновенно","lemma":"мгновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on мелькает","gloss":"for an instant"},{"surface":"мелькает","lemma":"мелькать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies ясностью","gloss":"flashes out"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of мелькает","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of состояния","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"напряженного","lemma":"напряжённый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состояния","gloss":"intense"},{"surface":"состояния","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"strain"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сходил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сходил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сходил","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"сходил","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of описала","gloss":"had gone"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума, part of сходить с ума","gloss":"out of","note":"сходить с ума is an idiom meaning 'to go out of one's mind'."},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходил","gloss":"his mind"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяца","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of два","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of два","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on месяца","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходил","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спасти","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"clarifies том","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"изверга","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"the monster"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убийцу","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with изверга","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to убийцу (direct object of спасти)","gloss":"brother"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b12-c5-s172","source":"— Он себя мучил, — восклицала она, — он всё хотел уменьшить его вину, признаваясь мне, что он и сам не любил отца и, может быть, сам желал его смерти.","translation":"\"He tortured himself,\" she exclaimed, \"he kept trying to lessen his brother's guilt, confessing to me that he himself had not loved their father and had, perhaps, himself wished for his death.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"признаваясь мне, что","title":"Imperfective gerund «признаваясь»","body":"«Признаваясь» ('confessing') is the imperfective gerund of the reflexive «признаваться», attendant on «хотел уменьшить»: he kept trying to lessen the guilt, [all the while] confessing to me. The -ся verb 'to confess, own up' governs the dative «мне»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"желал его смерти","title":"Genitive object «смерти» with «желать»","body":"«Желать» characteristically takes the genitive of the thing wished — «его смерти», 'wished for his death'. This abstract-object genitive (not accusative) is the verb's fixed government, heightening the chilling, deliberate phrasing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мучил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of мучил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"мучил","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tortured"},{"surface":"восклицала","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to мучил","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of восклицала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мучил","gloss":"trying"},{"surface":"уменьшить","lemma":"уменьшить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to lessen"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of вину","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вину","lemma":"вина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of уменьшить","gloss":"guilt"},{"surface":"признаваясь","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on уменьшить","gloss":"confessing"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of признаваясь","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying любил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of признаваясь","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"their father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical with быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying желал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любил","gloss":"wished for"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of смерти","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of желал","gloss":"death"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b12-c5-s173","source":"О, это глубокая, глубокая совесть!","translation":"Oh, what a deep, deep conscience!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это глубокая, глубокая совесть","title":"Zero copula and emphatic adjective repetition","body":"'What a deep, deep conscience' — no copula; «это» plus the predicate noun «совесть» qualified by the doubled long adjective «глубокая». The repetition, as so often in this scene, is the marker of high emotion."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to совесть","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of совесть","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"глубокая","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies совесть","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"глубокая","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with глубокая","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"совесть","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"conscience"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b12-c5-s174","source":"Он замучил себя совестью!","translation":"He tormented himself to death with his conscience!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он замучил себя совестью","title":"Reflexive «себя» + instrumental of means","body":"«Замучил себя» — 'tortured himself' — pairs the full reflexive object «себя» (accusative) with the perfective «замучить» ('torment to exhaustion'). «Совестью» is instrumental, the means: by/with his conscience."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замучил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"замучил","lemma":"замучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tormented to death"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of замучил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"совестью","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of замучил","gloss":"with his conscience"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b12-c5-s175","source":"Он всё мне открывал, всё, он приходил ко мне и говорил со мной каждый день как с единственным другом своим.","translation":"He laid everything open to me, everything; he came to me and talked with me every single day as with his one and only friend.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он всё мне открывал… приходил… говорил каждый день","title":"Imperfective verbs of habit","body":"All three verbs — «открывал, приходил, говорил» — are imperfective past, painting a repeated, habitual practice: every day he would come, open his heart, talk. «Каждый день» seals the iterative reading."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как с единственным другом своим","title":"«с» + instrumental and reflexive «своим»","body":"«С единственным другом своим» — 'as with his one and only friend' — takes the instrumental after «с» ('with'), the adjective «единственным» and reflexive possessive «своим» agreeing. «Свой» keeps the friendship his own."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of открывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of открывал","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of открывал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"открывал","lemma":"открывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"repeats всё (w2) for emphasis","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with открывал","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приходил","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"time adjunct of говорил","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison как с другом","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"единственным","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies другом","gloss":"one and only"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of как","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of другом","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b12-c5-s176","source":"Я имею честь быть его единственным другом! — воскликнула она вдруг, точно как бы с каким-то вызовом, засверкав глазами.","translation":"I have the honor of being his one and only friend!\" she exclaimed all at once, as though with a kind of defiance, her eyes flashing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я имею честь быть его единственным другом","title":"«быть» + instrumental predicate","body":"After the infinitive «быть», the predicate noun takes the instrumental: «единственным другом» ('[his] sole friend'). The formal idiom «иметь честь» ('to have the honor') lends her self-declaration a proud, almost ceremonial ring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"засверкав глазами","title":"Perfective gerund «засверкав»","body":"«Засверкав» is the perfective past gerund from «засверкать» ('to begin flashing'), -в form: 'having flashed her eyes' / 'her eyes flashing'. «Глазами» is instrumental, the means of the flashing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of честь (честь быть = honor of being)","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of другом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"единственным","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies другом","gloss":"one and only"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнула","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase точно как бы (as though)","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase точно как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase точно как бы","gloss":"if","note":"«точно как бы» is a set phrase meaning \"as though\"."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вызовом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вызовом","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of какой-то (some kind of)","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"вызовом","lemma":"вызов","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"defiance"},{"surface":"засверкав","lemma":"засверкать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнула","gloss":"flashing"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of засверкав","gloss":"her eyes"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b12-c5-s177","source":"— Он ходил к Смердякову два раза.","translation":"\"He went to Smerdyakov twice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он ходил к Смердякову два раза","title":"Multidirectional «ходил» for repeated trips","body":"«Ходил» is the multidirectional motion verb (vs. unidirectional «шёл»), exactly right for round trips: 'he went [there and back] twice'. «Два раза» ('two times') and «к Смердякову» (dative after «к») confirm the repeated visits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякову","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Смердякову","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"times"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b12-c5-s178","source":"Однажды он пришел ко мне и говорит: если убил не брат, а Смердяков (потому что эту басню пустили здесь все, что убил Смердяков), то, может быть, виновен и я, потому что Смердяков знал, что я не люблю отца и, может быть, думал, что я желаю смерти отца.","translation":"One day he came to me and said: if it was not my brother who did the killing but Smerdyakov (for everyone here had spread that fable, that it was Smerdyakov who killed him), then perhaps I too am guilty, because Smerdyakov knew that I did not love my father and perhaps thought that I desired my father's death.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если убил не брат, а Смердяков","title":"Contrastive «не… а» in a conditional","body":"«Не брат, а Смердяков» — 'not the brother but Smerdyakov' — the «не… а» frame replaces one term with another (true contrast), unlike additive «и». It sits inside the real-condition «если убил…» that launches Ivan's torment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"басню пустили","title":"«пустить басню» — to set a fable / rumour going","body":"«Басня» is a fable or fabrication; «пустить» a rumour means to set it loose, circulate it. 'Everyone here spread that fable' — the idiom captures how the false story of Smerdyakov's guilt took hold in the town."}],"words":[{"surface":"Однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"one day"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the если-clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"did the killing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with брат","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of потому что (because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of басню","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"басню","lemma":"басня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пустили","gloss":"fable"},{"surface":"пустили","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the потому что clause","gloss":"had spread"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустили","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пустили","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining басню","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause (content of басню)","gloss":"killed him"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause (resumptive то)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of the main clause","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я (emphatic \"too\")","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виновен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of потому что (because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on виновен","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of люблю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of желаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of желаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"желаю","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думал","gloss":"desire"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of желаю","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"father's"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b12-c5-s179","source":"Тогда я вынула это письмо и показала ему, и он уж совсем убедился, что убил брат, и это уже совсем сразило его.","translation":"Then I drew out this letter and showed it to him, and he became utterly convinced that his brother had done the killing, and this struck him down completely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тогда я вынула это письмо и показала ему","title":"Sequence of perfective pasts","body":"«Вынула… показала» (both perfective) move the moment forward as two completed acts: drew out, showed. «Показала ему» takes the dative «ему» for the person shown — the indirect object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сразило его","title":"«сразить» — to strike down, devastate","body":"From «разить» ('to smite'), perfective «сразить»: literally to fell with a blow, here figuratively 'struck him down completely'. «Совсем сразило» — the proof in the letter annihilated Ivan's last hope of his brother's innocence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вынула","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вынула","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вынула","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drew out"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вынула","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"показала","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынула","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убедился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убедился","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"убедился","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with показала","gloss":"became convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of убедился","gloss":"had done the killing"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сразило","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сразило","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"сразило","lemma":"сразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убедился","gloss":"struck down"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сразило","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b12-c5-s180","source":"Он не мог снести, что его родной брат — отцеубийца!","translation":"He could not bear that his own brother was a parricide!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он не мог снести, что его родной брат — отцеубийца","title":"Zero copula in the «что»-clause","body":"The subordinate «что его родной брат — отцеубийца» has no verb at all: in the present, the dash stands in for the absent copula, 'that his own brother [is] a parricide'. «Снести» here is 'to bear, endure'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отцеубийца","title":"«отцеубийца» — parricide","body":"A solemn compound, «отец» ('father') + «убийца» ('killer'): one who kills his own father. The gravest of crimes in the novel's moral universe, the word lands as the chapter's final, crushing blow on Ivan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"снести","lemma":"снести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отцеубийца","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"родной","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отцеубийца","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"отцеубийца","lemma":"отцеубийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the что-clause","gloss":"a parricide"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b12-c5-s181","source":"Еще неделю назад я видела, что он от этого болен.","translation":"A week ago already I saw that he was ill from it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Еще неделю назад","title":"«назад» with the accusative of time","body":"The time-span «неделю» stands in the bare accusative, the case Russian uses for a stretch of measured time; «назад» ('ago') follows it. «Еще» here means 'already, as much as' — a full week back."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я видела, что он от этого болен","title":"Reported «что» and a short adjective","body":"«что» opens a reported-fact clause after «видела». Its predicate «болен» is the short (predicative) form of «больной» — bookish and stative, the mark of 19th-century prose. «от этого» = 'from this', genitive after «от»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неделю","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"time adjunct of видела","gloss":"a week"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неделю","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"видела","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of болен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of болен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of болен","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"болен","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of видела","gloss":"ill"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b12-c5-s182","source":"В последние дни, он сидя у меня, бредил.","translation":"These last days, sitting with me, he would rave.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он сидя у меня, бредил","title":"Gerund «сидя» — 'while sitting'","body":"«сидя» is the imperfective present деепричастие of «сидеть»: an indeclinable verb-adverb naming an action simultaneous with the main verb, 'while sitting with me'. It shares the subject «он» of «бредил»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бредил","title":"«бредить» — to rave, be delirious","body":"«бредить» means to rave in fever or delirium, to talk wildly. The imperfective past «бредил» pictures it as an ongoing condition over «последние дни», hence the English 'would rave'."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies дни","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"time adjunct of бредил","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидя","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сидя","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бредил","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидя","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"бредил","lemma":"бредить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would rave"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b12-c5-s183","source":"Я видела, что он мешается в уме.","translation":"I saw that his mind was giving way.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мешается в уме","title":"«мешаться в уме» — to lose one's mind","body":"An idiom: «мешаться в уме» (literally 'to get muddled in the mind') means a mind giving way, going to pieces. The reflexive «-ся» on «мешать» turns 'to mix' into the intransitive 'to become confused'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"видела","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мешается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мешается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мешается","lemma":"мешаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видела","gloss":"was giving way","note":"«мешаться в уме» is an idiom for losing one's mind."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мешается","gloss":"his mind"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b12-c5-s184","source":"Он ходил и бредил, его видели так по улицам.","translation":"He walked about raving, and people saw him so in the streets.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его видели так по улицам","title":"Indefinite-personal «видели»","body":"A 3rd-person-plural verb with no stated subject ('they saw him') is Russian's indefinite-personal construction — English renders it 'people saw him' or a passive 'he was seen'. «по улицам» = 'about the streets', distributive «по» + dative plural."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked about"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бредил","lemma":"бредить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходил","gloss":"raved"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видели","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходил","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видели","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицам","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"улицам","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of видели","gloss":"the streets"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b12-c5-s185","source":"Приезжий доктор, по моей просьбе, его осматривал третьего дня и сказал мне, что он близок к горячке, — всё чрез него, всё чрез изверга!","translation":"At my request the visiting doctor examined him two days ago and told me that he was on the verge of brain-fever—and all of it through him, all of it through that monster!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"третьего дня","title":"«третьего дня» — 'the day before yesterday'","body":"A frozen genitive time-phrase, literally 'of the third day', meaning two days ago. The genitive of time without a preposition survives in such set expressions."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чрез изверга","title":"«чрез» and «изверг»","body":"«чрез» is the elevated, contracted form of «через» ('through, because of') — here causal, 'all of it through him'. «изверг» is a strong word: a monster, a fiend, a brute. Katerina spits it at Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приезжий","lemma":"приезжий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доктор","gloss":"visiting"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осматривал","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking просьбе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of просьбе","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"просьбе","lemma":"просьба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осматривал (по просьбе)","gloss":"request"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of осматривал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"осматривал","lemma":"осматривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"examined"},{"surface":"третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"day-before-"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"time adjunct of осматривал (третьего дня)","gloss":"yesterday","note":"«третьего дня» is a set idiom for \"the day before yesterday\", rendered here as \"two days ago\"."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with осматривал","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of близок","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of близок","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"близок","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"was close"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горячке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"горячке","lemma":"горячка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of близок","gloss":"brain-fever"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (всё [есть] чрез него)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чрез","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (всё [есть] чрез изверга)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изверга","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"изверга","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чрез","gloss":"that monster"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b12-c5-s186","source":"А вчера он узнал, что Смердяков умер — это его так поразило, что он сошел с ума… и всё от изверга, всё на том, чтобы спасти изверга!","translation":"And yesterday he learned that Smerdyakov was dead—it shocked him so that he lost his mind… and all of it because of the monster, all of it for the sake of saving the monster!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это его так поразило, что он сошел с ума","title":"Correlative «так… что» (result)","body":"«так… что» couples a degree adverb to a result clause: 'shocked him so much that…'. The perfective «поразило» and «сошел» each name a single completed event, driving the narrative forward."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сошел с ума","title":"«сойти с ума» — to go mad","body":"A fixed idiom, literally 'to come down off one's mind', i.e. to lose one's reason. «с ума» is genitive after «с» ('off, from')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё на том, чтобы спасти изверга","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«чтобы» + the infinitive «спасти» expresses purpose, 'in order to save'. «всё на том» ('all of it bent on that') sets up the goal toward which everything tends."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умер","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"умер","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of узнал","gloss":"was dead"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поразило","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразило","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"поразило","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second main clause","gloss":"shocked"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сошел (так...что)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сошел","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of поразило","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошел","gloss":"his mind","note":"«сойти с ума» is the idiom for \"to lose one's mind\"."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (всё [было] от изверга)","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изверга","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"изверга","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of от","gloss":"the monster"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (всё [было] на том)","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"the sake"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спасти","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on том","gloss":"saving"},{"surface":"изверга","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"the monster"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b12-c5-s187","source":"О, разумеется, так говорить и так признаваться можно только какой-нибудь раз в жизни — в предсмертную минуту, например, всходя на эшафот.","translation":"Oh, of course, to speak so and to confess so is something one can do perhaps only once in a lifetime—in one's dying moment, for instance, mounting the scaffold.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так говорить и так признаваться можно","title":"Impersonal «можно» + infinitive","body":"«можно» ('it is possible / one can') is an invariable predicative governing the infinitives «говорить» and «признаваться»; there is no nominative subject — the generic 'one'. This is the impersonal, subjectless frame Russian favours for general truths."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всходя на эшафот","title":"Gerund «всходя» — 'mounting'","body":"«всходя» is the imperfective present gerund of «всходить»: a simultaneous adverbial, 'while ascending the scaffold'. «на эшафот» is accusative of motion-toward after «на»."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разумеется","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies признаваться","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"признаваться","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to confess"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of какой-нибудь (some)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of какой-нибудь (some)","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of можно","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"a lifetime"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"предсмертную","lemma":"предсмертный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"dying"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"restates раз в жизни","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всходя","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"всходя","lemma":"всходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on можно","gloss":"mounting"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эшафот","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"эшафот","lemma":"эшафот","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of всходя","gloss":"the scaffold"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b12-c5-s188","source":"Но Катя именно была в своем характере и в своей минуте.","translation":"But Katya was precisely in her own character and in her own moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была в своем характере и в своей минуте","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«своем / своей» means 'her own', pointing back to the clause's subject Katya. «в своей минуте» — 'in her own moment' — is the prepositional of location, here metaphorical: she was wholly herself, true to her nature."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies была","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking характере","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of характере","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"характере","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуте","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"минуте","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with характере","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b12-c5-s189","source":"Это была та же самая стремительная Катя, которая кинулась тогда к молодому развратнику, чтобы спасти отца; та же самая Катя, которая давеча, пред всею этою публикой, гордая и целомудренная, принесла себя и девичий стыд свой в жертву, рассказав про «благородный поступок Мити», чтобы только лишь сколько-нибудь смягчить ожидавшую его участь.","translation":"This was the same headlong Katya who had once flung herself before the young profligate to save her father; the same Katya who, earlier, before that whole assembly, proud and chaste, had sacrificed herself and her maiden's shame in telling of \"Mitya's noble act,\" only that she might soften even a little the fate that awaited him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"та же самая стремительная Катя, которая кинулась","title":"Correlative «та же самая… которая»","body":"«та же самая» ('the very same') is the demonstrative «тот» reinforced by «же» and «самый»; «которая» then opens a relative clause agreeing in feminine singular but taking nominative as its own subject. The rhetorical repetition («та же самая Катя…») builds the narrator's insistence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молодому развратнику","title":"«развратник» — profligate, debauchee","body":"«развратник» (from «разврат», dissipation) is a libertine, a morally corrupt man — Mitya as Katya first knew him, when she came to him to save her father. The dative «молодому развратнику» follows «кинулась к»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"принесла себя… в жертву, рассказав про «благородный поступок Мити»","title":"Gerund «рассказав» — 'in telling'","body":"«рассказав» is the perfective past gerund of «рассказать»: a prior or accompanying completed action, 'having told / in telling'. The idiom «принести себя в жертву» = 'to sacrifice oneself', with the reflexive pronoun «себя»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"целомудренная","title":"«целомудренная» — chaste","body":"A bookish, elevated word for chaste, virtuous, virginal (root «цело-» + «мудр-», 'whole-minded'). It heightens the pathos of Katya laying her «девичий стыд» (maiden's shame) on the altar before the whole courtroom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Катя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase та же самая (determiner of Катя)","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies та","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase та же самая (determiner of Катя)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"стремительная","lemma":"стремительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Катя","gloss":"headlong"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of была","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of кинулась","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"кинулась","lemma":"кинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Катя","gloss":"had flung herself"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кинулась","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking развратнику","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"молодому","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies развратнику","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"развратнику","lemma":"развратник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of к","gloss":"profligate"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спасти","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on кинулась","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"her father"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase та же самая (determiner of Катя)","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies та","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Катя","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"Катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катя (w7)","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of принесла","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принесла","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking публикой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всею","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of публикой","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"этою","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of публикой","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"публикой","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"assembly"},{"surface":"гордая","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Катя (w20)","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"целомудренная","lemma":"целомудренный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with гордая","gloss":"chaste"},{"surface":"принесла","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"had sacrificed"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of принесла","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"девичий","lemma":"девичий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стыд","gloss":"maiden's"},{"surface":"стыд","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with себя","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стыд","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жертву","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"жертву","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принесла (idiom: принести в жертву)","gloss":"a sacrifice","note":"«принести в жертву» is the idiom \"to sacrifice\"."},{"surface":"рассказав","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on принесла","gloss":"telling"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поступок","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"благородный","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поступок","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"поступок","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказав","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поступок","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смягчить","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лишь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смягчить","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of сколько-нибудь (to some extent)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of сколько-нибудь (to some extent)","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"смягчить","lemma":"смягчить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on рассказав","gloss":"soften"},{"surface":"ожидавшую","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying участь","gloss":"awaiting"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ожидавшую","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"участь","lemma":"участь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of смягчить","gloss":"fate"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b12-c5-s190","source":"И вот теперь точно так же она тоже принесла себя в жертву, но уже за другого, и, может быть, только лишь теперь, только в эту минуту, впервые почувствовав и осмыслив вполне, как дорог ей этот другой человек!","translation":"And now, in just the same way, she too sacrificed herself, but this time for another man, and perhaps only now, only in this very moment, for the first time truly feeling and grasping how dear this other man was to her!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почувствовав и осмыслив вполне","title":"Paired perfective gerunds","body":"«почувствовав» and «осмыслив» are both perfective past gerunds (-в), 'having felt and grasped'. Chaining gerunds like this is a hallmark of literary narration; they compress two completed inner acts into the description of Katya's moment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как дорог ей этот другой человек","title":"Short adjective «дорог» + dative","body":"«дорог» is the short predicative form of «дорогой» — here 'dear, precious'. The experiencer «ей» stands in the dative: 'how dear this man is to her', the dative-of-the-person pattern at the heart of Dostoevsky's emotional grammar."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принесла","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принесла","gloss":"the same way"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of принесла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принесла","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"принесла","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sacrificed"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of принесла","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жертву","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"жертву","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принесла","gloss":"a sacrifice"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies за другого","gloss":"this time"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другого","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition за, coordinated with жертву","gloss":"another man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"forms idiom with быть (может быть = perhaps), parenthetical","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, part of может быть idiom","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь (with лишь)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принесла","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"parallel adverbial phrase to теперь, modifies принесла","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"впервые","lemma":"впервые","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовав","gloss":"for the first time"},{"surface":"почувствовав","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on принесла","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"осмыслив","lemma":"осмыслить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with почувствовав","gloss":"grasping"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осмыслив","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the exclamative clause of дорог","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"дорог","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main predicate of the exclamation (дорог человек)","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of дорог","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дорог","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b12-c5-s191","source":"Она пожертвовала собою в испуге за него, вдруг вообразив, что он погубил себя своим показанием, что это он убил, а не брат, пожертвовала, чтобы спасти его, его славу, его репутацию!","translation":"She sacrificed herself out of terror for him, suddenly imagining that he had ruined himself by his testimony, that it was he who had done the killing and not his brother—she sacrificed herself to save him, his good name, his reputation!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пожертвовала собою в испуге","title":"Instrumental «собою»","body":"«пожертвовать» governs the instrumental: «собою» (an older variant of «собой») is the reflexive pronoun in the instrumental, 'sacrificed herself'. «в испуге» = 'in fright', prepositional after «в»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг вообразив, что он погубил себя своим показанием","title":"Gerund + instrumental of means","body":"«вообразив» is the perfective gerund 'having suddenly imagined'. Inside the «что»-clause, «своим показанием» is the instrumental of means ('by his testimony'), and «погубил себя» pairs the verb with the reflexive object «себя»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это он убил, а не брат","title":"Emphatic «это он» and contrastive «а»","body":"Fronted «это он убил» throws the weight onto 'he' — 'it was he who did the killing'. The conjunction «а» then sets the gentle contrast 'and not his brother', the untranslatable contrastive hinge of Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пожертвовала","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"пожертвовала","lemma":"пожертвовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sacrificed"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"instrumental complement of пожертвовала","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking испуге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"испуге","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пожертвовала","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пожертвовала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вообразив","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вообразив","lemma":"вообразить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пожертвовала","gloss":"imagining"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of погубил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of погубил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"погубил","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вообразив","gloss":"had ruined"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of погубил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of показанием","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"показанием","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement (means) of погубил","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"cleft topic, anticipates он убил (это он убил = it was he who killed)","gloss":"it (was)"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вообразив, coordinated with погубил","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated subject with он (elided убил)","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"пожертвовала","lemma":"пожертвовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"resumes/coordinated with пожертвовала (main clause)","gloss":"sacrificed"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спасти","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пожертвовала","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of славу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"славу","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with его (w26), direct object of спасти","gloss":"good name"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of репутацию","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"репутацию","lemma":"репутация","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with славу, direct object of спасти","gloss":"reputation"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b12-c5-s192","source":"И, однако, промелькнула страшная вещь: лгала ли она на Митю, описывая бывшие свои к нему отношения, — вот вопрос.","translation":"And yet a terrible thing flashed out: had she been lying about Mitya in describing her former relations with him?—that was the question.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лгала ли она на Митю","title":"Embedded question with «ли»","body":"The enclitic «ли» frames the indirect yes/no question, 'whether she had been lying'. The focused word «лгала» is fronted and «ли» leans on it — a literary, formal alternative to plain question intonation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"промелькнула страшная вещь","title":"«промелькнуть» — to flash by","body":"«промелькнуть» (perfective) is to flicker or flash past for an instant — the prefix «про-» gives the fleeting motion. Here a 'terrible thing' darts across the narrator's mind, a momentary suspicion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бывшие свои к нему отношения","title":"Participle «бывшие» — 'former'","body":"«бывшие» is the past active participle of «быть», used adjectivally for 'former, erstwhile'. It agrees with «отношения» (relations) in accusative plural and frames the noun the way a «который»-clause would."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies промелькнула","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"промелькнула","lemma":"промелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed out"},{"surface":"страшная","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вещь","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"вещь","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of промелькнула","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"лгала","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the embedded question, in apposition to вещь","gloss":"had been lying"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лгала, marks yes/no question","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лгала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митю","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лгала","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"описывая","lemma":"описывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on лгала","gloss":"describing"},{"surface":"бывшие","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies отношения","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of отношения","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отношения","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"отношения","lemma":"отношение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of описывая","gloss":"relations"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the elliptical clause (this was the question)","gloss":"the question"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b12-c5-s193","source":"Нет, нет, она не клеветала намеренно, крича, что Митя презирал ее за земной поклон!","translation":"No, no, she was not slandering him on purpose when she cried out that Mitya had despised her for that bow to the ground!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"крича, что Митя презирал ее за земной поклон","title":"Gerund «крича» — 'crying out'","body":"«крича» is the imperfective present gerund of «кричать», a simultaneous adverbial, 'while crying out / as she cried'. «за земной поклон» = 'for the bow to the ground', causal «за» + accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"repeated interjection, emphatic negation","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of клеветала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies клеветала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"клеветала","lemma":"клеветать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was slandering"},{"surface":"намеренно","lemma":"намеренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies клеветала","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"крича","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on клеветала","gloss":"crying out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of презирал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of презирал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"презирал","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of крича","gloss":"despised"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of презирал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поклон","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"земной","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклон","gloss":"to the ground"},{"surface":"поклон","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of презирал","gloss":"bow","note":"земной поклон is a full prostrating bow to the ground, a traditional gesture of deep deference or supplication."}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b12-c5-s194","source":"Она сама верила в это, она была глубоко убеждена, с самого, может быть, этого поклона, что простодушный, обожавший ее еще тогда Митя смеется над ней и презирает ее.","translation":"She herself believed it; she was deeply convinced, perhaps from the moment of that very bow, that the simple-hearted Mitya, who even then adored her, was laughing at her and despising her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обожавший ее еще тогда Митя","title":"Participle «обожавший» before its noun","body":"«обожавший» is the past active participle of «обожать» (to adore), agreeing with «Митя» and placed, with its objects, before the noun — a dense literary modifier meaning 'Mitya, who even then adored her'. Compressing a whole clause this way is characteristic of bookish prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"была глубоко убеждена","title":"Short passive participle «убеждена»","body":"«убеждена» is the short-form past passive participle of «убедить», joined to «была» to state a settled inner state: 'she was deeply convinced'. The short form, predicative only, agrees in feminine singular."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"простодушный","title":"«простодушный» — simple-hearted","body":"«простодушный» ('simple' + 'soul') means guileless, naïve, openhearted — a recurring epithet for Mitya, who acts on impulse without calculation. It sharpens the irony: the simple-hearted man she imagined was mocking her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of верила","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она (emphatic \"herself\")","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"верила","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of верила","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of убеждена","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to убеждена","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убеждена","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"убеждена","lemma":"убежденный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with верила clause","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking самого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклона","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"forms idiom with быть (может быть = perhaps), parenthetical","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, part of может быть idiom","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поклона","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"поклона","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убеждена","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смеется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"простодушный","lemma":"простодушный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Митя","gloss":"simple-hearted"},{"surface":"обожавший","lemma":"обожать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying Митя","gloss":"who had adored"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обожавший","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обожавший","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смеется","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of убеждена (что-clause predicate)","gloss":"was laughing"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеется","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"презирает","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеется","gloss":"despising"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of презирает","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b12-c5-s195","source":"И только из гордости она сама привязалась к нему тогда любовью, истерическою и надорванною, из уязвленной гордости, и эта любовь походила не на любовь, а на мщение.","translation":"And it was only out of pride that she herself had then bound herself to him with a love that was hysterical and lacerated, a love born of wounded pride, and this love resembled not love at all, but revenge.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только из гордости она сама привязалась к нему","title":"«из» of motive + intensifier «сама»","body":"«из гордости» ('out of pride') uses «из» + genitive for inner motive, a pattern repeated through this passage («из уязвленной гордости»). «сама» is the intensifier 'herself', stressing that the binding was her own doing. «привязалась к нему» — reflexive «-ся» verb governing «к» + dative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не на любовь, а на мщение","title":"Negated «не… а» contrast","body":"«не на любовь, а на мщение» is the classic «не X, а Y» frame — 'not on love, but on revenge'. «не» negates the first term, «а» introduces the corrected one; «походила на» (resembled) governs «на» + accusative throughout."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мщение","title":"«мщение» — vengeance","body":"«мщение» is the elevated, bookish noun for revenge (the everyday word is «месть»). Its solemn weight suits the narrator's verdict on Katya's love — that it was, at bottom, retribution rather than affection."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies из гордости","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гордости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"гордости","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привязалась","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of привязалась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она (emphatic \"herself\")","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"привязалась","lemma":"привязаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bound herself"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привязалась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привязалась","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"любовью","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement (instrument) of привязалась","gloss":"with a love"},{"surface":"истерическою","lemma":"истерический","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовью","gloss":"hysterical"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надорванною","lemma":"надорванный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with истерическою, modifies любовью","gloss":"lacerated"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гордости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"уязвленной","lemma":"уязвленный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гордости","gloss":"wounded"},{"surface":"гордости","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of из (w15), appositive to любовью","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любовь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of походила","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"походила","lemma":"походить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with привязалась","gloss":"resembled"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies на любовь (w23-24)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любовь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of походила","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мщение","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мщение","lemma":"мщение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with любовь (w24), oblique complement of походила","gloss":"revenge"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b12-c5-s196","source":"О, может быть, эта надорванная любовь и выродилась бы в настоящую, может, Катя ничего и не желала, как этого, но Митя оскорбил ее изменой до глубины души, и душа не простила.","translation":"Oh, perhaps this lacerated love might yet have ripened into the real thing; perhaps Katya wished for nothing else; but Mitya had wounded her to the depths of her soul by his betrayal, and her soul did not forgive.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"эта надорванная любовь и выродилась бы в настоящую","title":"Conditional «бы» — 'might have ripened'","body":"Past-tense «выродилась» plus the particle «бы» forms the irrealis: 'might yet have turned into the real thing'. The «и» here is emphatic ('even'), and «бы» leans on the verb to mark the unrealized possibility."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оскорбил ее изменой до глубины души","title":"Instrumental of means «изменой»","body":"«изменой» ('by betrayal') is the instrumental of means with «оскорбил» (wounded, insulted). «до глубины души» = 'to the depth of [her] soul', «до» + genitive marking the extreme reached."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"forms idiom with быть (может быть = perhaps), parenthetical","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, part of может быть idiom","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любовь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"надорванная","lemma":"надорванный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"lacerated"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выродилась","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выродилась (emphatic \"even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"выродилась","lemma":"выродиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"might have turned"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional/potential mood of выродилась","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking настоящую","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"настоящую","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выродилась","gloss":"the real thing"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies желала (perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of желала","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of желала (genitive of negation)","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желала (emphatic \"even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"желала","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"comparative conjunction, marks этого","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of желала (comparison)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оскорбил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"оскорбил","lemma":"оскорбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"had wounded"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оскорбил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"изменой","lemma":"измена","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement (means) of оскорбил","gloss":"by betrayal"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глубины","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"глубины","lemma":"глубина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оскорбил","gloss":"the depths"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies глубины","gloss":"of her soul"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of простила","gloss":"her soul"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"простила","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"forgave"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b12-c5-s197","source":"Минута же мщения слетела неожиданно, и всё так долго и больно скоплявшееся в груди обиженной женщины разом, и опять-таки неожиданно, вырвалось наружу.","translation":"The moment of revenge came swooping down unexpectedly, and everything that had so long and so painfully been gathering in the breast of the wronged woman burst out all at once—and, again, unexpectedly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё так долго и больно скоплявшееся в груди","title":"Substantivized participle «скоплявшееся»","body":"«скоплявшееся» is the past active participle of the reflexive «скопляться» (to accumulate), neuter to agree with «всё», acting as the subject — 'everything that had been gathering'. A heavy participial phrase carries the whole image of pent-up feeling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вырвалось наружу","title":"«вырваться наружу» — to burst out","body":"«вырваться» (perfective, reflexive) is to tear oneself free, to break loose; «наружу» = 'outward, out into the open'. The pent-up emotion 'bursts out all at once' — «разом» reinforcing the suddenness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Минута","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of слетела","gloss":"The moment"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Минута","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"мщения","lemma":"мщение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Минута","gloss":"of revenge"},{"surface":"слетела","lemma":"слететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came swooping down"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слетела","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вырвалось","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долго","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скоплявшееся","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скоплявшееся","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"скоплявшееся","lemma":"скопляться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying всё","gloss":"that had been gathering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скоплявшееся","gloss":"the breast"},{"surface":"обиженной","lemma":"обиженный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщины","gloss":"wronged"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies груди","gloss":"of the woman"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular (adverbialized)","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданно","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom опять-таки (yet again)","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with слетела, main verb of second clause","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"наружу","lemma":"наружу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"outward"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b12-c5-s198","source":"Она предала Митю, но предала и себя!","translation":"She betrayed Mitya, but she betrayed herself as well!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она предала Митю, но предала и себя","title":"Reflexive object «себя» and emphatic «и»","body":"The verb «предала» (perfective, 'betrayed') is repeated with two objects: «Митю» and the reflexive «себя» ('herself'). The «и» before «себя» is emphatic — 'betrayed herself as well'. The terse parallelism delivers the aphoristic turn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of предала","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"предала","lemma":"предать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"betrayed"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предала","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"предала","lemma":"предать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with предала","gloss":"betrayed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies себя (also/too)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of предала","gloss":"herself"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b12-c5-s199","source":"И, разумеется, только что успела высказаться, напряжение порвалось, и стыд подавил ее.","translation":"And, of course, no sooner had she managed to say her piece than the strain snapped and shame overwhelmed her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что успела высказаться, напряжение порвалось","title":"«только что» — 'no sooner than'","body":"«только что успела высказаться» renders 'no sooner had she managed to speak out': «успеть» + perfective infinitive means 'to manage / have time to'. The reflexive «высказаться» = 'to say one's piece, get it all out'; «порвалось» (reflexive perfective) = 'snapped'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies the sentence (of course)","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успела, part of только что idiom","gloss":"no sooner"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только что (no sooner ... than)","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"успела","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"высказаться","lemma":"высказаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успела","gloss":"to speak her mind"},{"surface":"напряжение","lemma":"напряжение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of порвалось","gloss":"the strain"},{"surface":"порвалось","lemma":"порваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with успела's clause","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стыд","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подавил","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"подавил","lemma":"подавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with порвалось","gloss":"overwhelmed"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подавил","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b12-c5-s200","source":"Опять началась истерика, она упала, рыдая и выкрикивая.","translation":"The hysterics began again; she collapsed, sobbing and crying out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"она упала, рыдая и выкрикивая","title":"Paired imperfective gerunds","body":"«рыдая» and «выкрикивая» are imperfective present gerunds (-я), simultaneous with «упала»: 'she collapsed, sobbing and crying out'. The two ongoing actions frame the manner of her fall."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"истерика","title":"«истерика» — a fit of hysterics","body":"«истерика» is a fit of hysterics, an uncontrolled outburst of sobbing — distinct from the clinical «истерия». Repeated breakdowns of this kind punctuate the women's scenes in the novel and were a recognized 19th-century 'nervous' affliction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies началась","gloss":"Again"},{"surface":"началась","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"истерика","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of началась","gloss":"the hysterics"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of упала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"упала","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with началась","gloss":"collapsed"},{"surface":"рыдая","lemma":"рыдать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on упала","gloss":"sobbing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выкрикивая","lemma":"выкрикивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рыдая","gloss":"crying out"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b12-c5-s201","source":"Ее унесли.","translation":"She was carried out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ее унесли","title":"Indefinite-personal «унесли»","body":"Two words carry the whole event: a 3rd-plural verb with no subject ('they carried her out') is the indefinite-personal construction, naturally rendered as the English passive 'she was carried out'. «унесли» is perfective — a single completed removal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of унесли","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"унесли","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was carried out"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b12-c5-s202","source":"В ту минуту, когда ее выносили, с воплем бросилась к Мите Грушенька со своего места, так что ее и удержать не успели.","translation":"At the very moment she was being borne away, Grushenka flung herself from her place toward Mitya with a wail, so quickly that there was no time to hold her back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда ее выносили","title":"Imperfective «выносили» — action in progress","body":"«выносили» (imperfective past) sets the durative background — 'while she was being carried out' — against which the perfective «бросилась» (flung herself) strikes as a single event. The aspect contrast organizes the scene's timing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так что ее и удержать не успели","title":"Result «так что» with negated «успели»","body":"«так что» introduces a consequence: 'so [quickly] that there was no time to hold her back'. «не успели удержать» = 'failed to manage to restrain'; the emphatic «и» before «удержать» sharpens the impossibility."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"very moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выносили","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выносили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"выносили","lemma":"выносить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросилась","gloss":"was being borne away"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воплем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"воплем","lemma":"вопль","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"a wail"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flung herself"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бросилась","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of места","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"seat"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так что (so that), introduces the result clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of удержать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удержать (emphatic \"even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"удержать","lemma":"удержать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успели","gloss":"hold back"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успели","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause (so that ... не успели)","gloss":"had time"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b12-c5-s203","source":"— Митя! — завопила она, — погубила тебя твоя змея!","translation":"\"Mitya!\" she screamed, \"your serpent has destroyed you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"погубила тебя твоя змея","title":"Object-first word order","body":"Verb–object–subject order («погубила тебя твоя змея» = 'destroyed you your serpent') fronts the action and the victim 'you', holding the subject «твоя змея» for the stinging end — Russian's free word order deployed for dramatic punch."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"твоя змея","title":"«змея» — serpent, viper","body":"«змея» (snake) hurled at a person means a treacherous, venomous woman — Grushenka's epithet for Katerina. The biblical serpent resonates beneath it; the possessive «твоя» ('your serpent') accuses Mitya of harboring her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"завопила","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of speech, frames the quotation","gloss":"screamed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of завопила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"погубила","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"has destroyed"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of погубила","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of змея","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"змея","lemma":"змея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of погубила","gloss":"serpent"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b12-c5-s204","source":"Вон она вам себя показала! — прокричала она, сотрясаясь от злобы, суду.","translation":"There—now she has shown you what she really is!\" she shrieked at the court, shaking with rage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вон она вам себя показала","title":"Dative «вам», reflexive «себя»","body":"«вам» is the dative 'to you (the court)' — to whom the showing is directed; «себя» is the reflexive object 'herself'. «Вон» = 'there, look', a deictic flourish: 'There—she's shown you what she is!'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сотрясаясь от злобы","title":"Gerund «сотрясаясь» — 'shaking'","body":"«сотрясаясь» is the imperfective reflexive present gerund, 'shaking / trembling', simultaneous with «прокричала». «от злобы» ('with rage') uses «от» + genitive for the cause of an involuntary state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle (there/see)","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of показала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of показала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of показала","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"показала","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has shown"},{"surface":"прокричала","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of speech, frames the quotation","gloss":"shrieked"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прокричала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сотрясаясь","lemma":"сотрясаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прокричала","gloss":"shaking"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"злобы","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сотрясаясь","gloss":"rage"},{"surface":"суду","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прокричала","gloss":"at the court"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b12-c5-s205","source":"По мановению председателя ее схватили и стали выводить из залы.","translation":"At a sign from the presiding judge she was seized and they began to lead her out of the courtroom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ее схватили и стали выводить","title":"Phasal «стали» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«стать» + imperfective infinitive («стали выводить») is the inceptive 'began to lead out'. It pairs with the perfective «схватили» (seized) — one done deed, then an action set in motion. Both verbs are again indefinite-personal ('they')."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мановению","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"мановению","lemma":"мановение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватили","gloss":"a sign"},{"surface":"председателя","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мановению","gloss":"of the presiding judge"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of схватили","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"схватили","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was seized"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватили","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"выводить","lemma":"выводить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to lead out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залы","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"залы","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выводить","gloss":"the courtroom"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b12-c5-s206","source":"Она не давалась, билась и рвалась назад к Мите.","translation":"She would not give in, struggling and straining back toward Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она не давалась, билась и рвалась назад","title":"Chain of imperfective reflexives","body":"Three imperfective reflexive past verbs in a row — «не давалась» (would not give in), «билась» (struggled, thrashed), «рвалась» (strained, tore) — paint a continuous, repeated effort. The «-ся» turns each transitive verb into an intransitive struggle of the body."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of давалась","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давалась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"давалась","lemma":"даваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would give in"},{"surface":"билась","lemma":"биться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with давалась","gloss":"struggled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рвалась","lemma":"рваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with давалась","gloss":"strained"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рвалась","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рвалась","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b12-c5-s207","source":"Митя завопил и тоже рванулся к ней.","translation":"Mitya cried out and lunged toward her in turn.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митя завопил и тоже рванулся к ней","title":"Perfective «рванулся» — a single lunge","body":"«рванулся» (perfective reflexive) is one sharp completed jerk — 'lunged' — against Grushenka's drawn-out imperfective «рвалась» in the line before. The aspect pair «рваться / рвануться» lets the prose distinguish her sustained straining from his single jolt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рванулся","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"рванулся","lemma":"рвануться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with завопил","gloss":"lunged"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рванулся","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b12-c5-s208","source":"Им овладели.","translation":"He was overpowered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Им овладели","title":"Instrumental object of «овладеть»","body":"«овладеть» governs the instrumental, so «им» ('him') is instrumental, not accusative: literally 'they took possession of him', i.e. 'he was overpowered'. Subjectless 3rd-plural again leaves the agents unnamed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of овладели","gloss":"him","note":"«овладеть» governs the instrumental case, so «им» here is the man himself, not the plural dative «to them»."},{"surface":"овладели","lemma":"овладеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"overpowered"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b12-c5-s209","source":"Да, полагаю, что наши зрительницы-дамы остались довольны: зрелище было богатое.","translation":"Yes, I daresay our lady spectators came away satisfied: the spectacle had been a rich one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зрительницы-дамы","title":"«зрительницы» — female spectators","body":"«зрительница» is the feminine of «зритель» (spectator), the «-ниц-» suffix marking a female agent. Yoked to «дамы», it dryly labels the courtroom's society ladies as an audience at a show — «зрелище было богатое», 'the spectacle was a rich one'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"полагаю, что наши зрительницы-дамы остались довольны","title":"«остаться» + short adjective «довольны»","body":"«остаться» + a predicative complement means 'to come away / end up' in a state; «довольны» is the short plural form of «довольный» (satisfied). The narrator's «полагаю, что» ('I daresay that') adds his ironic editorial voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полагаю","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"полагаю","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I daresay"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of остались","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of зрительницы","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"зрительницы","lemma":"зрительница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of остались","gloss":"lady spectators"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to зрительницы","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"остались","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of полагаю","gloss":"came away"},{"surface":"довольны","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"complement of остались","gloss":"satisfied"},{"surface":"зрелище","lemma":"зрелище","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"the spectacle"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to богатое","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"богатое","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of было","gloss":"a rich one"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b12-c5-s210","source":"Затем помню, как появился приезжий московский доктор.","translation":"Then I remember the visiting Moscow doctor making his appearance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"помню, как появился приезжий московский доктор","title":"«как» introducing a perceived event","body":"After «помню» ('I remember'), «как» introduces not a comparison but the remembered happening — 'I remember how the doctor appeared / I remember the doctor appearing'. «приезжий» ('visiting, out-of-town') and «московский» mark him as an outside authority from Moscow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I remember"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of появился","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"появился","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of помню","gloss":"made his appearance"},{"surface":"приезжий","lemma":"приезжий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доктор","gloss":"visiting"},{"surface":"московский","lemma":"московский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доктор","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of появился","gloss":"doctor"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b12-c5-s211","source":"Кажется, председатель еще и прежде того посылал пристава, чтобы распорядиться оказать Ивану Федоровичу пособие.","translation":"It seems the presiding judge had even before that sent a bailiff to arrange for aid to be given to Ivan Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы распорядиться оказать… пособие","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + stacked infinitives","body":"«чтобы распорядиться оказать пособие» = 'in order to arrange to render aid': «чтобы» + infinitive for purpose, then a second infinitive «оказать» dependent on «распорядиться». «Ивану Федоровичу» is the dative recipient of the «пособие»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying посылал","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посылал","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies того","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прежде","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"посылал","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had sent"},{"surface":"пристава","lemma":"пристав","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посылал","gloss":"a bailiff"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of распорядиться","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"распорядиться","lemma":"распорядиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on посылал","gloss":"arrange"},{"surface":"оказать","lemma":"оказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of распорядиться","gloss":"to render"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of оказать","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивану","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"пособие","lemma":"пособие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of оказать","gloss":"aid"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b12-c5-s212","source":"Доктор доложил суду, что больной в опаснейшем припадке горячки и что следовало бы немедленно его увезти.","translation":"The doctor reported to the court that the patient was in a most dangerous attack of brain-fever and that he ought to be taken away at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в опаснейшем припадке горячки","title":"Superlative «опаснейшем»","body":"«опаснейшем» is the bookish suffixal superlative of «опасный» (in -ейш-), 'most dangerous', declined into the prepositional after «в». This synthetic superlative is more literary than the periphrastic «самый опасный»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что следовало бы немедленно его увезти","title":"Impersonal «следовало бы» + infinitive","body":"«следовало бы увезти» is an impersonal, subjectless construction: «следует» ('one ought') in the past plus «бы» softens it to 'he ought to be taken away'. The logical subject 'one' is unexpressed; the patient «его» is the infinitive's object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of доложил","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"доложил","lemma":"доложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reported"},{"surface":"суду","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of доложил","gloss":"to the court"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of больной (elided copula)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (copula elided)","gloss":"the patient"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking припадке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"опаснейшем","lemma":"опасный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies припадке","gloss":"most dangerous"},{"surface":"припадке","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement describing больной (copula elided)","gloss":"attack"},{"surface":"горячки","lemma":"горячка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies припадке","gloss":"of brain-fever"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of следовало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"следовало","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of доложил","gloss":"it was necessary"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of следовало","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увезти","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увезти","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"увезти","lemma":"увезти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on следовало","gloss":"be taken away"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b12-c5-s213","source":"На вопросы прокурора и защитника подтвердил, что пациент сам приходил к нему третьего дня и что он предрек ему тогда же скорую горячку, но что лечиться он не захотел.","translation":"To questions from the prosecutor and the defense counsel he confirmed that the patient had come to him of his own accord two days before, and that he had then and there predicted an imminent brain-fever for him, but that he had refused treatment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пациент сам приходил к нему третьего дня","title":"Imperfective «приходил» — a round-trip","body":"«приходил» (imperfective, prefixed motion) here means 'came [and went back]' — a completed there-and-back visit, which imperfective prefixed motion verbs typically convey. «сам» = 'of his own accord'; «третьего дня» = 'the day before yesterday'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"предрек","title":"«предречь» — to foretell","body":"«предрек» (from «предречь», to foretell, prophesy) is an elevated, almost prophetic verb — the doctor 'foretold' the coming brain-fever. Its solemn ring lifts the clinical prediction toward the language of fate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лечиться он не захотел","title":"Reflexive «лечиться» + fronted infinitive","body":"«лечиться» (to undergo treatment, treat oneself) is reflexive; fronting the infinitive before «он не захотел» puts the stress on the treatment he refused. «захотеть» here = 'to be willing', its negation 'he would not'."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подтвердил","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"from the prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"защитника","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прокурора","gloss":"the defense counsel"},{"surface":"подтвердил","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confirmed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приходил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пациент","lemma":"пациент","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приходил","gloss":"the patient"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пациент","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подтвердил","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"of the third"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходил","gloss":"day","note":"«третьего дня» is an idiom meaning \"the day before yesterday.\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предрек","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предрек","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"предрек","lemma":"предречь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приходил","gloss":"had predicted"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of предрек","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предрек","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"and there"},{"surface":"скорую","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies горячку","gloss":"imminent"},{"surface":"горячку","lemma":"горячка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предрек","gloss":"brain-fever"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захотел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"лечиться","lemma":"лечиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of захотел","gloss":"be treated"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захотел","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приходил","gloss":"had refused"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b12-c5-s214","source":"«Был же он положительно не в здравом состоянии ума, сам мне признавался, что наяву видит видения, встречает на улице разных лиц, которые уже померли, и что к нему каждый вечер ходит в гости сатана», — заключил доктор.","translation":"\"He was positively not in a sound state of mind; he confessed to me himself that he saw visions while wide awake, met various persons in the street who had already died, and that Satan came visiting him every evening,\" the doctor concluded.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Был же он положительно не в здравом состоянии ума","title":"Particle «же» for emphasis","body":"The modal particle «же», wedged after the fronted «был», adds insistence — 'He was, after all, positively not in a sound state of mind'. «не в здравом состоянии ума» = 'not in a sound state of mind', a fixed legal-clinical formula in the genitive «ума»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лиц, которые уже померли","title":"Relative «которые» + colloquial «померли»","body":"«которые уже померли» is a relative clause modifying «лиц» (persons), 'who had already died'. «померли» is a slightly colloquial/folk perfective of 'to die' (beside «умерли»), fitting the doctor's reported speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to состоянии","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Был","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"положительно","lemma":"положительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"здравом","lemma":"здравый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Был","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"of mind"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он (subject of признавался)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of признавался","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"признавался","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confessed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"наяву","lemma":"наяву","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видит","gloss":"while awake"},{"surface":"видит","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of признавался","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"видения","lemma":"видение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of видит","gloss":"visions"},{"surface":"встречает","lemma":"встречать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видит","gloss":"meets"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"улице","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встречает","gloss":"the street"},{"surface":"разных","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лиц","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"лиц","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of встречает","gloss":"persons","note":"«лицо» (person) is an animate noun, so its plural accusative object form matches the genitive."},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of померли","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies померли","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"померли","lemma":"помереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on лиц","gloss":"had died"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ходит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходит","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"ходит","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видит","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гости","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"гости","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходит","gloss":"visit","note":"«ходить в гости» is a set phrase meaning \"to come visiting.\""},{"surface":"сатана","lemma":"сатана","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходит","gloss":"Satan"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to признавался","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"the doctor"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b12-c5-s215","source":"Дав свое показание, знаменитый врач удалился.","translation":"Having given his evidence, the celebrated physician withdrew.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дав свое показание, знаменитый врач удалился","title":"Perfective gerund «дав» — 'having given'","body":"«Дав» is the perfective past gerund of «дать»: a prior completed action, 'having given his evidence'. It shares the subject «врач» with «удалился» (withdrew) and sets the formal, sequential rhythm of the courtroom narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"удалился","title":"«удалиться» — to withdraw","body":"«удалиться» (reflexive) is a formal, dignified verb for taking one's leave, retiring from a room — fitting the «знаменитый врач» (celebrated physician). It carries more ceremony than a plain «ушёл»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дав","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on удалился","gloss":"having given"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of показание","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Дав","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"знаменитый","lemma":"знаменитый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies врач","gloss":"celebrated"},{"surface":"врач","lemma":"врач","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удалился","gloss":"physician"},{"surface":"удалился","lemma":"удалиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"withdrew"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b12-c5-s216","source":"Представленное Катериной Ивановной письмо было присоединено к вещественным доказательствам.","translation":"The letter presented by Katerina Ivanovna was added to the material evidence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Представленное Катериной Ивановной письмо было присоединено","title":"Passive participles, agent in instrumental","body":"«Представленное… письмо» is a past passive participle modifying 'letter' ('the letter presented'), with its agent «Катериной Ивановной» in the instrumental. The main predicate «было присоединено» is the short passive participle + «было», a formal periphrastic passive: 'was added'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Представленное","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying письмо","gloss":"presented"},{"surface":"Катериной","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent of Представленное","gloss":"by Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановной","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катериной","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive присоединено","gloss":"the letter"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of присоединено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"присоединено","lemma":"присоединить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доказательствам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вещественным","lemma":"вещественный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies доказательствам","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"доказательствам","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of присоединено","gloss":"evidence"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b12-c5-s217","source":"По совещании суд постановил: продолжать судебное следствие, а оба неожиданные показания (Катерины Ивановны и Ивана Федоровича) занести в протокол.","translation":"After deliberation, the court resolved: to continue the judicial inquiry, and to enter both of the unexpected depositions (those of Katerina Ivanovna and of Ivan Fyodorovich) into the record.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"суд постановил: продолжать… а… занести","title":"Resolution with infinitives; contrastive «а»","body":"After «постановил» ('resolved') the content comes as bare infinitives — «продолжать» (imperfective: to go on with) and «занести» (perfective: to enter) — the impersonal idiom of official rulings. «а» links the two provisions with a mild 'and / while'."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking совещании","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"совещании","lemma":"совещание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of постановил","gloss":"deliberation"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of постановил","gloss":"the court"},{"surface":"постановил","lemma":"постановить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of постановил","gloss":"to continue"},{"surface":"судебное","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies следствие","gloss":"judicial"},{"surface":"следствие","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of продолжать","gloss":"the inquiry"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter","role":"quantifies показания","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"неожиданные","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies показания","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"показания","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of занести","gloss":"depositions"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies показания","gloss":"of Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Катерины","gloss":"of Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"занести","lemma":"занести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with продолжать","gloss":"to enter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking протокол","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"протокол","lemma":"протокол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of занести","gloss":"the record"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b12-c5-s218","source":"Но уже не буду описывать дальнейшего судебного следствия.","translation":"But I will not go on describing the further course of the judicial inquiry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже не буду описывать дальнейшего судебного следствия","title":"Compound future «не буду описывать»","body":"«буду описывать» is the imperfective compound future (быть + imperfective infinitive), here negated: 'I will not [go on] describing'. The negated direct object «дальнейшего… следствия» slips into the genitive — the genitive of negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of описывать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"описывать","lemma":"описывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go on describing"},{"surface":"дальнейшего","lemma":"дальнейший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies следствия","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"судебного","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies следствия","gloss":"judicial"},{"surface":"следствия","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of описывать","gloss":"course of the inquiry"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b12-c5-s219","source":"Да и показания остальных свидетелей были лишь повторением и подтверждением прежних, хотя все со своими характерными особенностями.","translation":"Besides, the testimony of the remaining witnesses was merely a repetition and confirmation of what had gone before, though each had its own characteristic peculiarities.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"показания… были лишь повторением и подтверждением","title":"Instrumental predicate after «были»","body":"After past «были», the predicate nouns «повторением и подтверждением» take the instrumental, not the nominative — the standard pattern when быть links to a predicate noun in the past: 'were merely a repetition and confirmation'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя все со своими характерными особенностями","title":"Concessive «хотя» + «свой»","body":"«хотя» ('although') introduces a concessive afterthought. «со своими… особенностями» — 'each with its own peculiarities' — uses «с» + instrumental for accompaniment and the reflexive possessive «свой» pointing back to each witness's testimony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"combines with и as a conjunction","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"combines with Да as a conjunction","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"показания","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"the testimony"},{"surface":"остальных","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies свидетелей","gloss":"the remaining"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies показания","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to повторением","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повторением","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"повторением","lemma":"повторение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of были","gloss":"a repetition"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подтверждением","lemma":"подтверждение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with повторением","gloss":"confirmation"},{"surface":"прежних","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies подтверждением","gloss":"of what had gone before"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (elided были)","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking особенностями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of особенностями","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"характерными","lemma":"характерный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies особенностями","gloss":"characteristic"},{"surface":"особенностями","lemma":"особенность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of the clause (elided были)","gloss":"peculiarities"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b12-c5-s220","source":"Но повторяю, всё сведется в одну точку в речи прокурора, к которой и перейду сейчас.","translation":"But I repeat, all of it will be drawn together into a single point in the prosecutor's speech, to which I now turn.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё сведется в одну точку… к которой и перейду сейчас","title":"Perfective futures «сведется» / «перейду»","body":"Both verbs are perfective presents-as-futures: «сведется» (reflexive, 'will be drawn together') and «перейду» ('I shall now turn to'). «к которой» is a relative clause with «который» in the dative after «к», pointing to the prosecutor's speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сведется","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"сведется","lemma":"свестись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of повторяю","gloss":"will be drawn together"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies точку","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"точку","lemma":"точка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сведется","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking речи","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сведется","gloss":"the speech"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies речи","gloss":"of the prosecutor"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перейду","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies перейду","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"перейду","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on речи","gloss":"I turn"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перейду","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b12-c5-s221","source":"Все были в возбуждении, все были наэлектризованы последнею катастрофой и со жгучим нетерпением ждали поскорее лишь развязки, речей сторон и приговора.","translation":"Everyone was in a state of agitation, everyone was electrified by the latest catastrophe, and with burning impatience awaited only the swift denouement—the speeches of the two sides and the verdict.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"все были наэлектризованы последнею катастрофой","title":"Short passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«наэлектризованы» is the short past passive participle ('electrified'), joined to «были» for a stative passive; the cause «последнею катастрофой» stands in the instrumental. Note the older instrumental ending «-ею» on «последнею»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"со жгучим нетерпением… развязки","title":"«развязка» — the denouement","body":"«развязка» (from «развязать», to untie) is the unknotting — the denouement or resolution of a plot, here the verdict the crowd burns to reach. «со жгучим нетерпением» = 'with burning impatience', a vivid expressive collocation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to возбуждении","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возбуждении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"возбуждении","lemma":"возбуждение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of были","gloss":"a state of agitation"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive наэлектризованы","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of наэлектризованы","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"наэлектризованы","lemma":"наэлектризовать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with были в возбуждении","gloss":"electrified"},{"surface":"последнею","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies катастрофой","gloss":"latest"},{"surface":"катастрофой","lemma":"катастрофа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наэлектризованы","gloss":"catastrophe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нетерпением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"жгучим","lemma":"жгучий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нетерпением","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"нетерпением","lemma":"нетерпение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждали","gloss":"impatience"},{"surface":"ждали","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with наэлектризованы","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"поскорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждали","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies развязки","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"развязки","lemma":"развязка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ждали","gloss":"denouement"},{"surface":"речей","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with развязки","gloss":"the speeches"},{"surface":"сторон","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies речей","gloss":"of the two sides"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приговора","lemma":"приговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with речей","gloss":"the verdict"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b12-c5-s222","source":"Фетюкович был видимо потрясен показаниями Катерины Ивановны.","translation":"Fetyukovich was visibly shaken by Katerina Ivanovna's testimony.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был видимо потрясен показаниями","title":"Short passive participle «потрясен»","body":"«потрясен» is the short past passive participle of «потрясти» (to shake, shock), with «был» giving 'was shaken'. Its cause «показаниями» ('by the testimony') is instrumental. «видимо» = 'visibly, evidently'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive потрясен","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of потрясен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потрясен","gloss":"visibly"},{"surface":"потрясен","lemma":"потрясти","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shaken"},{"surface":"показаниями","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of потрясен","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies показаниями","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b12-c5-s223","source":"Зато торжествовал прокурор.","translation":"The prosecutor, by contrast, was triumphant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зато торжествовал прокурор","title":"«зато» and verb-first inversion","body":"«зато» ('on the other hand, in compensation') flags a balancing contrast with the shaken Fetyukovich. Verb-first order — «торжествовал прокурор» — throws the new, weighted information onto the triumphant prosecutor at the clause's head."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"by contrast"},{"surface":"торжествовал","lemma":"торжествовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was triumphant"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of торжествовал","gloss":"the prosecutor"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b12-c5-s224","source":"Когда кончилось судебное следствие, был объявлен перерыв заседания, продолжавшийся почти час.","translation":"When the judicial inquiry came to an end, a recess in the sitting was announced, lasting nearly an hour.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"перерыв… продолжавшийся почти час","title":"Participle «продолжавшийся» + accusative of duration","body":"«продолжавшийся» is a past active participle modifying «перерыв» (recess), 'lasting'. Its complement «почти час» is the bare accusative of duration — the case for 'how long' an action goes on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончилось","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"кончилось","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on объявлен","gloss":"came to an end"},{"surface":"судебное","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies следствие","gloss":"judicial"},{"surface":"следствие","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кончилось","gloss":"the inquiry"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of объявлен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"объявлен","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"announced"},{"surface":"перерыв","lemma":"перерыв","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive объявлен","gloss":"a recess"},{"surface":"заседания","lemma":"заседание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies перерыв","gloss":"of the sitting"},{"surface":"продолжавшийся","lemma":"продолжаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies перерыв","gloss":"lasting"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies час","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжавшийся","gloss":"an hour"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b12-c5-s225","source":"Наконец председатель открыл судебные прения.","translation":"At last the presiding judge opened the closing arguments.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies открыл","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of открыл","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"открыл","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"судебные","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies прения","gloss":"closing"},{"surface":"прения","lemma":"прение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of открыл","gloss":"arguments"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b12-c5-s226","source":"Кажется, было ровно восемь часов вечера, когда наш прокурор, Ипполит Кириллович, начал свою обвинительную речь.","translation":"It was, I think, just on eight o'clock in the evening when our prosecutor, Ippolit Kirillovich, began his speech for the prosecution.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"было ровно восемь часов вечера","title":"Telling time: «восемь часов»","body":"«восемь часов» — 'eight o'clock' — shows numerals governing case: «восемь» (5 and above) takes the genitive plural «часов». «вечера» ('of the evening', genitive) specifies p.m. «ровно» = 'exactly, just on'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying было","gloss":"it was, I think"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to часов","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восемь","gloss":"just on"},{"surface":"восемь","lemma":"восемь","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on часов","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of было","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"вечера","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies часов","gloss":"in the evening"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of прокурор","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"prosecutor"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to прокурор","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause, modifies было","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"обвинительную","lemma":"обвинительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies речь","gloss":"for the prosecution"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of начал","gloss":"speech"}]}]}