{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b12-c6","title":{"source":"VI. Речь прокурора. Характеристика","translated":"The Prosecutor's Speech. Sketches of Character"},"section":"Book XII — A Judicial Error","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c6","lines":154},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c5","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c7","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b12-c6-s1","source":"Начал Ипполит Кириллович свою обвинительную речь, весь сотрясаясь нервною дрожью, с холодным, болезненным потом на лбу и висках, чувствуя озноб и жар во всем теле попеременно.","translation":"Ippolit Kirillovitch began his speech for the prosecution shaking all over with a nervous tremor, a cold, sickly sweat on his brow and temples, feeling chills and fever sweep through his whole body by turns.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сотрясаясь … чувствуя","title":"A chain of present gerunds","body":"Dostoevsky frames the whole opening with imperfective present gerunds («деепричастие») in -ясь/-я: «сотрясаясь» (shaking) and «чувствуя» (feeling). They are indeclinable and name actions going on at the same time as the main verb «начал», all sharing its subject — a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Начал Ипполит Кириллович свою обвинительную речь","title":"Verb-first for narrative momentum","body":"The sentence opens with the verb «Начал» before the subject, an inversion that throws weight onto the act of beginning and launches the scene. Russian's case endings make subject and object unmistakable, so word order is free to manage emphasis rather than grammar."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"озноб и жар","title":"Chills and fever","body":"«озноб» is a shivering chill, «жар» the answering heat of fever; the pairing «озноб и жар … попеременно» (by turns) is the clinical language of consumption (tuberculosis), quietly foreshadowing the prosecutor's death named in the coming sentences."}],"words":[{"surface":"Начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Начал","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"обвинительную","lemma":"обвинительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies речь","gloss":"for the prosecution"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Начал","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сотрясаясь (all over)","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"сотрясаясь","lemma":"сотрясаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Начал","gloss":"shaking"},{"surface":"нервною","lemma":"нервный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дрожью","gloss":"nervous"},{"surface":"дрожью","lemma":"дрожь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сотрясаясь","gloss":"tremor"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking потом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"холодным","lemma":"холодный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies потом","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"болезненным","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with холодным","gloss":"sickly"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"пот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with дрожью (object of с)","gloss":"sweat","note":"«потом» here is the instrumental of «пот» (sweat), not the adverb «потом» (afterward) — a homograph trap."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лбу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лбу","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies потом","gloss":"the brow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"висках","lemma":"висок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with лбу","gloss":"temples"},{"surface":"чувствуя","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сотрясаясь","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"озноб","lemma":"озноб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of чувствуя","gloss":"chills"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жар","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with озноб","gloss":"fever"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking теле","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of теле","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"теле","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of чувствуя","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"попеременно","lemma":"попеременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствуя","gloss":"by turns"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b12-c6-s2","source":"Он сам так потом рассказывал.","translation":"He said so himself afterward.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он сам так потом рассказывал","title":"Imperfective for a reported telling","body":"«рассказывал» is imperfective past, viewing the telling as something he did (more than once, or as a general fact) rather than a single completed report. The intensifier «сам» (himself) underlines that the narrator's source is the prosecutor's own later account."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b12-c6-s3","source":"Он считал эту речь за свой chef-d’œuvre, за chef-d’œuvre всей своей жизни, за лебединую песнь свою.","translation":"He regarded this speech as his chef-d'œuvre, the chef-d'œuvre of his whole life, his swan song.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"считал эту речь за свой chef-d’œuvre","title":"«считать за» — to regard as","body":"The construction «считать кого/что за + accusative» means 'to regard X as'. Here «эту речь» and «свой chef-d’œuvre» both stand in the accusative governed by «за»; «свой» is the reflexive possessive, pointing the masterpiece back to the speech's own subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of считал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"regarded"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of считал","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свой, 'считал за' = regarded as","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of chef","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"chef","lemma":"chef-d'œuvre","morphology":"word (French)","role":"first half of the compound chef-d'œuvre, object of за","gloss":"masterpiece","note":"French chef-d'œuvre, 'masterpiece', used as a foreign quotation in the Russian."},{"surface":"d’œuvre","lemma":"chef-d'œuvre","morphology":"word (French)","role":"second half of the compound chef-d'œuvre","gloss":"(masterpiece)"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chef, 'считал за' = regarded as","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"chef","lemma":"chef-d'œuvre","morphology":"word (French)","role":"first half of the compound chef-d'œuvre, object of за","gloss":"masterpiece"},{"surface":"d’œuvre","lemma":"chef-d'œuvre","morphology":"word (French)","role":"second half of the compound chef-d'œuvre","gloss":"(masterpiece)"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of chef-d'œuvre","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking песнь, 'считал за' = regarded as","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"лебединую","lemma":"лебединый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies песнь","gloss":"swan"},{"surface":"песнь","lemma":"песня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of за","gloss":"song"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of песнь","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b12-c6-s4","source":"Правда, девять месяцев спустя он и помер от злой чахотки, так что действительно, как оказалось, имел бы право сравнить себя с лебедем, поющим свою последнюю песнь, если бы предчувствовал свой конец заранее.","translation":"True, nine months later he did die of a galloping consumption, so that, as it turned out, he would indeed have had the right to compare himself to a swan singing its last song, had he foreseen his end in advance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"имел бы право … если бы предчувствовал","title":"A past counterfactual with «бы … если бы»","body":"This is the irrealis: past-tense verbs plus the particle «бы» in both clauses («имел бы право» — would have had the right; «если бы предчувствовал» — had he foreseen). Russian's single conditional mood collapses 'would have' and 'if … had' into the same past-plus-«бы» pattern."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поющим свою последнюю песнь","title":"A present active participle","body":"«поющим» is the present active participle of «петь» (singing), declined here in the instrumental to agree with «лебедем» (с лебедем, поющим…). It packs a whole который-clause — 'a swan that sings its last song' — into a single modifier, a bookish literary device."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"помер от злой чахотки","title":"«помер», «чахотка» — colloquial death, bookish disease","body":"«помер» is a blunt, folksy variant of «умер» (died), while «чахотка» is the 19th-century word for consumption (tuberculosis); «злая» here means 'galloping', virulent. The mix of plain and clinical registers is the narrator's wry, intimate voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies the whole sentence","gloss":"True,"},{"surface":"девять","lemma":"девять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on месяцев","gloss":"nine"},{"surface":"месяцев","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of спустя","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"postposition","role":"postposition governing месяцев","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помер","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies помер","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"помер","lemma":"помереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чахотки","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"злой","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чахотки","gloss":"vicious"},{"surface":"чахотки","lemma":"чахотка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помер","gloss":"consumption"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of имел, 'так что' = so that","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause оказалось","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the так-что clause","gloss":"would have had"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks имел as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"сравнить","lemma":"сравнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies право","gloss":"to compare"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сравнить","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лебедем","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"лебедем","lemma":"лебедь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сравнить","gloss":"a swan"},{"surface":"поющим","lemma":"петь","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying лебедем","gloss":"singing"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of песнь","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"последнюю","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies песнь","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"песнь","lemma":"песня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поющим","gloss":"song"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of предчувствовал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks предчувствовал as conditional","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"предчувствовал","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если бы clause, modifies поющим","gloss":"foreseen"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of конец","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предчувствовал","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предчувствовал","gloss":"in advance"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b12-c6-s5","source":"В эту речь он вложил всё свое сердце и всё сколько было у него ума и неожиданно доказал, что в нем таились и гражданское чувство, и «проклятые» вопросы, по крайней мере поскольку наш бедный Ипполит Кириллович мог их вместить в себе.","translation":"Into this speech he poured his whole heart and all the intelligence he possessed, and he proved unexpectedly that within him there lay hidden both a civic feeling and those \"accursed\" questions — at least insofar as our poor Ippolit Kirillovitch was able to contain them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в нем таились … гражданское чувство, и «проклятые» вопросы","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as middle voice","body":"«таились» (lay hidden) carries the clitic «-ся», here giving an intransitive, middle sense — the qualities concealed themselves within him, with no external agent. The subject «чувство … и вопросы» follows the verb, the new information landing last."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking речь","gloss":"Into"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вложил","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вложил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вложил","lemma":"вложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"poured"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вложил","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сколько","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying всё, coordinated with сердце","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the сколько-clause, existential 'у него было ума'","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive of quantity)","gloss":"intelligence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доказал","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"доказал","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вложил","gloss":"proved"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of таились","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of таились","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"таились","lemma":"таиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of доказал","gloss":"lay hidden"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle, 'и...и' = both...and","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"гражданское","lemma":"гражданский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"civic"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of таились","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проклятые","lemma":"проклятый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"accursed","note":"Alludes to the 'accursed questions' (проклятые вопросы), a stock 19th-century Russian phrase for the great unanswerable moral/philosophical problems."},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with чувство, subject of таились","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере, 'at least'","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"поскольку","lemma":"поскольку","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"insofar as"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Ипполит","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"бедный","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ипполит","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"Кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the поскольку-clause","gloss":"was able"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вместить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"вместить","lemma":"вместить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"contain"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of вместить","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b12-c6-s6","source":"Главное, тем взяло его слово, что было искренно: он искренно верил в виновность подсудимого; не на заказ, не по должности только обвинял его и, взывая к «отмщению», действительно сотрясался желанием «спасти общество».","translation":"Above all, his words carried because they were sincere: he sincerely believed in the prisoner's guilt; it was not to order, not merely out of duty that he accused him, and in calling for \"retribution\" he truly shook with the longing \"to save society.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем взяло его слово, что было искренно","title":"Correlative «тем … что» — 'by the fact that'","body":"«тем … что» links an instrumental correlative «тем» (by that) to a «что»-clause giving the cause: his word took hold 'by the very fact that' it was sincere. The short neuter adjective «искренно» (sincere) is predicative, the bookish form preferred in such statements of quality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не на заказ, не по должности только","title":"Negation «не» fronted on phrases","body":"«не» negates not a verb but two adverbial phrases in turn — «не на заказ» (not to order), «не по должности» (not out of duty) — sharpening the contrast that he accused from genuine conviction. Placing «не» directly before each phrase pinpoints exactly what is denied."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies the whole sentence","gloss":"Above all"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of взяло","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"взяло","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of взяло","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying тем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to искренно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"sincere"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of верил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виновность","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виновность","lemma":"виновность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верил","gloss":"guilt"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виновность","gloss":"of the defendant"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заказ","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заказ, idiom 'на заказ' = to order","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"заказ","lemma":"заказ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обвинял","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies должности","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking должности, idiom 'по должности' = out of duty","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"должности","lemma":"должность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обвинял","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обвинял","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"обвинял","lemma":"обвинять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with верил","gloss":"accused"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обвинял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взывая","lemma":"взывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb clause modifying сотрясался","gloss":"calling"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отмщению","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"отмщению","lemma":"отмщение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of взывая","gloss":"retribution"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сотрясался","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"сотрясался","lemma":"сотрясаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with верил","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"желанием","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сотрясался","gloss":"with the longing"},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies желанием","gloss":"to save"},{"surface":"общество","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"society"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b12-c6-s7","source":"Даже дамская наша публика, в конце концов враждебная Ипполиту Кирилловичу, сознавалась, однако, в чрезвычайном вынесенном впечатлении.","translation":"Even our ladies in the audience, hostile to Ippolit Kirillovitch in the end, nonetheless confessed to the extraordinary impression they carried away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сознавалась … в чрезвычайном вынесенном впечатлении","title":"«сознаваться в + prepositional»","body":"The reflexive verb «сознаваться» (to confess) governs «в» plus the prepositional case: «в … впечатлении» (to the impression). «вынесенном» is a past passive participle ('carried away'), agreeing with «впечатлении»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дамская","gloss":"Even"},{"surface":"дамская","lemma":"дамский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies публика","gloss":"ladies'"},{"surface":"наша","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of публика","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"публика","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сознавалась","gloss":"audience"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конце, idiom 'в конце концов' = in the end","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase в","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"концов","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"part of the phrase в","gloss":"of ends"},{"surface":"враждебная","lemma":"враждебный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying публика","gloss":"hostile"},{"surface":"Ипполиту","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of враждебная","gloss":"to Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кирилловичу","lemma":"Кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполиту","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"сознавалась","lemma":"сознаваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confessed"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознавалась","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking впечатлении","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чрезвычайном","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатлении","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"вынесенном","lemma":"вынесенный","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатлении","gloss":"carried-away"},{"surface":"впечатлении","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сознавалась","gloss":"impression"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b12-c6-s8","source":"Начал он надтреснутым, срывающимся голосом, но потом очень скоро голос его окреп и зазвенел на всю залу, и так до конца речи.","translation":"He began in a cracked, faltering voice, but very soon his voice gained strength and rang out across the whole courtroom, and so it stayed to the end of the speech.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"голос его окреп и зазвенел","title":"Perfectives that move the action forward","body":"«окреп» (gained strength) and «зазвенел» (rang out) are perfective pasts, each marking a single completed event against the imperfective background. The prefix «за-» on «зазвенел» is inceptive — it captures the very onset of the ringing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"надтреснутым, срывающимся голосом","title":"A cracked, breaking voice","body":"«надтреснутый» literally 'slightly cracked' (as of a bell or cup), and «срывающийся» 'breaking, giving way' — both in the instrumental of manner. The vivid pairing renders a nervous voice that keeps slipping before it steadies."}],"words":[{"surface":"Начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He began"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"надтреснутым","lemma":"надтреснутый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of Начал","gloss":"cracked"},{"surface":"срывающимся","lemma":"срываться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"coordinated with надтреснутым","gloss":"faltering"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of срывающимся","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скоро","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скоро","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окреп","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of окреп","gloss":"his voice"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of голос","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"окреп","lemma":"окрепнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Начал","gloss":"grew strong"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зазвенел","lemma":"зазвенеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with окреп","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of залу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зазвенел","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause, 'so it stayed'","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конца","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"конца","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies конца","gloss":"of the speech"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b12-c6-s9","source":"Но только что кончил ее, то чуть не упал в обморок.","translation":"But the moment he had finished it, he very nearly fainted away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но только что кончил ее, то чуть не упал","title":"«только что … то» and «чуть не»","body":"«только что» here means 'the moment that', with «то» picking up the main clause ('then…'). «чуть не упал» uses «чуть не» (almost, very nearly) with a perfective past «упал» — a fixed idiom for an action that nearly happened but did not."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что, 'as soon as'","gloss":"as soon"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the только что-clause","gloss":"he finished"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of кончил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase чуть не, 'almost'","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чуть не","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"упал","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fainted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обморок","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"обморок","lemma":"обморок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упал","gloss":"a faint"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b12-c6-s10","source":"«Господа присяжные заседатели, — начал обвинитель, — настоящее дело прогремело по всей России.","translation":"\"Gentlemen of the jury,\" the prosecutor began, \"this present case has thundered through all of Russia.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прогремело по всей России","title":"«прогреметь» — to thunder","body":"«прогремело» (perfective, from гром 'thunder') means the case 'thundered'/resounded across Russia. The prefix «про-» conveys sound spreading through and across the whole expanse «по всей России»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, in apposition with заседатели","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies заседатели","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"заседатели","lemma":"заседатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the vocative phrase, in apposition with Господа","gloss":"jurors"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quoted speech","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"обвинитель","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"настоящее","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"the present"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of прогремело","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"прогремело","lemma":"прогреметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"has resounded"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking России","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of России","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прогремело","gloss":"Russia"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b12-c6-s11","source":"Но чему бы, кажется, удивляться, чего так особенно ужасаться?","translation":"But what, one might ask, is there to wonder at, what is there to be so particularly horrified by?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чему бы … удивляться, чего так … ужасаться","title":"Case selected by the verb: dative and genitive","body":"Each verb dictates its complement's case: «удивляться» (to wonder at) governs the dative «чему», while «ужасаться» (to be horrified at) governs the genitive «чего». The «бы» softens the rhetorical question into a hypothetical 'what is there, one might ask, to…'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of удивляться","gloss":"at what"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the clause as hypothetical","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, 'one might ask'","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"удивляться","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to wonder at"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ужасаться","gloss":"at what"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies особенно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ужасаться","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"ужасаться","lemma":"ужасаться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of удивляться","gloss":"to be horrified by"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b12-c6-s12","source":"Нам-то, нам-то особенно?","translation":"We of all people, we especially?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нам-то, нам-то особенно?","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on the dative «нам» is the topic-emphasizing clitic — 'we, of all people'. Its doubling, and the elided verb, give the broken, insistent rhythm of spoken oratory; this «-то» must not be confused with the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"elliptical dative (implied verb omitted)","gloss":"To us"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic suffix on Нам","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"elliptical dative, repeats Нам for emphasis","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic suffix on нам","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нам-то","gloss":"especially"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b12-c6-s13","source":"Ведь мы такие привычные ко всему этому люди!","translation":"For we are people so accustomed to all of this!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь мы такие привычные ко всему этому люди!","title":"The appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» opens the sentence appealing to shared knowledge — 'after all, you know, we are…'. It is a modal particle with no real English word, carried instead by intonation; Dostoevsky's oratory leans on it constantly to draw the listener into complicity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle modifying the whole clause","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of люди","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of привычные","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"привычные","lemma":"привычный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"clause modifying люди","gloss":"accustomed"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of этому","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of привычные","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate nominal, complement of мы (copula omitted)","gloss":"people"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b12-c6-s14","source":"В том и ужас наш, что такие мрачные дела почти перестали для нас быть ужасными!","translation":"That is the very horror of our condition — that such grim affairs have almost ceased to be horrifying to us!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"перестали … быть ужасными","title":"Predicate instrumental after «быть»","body":"After «быть» the predicate adjective «ужасными» stands in the instrumental plural, not the nominative, agreeing with «дела». The infinitive «быть» governing an instrumental complement is the standard pattern for 'to be (something)' outside the bare present tense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"В том и ужас наш, что","title":"Correlative «в том … что»","body":"«В том … что» sets up a prepositional correlative ('in this … that') answered by a «что»-clause spelling out the content. Fronting «В том» before the subject «ужас наш» throws the rhetorical stress onto the demonstrative — 'therein lies our horror'."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of В","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies ужас","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"ужас","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, subject of the omitted copula 'есть'","gloss":"the horror"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ужас","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перестали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of дела","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"мрачные","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"grim"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of перестали","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перестали","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"перестали","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"have ceased"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of перестали","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ужасными","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"ужасными","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of быть","gloss":"horrifying"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b12-c6-s15","source":"Вот чему надо ужасаться, привычке нашей, а не единичному злодеянию того или другого индивидуума.","translation":"That is what we ought to be horrified by — our own habituation — and not the isolated misdeed of this or that individual.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот чему надо ужасаться, привычке нашей","title":"Dative complement and impersonal «надо»","body":"«надо» is the impersonal modal 'one must', taking an infinitive «ужасаться», which in turn governs the dative «чему … привычке нашей» (be horrified at). No nominative subject appears — the construction names what must be done, not who must do it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"единичному злодеянию","title":"«злодеяние» — a villainous deed","body":"«злодеяние» (from зло 'evil' + деяние 'deed') is an elevated, bookish word for a heinous crime or villainy, sharper than the neutral «преступление». «единичному» — 'isolated, single' — sets one such deed against the systemic «привычка» the prosecutor really fears."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чему","gloss":"That is"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one ought"},{"surface":"ужасаться","lemma":"ужасаться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to be horrified by"},{"surface":"привычке","lemma":"привычка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition with чему, restates the dative complement of ужасаться","gloss":"our habit"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of привычке","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies единичному","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"единичному","lemma":"единичный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with привычке (contrastive)","gloss":"isolated"},{"surface":"злодеянию","lemma":"злодеяние","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition with чему, coordinated with привычке","gloss":"misdeed"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of индивидуума","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with того","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"индивидуума","lemma":"индивидуум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies злодеянию","gloss":"individual's"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b12-c6-s16","source":"Где же причины нашего равнодушия, нашего чуть тепленького отношения к таким делам, к таким знамениям времени, пророчествующим нам незавидную будущность?","translation":"Where, then, lie the causes of our indifference, of our barely lukewarm response to such affairs, to such signs of the times, which prophesy for us an unenviable future?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знамениям времени, пророчествующим нам незавидную будущность","title":"A present active participle in the dative","body":"«пророчествующим» (prophesying) is a present active participle agreeing in the dative plural with «знамениям» — the signs 'which prophesy'. Such participles condense a relative clause and lend the passage its prophetic, sermon-like density."}],"words":[{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Где","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"причины","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of Где","gloss":"the causes"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of равнодушия","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"равнодушия","lemma":"равнодушие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies причины","gloss":"indifference"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of отношения","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тепленького","gloss":"barely"},{"surface":"тепленького","lemma":"тёпленький","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отношения","gloss":"lukewarm"},{"surface":"отношения","lemma":"отношение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with причины","gloss":"attitude"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of делам","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"делам","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies отношения","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знамениям","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of знамениям","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"знамениям","lemma":"знамение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with делам, complement of к","gloss":"signs"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies знамениям","gloss":"of the times"},{"surface":"пророчествующим","lemma":"пророчествовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, dative, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying знамениям","gloss":"prophesying"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of пророчествующим","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"незавидную","lemma":"незавидный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies будущность","gloss":"unenviable"},{"surface":"будущность","lemma":"будущность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пророчествующим","gloss":"future"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b12-c6-s17","source":"В цинизме ли нашем, в раннем ли истощении ума и воображения столь молодого еще нашего общества, но столь безвременно одряхлевшего?","translation":"Is it in our cynicism, in the early exhaustion of the mind and imagination of our society, still so young and yet so prematurely decrepit?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В цинизме ли нашем, в раннем ли истощении","title":"The interrogative particle «ли» in a disjunction","body":"Repeated «ли» after each fronted phrase («В цинизме ли … в … истощении ли») frames a literary either/or question — 'is it in our cynicism, or in the exhaustion…?'. This enclitic «ли», more formal than mere intonation, builds the cascading rhetorical questions of the speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь молодого еще … но столь безвременно одряхлевшего","title":"Antithesis with «столь … но столь»","body":"The bookish «столь» ('so') paired across «но» yokes two participial adjectives of the same society — «молодого» (young) and «одряхлевшего» (grown decrepit), a past active participle. The balanced antithesis is pure 19th-century oratorical style."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цинизме","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"цинизме","lemma":"цинизм","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cynicism"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the yes/no question","gloss":"(is it)"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of цинизме","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking истощении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"раннем","lemma":"ранний","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies истощении","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the yes/no question","gloss":"(is it)"},{"surface":"истощении","lemma":"истощение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with цинизме","gloss":"exhaustion"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies истощении","gloss":"of mind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воображения","lemma":"воображение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ума","gloss":"imagination"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молодого","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"молодого","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общества","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молодого","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of общества","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"общества","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ума и воображения","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безвременно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"безвременно","lemma":"безвременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одряхлевшего","gloss":"prematurely"},{"surface":"одряхлевшего","lemma":"одряхлеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies общества, coordinated with молодого","gloss":"decrepit"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b12-c6-s18","source":"В расшатанных ли до основания нравственных началах наших или в том, наконец, что этих нравственных начал, может быть, у нас совсем даже и не имеется?","translation":"Is it in our moral foundations, shaken to their very base — or, finally, in the fact that perhaps we have no such moral foundations at all?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"этих нравственных начал … совсем … не имеется","title":"Genitive of negation with «не имеется»","body":"Under the negated existential «не имеется» (there is no…), the absent subject 'moral foundations' stands in the genitive «этих нравственных начал», not the nominative. This obligatory genitive of negation is the standard way Russian states that something is lacking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"В расшатанных ли до основания нравственных началах","title":"Past passive participle as modifier","body":"«расшатанных» is a past passive participle ('shaken loose'), declined in the prepositional plural to agree with «началах». It turns the verb 'to shake/loosen' into an attribute — the foundations 'that have been shaken to their base'."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking началах","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"расшатанных","lemma":"расшатанный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies началах","gloss":"shaken"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the yes/no question","gloss":"(is it)"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking основания","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"основания","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of расшатанных, idiom 'до основания' = to the very base","gloss":"the very base"},{"surface":"нравственных","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies началах","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"началах","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition В","gloss":"foundations"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of началах","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with началах, object of preposition в","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies том","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имеется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of нравственных начал","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"нравственных","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"subject of имеется (genitive of negation)","gloss":"foundations"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of the phrase может быть, 'perhaps'","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of the phrase может быть","gloss":"(perhaps)"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of имеется","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имеется","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеется","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, reinforces не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates имеется","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имеется","lemma":"иметься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"exist"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b12-c6-s19","source":"Не разрешаю эти вопросы, тем не менее они мучительны, и всякий гражданин не то что должен, а обязан страдать ими.","translation":"I do not resolve these questions; even so, they are tormenting, and every citizen not only should but is bound to suffer over them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всякий гражданин не то что должен, а обязан страдать ими","title":"Contrastive «не то что … а»","body":"«не то что … а» is a corrective construction — 'not so much X as (rather) Y', here escalating from «должен» (should) to «обязан» (is bound/obliged). The mild adversative «а» marks the upward correction rather than a flat opposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"страдать ими","title":"«страдать» + instrumental","body":"«страдать чем» takes the instrumental «ими» (by/over them), a construction meaning to suffer from or be tormented by something. The instrumental here marks the cause of the suffering — 'to suffer over these questions'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разрешаю","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"разрешаю","lemma":"разрешать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"resolve"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of вопросы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of разрешаю","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"discourse marker, part of the phrase тем не менее","gloss":"none","note":"тем не менее together = \"nonetheless.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase тем не менее","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase тем не менее","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of мучительны","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"мучительны","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of они","gloss":"are tormenting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of гражданин","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"гражданин","lemma":"гражданин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен and обязан","gloss":"citizen"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не то что...а","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase не то что...а","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase не то что...а","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of гражданин, coordinated with обязан","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"обязан","lemma":"обязанный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of гражданин, coordinated with должен","gloss":"is bound"},{"surface":"страдать","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of обязан","gloss":"to suffer"},{"surface":"ими","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of страдать","gloss":"over them"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b12-c6-s20","source":"Наша начинающаяся, робкая еще наша пресса оказала уже, однако, обществу некоторые услуги, ибо никогда бы мы без нее не узнали, сколько-нибудь в полноте, про те ужасы разнузданной воли и нравственного падения, которые беспрерывно передает она на своих страницах уже всем, не одним только посещающим залы нового гласного суда, дарованного нам в настоящее царствование.","translation":"Our nascent, still timid press has nonetheless already rendered society some services, for without it we should never have learned, in any measure of fullness, about those horrors of unbridled will and moral degradation which it relays without cease on its pages to everyone now, not only to those who attend the halls of the new public court granted to us under the present reign.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда бы мы без нее не узнали","title":"Counterfactual «бы» with negative concord","body":"The conditional «никогда бы … не узнали» combines «бы» plus past tense for 'we would never have learned'. Note the obligatory negative concord: the «ни»-word «никогда» still requires «не» on the verb — two negatives, one meaning."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — bookish 'for, because'","body":"«ибо» is an archaic, elevated subordinator meaning 'for, because', at home in scripture, sermon, and 19th-century oratory rather than ordinary speech. It marks the prosecutor consciously raising his register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наша","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пресса","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"начинающаяся","lemma":"начинаться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying пресса","gloss":"nascent"},{"surface":"робкая","lemma":"робкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with начинающаяся, modifies пресса","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies робкая","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"наша","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пресса","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"пресса","lemma":"пресса","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оказала","gloss":"press"},{"surface":"оказала","lemma":"оказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has rendered"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказала","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказала","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"обществу","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of оказала","gloss":"to society"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of услуги","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"услуги","lemma":"услуга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of оказала","gloss":"services"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узнали","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнали","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks узнали as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of узнали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнали","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"узнали","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with оказала","gloss":"have learned"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase сколько-нибудь","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase сколько-нибудь","gloss":"-ever","note":"сколько-нибудь together = \"in any measure.\""},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"полноте","lemma":"полнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнали","gloss":"fullness"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ужасы","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of ужасы","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"ужасы","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of узнали","gloss":"horrors"},{"surface":"разнузданной","lemma":"разнузданный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies воли","gloss":"unbridled"},{"surface":"воли","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ужасы","gloss":"of will"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нравственного","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies падения","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"падения","lemma":"падение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with воли","gloss":"of degradation"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of передает","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"беспрерывно","lemma":"беспрерывно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передает","gloss":"without cease"},{"surface":"передает","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on ужасы","gloss":"relays"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of передает","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страницах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of страницах","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"страницах","lemma":"страница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of передает","gloss":"pages"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всем","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of передает","gloss":"to everyone"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не одним только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"part of the phrase не одним только, modifies посещающим","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посещающим","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"посещающим","lemma":"посещать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, dative, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with всем, indirect object of передает","gloss":"those attending"},{"surface":"залы","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of посещающим","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"нового","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суда","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"гласного","lemma":"гласный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суда","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies залы","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"дарованного","lemma":"даровать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying суда","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дарованного","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking царствование","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"настоящее","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies царствование","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"царствование","lemma":"царствование","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дарованного","gloss":"reign"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b12-c6-s21","source":"И что же мы читаем почти повседневно?","translation":"And what do we read almost daily?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что же мы читаем почти повседневно?","title":"The insistent particle «же»","body":"«же» after the interrogative «что» intensifies the question — 'and what on earth do we read…?'. It is a modal particle adding urgency and rhetorical pressure, the kind of texture English supplies only through stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of читаем","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of читаем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"читаем","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повседневно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"повседневно","lemma":"повседневно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies читаем","gloss":"daily"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b12-c6-s22","source":"О, про такие вещи поминутно, пред которыми даже теперешнее дело бледнеет и представляется почти чем-то уже обыкновенным.","translation":"Oh, of such things every minute — things beside which even the present case pales and comes to seem almost something already ordinary.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред которыми даже теперешнее дело бледнеет","title":"Relative «который» governed by «пред»","body":"«которыми» agrees with its antecedent «вещи» (things) in number but takes the instrumental because the preposition «пред» (before, in the face of) governs it. «пред» is the bookish form of «перед». The relative thus reads 'beside which even the present case pales'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"представляется почти чем-то уже обыкновенным","title":"Reflexive «-ся» + instrumental «чем-то»","body":"«представляется» (seems, presents itself) is a «-ся» verb of appearance, and its complement «чем-то … обыкновенным» stands in the instrumental — 'seems to be something ordinary'. The indefinite «чем-то» (from что + -то) names a specific-but-unnamed thing."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вещи","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of вещи","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"вещи","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"поминутно","lemma":"поминутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вещи","gloss":"every minute"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которыми","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"которыми","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of бледнеет","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперешнее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперешнее","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бледнеет","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"бледнеет","lemma":"бледнеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on вещи","gloss":"pales"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"представляется","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бледнеет","gloss":"comes to seem"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"part of the phrase чем-то, complement of представляется","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чем-то","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обыкновенным","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"обыкновенным","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of представляется","gloss":"ordinary"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b12-c6-s23","source":"Но важнее всего то, что множество наших русских, национальных наших уголовных дел, свидетельствуют именно о чем-то всеобщем, о какой-то общей беде, прижившейся с нами и с которой, как со всеобщим злом, уже трудно бороться.","translation":"But the most important thing is this: that a multitude of our Russian, our national criminal cases bear witness precisely to something universal, to some common affliction that has settled in among us and which, as with any universal evil, it is already hard to combat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прижившейся с нами","title":"Past active participle of a «-ся» verb","body":"«прижившейся» is the past active participle of «прижиться» (to take root, settle in), keeping the «-ся» and declined in the genitive to agree with «беде». It compresses 'an affliction that has settled in among us' into one modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о чем-то всеобщем, о какой-то общей беде","title":"Indefinite «-то» — something, some","body":"«чем-то» and «какой-то» both carry the indefinite clitic «-то», marking a specific but as-yet-unnamed thing and kind — 'something universal', 'some common affliction'. The vagueness is deliberate rhetoric, gesturing at a malady too large to name."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"важнее","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of то","gloss":"more important"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of важнее","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of важнее","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of свидетельствуют","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"множество","lemma":"множество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of свидетельствуют","gloss":"a multitude"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of дел","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"русских","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies дел","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"национальных","lemma":"национальный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with русских, modifies дел","gloss":"national"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of дел","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"уголовных","lemma":"уголовный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies дел","gloss":"criminal"},{"surface":"дел","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"genitive complement of множество","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"свидетельствуют","lemma":"свидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"bear witness"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"part of the phrase о чем-то, oblique complement of свидетельствуют","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чем-то","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"всеобщем","lemma":"всеобщий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чем-то","gloss":"universal"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беде","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase какой-то, determiner of беде","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какой-то","gloss":"-some"},{"surface":"общей","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies беде","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"беде","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свидетельствуют","gloss":"affliction"},{"surface":"прижившейся","lemma":"прижиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"clause modifying беде","gloss":"settled in"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of прижившейся","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бороться","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the phrase со всеобщим злом","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всеобщим","lemma":"всеобщий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies злом","gloss":"any universal"},{"surface":"злом","lemma":"зло","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the как-phrase, comparison for бороться","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трудно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"трудно","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"clause modifying которой","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"бороться","lemma":"бороться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of трудно","gloss":"to combat"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b12-c6-s24","source":"Вот там молодой блестящий офицер высшего общества, едва начинающий свою жизнь и карьеру, подло, в тиши, безо всякого угрызения совести, зарезывает мелкого чиновника, отчасти бывшего своего благодетеля, и служанку его, чтобы похитить свой долговой документ, а вместе и остальные денежки чиновника: „пригодятся-де для великосветских моих удовольствий и для карьеры моей впереди“.","translation":"Here is a young, brilliant officer of high society, scarcely beginning his life and career, who basely, in stealth, without the slightest pang of conscience, cuts the throat of a petty official, in part his own former benefactor, and of that official's servant-woman, in order to make off with his own promissory note and, along with it, the rest of the official's money: \"It will come in handy for my high-society pleasures and for my career ahead.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зарезывает … чтобы похитить свой долговой документ","title":"Purpose clause with «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«чтобы» introduces a purpose clause; because the subject is the same as the main clause, it takes an infinitive «похитить» (to steal) rather than a past form. «свой» — the reflexive possessive — points the promissory note back to the officer himself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зарезывает мелкого чиновника","title":"«зарезать» — to cut the throat of","body":"«зарезать» (here imperfective «зарезывает», a vivid narrative present) means to kill with a blade by cutting the throat — a brutal, concrete verb. «мелкий чиновник» is a 'petty official', low in the Table of Ranks, marking the victim's social smallness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пригодятся-де","title":"The reportive particle «-де»","body":"«-де» is an archaic clitic flagging reported speech — 'he says / supposedly'. Tacked onto «пригодятся» (they'll come in handy), it lets the prosecutor mimic the murderer's own callous words at one ironic remove."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies там","gloss":"Here is"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зарезывает","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies офицер","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"блестящий","lemma":"блестящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies офицер","gloss":"brilliant"},{"surface":"офицер","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зарезывает","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"высшего","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общества","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"общества","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies офицер","gloss":"of society"},{"surface":"едва","lemma":"едва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинающий","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"начинающий","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying офицер","gloss":"just beginning"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of начинающий","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"карьеру","lemma":"карьера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with жизнь","gloss":"career"},{"surface":"подло","lemma":"подло","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зарезывает","gloss":"basely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тиши","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тиши","lemma":"тишь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of в, modifies зарезывает","gloss":"stealth"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"coordinated with в, modifies зарезывает","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of угрызения","gloss":"the slightest"},{"surface":"угрызения","lemma":"угрызение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of безо","gloss":"pang"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies угрызения","gloss":"of conscience"},{"surface":"зарезывает","lemma":"зарезывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cuts the throat of"},{"surface":"мелкого","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чиновника","gloss":"petty"},{"surface":"чиновника","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of зарезывает","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"отчасти","lemma":"отчасти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывшего","gloss":"in part"},{"surface":"бывшего","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies благодетеля","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of благодетеля","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"благодетеля","lemma":"благодетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with чиновника","gloss":"benefactor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"служанку","lemma":"служанка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with чиновника","gloss":"servant-woman"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies служанку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of похитить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"похитить","lemma":"похитить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on зарезывает","gloss":"make off with"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of документ","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"долговой","lemma":"долговой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies документ","gloss":"promissory"},{"surface":"документ","lemma":"документ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of похитить","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies денежки","gloss":"along with it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остальные","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"остальные","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies денежки","gloss":"the rest of"},{"surface":"денежки","lemma":"денежка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with документ, direct object of похитить","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"чиновника","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies денежки","gloss":"official's"},{"surface":"пригодятся","lemma":"пригодиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"will come in handy"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пригодятся","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удовольствий","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"великосветских","lemma":"великосветский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies удовольствий","gloss":"high-society"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of удовольствий","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"удовольствий","lemma":"удовольствие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of пригодятся","gloss":"pleasures"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карьеры","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"карьеры","lemma":"карьера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with удовольствий","gloss":"career"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of карьеры","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"впереди","lemma":"впереди","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies карьеры","gloss":"ahead"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b12-c6-s25","source":"Зарезав обоих, уходит, подложив обоим мертвецам под головы подушки.","translation":"Having cut both their throats, he leaves, having slipped pillows under the heads of the two corpses.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зарезав обоих, уходит, подложив … подушки","title":"Perfective past gerunds bracketing the act","body":"«Зарезав» and «подложив» are perfective past gerunds in -в, each naming an action completed before (or framing) the main verb «уходит». The structure — 'having cut … he leaves, having slipped…' — gives the cold, methodical sequence of the killing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зарезав","lemma":"зарезать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on уходит","gloss":"having cut the throats of"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"direct object of Зарезав","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"уходит","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he leaves"},{"surface":"подложив","lemma":"подложить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on уходит","gloss":"having slipped"},{"surface":"обоим","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine","role":"quantifies мертвецам","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"мертвецам","lemma":"мертвец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of подложив","gloss":"corpses"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking головы","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"головы","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подложив","gloss":"heads"},{"surface":"подушки","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of подложив","gloss":"pillows"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b12-c6-s26","source":"Там молодой герой, обвешанный крестами за храбрость, разбойнически умерщвляет на большой дороге мать своего вождя и благодетеля и, подговаривая своих товарищей, уверяет, что „она любит его как родного сына, и потому последует всем его советам и не примет предосторожностей“.","translation":"There a young hero, hung with crosses for valor, murders like a brigand on the high road the mother of his own commander and benefactor, and, talking his comrades into it, assures them that \"she loves him like her own son, and will therefore follow all his advice and take no precautions.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обвешанный крестами … подговаривая своих товарищей","title":"Passive participle and present gerund together","body":"«обвешанный» is a past passive participle ('hung [with crosses]') modifying «герой», while «подговаривая» is a present gerund of attendant action ('egging on'). The two non-finite forms layer description and circumstance around the single main verb «умерщвляет»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разбойнически умерщвляет","title":"«умерщвлять» — to put to death","body":"«умерщвлять» is an elevated, bookish verb for 'to kill/put to death', from мёртвый 'dead', loftier than «убивать». The adverb «разбойнически» ('like a brigand/robber') colors the killing as highway banditry — a «разбойник» being a classic Russian outlaw of the open road."}],"words":[{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умерщвляет","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies герой","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"герой","lemma":"герой","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умерщвляет","gloss":"hero"},{"surface":"обвешанный","lemma":"обвешать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying герой","gloss":"hung"},{"surface":"крестами","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обвешанный","gloss":"with crosses"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking храбрость","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"храбрость","lemma":"храбрость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies крестами","gloss":"valor"},{"surface":"разбойнически","lemma":"разбойнически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умерщвляет","gloss":"like a brigand"},{"surface":"умерщвляет","lemma":"умерщвлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"murders"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дороге","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умерщвляет","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of умерщвляет","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вождя","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"вождя","lemma":"вождь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мать","gloss":"of his commander"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благодетеля","lemma":"благодетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вождя","gloss":"benefactor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подговаривая","lemma":"подговаривать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on уверяет","gloss":"talking into it"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of товарищей","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"товарищей","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of подговаривая","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"уверяет","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with умерщвляет","gloss":"assures"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of уверяет","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the phrase родного сына","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"родного","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сына","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the как-phrase, comparison for любит","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies последует","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"последует","lemma":"последовать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"will follow"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of советам","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of советам","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"советам","lemma":"совет","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of последует","gloss":"advice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies примет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"примет","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"will take"},{"surface":"предосторожностей","lemma":"предосторожность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of примет","gloss":"precautions"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b12-c6-s27","source":"Пусть это изверг, но я теперь, в наше время, не смею уже сказать, что это только единичный изверг.","translation":"Granted he is a monster — but now, in our time, I no longer dare to say that he is merely an isolated monster.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть это изверг, но я … не смею","title":"Concessive «пусть» — 'granted, let it be'","body":"«Пусть» here is concessive rather than a command — 'granted that he is a monster', conceding the point before the «но». The same «пусть» drives third-person imperatives elsewhere; its concessive use is a favorite move of debate and oratory."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изверг","title":"«изверг» — a monster of cruelty","body":"«изверг» means a brute or fiend, a person 'cast out' of humanity by their cruelty (from из- 'out' + the root of «извергнуть» 'to expel'). It is stronger and more moral-coloring than «чудовище» (monster), naming a being who has forfeited human kinship."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изверг","gloss":"Granted"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of изверг","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"изверг","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"a monster"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смею","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of в, modifies смею","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смею","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"смею","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смею","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смею","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of изверг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of изверг","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies единичный","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"единичный","lemma":"единичный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies изверг","gloss":"isolated"},{"surface":"изверг","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of это, complement of сказать","gloss":"monster"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b12-c6-s28","source":"Другой и не зарежет, но подумает и почувствует точно так же, как он, в душе своей бесчестен точно так же, как он.","translation":"Another would not cut a throat, but he would think and feel exactly as that man did; in his soul he is just as dishonorable as he.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Другой и не зарежет, но подумает и почувствует","title":"Perfective futures for a hypothetical 'another'","body":"«не зарежет», «подумает», «почувствует» are perfective verbs conjugated for the future — 'another would not cut a throat, but would think and feel'. With no auxiliary, the future sits in the ending; here it carries a gnomic, hypothetical 'such a man would…'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в душе своей бесчестен","title":"Short adjective «бесчестен» as predicate","body":"«бесчестен» is the short (predicative) form of «бесчестный» (dishonorable), used because it states a quality of the subject — 'he is dishonorable'. The short form, more bookish, often carries this sense of an inherent or absolute condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зарежет","gloss":"Another"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не зарежет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зарежет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"зарежет","lemma":"зарезать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would cut a throat"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"подумает","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with зарежет","gloss":"would think"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почувствует","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подумает","gloss":"would feel"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствует","gloss":"the same way"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the phrase как он","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"comparison for так же, subject implied","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бесчестен","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душе","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"бесчестен","lemma":"бесчестный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Другой","gloss":"is dishonorable"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бесчестен","gloss":"the same way"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the phrase как он","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"comparison for так же","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b12-c6-s29","source":"В тиши, наедине со своею совестью, может быть, спрашивает себя: „Да что такое честь, и не предрассудок ли кровь?“","translation":"In stillness, alone with his own conscience, he perhaps asks himself: \"And what, after all, is honor — and is not blood a prejudice?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спрашивает себя","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя»","body":"«себя» is the full reflexive pronoun (here accusative), pointing back to the clause's subject — 'he asks himself'. Unlike the verbal clitic «-ся», «себя» is an independent object pronoun and has no nominative form of its own."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не предрассудок ли кровь?","title":"«не … ли» — a leading question","body":"«не … ли» fronts the focused word «предрассудок» (prejudice) before «ли» to ask a rhetorical yes/no question expecting agreement — 'is not blood a prejudice?'. The construction is markedly literary and suits the inner voice the prosecutor is ventriloquizing."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тиши","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"тиши","lemma":"тишь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивает","gloss":"stillness"},{"surface":"наедине","lemma":"наедине","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрашивает","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking совестью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of совестью","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"совестью","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of со","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть","gloss":"be","note":"может быть together = \"perhaps.\""},{"surface":"спрашивает","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asks"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of спрашивает","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of честь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of честь","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предрассудок","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"предрассудок","lemma":"предрассудок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of кровь","gloss":"a prejudice"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question","gloss":"is (it)?"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of предрассудок","gloss":"blood"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b12-c6-s30","source":"Может быть, крикнут против меня и скажут, что я человек болезненный, истерический, клевещу чудовищно, брежу, преувеличиваю.","translation":"Perhaps they will cry out against me and say that I am a sick man, a hysteric, that I slander monstrously, that I rave and exaggerate.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"крикнут … и скажут, что … клевещу … брежу, преувеличиваю","title":"Perfective futures, then imperfective presents","body":"The main verbs «крикнут» and «скажут» are perfective futures ('they will cry out and say'), while the reported charges «клевещу, брежу, преувеличиваю» switch to imperfective present — habitual, ongoing accusations: 'that I slander, rave, exaggerate'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"истерический … брежу","title":"«истерический», «бредить»","body":"«истерический» (hysterical) and «бредить» (to rave, be delirious) are clinical-psychological terms the prosecutor turns on himself, anticipating his accusers. They fit Dostoevsky's pervasive medical vocabulary of nerves and feverish minds."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical idiom with быть ('perhaps')","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"completes может быть idiom ('perhaps')","gloss":"be","note":"'Может быть' together is the fixed idiom for 'perhaps.'"},{"surface":"крикнут","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will cry out"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнут","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажут","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикнут","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of скажут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек (copula omitted)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of я","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"болезненный","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"истерический","lemma":"истерический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with болезненный","gloss":"hysterical"},{"surface":"клевещу","lemma":"клеветать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with человек in the elliptical что-clause","gloss":"I slander"},{"surface":"чудовищно","lemma":"чудовищно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies клевещу","gloss":"monstrously"},{"surface":"брежу","lemma":"бредить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with клевещу","gloss":"I rave"},{"surface":"преувеличиваю","lemma":"преувеличивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with клевещу","gloss":"I exaggerate"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b12-c6-s31","source":"Пусть, пусть, — и боже, как бы я был рад тому первый!","translation":"Let them, let them — and, God, how glad I would be of it, the first to rejoice!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы я был рад тому первый!","title":"Exclamatory conditional «как бы … был рад»","body":"«бы» plus past «был рад» yields an irrealis 'how glad I would be', here exclamatory rather than truly conditional. The dative «тому» is governed by «рад» (glad of), and «первый» (the first one) is a predicative apposition to «я»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Пусть, пусть","title":"Repeated «пусть» — 'let them, let it be'","body":"Standing alone and doubled, «пусть, пусть» is an emotive concession — 'let them (say it), so be it'. The repetition gives the spoken, agitated cadence of a speaker waving the objection aside."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"repeated exclamatory particle","gloss":"let them"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"repeated exclamatory particle","gloss":"let them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"interjection","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamatory adverb modifying рад","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood with был...рад","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рад","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to рад","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of рад ('glad of that')","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to я ('the first to be glad')","gloss":"first"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b12-c6-s32","source":"О, не верьте мне, считайте меня за больного, но все-таки запомните слова мои: ведь если только хоть десятая, хоть двадцатая доля в словах моих правда, то ведь и тогда ужасно!","translation":"Oh, do not believe me, count me a sick man, but all the same remember my words: for if even a tenth, even a twentieth part of what I say is true, then even then it is dreadful!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не верьте мне, считайте меня за больного","title":"Imperatives with the polite/plural «-те»","body":"«верьте» and «считайте» are plural/polite imperatives in «-те», addressing the jury. «не верьте» is a negated command, and «считайте … за больного» again shows «считать за + accusative» — 'count me as a sick man'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь если только хоть … то ведь и тогда ужасно","title":"A pile-up of particles: «ведь», «хоть»","body":"The conditional is wrapped in modal particles: «ведь» twice appeals to the listener ('after all'), «хоть … хоть» means 'even (a tenth, even a twentieth)', and «то … и тогда» answers the «если». The cluster is the unmistakable texture of Dostoevskian spoken rhetoric."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верьте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верьте","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of верьте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"считайте","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with верьте","gloss":"consider"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of считайте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больного","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"больного","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считайте","gloss":"a sick man"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки idiom ('nevertheless')","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"completes все-таки idiom, modifies запомните","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"запомните","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with верьте","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of запомните","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the reasoning, modifies the если-clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хоть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies десятая","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"десятая","lemma":"десятый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доля","gloss":"a tenth"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies двадцатая","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"двадцатая","lemma":"двадцатый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with десятая, modifies доля","gloss":"a twentieth"},{"surface":"доля","lemma":"доля","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of правда","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"complement of доля","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of словах","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of доля, main predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative with если, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ужасно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ужасно","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the то-clause","gloss":"it is dreadful"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b12-c6-s33","source":"Посмотрите, господа, посмотрите, как у нас застреливаются молодые люди: о, без малейших гамлетовских вопросов о том: „Что будет там?“, без признаков этих вопросов, как будто эта статья о духе нашем и о всем, что ждет нас за гробом, давно похерена в их природе, похоронена и песком засыпана.","translation":"Look, gentlemen, look how our young people shoot themselves: oh, without the least of Hamlet's questions about \"what will be there,\" without a trace of those questions, as though that whole matter of our spirit and of all that awaits us beyond the grave had long ago been blotted out of their nature, buried and strewn over with sand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как у нас застреливаются молодые люди","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as a self-directed act","body":"«застреливаются» carries «-ся» in its true reflexive sense — 'shoot themselves'. The imperfective with «как» ('how … keep shooting themselves') views it as a recurring social phenomenon, not a single event, deepening the indictment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давно похерена … похоронена и песком засыпана","title":"«похерить» and an alliterative triad","body":"«похерить» colloquially means to cross out, cancel, do away with (originally 'to strike through with an X', the old letter «хер»). It opens a grim alliterative chain of short passive participles — «похерена, похоронена … засыпана» (blotted out, buried, strewn with sand) — vivid in sound and image."}],"words":[{"surface":"Посмотрите","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"посмотрите","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with Посмотрите","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of застреливаются","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of застреливаются","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"застреливаются","lemma":"застреливаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of посмотрите","gloss":"shoot themselves"},{"surface":"молодые","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of застреливаются","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection ('oh')","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросов","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"малейших","lemma":"малейший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies вопросов","gloss":"the slightest"},{"surface":"гамлетовских","lemma":"гамлетовский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies вопросов","gloss":"Hamlet-like"},{"surface":"вопросов","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition без","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of вопросов, introduces the quoted question","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause, in apposition to том","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking признаков","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"признаков","lemma":"признак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"parallel to без вопросов phrase, modifies застреливаются","gloss":"traces"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of вопросов","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"вопросов","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies признаков","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of как будто idiom ('as though')","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle","role":"completes как будто idiom, introduces subordinate clause","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of статья","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"статья","lemma":"статья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of похерена","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking духе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"духе","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies статья","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of духе","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with духе, both objects of о","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ждет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ждет","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on всем","gloss":"awaits"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ждет","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гробом","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"гробом","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждет","gloss":"the grave"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похерена","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"похерена","lemma":"похерить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как будто clause","gloss":"blotted out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking природе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of природе","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"природе","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похерена","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"похоронена","lemma":"похоронить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with похерена","gloss":"buried"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"песком","lemma":"песок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of засыпана","gloss":"with sand"},{"surface":"засыпана","lemma":"засыпать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with похерена","gloss":"strewn over"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b12-c6-s34","source":"Посмотрите, наконец, на наш разврат, на наших сладострастников.","translation":"Look, finally, at our debauchery, at our sensualists.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Посмотрите … на наш разврат, на наших сладострастников","title":"Imperative «посмотрите» + «на» (accusative)","body":"«посмотрите на» governs the accusative of what is to be looked at. With animate «сладострастников» the accusative borrows the genitive plural ending (наших сладострастников), the rule of animacy keeping object distinct."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сладострастников","title":"«сладострастник» — a voluptuary","body":"«сладострастник» (from сладкий 'sweet' + страсть 'passion') is a sensualist or voluptuary given to «сладострастие», carnal lust. It is one of the novel's keywords for the Karamazov vice, and the prosecutor will soon apply it straight to Fyodor Pavlovich."}],"words":[{"surface":"Посмотрите","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Посмотрите","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разврат","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разврат","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"разврат","lemma":"разврат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Посмотрите","gloss":"debauchery"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сладострастников","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of сладострастников","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"сладострастников","lemma":"сладострастник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with разврат","gloss":"sensualists"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b12-c6-s35","source":"Федор Павлович, несчастная жертва текущего процесса, есть пред иными из них почти невинный младенец.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch, the hapless victim of the present trial, is before some of them almost an innocent babe.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"есть пред иными из них почти невинный младенец","title":"The rare overt copula «есть»","body":"Russian normally drops 'to be' in the present, but here Dostoevsky keeps the bookish «есть» ('is') for solemn, almost biblical weight. «пред иными из них» — 'before some of them' — uses the archaic «пред» and a partitive genitive «из них»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"невинный младенец","title":"«младенец» — a babe-in-arms","body":"«младенец» is an elevated word for an infant or babe (cf. the Holy Innocents, «избиение младенцев»), more sacral than «ребёнок». Calling the depraved Fyodor «почти невинный младенец» beside worse men is bitter, theatrical irony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"несчастная","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жертва","gloss":"hapless"},{"surface":"жертва","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"victim"},{"surface":"текущего","lemma":"текущий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies процесса","gloss":"the present"},{"surface":"процесса","lemma":"процесс","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жертва","gloss":"trial"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иными","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"иными","lemma":"иной","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of preposition пред","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies иными","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невинный","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"невинный","lemma":"невинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies младенец","gloss":"innocent"},{"surface":"младенец","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun complement of есть","gloss":"an infant"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b12-c6-s36","source":"А ведь мы все его знали, „он между нами жил“…","translation":"And yet we all knew him, \"he lived among us\"…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ведь мы все его знали","title":"«А ведь» — the hinge of dialogue","body":"«А» is the mild contrastive 'and/but' that shifts the topic, and «ведь» appeals to shared memory — together a near-untranslatable hinge, 'and yet, after all, we all knew him'. This pairing is one of the most characteristic gestures of Russian spoken thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"quantifier of мы ('we all')","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of жил","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"жил","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знали","gloss":"lived"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b12-c6-s37","source":"Да, психологией русского преступления займутся, может быть, когда-нибудь первенствующие умы, и наши и европейские, ибо тема стоит того.","translation":"Yes, the psychology of Russian crime will perhaps one day be taken up by the foremost minds, both ours and Europe's, for the theme is worth it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"психологией русского преступления займутся … первенствующие умы","title":"Reflexive future + instrumental object","body":"«займутся» is the perfective future of «заняться» (to take up, occupy oneself with), a «-ся» verb that governs the instrumental «психологией» (the psychology). The subject «первенствующие умы» (foremost minds) follows the verb, holding the new emphasis till the end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"первенствующие умы","title":"«первенствующий» — preeminent","body":"«первенствующий» is a bookish present active participle used adjectivally, 'leading, preeminent' (from первенствовать 'to take first place'). Yoked to «умы» (minds) it has a formal, almost ceremonial ring fitting the prosecutor's aspiration to grandeur."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"opens the sentence","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"психологией","lemma":"психология","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of займутся","gloss":"the psychology"},{"surface":"русского","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies преступления","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"преступления","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies психологией","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"займутся","lemma":"заняться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will take up"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical idiom with быть ('perhaps')","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"completes может быть idiom","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of когда-нибудь idiom ('someday')","gloss":"someday"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes когда-нибудь idiom, modifies займутся","gloss":"someday"},{"surface":"первенствующие","lemma":"первенствовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies умы","gloss":"foremost"},{"surface":"умы","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of займутся","gloss":"minds"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative и...и ('both...and')","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to умы","gloss":"ours"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"европейские","lemma":"европейский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with наши","gloss":"European ones"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тема","lemma":"тема","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"the theme"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"is worth"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of стоит","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b12-c6-s38","source":"Но это изучение произойдет когда-нибудь после, уже на досуге, и когда вся трагическая безалаберщина нашей настоящей минуты отойдет на более отдаленный план, так что ее уже можно будет рассмотреть и умнее, и беспристрастнее, чем, например, люди, как я, могут сделать.","translation":"But that study will be undertaken sometime later, at leisure, and when the whole tragic muddle of our present moment has receded into a more distant plane, so that it can already be examined more wisely and more dispassionately than men such as I are able to do.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так что ее уже можно будет рассмотреть … умнее, и беспристрастнее","title":"Comparatives in -ее and impersonal «можно будет»","body":"«умнее» and «беспристрастнее» are predicative comparative adverbs in -ее ('more wisely, more dispassionately'). The impersonal «можно будет» ('it will be possible'), with no nominative subject and a future of «быть», frames the whole as a deferred possibility."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"трагическая безалаберщина","title":"«безалаберщина» — disorderly muddle","body":"«безалаберщина» is an expressive, faintly contemptuous noun for chaotic disorder, slovenliness, muddle — the -щина suffix lending a collective, dismissive flavor. Pairing it with «трагическая» (tragic) is a deliberately jarring high-low collocation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of изучение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"изучение","lemma":"изучение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произойдет","gloss":"study"},{"surface":"произойдет","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will take place"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of когда-нибудь idiom ('sometime')","gloss":"sometime"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes когда-нибудь idiom, modifies произойдет","gloss":"sometime"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произойдет ('afterward')","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies досуге","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking досуге","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"досуге","lemma":"досуг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произойдет","gloss":"leisure"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отойдет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of безалаберщина","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"трагическая","lemma":"трагический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies безалаберщина","gloss":"tragic"},{"surface":"безалаберщина","lemma":"безалаберщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отойдет","gloss":"muddle"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"настоящей","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies безалаберщина","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"отойдет","lemma":"отойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with произойдет","gloss":"will recede"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking план","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдаленный","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"отдаленный","lemma":"отдалённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies план","gloss":"distant"},{"surface":"план","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отойдет","gloss":"plane"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так что","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of так что idiom ('so that')","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"так что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"completes так что idiom, introduces the result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of рассмотреть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"impersonal predicate, main verb of the result clause","gloss":"it will be possible"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of можно (future impersonal)","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"рассмотреть","lemma":"рассмотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"examine"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative и...и ('both...and')","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"умнее","lemma":"умно","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with рассмотреть","gloss":"more wisely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"беспристрастнее","lemma":"беспристрастно","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with умнее","gloss":"more dispassionately"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies люди","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of могут","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with я, modifies люди","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чем-clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b12-c6-s39","source":"Теперь же мы или ужасаемся, или притворяемся, что ужасаемся, а сами, напротив, смакуем зрелище как любители ощущений сильных, эксцентрических, шевелящих нашу цинически-ленивую праздность, или, наконец, как малые дети, отмахиваем от себя руками страшные призраки и прячем голову в подушку, пока пройдет страшное видение, с тем чтобы потом тотчас же забыть его в веселии и играх.","translation":"But for now we either are horrified or pretend to be horrified, while in truth, on the contrary, we relish the spectacle like connoisseurs of strong, eccentric sensations that stir our cynically lazy idleness — or else, finally, like little children, we wave the frightful specters away from us with our hands and hide our heads in the pillow until the frightful vision passes, only to forget it the next instant in mirth and games.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы или ужасаемся, или притворяемся … а сами … смакуем","title":"«или … или» and the contrastive «а сами»","body":"«или … или» (either … or) lists the false reactions, then «а» pivots contrastively to the truth — «а сами … смакуем» ('while we ourselves relish'). The intensive «сами» (ourselves) sharpens the self-accusation under the adversative «а»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ощущений … шевелящих нашу … праздность","title":"Present active participle, genitive plural","body":"«шевелящих» (stirring) is a present active participle agreeing in the genitive plural with «ощущений» — 'sensations that stir our idleness'. The participle compresses a relative clause into the swelling chain of the sentence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смакуем зрелище","title":"«смаковать» — to savor","body":"«смаковать» (from French/German via смак 'relish, taste') means to savor or relish something with sensual lingering. Applied to «зрелище» (a spectacle) it accuses the public of taking gourmandizing pleasure in horror, like «любители ощущений сильных» (connoisseurs of strong sensations)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ужасаемся","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Теперь","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ужасаемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"ужасаемся","lemma":"ужасаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are horrified"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"притворяемся","lemma":"притворяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ужасаемся","gloss":"pretend"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of притворяемся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ужасаемся","lemma":"ужасаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of притворяемся","gloss":"are horrified"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смакуем","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies смакуем","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"смакуем","lemma":"смаковать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ужасаемся","gloss":"relish"},{"surface":"зрелище","lemma":"зрелище","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of смакуем","gloss":"the spectacle"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking любители","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"любители","lemma":"любитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смакуем","gloss":"connoisseurs"},{"surface":"ощущений","lemma":"ощущение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies любители","gloss":"sensations"},{"surface":"сильных","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies ощущений","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"эксцентрических","lemma":"эксцентрический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with сильных","gloss":"eccentric"},{"surface":"шевелящих","lemma":"шевелить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сильных, modifies ощущений","gloss":"stirring"},{"surface":"нашу","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of праздность","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"цинически","lemma":"цинически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ленивую (compound цинически-ленивую)","gloss":"cynically"},{"surface":"ленивую","lemma":"ленивый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies праздность","gloss":"lazy"},{"surface":"праздность","lemma":"праздность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of шевелящих","gloss":"idleness"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies или","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking дети","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"малые","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies дети","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to мы, subject of отмахиваем","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"отмахиваем","lemma":"отмахивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ужасаемся","gloss":"wave away"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of отмахиваем","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of отмахиваем","gloss":"with our hands"},{"surface":"страшные","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies призраки","gloss":"frightful"},{"surface":"призраки","lemma":"призрак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of отмахиваем","gloss":"specters"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прячем","lemma":"прятать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отмахиваем","gloss":"hide"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прячем","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"подушку","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прячем","gloss":"the pillow"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of пройдет","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"пройдет","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отмахиваем","gloss":"passes"},{"surface":"страшное","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies видение","gloss":"frightful"},{"surface":"видение","lemma":"видение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пройдет","gloss":"vision"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с тем чтобы","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of с тем чтобы idiom ('so as to')","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"с тем чтобы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of с тем чтобы idiom, introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"с тем чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"completes с тем чтобы idiom, introduces забыть","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыть","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас же","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of тотчас же idiom ('at once')","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"тотчас же","morphology":"particle","role":"completes тотчас же idiom, modifies забыть","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose infinitive after чтобы","gloss":"to forget"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of забыть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веселии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"веселии","lemma":"веселие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыть","gloss":"mirth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"играх","lemma":"игра","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with веселии","gloss":"games"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b12-c6-s40","source":"Но когда-нибудь надо же и нам начать нашу жизнь трезво и вдумчиво, надо же и нам бросить взгляд на себя как на общество, надо же и нам хоть что-нибудь в нашем общественном деле осмыслить или только хоть начать осмысление наше.","translation":"But sometime we too must begin to live our life soberly and thoughtfully; we too must cast a glance at ourselves as a society; we too must make sense of at least something in our public affairs, or at least begin our reckoning of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо же и нам начать … надо же и нам бросить … надо же и нам … осмыслить","title":"Impersonal «надо» with dative «нам», thrice","body":"The anaphora «надо же и нам …» ('we too must…') runs the impersonal necessity «надо» plus the dative experiencer «нам» three times. The particle «же» insists, the dative-subject pattern keeps the people as the ones-it-falls-upon rather than nominative agents."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть что-нибудь … осмыслить","title":"Non-specific «-нибудь» — 'anything at all'","body":"«что-нибудь» carries the clitic «-нибудь», marking a non-specific 'anything at all', weaker than the specific «что-то». With «хоть» ('at least'), it lowers the demand to 'make sense of at least something, anything'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of когда-нибудь idiom ('someday')","gloss":"someday"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes когда-нибудь idiom, modifies надо","gloss":"someday"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"impersonal predicate, main verb of the first clause","gloss":"it is necessary"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphatic, modifies нам ('we too')","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of начать (depends on надо)","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"начать","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"нашу","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of начать","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"трезво","lemma":"трезво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начать","gloss":"soberly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдумчиво","lemma":"вдумчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with трезво","gloss":"thoughtfully"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with надо, impersonal predicate of the second clause","gloss":"it is necessary"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphatic, modifies нам ('we too')","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of бросить (depends on надо)","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"бросить","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросить","gloss":"a glance"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking общество","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking общество","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"общество","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросить","gloss":"a society"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with надо, impersonal predicate of the third clause","gloss":"it is necessary"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphatic, modifies нам ('we too')","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of осмыслить (depends on надо)","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что-нибудь","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of что-нибудь idiom ('something')","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"completes что-нибудь idiom, direct object of осмыслить","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of деле","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"общественном","lemma":"общественный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of осмыслить","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"осмыслить","lemma":"осмыслить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"make sense of"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хоть","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начать","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"начать","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with осмыслить","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"осмысление","lemma":"осмысление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of начать","gloss":"the reckoning"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies осмысление","gloss":"our"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b12-c6-s41","source":"Великий писатель предшествовавшей эпохи, в финале величайшего из произведений своих, олицетворяя всю Россию в виде скачущей к неведомой цели удалой русской тройки, восклицает: „Ах, тройка, птица тройка, кто тебя выдумал!“ — и в гордом восторге прибавляет, что пред скачущею сломя голову тройкой почтительно сторонятся все народы.","translation":"A great writer of the preceding age, in the finale of the greatest of his works, personifying all of Russia as a dashing Russian troika racing toward an unknown goal, exclaims: \"Ah, troika, bird-troika, who dreamed you up!\" — and adds in proud rapture that before the troika racing headlong all the nations respectfully step aside.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"олицетворяя всю Россию в виде скачущей … тройки","title":"Gerund + a present participle in the genitive","body":"«олицетворяя» is a present gerund ('personifying'), and within its object stands «скачущей» — a present active participle in the genitive agreeing with «тройки» ('a troika racing'). One subordinate verb-form nests inside another, the dense participial layering of high literary Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"удалой русской тройки","title":"«удалой» — daring, dashing","body":"«удалой» is a folk-poetic adjective for reckless, dashing valor, the bravado of the open road and the bogatyr — untranslatable to a single English word. It belongs to the heroic-national register Gogol's troika passage made famous."}],"words":[{"surface":"Великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies писатель","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"писатель","lemma":"писатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицает","gloss":"writer"},{"surface":"предшествовавшей","lemma":"предшествовавший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies эпохи","gloss":"preceding"},{"surface":"эпохи","lemma":"эпоха","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies писатель","gloss":"of the age"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking финале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"финале","lemma":"финал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of восклицает","gloss":"the finale"},{"surface":"величайшего","lemma":"величайший","morphology":"adjective, superlative, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies финале","gloss":"the greatest"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking произведений","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"произведений","lemma":"произведение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of величайшего","gloss":"works"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies произведений","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"олицетворяя","lemma":"олицетворять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on восклицает","gloss":"personifying"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Россию","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of олицетворяя","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of олицетворяя","gloss":"the form"},{"surface":"скачущей","lemma":"скакать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies тройки","gloss":"racing"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цели","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"неведомой","lemma":"неведомый","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies цели","gloss":"unknown"},{"surface":"цели","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скачущей","gloss":"goal"},{"surface":"удалой","lemma":"удалой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тройки","gloss":"dashing"},{"surface":"русской","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тройки","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"тройки","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"troika"},{"surface":"восклицает","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaims"},{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection introducing the quoted exclamation","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"тройка","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"direct address (vocative)","gloss":"troika"},{"surface":"птица","lemma":"птица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to тройка","gloss":"bird"},{"surface":"тройка","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to птица","gloss":"troika"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of выдумал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of выдумал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"выдумал","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause addressing тройка","gloss":"dreamed up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"гордом","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies восторге","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"восторге","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавляет","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"прибавляет","lemma":"прибавлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to восклицает","gloss":"adds"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сторонятся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тройкой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"скачущею","lemma":"скакать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies тройкой","gloss":"racing"},{"surface":"сломя","lemma":"сломить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"idiom modifying скачущею (headlong)","gloss":"headlong","note":"Idiom «сломя голову» = 'headlong, at breakneck speed', literally 'having broken one's head'."},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сломя","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"тройкой","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сторонятся","gloss":"the troika"},{"surface":"почтительно","lemma":"почтительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сторонятся","gloss":"respectfully"},{"surface":"сторонятся","lemma":"сторониться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"step aside"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of народы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"народы","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сторонятся","gloss":"nations"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b12-c6-s42","source":"Так, господа, это пусть, пусть сторонятся, почтительно или нет, но, на мой грешный взгляд, гениальный художник закончил так или в припадке младенчески невинного прекрасномыслия, или просто боясь тогдашней цензуры.","translation":"So be it, gentlemen, let them step aside, respectfully or not; but, to my sinful eye, the writer of genius ended thus either in a fit of childishly innocent fine-feeling, or simply out of fear of the censorship of his day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"закончил так … или … или просто боясь тогдашней цензуры","title":"«или … или» joining a phrase and a gerund","body":"The disjunction «или … или» offers two motives, the second carried by the present gerund «боясь» (fearing) — a «-ся» verb that governs the genitive «цензуры». The gerund shares the subject «художник» and adds attendant circumstance: 'ended thus … out of fear'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прекрасномыслия","title":"«прекрасномыслие» — fine-feeling","body":"«прекрасномыслие» (прекрасный 'beautiful' + мысль 'thought') is a coinage meaning naive, lofty, 'beautiful-souled' idealism, faintly mocking. The whimsical compound suits the prosecutor's condescension toward Gogol's hopeful ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пусть","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пусть","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"let it be"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сторонятся","gloss":"let (them)"},{"surface":"сторонятся","lemma":"сторониться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пусть","gloss":"step aside"},{"surface":"почтительно","lemma":"почтительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сторонятся","gloss":"respectfully"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with почтительно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляд","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of взгляд","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"грешный","lemma":"грешный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"sinful"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закончил (idiom: in my view)","gloss":"view"},{"surface":"гениальный","lemma":"гениальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies художник","gloss":"brilliant"},{"surface":"художник","lemma":"художник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закончил","gloss":"artist"},{"surface":"закончил","lemma":"закончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with the preceding clause via но","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закончил","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking припадке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"припадке","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закончил, alternative to так","gloss":"a fit"},{"surface":"младенчески","lemma":"младенчески","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невинного","gloss":"childishly"},{"surface":"невинного","lemma":"невинный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies прекрасномыслия","gloss":"innocent"},{"surface":"прекрасномыслия","lemma":"прекрасномыслие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies припадке","gloss":"fine-feeling"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боясь","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"боясь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause, alternative to так/в припадке, modifying закончил","gloss":"fearing"},{"surface":"тогдашней","lemma":"тогдашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies цензуры","gloss":"of that time"},{"surface":"цензуры","lemma":"цензура","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of боясь","gloss":"the censorship"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b12-c6-s43","source":"Ибо если в его тройку впрячь только его же героев, Собакевичей, Ноздревых и Чичиковых, то кого бы ни посадить ямщиком, ни до чего путного на таких конях не доедешь!","translation":"For if you harness to his troika only his own heroes — the Sobakevitches, the Nozdryovs and the Tchitchikovs — then whomever you set up as driver, you will get nowhere worthwhile on such horses!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"то кого бы ни посадить ямщиком … не доедешь","title":"Concessive «кого бы ни» — 'whomever'","body":"«кого бы ни …» builds a universal concession, 'whomever you set up', with «бы» plus «ни» plus an infinitive. «ямщиком» is a predicate instrumental after «посадить» ('set up as driver'), and «не доедешь» is a generalized 2nd-person 'you'll get nowhere'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ямщиком","title":"«ямщик» — the coachman of old Russia","body":"A «ямщик» was a driver of the post-horses and carriages of the old «ям» relay system — an iconic figure of road, song, and snowstorm in Russian literature. Setting Gogol's swindler-heroes behind such a driver makes the national troika a vehicle going nowhere."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"conjunction linking to the previous sentence","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of впрячь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тройку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of тройку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"тройку","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of впрячь","gloss":"troika"},{"surface":"впрячь","lemma":"впрячь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"harness"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies героев","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of героев","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies его","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"героев","lemma":"герой","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of впрячь","gloss":"heroes"},{"surface":"Собакевичей","lemma":"Собакевич","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to героев","gloss":"the Sobakeviches"},{"surface":"Ноздревых","lemma":"Ноздрёв","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to героев","gloss":"the Nozdryovs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Чичиковых","lemma":"Чичиков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to героев","gloss":"the Chichikovs"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative 'then', introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of посадить","gloss":"whomever"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the concessive construction кого бы ни","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посадить","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"посадить","lemma":"посадить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"set (as)"},{"surface":"ямщиком","lemma":"ямщик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of посадить","gloss":"as driver"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the negative correlation ни...не (with доедешь)","gloss":"not (any)"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of доедешь","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"путного","lemma":"путный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"worthwhile"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of конях","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"конях","lemma":"конь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of доедешь","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доедешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"доедешь","lemma":"доехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"you'll reach"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b12-c6-s44","source":"А это только еще прежние кони, которым далеко до теперешних, у нас почище…»","translation":"And those are still only the old horses, far inferior to today's — ours are of a finer breed…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которым далеко до теперешних","title":"Impersonal «далеко до» + dative","body":"«которым далеко до …» is an impersonal idiom: dative «которым» plus «далеко до + genitive» means 'they are far from / no match for' the present horses. There is no nominative subject — the relative pronoun stands as dative experiencer."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"у нас почище","title":"«почище» — comparative with a colloquial bite","body":"«почище» is the comparative of «чистый» softened by «по-» ('a bit finer/cleaner'), used colloquially to mean 'of a higher order, more thoroughgoing'. The tone is sardonic: today's villainous 'horses' are an 'improvement' on Gogol's."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кони","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прежние","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"прежние","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies кони","gloss":"the old"},{"surface":"кони","lemma":"конь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun (это = кони)","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of далеко (relative pronoun referring to кони)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the relative clause (far from)","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking теперешних","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"теперешних","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"today's"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of почище (idiom: у нас = 'ours')","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"почище","lemma":"почище","morphology":"adjective, comparative, indeclinable (predicate)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"finer"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b12-c6-s45","source":"Здесь речь Ипполита Кирилловича была прервана рукоплесканиями.","translation":"Here Ippolit Kirillovitch's speech was interrupted by applause.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"речь … была прервана рукоплесканиями","title":"Periphrastic passive with instrumental agent","body":"«была прервана» is the periphrastic passive — «быть» plus the short past passive participle «прервана» (interrupted) — agreeing with «речь». The agent stands in the instrumental: «рукоплесканиями» (by applause)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рукоплесканиями","title":"«рукоплескания» — applause","body":"«рукоплескание» (рука 'hand' + плескать 'to splash/clap') is a literary, slightly elevated word for applause, the transparent native compound beside the borrowed «аплодисменты». Its formality matches the solemn courtroom scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прервана","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive прервана","gloss":"the speech"},{"surface":"Ипполита","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies речь","gloss":"Ippolit's"},{"surface":"Кирилловича","lemma":"Кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполита","gloss":"Kirillovitch"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of прервана","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"прервана","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"interrupted"},{"surface":"рукоплесканиями","lemma":"рукоплескание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of прервана","gloss":"by applause"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b12-c6-s46","source":"Либерализм изображения русской тройки понравился.","translation":"The liberalism of his depiction of the Russian troika had pleased the room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Либерализм изображения русской тройки понравился","title":"Stacked genitives and dropped dative","body":"A chain of genitives — «изображения русской тройки» ('of the depiction of the Russian troika') — modifies «либерализм»; «понравился» (pleased) normally takes a dative experiencer, here left implicit ('it pleased [the room]'). The heavy genitive string is typical of compressed reportorial Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Либерализм","lemma":"либерализм","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понравился","gloss":"the liberalism"},{"surface":"изображения","lemma":"изображение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Либерализм","gloss":"of the depiction"},{"surface":"русской","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тройки","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"тройки","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies изображения","gloss":"troika"},{"surface":"понравился","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had pleased"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b12-c6-s47","source":"Правда, сорвалось лишь два-три клака, так что председатель не нашел даже нужным обратиться к публике с угрозою «очистить залу» и лишь строго поглядел в сторону клакеров.","translation":"True, only two or three claps broke out, so that the presiding judge did not even find it necessary to address the public with a threat to \"clear the hall\" and merely glanced sternly in the direction of the clappers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сорвалось лишь два-три клака","title":"Genitive singular after «два-три»","body":"After the numerals «два-три» the counted noun takes the genitive singular «клака» (a clap), per the rule that 2–4 govern genitive singular. The verb «сорвалось» (broke out, escaped) is neuter, the default for such quantified, impersonal subjects."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"клака … клакеров","title":"«клака», «клакёр» — the hired clappers","body":"A «клака» (from French claque) is organized paid applause, and «клакёры» the hirelings who produce it. The presiding judge's stern glance at the «клакеры» implies someone is staging the courtroom's enthusiasm — a worldly theatrical detail."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies сорвалось","gloss":"True"},{"surface":"сорвалось","lemma":"сорваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke out"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies два","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"head of the numeral phrase, subject of сорвалось","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with два, subject of сорвалось","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"клака","lemma":"клак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of два/три (counted noun)","gloss":"claps"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound conjunction так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the compound conjunction так что, introduces clause of нашел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"председатель","lemma":"председатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нашел","gloss":"the presiding judge"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нашел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нашел","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the так что result clause","gloss":"found (it)"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нужным","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"нужным","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of нашел","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"обратиться","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of нашел","gloss":"to address"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking публике","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"публике","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратиться","gloss":"the public"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угрозою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"угрозою","lemma":"угроза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратиться","gloss":"a threat"},{"surface":"очистить","lemma":"очистить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of угрозою","gloss":"to clear"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of очистить","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies строго","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядел","gloss":"sternly"},{"surface":"поглядел","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нашел","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядел","gloss":"the direction"},{"surface":"клакеров","lemma":"клакёр","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies сторону","gloss":"of the clappers"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b12-c6-s48","source":"Но Ипполит Кириллович был ободрен: никогда-то ему до сих пор не аплодировали!","translation":"But Ippolit Kirillovitch was heartened: never until now had he been applauded!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда-то ему до сих пор не аплодировали","title":"Negative concord with impersonal «не аплодировали»","body":"«никогда … не аплодировали» shows obligatory negative concord — the «ни»-word «никогда» keeps «не» on the verb. The subjectless 3rd-plural «аплодировали» is impersonal ('no one had applauded'), with the dative «ему» as the one applauded-to. The emphatic «-то» laments his long obscurity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive ободрен","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"Кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovitch"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of ободрен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ободрен","lemma":"ободрить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heartened"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies аплодировали","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to никогда","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"«-то» here is an emphatic enclitic attached to «никогда», not a separate word."},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of аплодировали","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"until","note":"Idiom «до сих пор» = 'until now'."},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies аплодировали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"аплодировали","lemma":"аплодировать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to ободрен","gloss":"had (they) applauded"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b12-c6-s49","source":"Человека столько лет не хотели слушать и вдруг возможность на всю Россию высказаться!","translation":"Here was a man no one had cared to listen to for so many years, and suddenly the chance to speak out before all of Russia!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Человека столько лет не хотели слушать","title":"Genitive of negation: «Человека … не хотели слушать»","body":"Under the negated «не хотели слушать» the object 'man' shifts to the genitive «Человека» (the animate genitive doubling as accusative reinforces it). The subjectless 3rd-plural «не хотели» reads impersonally — 'no one cared to listen to the man'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"столько лет","title":"«столько» + genitive plural «лет»","body":"The quantifier «столько» ('so many') governs the genitive plural; «лет» is the suppletive genitive plural of «год» (year), borrowed from «лето». 'So many years' uses this irregular form rather than *годов."}],"words":[{"surface":"Человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слушать (fronted)","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial complement of хотели","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотели","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"слушать","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотели","gloss":"to listen to"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возможность (elided verb 'there was')","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"возможность","lemma":"возможность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of elided verb, parallel to Человека clause","gloss":"the chance"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Россию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Россию","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of высказаться","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"высказаться","lemma":"высказаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies возможность","gloss":"to speak out"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b12-c6-s50","source":"«В самом деле, — продолжал он, — что такое это семейство Карамазовых, заслужившее вдруг такую печальную известность по всей даже России?","translation":"\"Indeed,\" he went on, \"what is this Karamazov family that has suddenly earned such mournful renown throughout all of Russia?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"семейство Карамазовых, заслужившее вдруг такую … известность","title":"Past active participle agreeing with «семейство»","body":"«заслужившее» is the past active participle of «заслужить» (to earn, deserve), in the neuter to agree with «семейство» — 'the family that has earned'. «Карамазовых» is the genitive plural of the surname, naming the family collectively."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"печальную известность","title":"«печальная известность» — sad notoriety","body":"«известность» is renown or fame; qualified by «печальная» ('sad, mournful') it becomes notoriety, ill fame. The genteel litotes — naming infamy as 'mournful renown' — suits the prosecutor's polished, ceremonious diction."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжал (idiom: indeed)","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate pronoun (interrogative: what)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of что","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of семейство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"семейство","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject (predicate nominal construction with что)","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"Карамазовых","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies семейство","gloss":"of the Karamazovs"},{"surface":"заслужившее","lemma":"заслужить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying семейство","gloss":"having earned"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заслужившее","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of известность","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"печальную","lemma":"печальный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies известность","gloss":"sorrowful"},{"surface":"известность","lemma":"известность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заслужившее","gloss":"renown"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking России","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of России","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies России","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies известность","gloss":"Russia"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b12-c6-s51","source":"Может быть, я слишком преувеличиваю, но мне кажется, что в картине этой семейки как бы мелькают некоторые общие основные элементы нашего современного интеллигентного общества — о, не все элементы, да и мелькнуло лишь в микроскопическом виде, „как солнце в малой капле вод“, но всё же нечто отразилось, всё же нечто сказалось.","translation":"Perhaps I exaggerate too much, but it seems to me that in the picture of this little family there flicker, as it were, certain general, fundamental elements of our contemporary educated society — oh, not all the elements, and they flickered only in microscopic form, \"like the sun in a small drop of water,\" but still something was reflected, something made itself known.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как солнце в малой капле вод","title":"\"Like the sun in a drop of water\"","body":"An archaic, poetic phrase: «вод» is the old genitive plural of «вода» (water), where modern Russian would say «капле воды». The image (a whole sun mirrored in one tiny droplet) is a literary commonplace meaning the whole is reflected in a small part; here the prosecutor uses it to say the Karamazov family mirrors all of Russian society."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы мелькают … мелькнуло лишь в микроскопическом виде","title":"Aspect pair «мелькать / мелькнуть»","body":"The same root appears in both aspects: imperfective «мелькают» (flicker, keep flashing) for the ongoing image, then perfective «мелькнуло» (flashed once) for the single momentary glint. The pair lets the prosecutor have it both ways — a recurring shimmer and a fleeting flash. «как бы» hedges it all as 'as it were'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"этой семейки","title":"«семейка» — the belittling diminutive","body":"«семейка» is the diminutive of «семья/семейство», but here pejorative rather than affectionate — 'this little (wretched) family'. The -ка suffix can shrink with contempt, coloring the prosecutor's view of the Karamazovs as a sorry clan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"head of the idiom 'может быть' (perhaps), parenthetical","gloss":"Perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of преувеличиваю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies преувеличиваю","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"преувеличиваю","lemma":"преувеличивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exaggerate"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of кажется","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with преувеличиваю","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мелькают","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking картине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"картине","lemma":"картина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькают","gloss":"the picture"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of семейки","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"семейки","lemma":"семейка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies картине","gloss":"of this little family"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мелькают (idiom: как бы)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как (idiom: as it were)","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"мелькают","lemma":"мелькать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of кажется","gloss":"flicker"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of элементы","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"общие","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies элементы","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"основные","lemma":"основной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies элементы","gloss":"fundamental"},{"surface":"элементы","lemma":"элемент","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of мелькают","gloss":"elements"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of общества","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"современного","lemma":"современный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общества","gloss":"contemporary"},{"surface":"интеллигентного","lemma":"интеллигентный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общества","gloss":"educated"},{"surface":"общества","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies элементы","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, parenthetical","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies все","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of элементы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"элементы","lemma":"элемент","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"elliptical predicate, parenthetical (not all elements did)","gloss":"the elements"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да (idiom: да и = 'and indeed')","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"мелькнуло","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мелькают","gloss":"it flickered"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"микроскопическом","lemma":"микроскопический","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"microscopic"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнуло","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the simile (солнце...)","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"солнце","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the simile (comparandum to мелькнуло)","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking капле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"малой","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies капле","gloss":"a small"},{"surface":"капле","lemma":"капля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of солнце (locates the simile)","gloss":"drop"},{"surface":"вод","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies капле","gloss":"of water"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom 'всё же' (nevertheless)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"(nevertheless)"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of отразилось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"отразилось","lemma":"отразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with мелькнуло","gloss":"was reflected"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom 'всё же' (nevertheless)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"(nevertheless)"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of сказалось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"сказалось","lemma":"сказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отразилось","gloss":"made itself known"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b12-c6-s52","source":"Посмотрите на этого несчастного, разнузданного и развратного старика, этого „отца семейства“, столь печально покончившего свое существование.","translation":"Look at this unhappy, unbridled and debauched old man, this \"father of a family,\" who brought his existence to so mournful a close.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь печально покончившего свое существование","title":"Past active participle, animate accusative","body":"«покончившего» (past active participle of «покончить», to make an end of) agrees with the animate accusative «старика», hence the genitive-shaped ending. It compresses 'who brought his existence to so mournful a close' into a single modifier closing a long descriptive run."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разнузданного и развратного","title":"«разнузданный», «развратный»","body":"«разнузданный» is literally 'unbridled' (from узда 'bridle') — given over to unchecked appetite — and «развратный» 'debauched, dissolute'. The alliterative раз-/раз- pair piles vice on vice, the prosecutor's portrait of Fyodor Pavlovich in full rhetorical flow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Посмотрите","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking несчастного","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of несчастного","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"несчастного","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старика","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"разнузданного","lemma":"разнузданный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with несчастного","gloss":"unbridled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"развратного","lemma":"развратный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with несчастного","gloss":"depraved"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Посмотрите","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старика","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"семейства","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"of a family"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies печально","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"печально","lemma":"печально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покончившего","gloss":"sorrowfully"},{"surface":"покончившего","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying старика","gloss":"who ended"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of существование","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"существование","lemma":"существование","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of покончившего","gloss":"existence"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b12-c6-s53","source":"Родовой дворянин, начавший карьеру бедненьким приживальщиком, чрез нечаянную и неожиданную женитьбу схвативший в приданое небольшой капитальчик, вначале мелкий плут и льстивый шут, с зародышем умственных способностей, довольно, впрочем, неслабых, и прежде всего ростовщик.","translation":"A nobleman by birth, who began his career as a poor little hanger-on, who through a chance and unlooked-for marriage seized a small bit of capital as a dowry, at first a petty cheat and fawning buffoon with the germ of mental abilities — fairly capable ones, by the way — and above all a usurer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начавший … схвативший … ростовщик","title":"A verbless portrait built on past participles","body":"This whole 'sentence' has no finite verb: it is an appositive sketch hung on past active participles — «начавший» (who began), «схвативший» (who seized) — plus bare nominative nouns («плут … шут … ростовщик»). Russian's zero-copula present lets a chain of participles and predicate nouns stand as a complete characterization."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приживальщиком","title":"«приживальщик» — the hanger-on","body":"A «приживальщик» is a poor dependent who lives in a wealthier household, a tolerated hanger-on or sponger (from приживаться 'to settle in on'). It names a recognizable social type of the period and marks Fyodor's humble, parasitic start."}],"words":[{"surface":"Родовой","lemma":"родовой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дворянин","gloss":"by birth"},{"surface":"дворянин","lemma":"дворянин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head noun of the description","gloss":"nobleman"},{"surface":"начавший","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying дворянин","gloss":"having begun"},{"surface":"карьеру","lemma":"карьера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of начавший","gloss":"career"},{"surface":"бедненьким","lemma":"бедненький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приживальщиком","gloss":"poor little"},{"surface":"приживальщиком","lemma":"приживальщик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начавший","gloss":"hanger-on"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женитьбу","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"нечаянную","lemma":"нечаянный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женитьбу","gloss":"chance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неожиданную","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with нечаянную","gloss":"unlooked-for"},{"surface":"женитьбу","lemma":"женитьба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition чрез","gloss":"marriage"},{"surface":"схвативший","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying дворянин","gloss":"having seized"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приданое","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"приданое","lemma":"приданое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"dowry"},{"surface":"небольшой","lemma":"небольшой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies капитальчик","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"капитальчик","lemma":"капитальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схвативший","gloss":"little capital"},{"surface":"вначале","lemma":"вначале","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плут","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"мелкий","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies плут","gloss":"petty"},{"surface":"плут","lemma":"плут","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to дворянин","gloss":"cheat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"льстивый","lemma":"льстивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шут","gloss":"fawning"},{"surface":"шут","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with плут","gloss":"buffoon"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зародышем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"зародышем","lemma":"зародыш","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шут","gloss":"germ"},{"surface":"умственных","lemma":"умственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies способностей","gloss":"mental"},{"surface":"способностей","lemma":"способность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies зародышем","gloss":"abilities"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неслабых","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical remark","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"неслабых","lemma":"неслабый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies способностей","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase прежде всего","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase прежде всего","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ростовщик","lemma":"ростовщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with дворянин","gloss":"usurer"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b12-c6-s54","source":"С годами, то есть с нарастанием капитальчика, он ободряется.","translation":"With the years — that is, as his little capital grew — he took heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С годами … с нарастанием капитальчика, он ободряется","title":"Instrumental of attendant circumstance with «с»","body":"«С годами» and «с нарастанием» use «с» plus the instrumental to mean 'with / as (the years, the growth)' — time and cause moving together. «ободряется» is a «-ся» verb in the narrative present ('takes heart')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"капитальчика","title":"«капитальчик» — the diminutive of capital","body":"«капитальчик» is the diminutive of «капитал», 'his little capital' — here faintly derisive, shrinking Fyodor's fortune to something petty and scraped-together. Repeated through the passage, the suffix keeps needling his small-time greed."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking годами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"годами","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ободряется","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нарастанием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нарастанием","lemma":"нарастание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to годами","gloss":"growth"},{"surface":"капитальчика","lemma":"капитальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies нарастанием","gloss":"of the little capital"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ободряется","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ободряется","lemma":"ободряться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"takes heart"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b12-c6-s55","source":"Приниженность и заискивание исчезают, остается лишь насмешливый и злой циник и сладострастник.","translation":"The cringing and the toadying fell away, and there remained only a mocking, malicious cynic and sensualist.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приниженность и заискивание исчезают, остается лишь … циник","title":"Number agreement: plural subject, then singular","body":"The compound subject «Приниженность и заискивание» takes plural «исчезают» (disappear), but the next clause has singular «остается» agreeing with what survives — «циник и сладострастник», felt as a single residue. Both verbs are imperfective presents painting a process."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Приниженность и заискивание","title":"«приниженность», «заискивание»","body":"«приниженность» is cringing self-abasement (from принизить 'to humble/lower'), «заискивание» the fawning, ingratiating effort to curry favor. The abstract -ость and -ание nouns name the servile manner Fyodor sheds once his money lets him drop the act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приниженность","lemma":"приниженность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of исчезают","gloss":"cringing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заискивание","lemma":"заискивание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Приниженность","gloss":"toadying"},{"surface":"исчезают","lemma":"исчезать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fall away"},{"surface":"остается","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with исчезают","gloss":"remains"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies насмешливый","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"насмешливый","lemma":"насмешливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies циник","gloss":"mocking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"злой","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with насмешливый","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"циник","lemma":"циник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остается","gloss":"cynic"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сладострастник","lemma":"сладострастник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with циник","gloss":"sensualist"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b12-c6-s56","source":"Духовная сторона вся похерена, а жажда жизни чрезвычайная.","translation":"The spiritual side was wholly blotted out, while his thirst for life was extraordinary.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Духовная сторона вся похерена, а жажда жизни чрезвычайная","title":"Verbless antithesis on the hinge «а»","body":"Two predicates with no copula, balanced across the contrastive «а»: «сторона … похерена» (a short passive participle, 'blotted out') versus «жажда … чрезвычайная» (an adjective). The zero-copula present and the topic-shifting «а» set spiritual death against animal vitality in one taut line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Духовная","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сторона","gloss":"spiritual"},{"surface":"сторона","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of похерена","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сторона","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"похерена","lemma":"похерить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short-form, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of сторона","gloss":"blotted out"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"жажда","lemma":"жажда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of чрезвычайная","gloss":"thirst"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жажда","gloss":"for life"},{"surface":"чрезвычайная","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of жажда","gloss":"extraordinary"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b12-c6-s57","source":"Свелось на то, что, кроме сладострастных наслаждений, он ничего в жизни и не видит, так учит и детей своих.","translation":"It came down to this: that apart from voluptuous pleasures he saw nothing at all in life — and so he taught his children too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кроме сладострастных наслаждений, он ничего … и не видит","title":"«кроме» + genitive and negative concord","body":"«кроме» (except, besides) governs the genitive «наслаждений», and the clause runs negative concord — «ничего … не видит» ('sees nothing'). The particle «и» before «не видит» adds 'not even', tightening the indictment: apart from lust he sees nothing at all."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Свелось на то, что","title":"Impersonal «свелось на то, что»","body":"«Свелось на то, что …» is an impersonal, subjectless idiom — 'it came down to this, that…' — with the «-ся» verb «свестись» (to be reduced to) and the correlative «то» pointing forward to the «что»-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Свелось","lemma":"свестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came down to"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Свелось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наслаждений","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"сладострастных","lemma":"сладострастный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies наслаждений","gloss":"voluptuous"},{"surface":"наслаждений","lemma":"наслаждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of видит","gloss":"pleasures"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of видит","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видит","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видит","gloss":"even","note":"Emphatic и here, not a coordinating conjunction: 'sees nothing at all'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видит","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of clause introduced by что","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies учит","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"учит","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видит","gloss":"teaches"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies детей","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of учит","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of детей","gloss":"his own"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b12-c6-s58","source":"Отеческих духовных каких-нибудь обязанностей — никаких.","translation":"Of any fatherly, spiritual duties — none whatever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отеческих духовных каких-нибудь обязанностей — никаких","title":"Genitive of negation with an elided verb","body":"The whole noun phrase stands in the genitive plural — «обязанностей … никаких» — because a negated existential is understood ('of … duties — none'). The verb «не было/нет» is dropped, leaving the bare genitive of negation to do the work, a terse, hammering effect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отеческих","lemma":"отеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies обязанностей","gloss":"fatherly"},{"surface":"духовных","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies обязанностей","gloss":"spiritual"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of обязанностей","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of обязанностей","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"обязанностей","lemma":"обязанность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"duties"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of обязанностей","gloss":"none"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b12-c6-s59","source":"Он над ними смеется, он воспитывает своих маленьких детей на заднем дворе и рад, что их от него увозят.","translation":"He laughs at them; he brings up his little children in the back yard and is glad when they are taken off his hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рад, что их от него увозят","title":"Subjectless 3rd-plural for the passive sense","body":"«увозят» is an impersonal 3rd-person plural ('they take [them] away'), the common Russian way to say something is done without naming the doer — English reaches for a passive, 'they are taken off his hands'. «их» (them) is the object, «от него» the source."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смеется","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of смеется","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughs"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воспитывает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"воспитывает","lemma":"воспитывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеется","gloss":"brings up"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of детей","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"маленьких","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies детей","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of воспитывает","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"заднем","lemma":"задний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дворе","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"дворе","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воспитывает","gloss":"yard"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with смеется","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увозят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of увозят","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увозят","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"увозят","lemma":"увозить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of рад","gloss":"take away"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b12-c6-s60","source":"Забывает об них даже вовсе.","translation":"He even forgets about them altogether.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Забывает об них даже вовсе","title":"«забывать о» + prepositional, with «об них»","body":"«забывать» governs «о» plus the prepositional — «об них» (about them), with the archaic/colloquial «об них» where modern standard prefers «о них». «даже вовсе» ('even altogether') drives the negligence to its extreme in a clipped final sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Забывает","lemma":"забывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgets"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of Забывает","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вовсе","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Забывает","gloss":"altogether"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b12-c6-s61","source":"Все нравственные правила старика — après moi le déluge.","translation":"The whole of the old man's moral code is — après moi le déluge.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Все нравственные правила старика — ...","title":"Zero copula and the dash","body":"There is no verb \"to be\" in the present: the subject «Все нравственные правила старика» (all the old man's moral rules) is simply equated with the French tag, and the dash stands in for the missing «есть». Russian routinely drops the present-tense copula, letting punctuation carry the link."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of правила","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"нравственные","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies правила","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"правила","lemma":"правило","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"rules"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies правила","gloss":"of the old man"},{"surface":"après","lemma":"après","morphology":"word","role":"French phrase in apposition to старика","gloss":"after","note":"French: 'après moi le déluge' — 'after me, the flood.'"},{"surface":"moi","lemma":"moi","morphology":"word","role":"depends on après","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"word","role":"depends on après","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"déluge","lemma":"déluge","morphology":"word","role":"depends on après","gloss":"flood"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b12-c6-s62","source":"Всё, что есть обратного понятию о гражданине, полнейшее, даже враждебное отъединение от общества: „Гори хоть весь свет огнем, было бы одному мне хорошо“.","translation":"Everything that is the opposite of the idea of a citizen, a complete and even hostile severing of himself from society: \"Let the whole world burn in flames, so long as I myself am all right.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обратного понятию о гражданине","title":"Dative governed by «обратный»","body":"The adjective «обратный» (opposite, contrary) governs a dative complement: «обратного понятию» = \"the opposite of the notion.\" The thing one is contrary *to* stands in the dative «понятию», a pattern that quietly steers many Russian adjectives and verbs."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отъединение","title":"«отъединение» — a severing-off","body":"A bookish abstract noun in «-ение» from «отъединить» (to detach, cut off), here \"severing oneself from society.\" The «от-» prefix stresses separation; the formation is the kind of weighty Latinate-feeling abstraction the prosecutor reaches for to sound learned."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Гори хоть весь свет огнем","title":"Imperative of concession with «хоть»","body":"«Гори» is a 2nd-person imperative («гореть», to burn) used not as a command but as a concession: \"let the whole world burn.\" Paired with «хоть» (\"even, if it must\") it forms the vivid \"let it all burn\" construction; «огнем» is an instrumental of manner, \"with fire / in flames.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"было бы одному мне хорошо","title":"Dative experiencer with «бы»","body":"An impersonal construction: no nominative subject, the experiencer «мне» (to me) in the dative, predicate adverb «хорошо» (well/all right). The «было бы» adds the irrealis particle «бы», making it a wished-for condition — \"so long as *I* were all right.\" «одному» (alone, just) agrees with «мне» in the dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of отъединение","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Всё","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"обратного","lemma":"обратный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"понятию","lemma":"понятие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратного","gloss":"to the concept"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гражданине","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"гражданине","lemma":"гражданин","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies понятию","gloss":"citizen"},{"surface":"полнейшее","lemma":"полнейший","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отъединение","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies враждебное","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"враждебное","lemma":"враждебный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отъединение","gloss":"hostile"},{"surface":"отъединение","lemma":"отъединение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun describing Всё","gloss":"severing"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking общества","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"общества","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отъединение","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"Гори","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"imperative clause coordinated with хорошо","gloss":"let burn"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свет","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свет","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Гори","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"огнем","lemma":"огонь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Гори","gloss":"with fire"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to хорошо","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood with было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies мне","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of хорошо","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"all right"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b12-c6-s63","source":"И ему хорошо, он вполне доволен, он жаждет прожить так еще двадцать тридцать лет.","translation":"And he is all right, he is perfectly content, he thirsts to go on living like this for another twenty or thirty years.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И ему хорошо","title":"Dative of the contented man","body":"Again the dative-experiencer frame: «ему хорошо» = \"he is fine / all is well with him,\" literally \"to-him [it is] well,\" with no subject and no verb. The repeated «ему хорошо ... мне хорошо» of these lines drives home how Russian seats well-being in the dative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жаждет","title":"«жаждать» — to thirst / crave","body":"An elevated, near-biblical verb meaning \"to thirst\" both literally and figuratively (cf. «жажда», thirst). Applied to a greedy old man's appetite for twenty or thirty more years, it lends a deliberately lofty, ironic tone to base craving."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of хорошо","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"all right"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of доволен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доволен","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"доволен","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, short-form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with хорошо","gloss":"content"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жаждет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"жаждет","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хорошо","gloss":"thirsts"},{"surface":"прожить","lemma":"прожить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of жаждет","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прожить","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies двадцать","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"coordinated with тридцать","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"тридцать","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прожить","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b12-c6-s64","source":"Он обсчитывает родного сына и на его же деньги, на наследство матери его, которые не хочет отдать ему, отбивает у него, у сына же своего, любовницу.","translation":"He cheats his own son, and with that very son's money — the inheritance from his mother, which he refuses to hand over — he wrests away from him, from his own son, his mistress.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обсчитывает","title":"«обсчитывать» — to cheat in reckoning","body":"From «считать» (to count) with «об-»: to short-change someone, to cheat them in the accounting. The imperfective present «обсчитывает» frames it as Fyodor's habitual practice — he is forever cheating his own son."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на его же деньги","title":"Emphatic particle «же»","body":"The particle «же» here is intensive — \"with that *very* son's own money.\" It pins emphasis onto «его» (his), sharpening the outrage. «же» is one of the small modal particles that English can only render with stress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него, у сына же своего, отбивает любовницу","title":"«отбивать у кого» + reflexive «своего»","body":"«отбивать у него» uses «у» + genitive to mark the person *from whom* something is wrested away — \"he steals the mistress from him.\" «своего» is the reflexive possessive: \"his own son,\" referring back to the subject (Fyodor), heightening the perversity that the victim is his own child."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обсчитывает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"обсчитывает","lemma":"обсчитывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cheats"},{"surface":"родного","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сына","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обсчитывает","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньги","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies его","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наследство","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"наследство","lemma":"наследство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to деньги","gloss":"inheritance"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies наследство","gloss":"mother's"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies матери","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of отдать","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on деньги","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"give back"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отдать","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"отбивает","lemma":"отбивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обсчитывает","gloss":"wrests away"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отбивает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сына","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to него, object of preposition у","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сына","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сына","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"любовницу","lemma":"любовница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отбивает","gloss":"mistress"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b12-c6-s65","source":"Нет, я не хочу уступать защиту подсудимого высокоталантливому защитнику, прибывшему из Петербурга.","translation":"No, I have no wish to yield the prisoner's defense to the highly gifted defense counsel who has come from Petersburg.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прибывшему из Петербурга","title":"Past active participle in the dative","body":"«прибывшему» is a past active participle of «прибыть» (to arrive), \"who has arrived,\" declined to agree with «защитнику» in the dative. It compresses a «который»-clause (\"the counsel who came from Petersburg\") into one word — a hallmark of dense literary syntax."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to хочу","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"уступать","lemma":"уступать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to yield"},{"surface":"защиту","lemma":"защита","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of уступать","gloss":"defense"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies защиту","gloss":"of the defendant"},{"surface":"высокоталантливому","lemma":"высокоталантливый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies защитнику","gloss":"highly gifted"},{"surface":"защитнику","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of уступать","gloss":"counsel"},{"surface":"прибывшему","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"clause modifying защитнику","gloss":"who has arrived"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербурга","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Петербурга","lemma":"Петербург","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибывшему","gloss":"Petersburg"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b12-c6-s66","source":"Я и сам скажу правду, я и сам понимаю ту сумму негодования, которую он накопил в сердце своего сына.","translation":"I will speak the truth myself, I myself understand that sum of indignation which the father has heaped up in his son's heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я и сам скажу","title":"Emphatic «и сам» — \"I myself, too\"","body":"The intensifier «сам» (oneself) with «и» means \"I too, for my own part, will say.\" «скажу» is a perfective future («сказать»), conjugated like a present but pointing to a single completed act of telling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ту сумму негодования, которую он накопил","title":"Correlative «ту ... которую»","body":"The demonstrative «ту» (that) sets up the relative «которую», which agrees with its antecedent «сумму» in gender and number but takes the accusative for its own role as object of «накопил». The pairing is the standard way Russian frames \"that X which...\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в сердце своего сына","title":"Reflexive «своего» for the absent agent","body":"«своего сына» (his own son's) refers back to the implied subject of the heaping-up — the father, \"his [the father's] own son.\" Choosing «своего» over «его» keeps the possession anchored to the clause's actor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes Я, modifies скажу","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes я, modifies понимаю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with скажу","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сумму","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сумму","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"sum"},{"surface":"негодования","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сумму","gloss":"of indignation"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of накопил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of накопил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"накопил","lemma":"накопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on сумму","gloss":"heaped up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of накопил","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сына","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"son's"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b12-c6-s67","source":"Но довольно, довольно об этом несчастном старике, он получил свою мзду.","translation":"But enough, enough of this unhappy old man; he has received his due.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"довольно об этом несчастном старике","title":"«довольно» + genitive / «об» + prepositional","body":"«довольно» (\"enough\") here governs the topic with «об» + prepositional: «об этом несчастном старике» = \"enough about this unhappy old man.\" «об» is the form of «о» used before a vowel, and the whole phrase declines in the prepositional of topic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мзду","title":"«мзда» — recompense, his deserts","body":"An archaic, bookish word for payment or requital, often with a faintly biblical or pejorative ring (also \"a bribe\"). «получил свою мзду» = \"he has received his due\" — a solemn, almost scriptural way to say the old man got what was coming to him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старике","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старике","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старике","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старике","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"несчастном","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старике","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"старике","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition об","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of получил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"получил","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мзду","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мзду","lemma":"мзда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of получил","gloss":"due"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b12-c6-s68","source":"Вспомним, однако, что это отец, и один из современных отцов.","translation":"Let us remember, however, that he is a father, and one of our contemporary fathers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вспомним","title":"First-person plural exhortation","body":"«Вспомним» is the 1st-person-plural form of perfective «вспомнить» used as a \"let us remember\" exhortation — Russian's way of making a hortative simply by using the «мы» future form without a pronoun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"однако","title":"Adversative «однако»","body":"«однако» (however, yet) is a bookish coordinating conjunction marking a turn against the preceding thought — here pivoting from dismissing the old man to insisting we still see him as a father. It is weightier and more written than a plain «но»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вспомним","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let us remember"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Вспомним","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отец","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of отец","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отец","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцов","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"современных","lemma":"современный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies отцов","gloss":"contemporary"},{"surface":"отцов","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies один","gloss":"fathers"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b12-c6-s69","source":"Обижу ли я общество, сказав, что это один даже из многих современных отцов?","translation":"Shall I give offense to society if I say that he is even one among many contemporary fathers?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Обижу ли я общество","title":"Yes/no question with «ли»","body":"The particle «ли» turns the statement into a question by fronting the focused verb «обижу» (perfective future, \"shall I offend\") and following it with «ли»: \"Shall I offend society...?\" This is more formal and literary than rising intonation alone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сказав","title":"Perfective gerund «сказав»","body":"«сказав» is the past (perfective) adverbial participle of «сказать»: \"by saying / if I say.\" The indeclinable «-в» gerund expresses the action of the same subject and folds a whole \"if I say that...\" clause into a single word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обижу","lemma":"обидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will I offend"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Обижу","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Обижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"общество","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Обижу","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"сказав","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on Обижу","gloss":"by saying"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of один","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of один","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отцов","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцов","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies отцов","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"современных","lemma":"современный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies отцов","gloss":"contemporary"},{"surface":"отцов","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies один","gloss":"fathers"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b12-c6-s70","source":"Увы, столь многие из современных отцов лишь не высказываются столь цинически, как этот, ибо лучше воспитаны, лучше образованы, а в сущности — почти такой же, как и он, философии.","translation":"Alas, so many of our contemporary fathers simply do not express themselves as cynically as he did, for they are better bred, better educated — yet in essence they hold almost the very same philosophy as he.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь многие ... столь цинически","title":"Bookish intensifier «столь»","body":"«столь» (\"so, to such a degree\") is an elevated, literary alternative to «так»: «столь многие» = \"so many,\" «столь цинически» = \"so cynically.\" Its repetition lends the sentence a deliberately rhetorical, period-formal cadence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не высказываются","title":"Reflexive «-ся» middle voice","body":"«высказываться» (to express oneself, speak one's mind) is a «-ся» verb: the clitic turns «высказывать» (to utter) into an intransitive, self-directed action. Here «не высказываются столь цинически» = \"do not express themselves so cynically.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо","title":"Archaic causal «ибо»","body":"«ибо» means \"for, because,\" but it is markedly bookish and old-fashioned — a Church-Slavonic-flavored conjunction beloved of 19th-century prose and Scripture. A speaker today would say «потому что»; «ибо» raises the register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти такой же ... философии","title":"Genitive of quality","body":"«почти такой же ... философии» — \"of almost the very same philosophy\" — uses the genitive «философии» to describe a quality or characteristic belonging to a person, a standard Russian genitive of attribution. «такой же» = \"the same kind of,\" with «же» reinforcing identity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Увы","lemma":"увы","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical remark","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многие","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of высказываются","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцов","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"современных","lemma":"современный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies отцов","gloss":"contemporary"},{"surface":"отцов","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies многие","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies высказываются","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"высказываются","lemma":"высказываться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"express themselves"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies цинически","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"цинически","lemma":"цинически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высказываются","gloss":"cynically"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with этот","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"referent of как (elliptical clause 'as this one [did]')","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воспитаны","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воспитаны","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"воспитаны","lemma":"воспитать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short-form, plural, perfective","role":"predicate in ибо-clause, refers to многие","gloss":"bred"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies образованы","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"образованы","lemma":"образовать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short-form, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with воспитаны","gloss":"educated"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сущности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сущности","lemma":"сущность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase (idiom 'в сущности')","gloss":"essence"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies философии","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with он","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"compared element in как-clause","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"философии","lemma":"философия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive of quality modifying такой (predicate describing он)","gloss":"philosophy"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b12-c6-s71","source":"Но пусть я пессимист, пусть.","translation":"But suppose I am a pessimist — suppose I am.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть я пессимист, пусть","title":"Concessive «пусть» — \"let it be that...\"","body":"«пусть» (\"let, suppose\") concedes a point: «пусть я пессимист» = \"suppose I am a pessimist.\" Trailing «пусть» on its own — \"so be it\" — is an emphatic shrug of concession. Note the zero copula: «я пессимист», no \"am.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пессимист","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пессимист","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пессимист","lemma":"пессимист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pessimist"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"stands alone, echoing the concession","gloss":"so be it"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b12-c6-s72","source":"Мы уж условились, что вы меня прощаете.","translation":"We have already agreed that you will forgive me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мы уж условились, что вы меня прощаете","title":"Reflexive «условиться» + reported «что»-clause","body":"«условиться» (to agree, settle on) is a «-ся» verb of mutual arrangement. «что вы меня прощаете» is a reported-fact clause introduced by «что» (that), with the imperfective present «прощаете» reading as a settled understanding. «уж» is a colloquial reduction of «уже» (already)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of условились","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies условились","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"условились","lemma":"условиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have agreed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прощаете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прощаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of прощаете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"прощаете","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of условились","gloss":"forgive"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b12-c6-s73","source":"Уговоримся заранее: вы мне не верьте, не верьте, я буду говорить, а вы не верьте.","translation":"Let us settle it in advance: do not believe me, do not believe me; I shall speak, and you are not to believe me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы мне не верьте, не верьте","title":"Negated imperative «не верьте»","body":"«верьте» is the polite/plural imperative of «верить» (to believe), here negated: \"do not believe me.\" Negated imperatives in Russian strongly favor the imperfective (warning against an action in general), as «верить» is here. «мне» is the dative complement: one believes *to* someone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я буду говорить, а вы не верьте","title":"Compound imperfective future + contrastive «а»","body":"«буду говорить» is the imperfective compound future (быть + infinitive): \"I shall be speaking,\" ongoing. The «а» that follows is the mild contrastive \"and/while\" — it sets the speaker's act against the listeners' non-belief: \"I shall speak, while you are not to believe.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Уговоримся","lemma":"уговориться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (cohortative, 'let us')","gloss":"let us agree"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Уговоримся","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of верьте","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of верьте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верьте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верьте","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"content of Уговоримся (direct address)","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верьте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верьте","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with верьте (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"future auxiliary of говорить","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of буду","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of верьте","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верьте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верьте","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with верьте","gloss":"believe"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b12-c6-s74","source":"Но все-таки дайте мне высказаться, все-таки кое-что из моих слов не забудьте.","translation":"But all the same let me speak my piece, and all the same do not forget a few of my words.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дайте мне высказаться","title":"Imperative + reflexive infinitive of permission","body":"«дайте» (give, here \"let / allow\") plus the «-ся» infinitive «высказаться» (to have one's full say) is the idiomatic \"let me speak my piece.\" The perfective «высказаться» views the speaking as one complete act, getting it all out."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кое-что из моих слов не забудьте","title":"Indefinite «кое-что» + partitive «из»","body":"«кое-что» means \"a little something, a few bits\"; «из моих слов» (\"of my words\") is a partitive «из» + genitive marking the whole from which the part is taken. «не забудьте» is a negated polite imperative, \"do not forget.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки, modifies дайте","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки, modifies дайте","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"дайте","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дайте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"высказаться","lemma":"высказаться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дайте","gloss":"speak my mind"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки, modifies забудьте","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки, modifies забудьте","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of кое-что, direct object of забудьте","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of кое-что, direct object of забудьте","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слов","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of слов","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of из","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забудьте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забудьте","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with дайте","gloss":"forget"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b12-c6-s75","source":"Но вот, однако, дети этого старика, этого отца семейства: один пред нами на скамье подсудимых, об нем вся речь впереди; про других скажу лишь вскользь.","translation":"But here, then, are the children of this old man, this father of a family: one stands before us in the prisoner's dock, and the whole speech ahead concerns him; of the others I will speak only in passing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"про других скажу лишь вскользь","title":"«про» + accusative; topic-fronting","body":"«про» governs the accusative «других» and means \"about, concerning\" — more colloquial than «о». Fronting «про других» (about the others) ahead of the verb makes it the topic: \"as for the others, I'll speak only in passing.\" «вскользь» = in passing, glancingly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the presentation of дети","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вот","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of elliptical predicate introduced by вот","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старика","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дети","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старика","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"семейства","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elliptical verb (implied 'stands')","gloss":"one","note":"Refers to one of the children just mentioned; the verb 'stands' is understood."},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скамье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"скамье","lemma":"скамья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"dock"},{"surface":"подсудимых","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies скамье","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of об","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of впереди","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"впереди","lemma":"впереди","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate (elliptical copula) of речь","gloss":"ahead"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking других","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of про","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will speak"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вскользь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вскользь","lemma":"вскользь","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of скажу","gloss":"in passing"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b12-c6-s76","source":"Из этих других, старший — есть один из современных молодых людей с блестящим образованием, с умом довольно сильным, уже ни во что, однако, не верующим, многое, слишком уже многое в жизни отвергшим и похерившим, точь-в-точь как и родитель его.","translation":"Of these others, the elder is one of those contemporary young men with a brilliant education, with a fairly powerful mind, who already believes in nothing, however, who has rejected and blotted out much, all too much in life — the very image of his parent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни во что не верующим","title":"Negative concord + present active participle","body":"«ни во что не верующим» = \"believing in nothing\": «ни во что» (not in anything) pairs obligatorily with the negator «не» before the verb — negative concord. «верующим» is a present active participle of «верить» in the instrumental, agreeing with «умом» / «молодым человеком», compressing \"who believes in nothing.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"многое ... отвергшим и похерившим","title":"Past active participles in the instrumental","body":"«отвергшим» (having rejected, from «отвергнуть») and «похерившим» (having struck out/blotted out) are perfective past active participles, both in the instrumental to agree with the young man being described. The chain of participles is the dense, bookish way Dostoevsky packs a whole biography into one noun phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"похерившим","title":"«похерить» — to cross out, scrap","body":"A colorful, slightly low verb meaning \"to strike through, cancel\" — originally to cross something out with the X-shaped old letter «херъ» (the name of the Cyrillic letter Х). It carries a dismissive, almost crude flavor: Ivan has not merely doubted but \"X-ed out\" much of life."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"точь-в-точь","title":"«точь-в-точь» — exactly, the spitting image","body":"An emphatic reduplicated idiom meaning \"precisely, to a T,\" here \"the very image of his parent (точь-в-точь как и родитель его).\" Its folksy doubling adds a colloquial punch to the prosecutor's otherwise lofty diction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking других","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of других","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of Из","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"старший","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"современных","lemma":"современный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"contemporary"},{"surface":"молодых","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of из","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образованием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"блестящим","lemma":"блестящий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies образованием","gloss":"brilliant"},{"surface":"образованием","lemma":"образование","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of с (modifies людей)","gloss":"education"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"умом","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сильным","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"сильным","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies умом","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верующим","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что (emphatic negation)","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of во, complement of верующим","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верующим","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верующим","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верующим","lemma":"верующий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies старший, coordinated with сильным","gloss":"believing"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отвергшим, coordinated with многое","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многое","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отвергшим","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies многое","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"отвергшим","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies старший, coordinated with верующим","gloss":"having rejected"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"похерившим","lemma":"похерить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвергшим","gloss":"cast aside"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb (fixed idiom)","role":"part of точь-в-точь, modifies как и родитель его","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb (fixed idiom)","role":"part of точь-в-точь","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb (fixed idiom)","role":"part of точь-в-точь","gloss":"exactly","note":"точь-в-точь is a fixed idiom meaning 'exactly like/the very image of'."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with родитель","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies родитель (emphatic 'too')","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"родитель","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"compared to старший (subject of elliptical clause)","gloss":"parent"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"possessive determiner of родитель","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b12-c6-s77","source":"Мы все его слышали, он в нашем обществе был принят дружелюбно.","translation":"We have all heard him; he was received cordially in our society.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он ... был принят дружелюбно","title":"Short passive participle + «был»","body":"«был принят» is the periphrastic passive: «принят» is the short-form past passive participle of «принять» (to receive) joined to «был» — \"was received.\" The short participle agrees in gender/number (here masc. sg.), and «дружелюбно» (cordially) is the adverb of manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слышали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies Мы (quantifier, 'all')","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слышали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have heard"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive принят","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обществе","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"обществе","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of принят","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of принят","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"принят","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of он, coordinated with слышали","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"дружелюбно","lemma":"дружелюбно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принят","gloss":"cordially"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b12-c6-s78","source":"Мнений своих он не скрывал, даже напротив, совсем напротив, что и дает мне смелость говорить теперь о нем несколько откровенно, конечно не как о частном лице, а лишь как о члене семьи Карамазовых.","translation":"He did not conceal his opinions — quite the contrary, the very opposite — which is what gives me the boldness to speak now of him somewhat candidly, not, of course, as of a private person, but only as a member of the Karamazov family.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мнений своих он не скрывал","title":"Genitive of negation + fronted object","body":"Under negation the object «мнения» (opinions) shifts to genitive «мнений»: «не скрывал мнений» = \"did not conceal his opinions.\" Fronting «Мнений своих» before the subject topicalizes it. «своих» is again the reflexive possessive, \"his own.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не как о частном лице, а лишь как о члене семьи","title":"Corrective «не ... а» with «о» + prepositional","body":"The «не X, а Y» frame corrects one term with another: \"not as of a private person, but only as of a member of the family.\" Both objects sit in the prepositional after «о» (о лице, о члене), the case of topic. «а» here is the corrective \"but rather.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Мнений","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of скрывал","gloss":"opinions"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of Мнений","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скрывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скрывал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скрывал","lemma":"скрывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"concealed"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies напротив","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, contrasts with скрывал","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напротив","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with напротив","gloss":"the contrary"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дает","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дает","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"дает","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause (что...дает)","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"смелость","lemma":"смелость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дает","gloss":"boldness"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies смелость","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies откровенно","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"откровенно","lemma":"откровенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"candidly"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies не как о лице","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как (negates the comparison)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces comparison, marks лице","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"частном","lemma":"частный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лице","gloss":"private"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies члене","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces comparison, marks члене","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking члене","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"члене","lemma":"член","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with лице","gloss":"member"},{"surface":"семьи","lemma":"семья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies члене","gloss":"of the family"},{"surface":"Карамазовых","lemma":"Карамазовы","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies семьи","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b12-c6-s79","source":"Здесь умер вчера, самоубийством, на краю города, один болезненный идиот, сильно привлеченный к настоящему делу, бывший слуга и, может быть, побочный сын Федора Павловича, Смердяков.","translation":"Here yesterday, by suicide, on the edge of town, died a certain sickly idiot deeply implicated in the present case, the former servant and, it may be, the natural son of Fyodor Pavlovitch — Smerdyakov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Здесь умер вчера ... один болезненный идиот","title":"Verb-first word order for new information","body":"The subject «один ... идиот» is held back to the end, after «Здесь умер вчера, самоубийством, на краю города» — the scene-setting adverbials come first and the newly introduced person lands last, in the comment slot. This topic-comment ordering is how Russian's free word order stages a revelation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"побочный сын","title":"«побочный сын» — natural (illegitimate) son","body":"«побочный» literally means \"side, lateral\"; «побочный сын» is the standard genteel term for an illegitimate child born outside marriage — \"a son on the side.\" The phrase delicately raises the scandalous possibility that Smerdyakov is Fyodor's own bastard."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умер","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"умер","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умер","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"самоубийством","lemma":"самоубийство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of умер","gloss":"by suicide"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking краю","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"краю","lemma":"край","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на (modifies умер)","gloss":"edge"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies краю","gloss":"of the town"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies идиот","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"болезненный","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies идиот","gloss":"sickly"},{"surface":"идиот","lemma":"идиот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умер","gloss":"idiot"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привлеченный","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"привлеченный","lemma":"привлечь","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying идиот","gloss":"implicated"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"настоящему","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies делу","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of привлеченный","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"бывший","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слуга","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"слуга","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to идиот","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of parenthetical может быть, modifies сын","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"побочный","lemma":"побочный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to идиот, coordinated with слуга","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to идиот (names him)","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b12-c6-s80","source":"Он с истерическими слезами рассказывал мне на предварительном следствии, как этот молодой Карамазов, Иван Федорович, ужаснул его своим духовном безудержем.","translation":"With hysterical tears he told me at the preliminary inquiry how this young Karamazov, Ivan Fyodorovitch, had appalled him with his spiritual unrestraint.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ужаснул его своим духовным безудержем","title":"«безудержье» — unbridled excess","body":"«безудержье» (the text's «безудержем» is the instrumental) means \"lack of restraint, unbridledness,\" from «без» + «удержать» (to hold back). «ужаснул ... своим духовным безудержем» = \"appalled him with his spiritual unrestraint\" — Ivan's terrifying refusal of all moral brakes. The instrumental marks the means of the appalling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слезами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"истерическими","lemma":"истерический","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies слезами","gloss":"hysterical"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of рассказывал","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказывал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking следствии","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"предварительном","lemma":"предварительный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies следствии","gloss":"preliminary"},{"surface":"следствии","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказывал","gloss":"inquiry"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ужаснул","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Карамазов","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Карамазов","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ужаснул","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Карамазов","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"ужаснул","lemma":"ужаснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause (complement of рассказывал)","gloss":"horrified"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ужаснул","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of безудержем","gloss":"his (own)"},{"surface":"духовном","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular (irregular for expected instrumental)","role":"modifies безудержем","gloss":"spiritual","note":"Expected instrumental духовным to agree with безудержем; this locative-looking ending appears to be an irregular/archaic form in the source text."},{"surface":"безудержем","lemma":"безудерж","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ужаснул","gloss":"unrestraint"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b12-c6-s81","source":"„Всё, дескать, по-ихнему, позволено, что ни есть в мире, и ничего впредь не должно быть запрещено, — вот они чему меня всё учили“.","translation":"\"Everything, he says, is permitted according to them, whatever there is in the world, and nothing henceforth must be forbidden — that's the whole of what they kept teaching me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — \"he says, supposedly\"","body":"A reportive particle flagging that the words are someone else's, often with a skeptical or distancing tinge — roughly \"so he says / as it were.\" It marks Smerdyakov ventriloquizing Ivan's doctrine; the speaker quotes without vouching for it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по-ихнему","title":"«по-ихнему» — substandard \"their way\"","body":"«по-ихнему» (\"in their way, according to them\") is a colloquial, non-standard form built on the vulgar possessive «ихний» (for «их»). It instantly marks Smerdyakov's untutored, lower-class speech against the prosecutor's polished diction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего ... не должно быть запрещено","title":"Negative concord with «ничего»","body":"«ничего ... не должно быть запрещено» stacks the negative pronoun «ничего» with the negator «не» — \"nothing must be forbidden\" — Russian's obligatory double negation. «запрещено» is a short passive participle (\"forbidden\"). The whole echoes the novel's notorious \"all is permitted.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of позволено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, marks reported speech","gloss":"he says","note":"дескать is a colloquial particle flagging that the words are someone else's reported speech."},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-ихнему","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of по-ихнему, modifies позволено","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"ихнему","lemma":"по-ихнему","morphology":"adverb (colloquial)","role":"part of по-ихнему, modifies позволено","gloss":"their way"},{"surface":"позволено","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is permitted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular (relative)","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть (idiom что ни есть)","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of что (что ни есть = 'whatever there is')","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of в (modifies есть)","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of passive должно","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должно","gloss":"henceforth"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies должно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должный","morphology":"predicative (short-form adjective), neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the clause, governs быть запрещено","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of запрещено","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"запрещено","lemma":"запретить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"forbidden"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the closing clause (вот они...учили)","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of учили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of учили (the thing taught)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of учили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb (colloquial, 'constantly')","role":"modifies учили","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"учили","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the closing clause","gloss":"taught"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b12-c6-s82","source":"Кажется, идиот на этом тезисе, которому обучили его, и сошел с ума окончательно, хотя, конечно, повлияли на умственное расстройство его и падучая болезнь, и вся эта страшная, разразившаяся в их доме катастрофа.","translation":"It seems the idiot lost his mind for good over this thesis they had drummed into him, though of course his mental breakdown was also brought on by his falling sickness and by the whole frightful catastrophe that broke out in their house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сошел с ума окончательно","title":"Idiom «сойти с ума» (perfective past)","body":"«сошел с ума» is the perfective past of the idiom «сходить/сойти с ума» — literally \"to come down off one's mind,\" i.e. to go mad. The perfective marks it as a completed event; «окончательно» (finally, for good) stresses the irreversibility."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"падучая болезнь","title":"«падучая» — the falling sickness","body":"«падучая (болезнь)» is the old folk-medical name for epilepsy, from «падать» (to fall) — the \"falling sickness.\" Smerdyakov's epilepsy is central to the plot, and the homely older term (rather than clinical «эпилепсия») fits the prosecutor's colloquial moment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разразившаяся в их доме катастрофа","title":"Past active participle as modifier","body":"«разразившаяся» is a perfective past active participle of «разразиться» (to break out, erupt), agreeing with «катастрофа» in the nominative feminine — \"the catastrophe that broke out in their house.\" The «-ся» reflexive verb yields a «-вшаяся» participle; the modifier wraps the location «в их доме» inside it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, governs the clause with сошел","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"идиот","lemma":"идиот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сошел","gloss":"the idiot"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тезисе","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of тезисе","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тезисе","lemma":"тезис","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на (modifies сошел)","gloss":"thesis"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular (relative)","role":"indirect object of обучили","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"обучили","lemma":"обучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on тезисе","gloss":"taught"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обучили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сошел","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of идиот (main verb under Кажется)","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошел","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошел","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of повлияли","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies повлияли","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"повлияли","lemma":"повлиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сошел","gloss":"influenced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расстройство","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"умственное","lemma":"умственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies расстройство","gloss":"mental"},{"surface":"расстройство","lemma":"расстройство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повлияли","gloss":"disorder"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"possessive determiner of расстройство","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"падучая","lemma":"падучий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болезнь","gloss":"falling","note":"падучая болезнь ('the falling sickness') is the old colloquial term for epilepsy."},{"surface":"болезнь","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of повлияли, coordinated with катастрофа","gloss":"sickness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of катастрофа","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of катастрофа","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"страшная","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies катастрофа","gloss":"frightful"},{"surface":"разразившаяся","lemma":"разразиться","morphology":"verb, past, reflexive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying катастрофа","gloss":"that broke out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of доме","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разразившаяся","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"катастрофа","lemma":"катастрофа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of повлияли, coordinated with болезнь","gloss":"catastrophe"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b12-c6-s83","source":"Но у этого идиота промелькнуло одно весьма и весьма любопытное замечание, сделавшее бы честь и поумнее его наблюдателю, вот почему даже я об этом и заговорил: „Если есть, — сказал он мне, — который из сыновей более похожий на Федора Павловича по характеру, так это он, Иван Федорович!“","translation":"But this idiot let slip one remark, a most remarkable one, that would have done credit to a far cleverer observer — which is the very reason I have brought it up: \"If there is,\" he said to me, \"any of the sons who most resembles Fyodor Pavlovitch in character, then it is he, Ivan Fyodorovitch!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сделавшее бы честь ... наблюдателю","title":"Participle + «бы»: a conditional participle","body":"«сделавшее бы честь» combines the past active participle «сделавшее» (which would have done) with the irrealis particle «бы» — a rare participial conditional: \"a remark that would have done credit to...\". «честь» is here an idiom, «сделать честь» = to do credit; «наблюдателю» is the dative of the one honored."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поумнее его наблюдателю","title":"Comparative «поумнее» + genitive of comparison","body":"«поумнее» is the comparative of «умный» (clever) with the softening prefix «по-» — \"somewhat cleverer.\" The thing compared against stands in the genitive «его» (than he): «поумнее его» = \"cleverer than he.\" This genitive-of-comparison is an alternative to «чем»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"который из сыновей более похожий","title":"Substandard «который ... похожий»","body":"Smerdyakov's quoted speech is ungrammatical by literary norms: «который из сыновей более похожий» uses «который» loosely for \"whichever one\" and the long-form adjective «похожий» where the standard would prefer the short «похож». Dostoevsky lets the syntax stumble to mark the speaker as half-educated."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of идиота","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"идиота","lemma":"идиот","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"idiot"},{"surface":"промелькнуло","lemma":"промелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies замечание","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любопытное","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любопытное","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"любопытное","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies замечание","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"замечание","lemma":"замечание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of промелькнуло","gloss":"remark"},{"surface":"сделавшее","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying замечание","gloss":"that would have done"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle (conditional)","role":"auxiliary of сделавшее","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сделавшее","gloss":"credit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поумнее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"поумнее","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies наблюдателю","gloss":"cleverer"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison with поумнее ('than him')","gloss":"than him"},{"surface":"наблюдателю","lemma":"наблюдатель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сделавшее","gloss":"observer"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заговорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with промелькнуло","gloss":"spoke up"},{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate introducing the conditional clause ('if there is')","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical main verb interrupting the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of похожий","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сыновей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"сыновей","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies который","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похожий","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"похожий","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of который (within the если-clause)","gloss":"resembling"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федора","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похожий","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking характеру","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"характеру","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похожий","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative to Если, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject (with он as predicate complement)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это ('it is he')","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он (names him)","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b12-c6-s84","source":"На этом замечании я прерываю начатую характеристику, не считая деликатным продолжать далее.","translation":"On that remark I break off the sketch I had begun, not considering it delicate to carry it any further.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не считая деликатным продолжать","title":"Imperfective gerund «не считая»","body":"«не считая» is the present (imperfective) adverbial participle of «считать» (to consider), \"not considering [it].\" It attaches the speaker's reasoning to the main verb «прерываю»: \"I break off, not considering it delicate to continue.\" «деликатным» is an instrumental predicate after «считать кого/что каким»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"начатую характеристику","title":"Short vs. long passive participle as modifier","body":"«начатую» is the past passive participle of «начать» (to begin) in its long, declinable form, agreeing with «характеристику» in the accusative feminine — \"the sketch [I had] begun.\" The long form here works attributively, modifying the noun, where its short form «начата» would predicate."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking замечании","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of замечании","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"замечании","lemma":"замечание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прерываю","gloss":"remark"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прерываю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"прерываю","lemma":"прерывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"break off"},{"surface":"начатую","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies характеристику","gloss":"begun"},{"surface":"характеристику","lemma":"характеристика","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прерываю","gloss":"portrait"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies считая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"считая","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying прерываю","gloss":"considering"},{"surface":"деликатным","lemma":"деликатный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of считая","gloss":"delicate"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of считая","gloss":"to continue"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжать","gloss":"further"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b12-c6-s85","source":"О, я не хочу выводить дальнейших заключений и, как ворон, каркать молодой судьбе одну только гибель.","translation":"Oh, I have no wish to draw any further conclusions and, like a raven, to croak nothing but ruin over a young man's fate.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"каркать молодой судьбе","title":"Dative recipient of the croaking","body":"«каркать» (to croak/caw) takes the dative «молодой судьбе» — \"to croak ruin *to/over* a young fate.\" The dative marks the party at whom the ominous cry is directed, an extension of its core \"to/for whom\" function."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I wish"},{"surface":"выводить","lemma":"выводить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to draw"},{"surface":"дальнейших","lemma":"дальнейший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies заключений","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"заключений","lemma":"заключение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of выводить","gloss":"conclusions"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison ворон","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ворон","lemma":"ворон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"object of the comparison как","gloss":"a raven"},{"surface":"каркать","lemma":"каркать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выводить","gloss":"to croak"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies судьбе","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"судьбе","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of каркать","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies гибель","gloss":"one","note":"\"одну только\" together mean \"nothing but.\""},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гибель","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"гибель","lemma":"гибель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of каркать","gloss":"ruin"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b12-c6-s86","source":"Мы видели еще сегодня здесь, в этой зале, что непосредственная сила правды еще живет в его молодом сердце, что еще чувства семейной привязанности не заглушены в нем безверием и нравственным цинизмом, приобретенным больше по наследству, чем истинным страданием мысли.","translation":"We saw only today, here in this very hall, that the direct force of truth still lives in his young heart, that the feelings of family attachment have not yet been stifled in him by unbelief and a moral cynicism acquired more by inheritance than by any genuine suffering of thought.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чувства ... не заглушены в нем","title":"Short passive participle in negation","body":"«не заглушены» is the short past passive participle of «заглушить» (to stifle, smother) — \"have not been stifled,\" agreeing in plural with «чувства». The short form predicates a resulting state; «в нем» (in him) localizes it. The construction states what has *not* been done to him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"безверием ... цинизмом, приобретенным больше по наследству","title":"Instrumental of agent + past passive participle","body":"The stifling, if it happened, would be \"by\" «безверием и цинизмом» — instrumental of the agent/means with a passive. «приобретенным» is a past passive participle (\"acquired\") in the instrumental, agreeing with «цинизмом», and «больше ... чем» frames the comparison \"more by inheritance than by suffering.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видели","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видели","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видели","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of зале","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"elaborates здесь, modifies видели","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of живет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"непосредственная","lemma":"непосредственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сила","gloss":"direct"},{"surface":"сила","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of живет","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"правды","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сила","gloss":"of truth"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies живет","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"живет","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видели","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"молодом","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of живет","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заглушены","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заглушены (with не = \"not yet\")","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of passive заглушены","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"семейной","lemma":"семейный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies привязанности","gloss":"of family"},{"surface":"привязанности","lemma":"привязанность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"attachment"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заглушены","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заглушены","lemma":"заглушить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видели, parallel to живет","gloss":"have been stifled"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заглушены","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"безверием","lemma":"безверие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заглушены","gloss":"by unbelief"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нравственным","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies цинизмом","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"цинизмом","lemma":"цинизм","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with безверием","gloss":"cynicism"},{"surface":"приобретенным","lemma":"приобрести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"clause modifying цинизмом","gloss":"acquired"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приобретенным","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наследству","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"наследству","lemma":"наследство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of по","gloss":"inheritance"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison of страданием","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"истинным","lemma":"истинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies страданием","gloss":"genuine"},{"surface":"страданием","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"comparative complement of больше","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies страданием","gloss":"of thought"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b12-c6-s87","source":"Затем другой сын, — о, это еще юноша, благочестивый и смиренный, в противоположность мрачному растлевающему мировоззрению его брата, ищущий прилепиться, так сказать, к „народным началам“, или к тому, что у нас называют этим мудреным словечком в иных теоретических углах мыслящей интеллигенции нашей.","translation":"Then the other son — oh, he is still a youth, pious and humble, who, in contrast to his brother's gloomy, corrupting world-view, seeks to cleave, so to speak, to the \"native principles,\" or to what is called by that knowing little word in certain theoretical corners of our thinking intelligentsia.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ищущий прилепиться ... к народным началам","title":"Present active participle + «к» + dative","body":"«ищущий» is a present active participle of «искать» (to seek), \"who seeks,\" modifying «юноша». Its complement «прилепиться к народным началам» uses «к» + dative for the thing one cleaves *to*. The participle compresses a «который ищет...» clause into one bookish modifier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"словечком","title":"«словечко» — the knowing little word","body":"«словечко» is the diminutive of «слово» (word), here not literally \"small\" but dismissive and ironic — \"that cute little buzzword.\" The expressive suffix «-ечко» lets the prosecutor sneer at the intelligentsia's pet term while pretending to handle it gently."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of юноша","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies юноша","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"юноша","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это, describing сын","gloss":"a youth"},{"surface":"благочестивый","lemma":"благочестивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with юноша","gloss":"pious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смиренный","lemma":"смиренный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with юноша","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking противоположность","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"противоположность","lemma":"противоположность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying ищущий","gloss":"contrast"},{"surface":"мрачному","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мировоззрению","gloss":"gloomy"},{"surface":"растлевающему","lemma":"растлевать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"modifies мировоззрению","gloss":"corrupting"},{"surface":"мировоззрению","lemma":"мировоззрение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of противоположность","gloss":"world-view"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мировоззрению","gloss":"brother's"},{"surface":"ищущий","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"seeking"},{"surface":"прилепиться","lemma":"прилепиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of ищущий","gloss":"to cleave"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical (so to speak)","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking началам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"народным","lemma":"народный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies началам","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"началам","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"complement of прилепиться","gloss":"principles"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with началам, complement of прилепиться","gloss":"that which"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of называют","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of называют","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"называют","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тому","gloss":"is called"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of словечком","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мудреным","lemma":"мудрёный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies словечком","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"словечком","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of называют","gloss":"little word"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"иных","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies углах","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"теоретических","lemma":"теоретический","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies углах","gloss":"theoretical"},{"surface":"углах","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of называют","gloss":"corners"},{"surface":"мыслящей","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies интеллигенции","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"интеллигенции","lemma":"интеллигенция","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies углах","gloss":"of the intelligentsia"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies интеллигенции","gloss":"our"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b12-c6-s88","source":"Он, видите ли, прилепился к монастырю; он чуть было сам не постригся в монахи.","translation":"He has cleaved, you see, to the monastery; he very nearly took monastic vows himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чуть было сам не постригся","title":"«чуть было не» — \"all but did\"","body":"«чуть было не» plus a perfective past verb means \"very nearly did, all but did (and didn't)\": «чуть было не постригся» = \"he very nearly took vows.\" The «было» is a frozen relic marking the averted action; the «не» is part of the idiom, not a true negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прилепился","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (you see)","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the parenthetical видите ли","gloss":"you see","note":"\"видите ли\" together is the idiom \"you see\"; ли carries no separate meaning."},{"surface":"прилепился","lemma":"прилепиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has cleaved"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"монастырю","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прилепился","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of постригся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было (idiom чуть было не = \"very nearly\")","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the чуть...не idiom on постригся","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes он (himself)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies постригся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"постригся","lemma":"постричься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прилепился","gloss":"took vows"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монахи","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"монахи","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of постригся","gloss":"monks"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b12-c6-s89","source":"В нем, кажется мне, как бы бессознательно, и так рано, выразилось то робкое отчаяние, с которым столь многие теперь в нашем бедном обществе, убоясь цинизма и разврата его и ошибочно приписывая всё зло европейскому просвещению, бросаются, как говорят они, к „родной почве“, так сказать, в материнские объятия родной земли, как дети, напуганные призраками, и у иссохшей груди расслабленной матери жаждут хотя бы только спокойно заснуть и даже всю жизнь проспать, лишь бы не видеть их пугающих ужасов.","translation":"In him, it seems to me, there found expression, as if unconsciously and so early, that timid despair with which so many now in our poor society — taking fright at its cynicism and debauchery, and mistakenly ascribing all the evil to European enlightenment — fling themselves, as they put it, toward the \"native soil,\" so to speak, into the maternal embrace of their native land, like children frightened by specters, and at the withered breast of their enfeebled mother they thirst at least to fall peacefully asleep, even to sleep their whole life away, only so as not to see the horrors that frighten them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы бессознательно ... выразилось","title":"Reflexive «-ся» + hedging «как бы»","body":"«выразилось» is the «-ся» middle of «выразить» (to express): \"there found expression / there expressed itself.\" The subject is «то робкое отчаяние», held to the end. «как бы» (\"as it were, sort of\") is the prosecutor's constant rhetorical hedge, softening his claims."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"убоясь цинизма и разврата","title":"Archaic gerund «убоясь» + genitive object","body":"«убоясь» is an old perfective gerund of «убояться» (to take fright) — \"having taken fright at\" — a bookish «-сь» form. The verb «бояться» governs the genitive, so its objects «цинизма и разврата» (cynicism and debauchery) stand in the genitive of the thing feared."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приписывая всё зло ... бросаются ... к „родной почве“","title":"Imperfective gerund of accompanying action","body":"«приписывая» is a present (imperfective) gerund of «приписывать» (to ascribe), \"ascribing,\" running parallel to the main verb «бросаются» (fling themselves) — both share the subject «многие». The gerund stacks a simultaneous attitude onto the main action, a signature of dense literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лишь бы ... не видеть","title":"«лишь бы» — \"if only / so long as not\"","body":"«лишь бы» (\"if only, just so that\") with the irrealis «бы» introduces a desperate sole condition: «лишь бы не видеть их пугающих ужасов» = \"only so as not to see the horrors that frighten them.\" It marks the minimal thing wished for above all else."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выразилось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (it seems)","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of кажется","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of как бы, modifies бессознательно","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бессознательно","lemma":"бессознательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразилось","gloss":"unconsciously"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рано","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"рано","lemma":"рано","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with бессознательно, modifies выразилось","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"выразилось","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found expression"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of отчаяние","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"робкое","lemma":"робкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отчаяние","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"отчаяние","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выразилось","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросаются","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многие","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of бросаются","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многие","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обществе","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"бедном","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обществе","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"обществе","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of многие","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"убоясь","lemma":"убояться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросаются","gloss":"fearing"},{"surface":"цинизма","lemma":"цинизм","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убоясь","gloss":"cynicism"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разврата","lemma":"разврат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with цинизма","gloss":"debauchery"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разврата","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ошибочно","lemma":"ошибочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приписывая","gloss":"mistakenly"},{"surface":"приписывая","lemma":"приписывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with убоясь","gloss":"ascribing"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of зло","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"зло","lemma":"зло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of приписывая","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"европейскому","lemma":"европейский","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies просвещению","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"просвещению","lemma":"просвещение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of приписывая","gloss":"enlightenment"},{"surface":"бросаются","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of relative clause modifying отчаяние (via которым)","gloss":"fling themselves"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical говорят","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (as they put it)","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking почве","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"родной","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies почве","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"почве","lemma":"почва","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросаются","gloss":"soil"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical (so to speak)","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking объятия","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"материнские","lemma":"материнский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies объятия","gloss":"maternal"},{"surface":"объятия","lemma":"объятие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of бросаются","gloss":"embrace"},{"surface":"родной","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies земли","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies объятия","gloss":"of the land"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison дети","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"object of the comparison как, modifies бросаются","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"напуганные","lemma":"напугать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies дети","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"призраками","lemma":"призрак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of напуганные","gloss":"by specters"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"иссохшей","lemma":"иссохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies груди","gloss":"withered"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жаждут","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"расслабленной","lemma":"расслабленный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies матери","gloss":"enfeebled"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies груди","gloss":"mother's"},{"surface":"жаждут","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бросаются","gloss":"they thirst"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom хотя бы (\"at least\"), modifies заснуть","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спокойно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заснуть","gloss":"peacefully"},{"surface":"заснуть","lemma":"заснуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of жаждут","gloss":"to fall asleep"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всю","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of проспать","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"проспать","lemma":"проспать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with заснуть","gloss":"to sleep away"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom лишь бы не (\"only so as not to\")","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase лишь бы","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видеть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заснуть","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of ужасов","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"пугающих","lemma":"пугать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies ужасов","gloss":"frightening"},{"surface":"ужасов","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"horrors"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b12-c6-s90","source":"С моей стороны я желаю доброму и даровитому юноше всего лучшего, желаю, чтоб его юное прекраснодушие и стремление к народным началам не обратилось впоследствии, как столь часто оно случается, со стороны нравственной в мрачный мистицизм, а со стороны гражданской в тупой шовинизм — два качества, грозящие, может быть, еще большим злом нации, чем даже раннее растление от ложно понятого и даром добытого европейского просвещения, каким страдает старший брат его».","translation":"For my part, I wish this kind and gifted youth all the best; I wish that his youthful fine-feeling and his striving toward the native principles may not later turn — as so often happens — on the moral side into a gloomy mysticism, and on the civic side into a dull chauvinism, two qualities that threaten the nation with perhaps an even greater evil than even the early corruption born of a falsely understood and cheaply acquired European enlightenment from which his elder brother suffers.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"желаю, чтоб его юное прекраснодушие ... не обратилось","title":"«чтоб(ы)» + past-form irrealis of wish","body":"After «желаю» (I wish), the clause takes «чтоб(ы)» plus a past-tense verb «не обратилось» — the willed/hypothetical mood. «чтобы» fuses «что» + «бы»; the past form here is not past time but irrealis: \"that it might not turn.\" «обратиться в» + accusative = to turn into."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прекраснодушие","title":"«прекраснодушие» — high-flown sentimentality","body":"A compound of «прекрасная душа» (beautiful soul), calquing the German Schöne Seele, it names a noble but naive, impractical idealism — \"fine-feeling\" with an edge of mockery. The prosecutor grants Alyosha the trait while gently warning it may curdle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"два качества, грозящие ... злом","title":"Present active participle + instrumental of «грозить»","body":"«грозящие» is a present active participle of «грозить» (to threaten), agreeing with «два качества». The verb «грозить» governs the instrumental of the threatened evil: «грозящие ... большим злом нации» = \"threatening the nation with a greater evil,\" with «нации» in the dative as the one threatened."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of желаю","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of желаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"желаю","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"доброму","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies юноше","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даровитому","lemma":"даровитый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with доброму","gloss":"gifted"},{"surface":"юноше","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of желаю","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лучшего","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"лучшего","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of желаю","gloss":"the best"},{"surface":"желаю","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with желаю (repeated verb)","gloss":"I wish"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обратилось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of прекраснодушие","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"юное","lemma":"юный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies прекраснодушие","gloss":"youthful"},{"surface":"прекраснодушие","lemma":"прекраснодушие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обратилось","gloss":"fine-feeling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стремление","lemma":"стремление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with прекраснодушие","gloss":"striving"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking началам","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"народным","lemma":"народный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies началам","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"началам","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies стремление","gloss":"principles"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обратилось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обратилось","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the чтоб-clause, clausal complement of желаю","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратилось","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of случается","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случается","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случается","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"случается","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обратилось","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase со стороны","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"нравственной","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мистицизм","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"мрачный","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мистицизм","gloss":"gloomy"},{"surface":"мистицизм","lemma":"мистицизм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратилось","gloss":"mysticism"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase со стороны","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"гражданской","lemma":"гражданский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"civic"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шовинизм","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"тупой","lemma":"тупой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шовинизм","gloss":"dull"},{"surface":"шовинизм","lemma":"шовинизм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратилось","gloss":"chauvinism"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter","role":"depends on качества","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"качества","lemma":"качество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to the preceding clause (summarizes мистицизм and шовинизм)","gloss":"qualities"},{"surface":"грозящие","lemma":"грозить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying качества","gloss":"threatening"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies большим","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"большим","lemma":"больший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies злом","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"злом","lemma":"зло","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of грозящие","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"нации","lemma":"нация","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of грозящие","gloss":"the nation"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison of растление","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раннее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"раннее","lemma":"ранний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies растление","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"растление","lemma":"растление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"comparative complement of злом (via чем)","gloss":"corruption"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking просвещения, modifies растление","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ложно","lemma":"ложно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понятого","gloss":"falsely"},{"surface":"понятого","lemma":"понятый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies просвещения","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даром","lemma":"даром","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies добытого","gloss":"cheaply"},{"surface":"добытого","lemma":"добытый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies просвещения, coordinated with понятого","gloss":"acquired"},{"surface":"европейского","lemma":"европейский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies просвещения","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"просвещения","lemma":"просвещение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of от","gloss":"enlightenment"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"refers to просвещения, oblique complement of страдает","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"страдает","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of relative clause modifying просвещения","gloss":"suffers from"},{"surface":"старший","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of страдает","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b12-c6-s91","source":"За шовинизм и мистицизм опять раздались было два-три клака.","translation":"At \"chauvinism\" and \"mysticism\" two or three claps broke out again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"раздались было два-три клака","title":"The frustrative «было»","body":"The particle «было» after a perfective past marks an action begun but checked or undone: «раздались было ... клака» = \"two or three claps started up (but then died away).\" This \"frustrative\" «было» is a fine 19th-century touch signaling an action that didn't take hold."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"клака","title":"«клака» — claque","body":"A French borrowing («claque») for a hired or partisan group of clappers, and by extension the bursts of applause they produce. The faintly foreign, theatrical word casts the courtroom audience as a performance crowd reacting to the prosecutor's rhetoric."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шовинизм","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"шовинизм","lemma":"шовинизм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздались","gloss":"chauvinism"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мистицизм","lemma":"мистицизм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with шовинизм","gloss":"mysticism"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздались","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"раздались","lemma":"раздаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke out"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"marks a brief, tentative action with раздались","gloss":"briefly"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on клака","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on клака","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"клака","lemma":"клака","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздались","gloss":"claps"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b12-c6-s92","source":"И уж конечно, Ипполит Кириллович увлекся, да и всё это мало подходило к настоящему делу, не говоря уже о том, что вышло довольно неясно, но уж слишком захотелось высказаться чахоточному и озлобленному человеку хоть раз в своей жизни.","translation":"And of course Ippolit Kirillovitch had let himself be carried away, and all this had little bearing on the case at hand, not to mention that it came out rather obscurely; but the consumptive, embittered man wanted all too much to speak his mind at least once in his life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ипполит Кириллович увлекся","title":"Reflexive «увлечься» — got carried away","body":"«увлекся» is the perfective past of the «-ся» verb «увлечься» (to be carried away, get caught up). The reflexive marks a change of inner state happening *to* the subject — the prosecutor lost himself in his own eloquence. «уж» (= «уже») here is intensifying, \"and of course indeed.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"захотелось высказаться ... человеку","title":"Impersonal «захотелось» + dative experiencer","body":"«захотелось» is an impersonal reflexive: there is no nominative subject, and the one who wants stands in the dative — «чахоточному и озлобленному человеку» = \"the consumptive, embittered man.\" Literally \"to the man there came a wanting to speak out.\" This dative-experiencer frame seats desire as something that befalls one."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чахоточному","title":"«чахоточный» — consumptive","body":"From «чахотка», the old word for tuberculosis (\"the wasting\"), «чахоточный» means consumptive. Ippolit Kirillovitch is dying of TB — a fact that lends his \"speak out at least once in his life\" a poignant, mortal urgency the prosecutor's bluster conceals."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увлекся","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увлекся","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovitch"},{"surface":"увлекся","lemma":"увлечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had let himself be carried away"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of подходило","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подходило","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"подходило","lemma":"подходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with увлекся","gloss":"had bearing on"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"настоящему","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies делу","gloss":"the matter at hand"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подходило","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говоря","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подходило","gloss":"to mention","note":"«не говоря уже о том» is a fixed idiom meaning 'not to mention'."},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говоря","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говоря","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"it came out"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неясно","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"неясно","lemma":"неясный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"unclear"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слишком","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захотелось","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"захотелось","lemma":"захотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with увлекся","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"высказаться","lemma":"высказаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотелось","gloss":"to speak his mind"},{"surface":"чахоточному","lemma":"чахоточный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"consumptive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"озлобленному","lemma":"озлобленный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with чахоточному","gloss":"embittered"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of захотелось","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of высказаться","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b12-c6-s93","source":"У нас потом говорили, что в характеристике Ивана Федоровича он руководился чувством даже неделикатным, потому что тот раз или два публично осадил его в спорах, и Ипполит Кириллович, помня это, захотел теперь отомстить.","translation":"It was said among us afterward that in his sketch of Ivan Fyodorovitch he was guided by a feeling that was even indelicate, because the latter had once or twice publicly worsted him in disputes, and Ippolit Kirillovitch, remembering it, had now wanted to take his revenge.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У нас потом говорили, что ...","title":"Impersonal «говорили» — \"it was said\"","body":"The subjectless 3rd-plural «говорили» (\"they said / it was said\") is Russian's standard way to report rumor without naming a source. «У нас» (\"among us, in our town\") localizes the gossip. The «что»-clause then reports the content of what was said."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он руководился чувством ... неделикатным","title":"Instrumental after «руководиться»","body":"«руководиться» (to be guided by) governs the instrumental: «руководился чувством ... неделикатным» = \"was guided by an ... indelicate feeling.\" The adjective «неделикатным» agrees with «чувством» in the instrumental — the instrumental of the guiding motive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осадил его в спорах","title":"«осадить» — to take down a peg","body":"«осадить» literally \"to rein in / make settle\" (as a horse), figuratively to rebuff or put someone firmly in their place. «тот раз или два публично осадил его» = Ivan had publicly \"worsted\" / put down the prosecutor in disputes — the wound behind the alleged grudge."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of руководился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking характеристике","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"характеристике","lemma":"характеристика","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of руководился","gloss":"sketch"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характеристике","gloss":"of Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovitch"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of руководился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"руководился","lemma":"руководиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорили","gloss":"was guided by"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of руководился","gloss":"a feeling"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неделикатным","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"неделикатным","lemma":"неделикатный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувством","gloss":"indelicate"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of осадил","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осадил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"coordinated with раз","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"публично","lemma":"публично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осадил","gloss":"publicly"},{"surface":"осадил","lemma":"осадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on руководился","gloss":"had worsted"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of осадил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спорах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"спорах","lemma":"спор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of осадил","gloss":"disputes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захотел","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovitch"},{"surface":"помня","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on захотел","gloss":"remembering"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помня","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"захотел","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with руководился (both verbs sit inside the что-clause complement of говорили: 'что он руководился ... и ... захотел ...')","gloss":"had wanted"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отомстить","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"отомстить","lemma":"отомстить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотел","gloss":"to take revenge"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b12-c6-s94","source":"Но не знаю, можно ли было так заключить.","translation":"But I do not know whether one could draw such a conclusion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно ли было так заключить","title":"Embedded «ли» — \"whether\"","body":"After «не знаю» (I don't know), «ли» introduces an indirect yes/no question meaning \"whether\": «можно ли было так заключить» = \"whether one could draw such a conclusion.\" «можно было» is the impersonal \"it was possible\"; the whole is a subjectless modal clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"could one"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключить","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"заключить","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to conclude"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b12-c6-s95","source":"Во всяком случае, всё это было только введением, затем речь пошла прямее и ближе к делу.","translation":"In any event, all this was merely a preamble; thereafter the speech proceeded more directly and closer to the matter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"речь пошла прямее и ближе","title":"Comparatives «прямее», «ближе»","body":"«прямее» (more directly, from «прямой») and «ближе» (closer, suppletive-style from «близкий») are predicative comparatives in «-ее/-е», invariable. «пошла прямее» = \"went on more directly\"; the perfective «пошла» (\"set off, proceeded\") marks the speech's turn toward the substance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всяком","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies было","gloss":"event"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to введением","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies введением","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"введением","lemma":"введение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"a preamble"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошла","gloss":"thereafter"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пошла","gloss":"the speech"},{"surface":"пошла","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"proceeded"},{"surface":"прямее","lemma":"прямой","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies пошла","gloss":"more directly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ближе","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with прямее","gloss":"closer"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ближе","gloss":"the matter"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b12-c6-s96","source":"«Но вот третий сын отца современного семейства, — продолжал Ипполит Кириллович, — он на скамье подсудимых, он перед нами.","translation":"\"But here is the third son of a contemporary father of a family,\" Ippolit Kirillovitch went on. \"He is in the prisoner's dock, he stands before us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он на скамье подсудимых, он перед нами","title":"Zero copula + emphatic repetition","body":"Two verbless present-tense equations: «он на скамье подсудимых» (he [is] in the dock), «он перед нами» (he [is] before us). Russian needs no \"is\"; the bare locative phrases predicate directly, and the anaphoric «он ... он» drives the rhetoric."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"of the father"},{"surface":"современного","lemma":"современный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies семейства","gloss":"contemporary"},{"surface":"семейства","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting clause","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovitch"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate: на скамье подсудимых)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скамье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"скамье","lemma":"скамья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of он (locative)","gloss":"the dock"},{"surface":"подсудимых","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies скамье","gloss":"of the accused"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate: перед нами)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"predicate complement of он (locative)","gloss":"us"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b12-c6-s97","source":"Перед нами и его подвиги, его жизнь и дела его: пришел срок, и всё развернулось, всё обнаружилось.","translation":"Before us, too, are his exploits, his life and his deeds: the hour came, and everything unfolded, everything was laid bare.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пришел срок, и всё развернулось, всё обнаружилось","title":"Chain of perfectives moving the narrative","body":"Three perfective past verbs fire in sequence — «пришел» (came), «развернулось» (unfolded), «обнаружилось» (was laid bare) — each a single completed event advancing the story. The last two are «-ся» middles: things that \"unfolded/revealed themselves.\" The staccato perfectives give the climax its momentum."}],"words":[{"surface":"Перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"predicate location for подвиги","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подвиги","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of подвиги","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"подвиги","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of the clause (predicate: перед нами)","gloss":"exploits"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with подвиги","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with подвиги","gloss":"deeds"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"срок","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"the hour"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of развернулось","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"развернулось","lemma":"развернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"unfolded"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обнаружилось","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"обнаружилось","lemma":"обнаружиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"was laid bare"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b12-c6-s98","source":"В противоположность „европеизму“ и „народным началам“ братьев своих, он как бы изображает собою Россию непосредственную — о, не всю, не всю, и боже сохрани, если бы всю!","translation":"In contrast to the \"Europeanism\" and the \"native principles\" of his brothers, he, as it were, embodies in himself the direct, elemental Russia — oh, not all of it, not all of it, and God forbid it were all!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он как бы изображает собою Россию","title":"«изображать собою» + reflexive «собою»","body":"«изображать собою» means \"to embody / represent in one's own person,\" with the instrumental reflexive «собою» (= «собой», \"by oneself\"). «он как бы изображает собою Россию непосредственную» = \"he, as it were, embodies in himself the elemental Russia.\" «собою» is the bookish variant ending."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"боже сохрани, если бы всю","title":"Vocative «боже» + conditional «если бы»","body":"«боже» is the Church-Slavonic vocative of «бог» (God), surviving in the exclamation «боже сохрани!» (God forbid!). The trailing «если бы всю» is an elliptical counterfactual with «бы»: \"if [it were] all of it\" — God forbid the *whole* of Russia were like Mitya."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Россию непосредственную","title":"«непосредственный» — direct, spontaneous, elemental","body":"«непосредственный» literally \"un-mediated,\" hence direct, spontaneous, unreflecting. Applied to Russia and to Mitya, it names a raw, unfiltered vitality — feeling without intellectual mediation. The postposed adjective «Россию непосредственную» lends it weight, almost a title: \"Russia-the-elemental.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking противоположность","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"противоположность","lemma":"противоположность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of изображает (contrast)","gloss":"contrast"},{"surface":"европеизму","lemma":"европеизм","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of противоположность","gloss":"Europeanism"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"народным","lemma":"народный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies началам","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"началам","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with европеизму","gloss":"principles"},{"surface":"братьев","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies началам","gloss":"of his brothers"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of братьев","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изображает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изображает (idiom как бы)","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"изображает","lemma":"изображать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"embodies"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of изображает","gloss":"in himself"},{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of изображает","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"непосредственную","lemma":"непосредственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Россию","gloss":"elemental"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to изображает","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"elliptical direct object, refers to Россию","gloss":"all of her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"elliptical direct object, refers to Россию","gloss":"all of her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, part of the idiom боже сохрани","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"сохрани","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the idiom (with боже)","gloss":"forbid"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of всю","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of всю","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"elliptical predicate, refers to Россию, in conditional clause","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b12-c6-s99","source":"И, однако же, тут она, наша Россеюшка, пахнет ею, слышится она, матушка!","translation":"And yet here she is, our dear little Russia, the scent of her, the sound of her — our little mother!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Россеюшка, матушка","title":"Affectionate diminutives","body":"«Россеюшка» is a tender diminutive of «Россия» (Russia), and «матушка» is an endearing form of «мать» (mother). Russian forms such suffixes («-юшка», «-ушка») to add warmth and intimacy; here they make the prosecutor's patriotic outburst sound folksy and heartfelt. The diminutives have no neat English equivalent — we reach for \"our dear little Russia\" and \"our little mother\" to carry the same affectionate, homespun ring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пахнет ею, слышится она","title":"Impersonal «пахнет» + reflexive «слышится»","body":"«пахнет ею» is impersonal — no subject — with the source of the smell in the instrumental «ею» (\"there is a scent of her\"). «слышится она» uses the «-ся» middle of «слышать»: \"she is heard / makes herself heard.\" Both frame Russia as a presence sensed rather than an object acted upon."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пахнет","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пахнет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пахнет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"наша","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Россеюшка","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Россеюшка","lemma":"россеюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to она","gloss":"dear little Russia"},{"surface":"пахнет","lemma":"пахнуть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is scented"},{"surface":"ею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пахнет (instrumental)","gloss":"of her"},{"surface":"слышится","lemma":"слышаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пахнет","gloss":"is heard"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of слышится","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"матушка","lemma":"матушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to она","gloss":"little mother"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b12-c6-s100","source":"О, мы непосредственны, мы зло и добро в удивительнейшем смешении, мы любители просвещения и Шиллера и в то же время мы бушуем по трактирам и вырываем у пьянчужек, собутыльников наших, бороденки.","translation":"Oh, we are elemental; we are evil and good in the most astonishing blend; we are lovers of enlightenment and of Schiller, and at the very same time we brawl in the taverns and tear out the little beards of the drunkards, our boon companions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы зло и добро в удивительнейшем смешении","title":"Superlative suffix «-ейш-»","body":"«удивительнейшем» is the bookish synthetic superlative of «удивительный» (astonishing), formed with «-ейш-»: \"in the most astonishing blend.\" This suffix superlative is more literary than the everyday «самый удивительный»; it declines and agrees like an adjective (here prepositional)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"у пьянчужек ... бороденки","title":"Contemptuous diminutives «пьянчужка», «бороденка»","body":"Both nouns carry belittling expressive suffixes: «пьянчужка» (a pathetic little drunk, from «пьяница») and «бороденка» (a scraggly little beard, from «борода»). The pejorative «-ужк-»/«-ёнк-» suffixes drip with contempt, painting the tavern scene as squalid even as the prosecutor savors it."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to непосредственны","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of непосредственны","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"непосредственны","lemma":"непосредственный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate complement of мы","gloss":"elemental"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the clause (predicate: зло и добро)","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"зло","lemma":"зло","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with непосредственны","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"добро","lemma":"добро","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with зло","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смешении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"удивительнейшем","lemma":"удивительнейший","morphology":"adjective, superlative, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies смешении","gloss":"most astonishing"},{"surface":"смешении","lemma":"смешение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies зло","gloss":"blend"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любители","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"любители","lemma":"любитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with непосредственны","gloss":"lovers"},{"surface":"просвещения","lemma":"просвещение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любители","gloss":"of enlightenment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Шиллера","lemma":"шиллер","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with просвещения","gloss":"of Schiller"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"very same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бушуем","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of бушуем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"бушуем","lemma":"бушевать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with непосредственны","gloss":"brawl"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактирам","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"трактирам","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бушуем","gloss":"taverns"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вырываем","lemma":"вырывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бушуем","gloss":"tear out"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пьянчужек","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"пьянчужек","lemma":"пьянчужка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вырываем","gloss":"drunkards"},{"surface":"собутыльников","lemma":"собутыльник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to пьянчужек","gloss":"boon companions"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of собутыльников","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"бороденки","lemma":"бородёнка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of вырываем","gloss":"little beards"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b12-c6-s101","source":"О, и мы бываем хороши и прекрасны, но только тогда, когда нам самим хорошо и прекрасно.","translation":"Oh, we too can be fine and splendid, but only then, when we ourselves are doing fine and splendidly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда нам самим хорошо","title":"Dative experiencer «нам самим»","body":"«нам самим хорошо» = \"when *we ourselves* are doing well,\" the impersonal well-being construction again: dative «нам» plus the intensifier «самим» (also dative) plus predicate adverb «хорошо», no subject. The whole sentence pivots on this dative-seated contentment."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to бываем","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of бываем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"бываем","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can be"},{"surface":"хороши","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"complement of бываем","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прекрасны","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with хороши","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with бываем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of хорошо","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative experiencer of хорошо","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"самим","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"modifies нам","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on тогда","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прекрасно","lemma":"прекрасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with хорошо","gloss":"splendidly"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b12-c6-s102","source":"Напротив, мы даже обуреваемы — именно обуреваемы — благороднейшими идеалами, но только с тем условием, чтоб они достигались сами собою, упадали бы к нам на стол с неба и, главное, чтобы даром, даром, чтобы за них ничего не платить.","translation":"On the contrary, we are even seized — yes, positively seized — by the noblest ideals, but only on the condition that they be attained of themselves, that they drop onto our table from heaven, and, above all, for free, for free, so that we need pay nothing for them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы даже обуреваемы ... благороднейшими идеалами","title":"Present passive «обуреваемы» + instrumental agent","body":"«обуреваемы» is the short form of a rare present passive participle of «обуревать» (to seize, overwhelm) — \"we are [being] seized.\" The agent stands in the instrumental: «благороднейшими идеалами» (by the noblest ideals), itself a «-ейш-» superlative. This present passive in «-ем-» is markedly bookish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб они достигались сами собою, упадали бы ... на стол","title":"«чтоб(ы)» purpose with past/«бы» forms","body":"The condition runs through «чтоб» + irrealis: «достигались» (past of the «-ся» passive \"be attained\") and «упадали бы ... с неба» (would drop from the sky) both express the willed, hypothetical outcome. «сами собою» = \"of themselves, on their own,\" the reflexive «собою» reinforcing self-action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обуреваемы","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обуреваемы","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обуреваемы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"обуреваемы","lemma":"обуреваемый","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"predicate complement of мы","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обуреваемы","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"обуреваемы","lemma":"обуреваемый","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"repeats обуреваемы (emphatic)","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"благороднейшими","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies идеалами","gloss":"noblest"},{"surface":"идеалами","lemma":"идеал","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обуреваемы (instrumental agent)","gloss":"ideals"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies условием","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking условием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of условием","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"условием","lemma":"условие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обуреваемы (condition)","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of достигались","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of достигались","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"достигались","lemma":"достигаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"content clause of условием","gloss":"be attained"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies собою","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of достигались (means)","gloss":"of themselves"},{"surface":"упадали","lemma":"упадать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with достигались","gloss":"would fall"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of упадали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of упадали","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упадали","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неба","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"неба","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies упадали","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical adverb (=the main thing)","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of даром","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даром","lemma":"даром","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverb (elliptical clause)","gloss":"for free"},{"surface":"даром","lemma":"даром","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with даром","gloss":"for free"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of платить","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of платить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of платить","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies платить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"платить","lemma":"платить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"verb of the final чтобы-clause","gloss":"pay"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b12-c6-s103","source":"Платить мы ужасно не любим, зато получать очень любим, и это во всем.","translation":"Paying we dreadfully dislike, whereas receiving we very much like, and so it is in everything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Платить мы ... не любим, зато получать ... любим","title":"Fronted infinitives + contrastive «зато»","body":"The infinitives «платить» (to pay) and «получать» (to receive) are fronted as topics: \"Paying we dislike, whereas receiving we love.\" «зато» is the compensatory \"but on the other hand, to make up for it,\" balancing the two halves. The word order stages the antithesis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Платить","lemma":"платить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любим","gloss":"to pay"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любим","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любим","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любим","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dislike"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"получать","lemma":"получать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любим (second)","gloss":"to receive"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любим","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"любим","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate: во всём)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of это (locative)","gloss":"everything"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b12-c6-s104","source":"О, дайте, дайте нам всевозможные блага жизни (именно всевозможные, дешевле не помиримся) и особенно не препятствуйте нашему нраву ни в чем, и тогда и мы докажем, что можем быть хороши и прекрасны.","translation":"Oh, give us, give us every possible good thing in life (precisely every possible one — for less we will not be reconciled) and above all do not thwart our temperament in anything, and then we too shall prove that we can be fine and splendid.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дайте, дайте нам всевозможные блага","title":"Imperative «дайте» + dative recipient","body":"«дайте» is the polite/plural imperative of «дать» (to give); the recipient «нам» (to us) is dative and the gift «всевозможные блага» (every possible good) accusative — the classic give-someone-something frame. The doubling «дайте, дайте» is rhetorical insistence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не препятствуйте нашему нраву ни в чем","title":"«препятствовать» + dative; negative concord","body":"«препятствовать» (to hinder) governs the dative «нашему нраву» (our temperament) — one hinders *to* something. The negated imperative pulls in «ни в чем» (\"in nothing\"), which by negative concord needs the «не» on the verb: \"do not thwart ... in anything.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical exclamation before дайте","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"дайте","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"дайте","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with дайте (w2)","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дайте","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"всевозможные","lemma":"всевозможный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies блага","gloss":"every possible"},{"surface":"блага","lemma":"благо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of дайте","gloss":"good things"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies блага","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всевозможные (w9)","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"всевозможные","lemma":"всевозможный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"restates всевозможные (w5), modifies elided блага","gloss":"every possible"},{"surface":"дешевле","lemma":"дешёвый","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies помиримся","gloss":"for less"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помиримся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помиримся","lemma":"помириться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"be reconciled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies препятствуйте","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies препятствуйте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"препятствуйте","lemma":"препятствовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дайте","gloss":"thwart"},{"surface":"нашему","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of нраву","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"нраву","lemma":"нрав","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of препятствуйте","gloss":"temperament"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"in any"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of препятствуйте","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies докажем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle before мы","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of докажем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"докажем","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with дайте","gloss":"shall prove"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"можем","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of докажем","gloss":"we can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of можем, copula linking to хороши","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"хороши","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"complement of быть","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прекрасны","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with хороши","gloss":"splendid"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b12-c6-s105","source":"Мы не жадны, нет, но, однако же, подавайте нам денег, больше, больше, как можно больше денег, и вы увидите, как великодушно, с каким презрением к презренному металлу мы разбросаем их в одну ночь в безудержном кутеже.","translation":"We are not greedy — no — but all the same, hand us money, more, more, as much money as can be, and you shall see how magnanimously, with what contempt for that contemptible metal, we will scatter it all in a single night in unbridled revelry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подавайте нам денег, больше, больше","title":"Imperative «подавайте» + partitive genitive","body":"«подавайте» (imperative of «подавать», hand over/serve up) takes the partitive genitive «денег» (some money) rather than accusative — the genitive of indefinite quantity, \"hand us *of* money.\" «больше» is the comparative \"more.\" The serving-up verb adds a faintly imperious, tavern-order flavor."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"к презренному металлу","title":"«презренный металл» — \"filthy lucre\"","body":"«презренный металл» (\"the contemptible/despised metal\") is a stock ironic euphemism for money, much like English \"filthy lucre.\" The pun «с ... презрением к презренному металлу» (\"with contempt for the contemptible metal\") plays «презрение» against «презренный» — a deliberate verbal flourish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of жадны","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жадны","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"жадны","lemma":"жадный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"greedy"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical negation, restates не жадны","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подавайте","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"подавайте","lemma":"подавать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жадны","gloss":"hand us"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of подавайте","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of подавайте","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"elliptical, coordinated with денег (repeats подавайте больше)","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"repeats больше (w11) for emphasis","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom как можно, modifies больше (w15)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как можно","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies денег (w16)","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object, quantified by больше","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of увидите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"увидите","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the following clause","gloss":"shall see"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разбросаем (object of увидите)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"великодушно","lemma":"великодушно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разбросаем","gloss":"magnanimously"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking презрением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of презрением","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"презрением","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of разбросаем","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking металлу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"презренному","lemma":"презренный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies металлу","gloss":"contemptible"},{"surface":"металлу","lemma":"металл","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of к, modifies презрением","gloss":"metal"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of разбросаем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"разбросаем","lemma":"разбросать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"complement of увидите","gloss":"will scatter"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of разбросаем","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies ночь","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разбросаем","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кутеже","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"безудержном","lemma":"безудержный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кутеже","gloss":"unbridled"},{"surface":"кутеже","lemma":"кутёж","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разбросаем","gloss":"revelry"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b12-c6-s106","source":"А не дадут нам денег, так мы покажем, как мы их сумеем достать, когда нам очень того захочется.","translation":"And if they do not give us money, then we will show how we can get hold of it when we very much want to.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А не дадут нам денег, так мы покажем","title":"Conditional-by-juxtaposition + genitive of negation","body":"A bare \"if...then\" formed by juxtaposition: «не дадут ... так покажем» = \"[if] they don't give ... then we'll show.\" «так» here is the resumptive \"then.\" Under negation the object goes genitive: «не дадут денег» (won't give [any] money). «дадут» / «покажем» are perfective futures."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как мы их сумеем достать, когда нам ... захочется","title":"Impersonal «захочется» in a «когда»-clause","body":"«сумеем достать» (perfective future, \"will manage to get\") sets up the threat; the «когда»-clause uses the impersonal «нам ... захочется» — dative experiencer «нам», intensified by «очень того» (genitive \"of that\") — \"when we very much come to want it.\" Desire again falls on the dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дадут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дадут","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дадут","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of дадут","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покажем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of покажем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"покажем","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"will show"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сумеем","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сумеем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of достать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сумеем","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of покажем","gloss":"we shall manage"},{"surface":"достать","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумеем","gloss":"to get"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of захочется","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захочется","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of захочется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"захочется","lemma":"захотеться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"will want"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b12-c6-s107","source":"Но об этом после, будем следить по порядку.","translation":"But of that later; let us follow things in order.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будем следить по порядку","title":"Imperfective compound future as exhortation","body":"«будем следить» is the imperfective compound future (быть + infinitive «следить», to follow/track), used hortatively: \"let us follow [things].\" The imperfective fits an ongoing, step-by-step proceeding; «по порядку» = \"in order, in sequence.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of об, part of the elliptical clause (of that, later)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical clause об этом","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of следить","gloss":"let us"},{"surface":"следить","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"follow"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порядку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"порядку","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следить","gloss":"order"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b12-c6-s108","source":"Прежде всего пред нами бедный заброшенный мальчик, „на заднем дворе без сапожек“, как выразился давеча наш почтенный и уважаемый согражданин, увы, происхождения иностранного!","translation":"First of all, before us is a poor, neglected boy, \"in the back yard without boots,\" as our worthy and esteemed fellow citizen — of foreign extraction, alas — put it a short while ago.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"без сапожек","title":"Diminutive «сапожки» — \"little boots\"","body":"«сапожки» is the diminutive of «сапоги» (boots); «на заднем дворе без сапожек» = \"in the back yard without [his little] boots.\" The tender suffix evokes the pathos of the small, neglected child — defenseless and shoeless — that the defense's earlier speech invoked."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как выразился давеча наш ... согражданин","title":"Reflexive «выразиться» + archaic «давеча»","body":"«выразиться» (the «-ся» verb, to express oneself, put it) introduces the quotation: \"as our fellow citizen put it.\" «давеча» is a colloquial-archaic adverb for \"a little while ago, earlier today\" — a homely period word that dates the diction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"происхождения иностранного","title":"«происхождения иностранного» — of foreign extraction","body":"The postposed adjective in «происхождения иностранного» (genitive of quality, \"of foreign origin\") points to Dr. Herzenstube, the elderly German town doctor who testified earlier and originated the \"back yard without boots\" image of the neglected boy Mitya. The genitive-of-attribution and the inverted, weighty word order give the aside its barbed, formal sting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom прежде всего, modifies the sentence","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase прежде","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of пред, locates мальчик","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"бедный","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"заброшенный","lemma":"заброшенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"neglected"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided есть, predicate noun after пред нами","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"заднем","lemma":"задний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дворе","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"дворе","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"quoted phrase, apposition to мальчик","gloss":"yard"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сапожек","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сапожек","lemma":"сапожок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with дворе (part of quoted phrase)","gloss":"boots"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выразился","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"выразился","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"put it"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразился","gloss":"a short while ago"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of согражданин","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"почтенный","lemma":"почтенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies согражданин","gloss":"worthy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уважаемый","lemma":"уважаемый","morphology":"adjective (passive participle), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with почтенный","gloss":"esteemed"},{"surface":"согражданин","lemma":"согражданин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выразился","gloss":"fellow citizen"},{"surface":"увы","lemma":"увы","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical exclamation","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"происхождения","lemma":"происхождение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies согражданин (genitive of description)","gloss":"of extraction"},{"surface":"иностранного","lemma":"иностранный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies происхождения","gloss":"foreign"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b12-c6-s109","source":"Еще раз повторю — никому не уступлю защиту подсудимого!","translation":"Once more I repeat — I will yield the prisoner's defense to no one!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никому не уступлю защиту","title":"Negative concord with dative «никому»","body":"«никому ... не уступлю» = \"I will yield to no one\": the negative dative pronoun «никому» (to nobody) obligatorily co-occurs with «не» on the verb — Russian double negation. «уступлю» is a perfective future (\"I shall [not] yield\"), and «защиту» its accusative object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative modifying повторю","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"повторю","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of уступлю","gloss":"to no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уступлю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уступлю","lemma":"уступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"second main verb, coordinated asyndetically with повторю","gloss":"I will yield"},{"surface":"защиту","lemma":"защита","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of уступлю","gloss":"defense"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies защиту","gloss":"of the prisoner"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b12-c6-s110","source":"Я обвинитель, я и защитник.","translation":"I am the prosecutor, and I am the defender too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я обвинитель, я и защитник","title":"Zero copula + emphatic «и»","body":"Two verbless equations: «Я обвинитель» (I [am] the prosecutor), «я и защитник» (I [am] the defender too). With no copula, the predicate nouns stand in the nominative. The «и» before «защитник» means \"also, as well\" — \"I am the defender too.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обвинитель","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"обвинитель","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun after Я","gloss":"prosecutor"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of защитник, coordinated with Я","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies защитник","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"защитник","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with обвинитель","gloss":"defender"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b12-c6-s111","source":"Да-с, и мы люди, и мы человеки, и мы сумеем взвесить то, как могут повлиять на характер первые впечатления детства и родного гнездышка.","translation":"Yes indeed, we too are human beings, we too are men, and we too can weigh how the first impressions of childhood and of the native nest may shape a character.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да-с ... и мы человеки","title":"The deferential particle «-с»","body":"«Да-с» is «да» plus the enclitic «-с», a contraction of «сударь» (sir) once appended for politeness or, by Dostoevsky's day, ironic deference and unctuousness. The prosecutor's «Да-с» strikes a mock-humble, buttonholing tone. «человеки» is an archaic/elevated plural of «человек» (alongside the usual «люди»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сумеем взвесить ... первые впечатления ... гнездышка","title":"Perfective future + diminutive «гнездышко»","body":"«сумеем взвесить» = \"we will be able to weigh\" (perfective future). The object «первые впечатления детства и родного гнездышка» ends on the diminutive «гнездышко» (little nest), from «гнездо» — the cozy \"native nest\" of childhood, its tender suffix coloring the whole image with warmth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"attached to Да, polite address particle","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of люди","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun after мы","gloss":"human beings"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of человеки","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"человеки","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun after мы, coordinated with люди","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сумеем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"сумеем","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the third clause, coordinated with люди/человеки clauses","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"взвесить","lemma":"взвесить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумеем","gloss":"weigh"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взвесить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"повлиять","lemma":"повлиять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"shape"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking характер","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повлиять","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"первые","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies впечатления","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"впечатления","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of могут/повлиять","gloss":"impressions"},{"surface":"детства","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатления","gloss":"of childhood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"родного","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies гнездышка","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"гнездышка","lemma":"гнездышко","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with детства","gloss":"nest"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b12-c6-s112","source":"Но вот мальчик уже юноша, уже молодой человек, офицер, за буйные поступки и за вызов на поединок ссылают его в один из отдаленных пограничных городков нашей благодатной России.","translation":"But here now the boy is a youth already, already a young man, an officer; for riotous conduct and for issuing a challenge to a duel he is exiled to one of the remote frontier towns of our bounteous Russia.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за буйные поступки и за вызов ... ссылают его","title":"Impersonal 3rd-plural «ссылают»","body":"«ссылают его» is the subjectless 3rd-person-plural \"they exile him\" — an impersonal agentless construction, English passive \"he is exiled.\" The grounds take «за» + accusative: «за буйные поступки и за вызов на поединок» (for riotous conduct and for a challenge to a duel)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благодатной России","title":"«благодатный» — bounteous, grace-filled","body":"«благодатный» (from «благодать», divine grace/bounty) means abundant, blessed, grace-bestowing — a word with religious overtones applied to Russia's vastness. «нашей благодатной России» = \"our bounteous Russia,\" patriotic and faintly ironic given that this blessed land is a place of exile."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"here now"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of юноша","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies юноша","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"юноша","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a youth"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молодой","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with юноша","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"офицер","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with юноша","gloss":"an officer"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поступки","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"буйные","lemma":"буйный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies поступки","gloss":"riotous"},{"surface":"поступки","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ссылают (reason), object of за","gloss":"conduct"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вызов","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вызов","lemma":"вызов","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ссылают (reason), object of за","gloss":"issuing a challenge"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поединок","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"поединок","lemma":"поединок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вызов","gloss":"a duel"},{"surface":"ссылают","lemma":"ссылать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he is exiled"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ссылают","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking один","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"oblique complement of ссылают","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городков","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"отдаленных","lemma":"отдалённый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies городков","gloss":"remote"},{"surface":"пограничных","lemma":"пограничный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies городков","gloss":"frontier"},{"surface":"городков","lemma":"городок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies один","gloss":"towns"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of России","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"благодатной","lemma":"благодатный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies России","gloss":"bounteous"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies городков","gloss":"Russia"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b12-c6-s113","source":"Там он служит, там и кутит, и конечно — большому кораблю большое и плавание.","translation":"There he serves, there too he carouses — and of course, a big ship needs deep waters.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"большому кораблю большое плавание","title":"\"A big ship needs deep waters\"","body":"A Russian proverb, literally \"to a big ship, a big voyage,\" meaning a person of great ability or grand appetites needs a correspondingly wide scope. The prosecutor uses it ironically about Mitya's extravagance. There is no fixed English equivalent that keeps the ship image, so we render it as \"a big ship needs deep waters\" to preserve both the picture and the ironic grandeur."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"большому кораблю большое плавание","title":"Dative of the recipient in the proverb","body":"The proverb's grammar is pure dative: «большому кораблю» (to a big ship) is the dative recipient, «большое плавание» the nominative thing apportioned to it, with no verb — \"to a big ship, a big voyage.\" The case alone carries the \"belongs to / is due to\" relation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies служит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of служит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"служит","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"serves"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кутит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies кутит","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"кутит","lemma":"кутить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with служит","gloss":"carouses"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies the proverb clause","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"большому","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кораблю","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"кораблю","lemma":"корабль","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of the elliptical proverb clause","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"большое","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies плавание","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies плавание","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"плавание","lemma":"плавание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical proverb clause","gloss":"voyage"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b12-c6-s114","source":"Нам надо средств-с, средств прежде всего, и вот, после долгих споров, порешено у него с отцом на последних шести тысячах рублях, и их ему высылают.","translation":"We must have means, sir, means first of all; and so, after long disputes, matters are settled between him and his father over a last six thousand roubles, and the money is sent to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нам надо средств-с","title":"Dative of necessity + genitive object","body":"«надо» is the impersonal predicate of need, taking a dative experiencer «нам» (\"we must / we need\") and no nominative subject. Its object «средств» (means) stands in the genitive — the partitive/genitive-with-need pattern. The «-с» on «средств-с» is again the obsequious deferential clitic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"порешено у него с отцом","title":"Impersonal short passive «порешено»","body":"«порешено» is a short past passive participle used impersonally — \"it was settled / decided,\" with no subject. The parties appear as «у него с отцом» (\"between him and his father,\" «у» + genitive plus «с» + instrumental). «на ... тысячах рублях» fixes the amount agreed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must have"},{"surface":"средств","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"complement of надо (genitive object)","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"attached to средств, polite particle","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"средств","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"repeats средств (w3), object of надо, modified by прежде всего","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom прежде всего, modifies средств (w5)","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase прежде","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the next clause (порешено)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking споров","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"долгих","lemma":"долгий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies споров","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"споров","lemma":"спор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of порешено (temporal), object of после","gloss":"disputes"},{"surface":"порешено","lemma":"порешить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"it is settled"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of порешено","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of порешено, coordinated with него","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рублях","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"последних","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies рублях (whole numeral phrase)","gloss":"a last"},{"surface":"шести","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies тысячах","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"тысячах","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"quantifies рублях","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублях","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of порешено","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of высылают","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of высылают","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"высылают","lemma":"высылать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the third clause, coordinated with порешено","gloss":"is sent"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b12-c6-s115","source":"Заметьте, он выдал документ, и существует письмо его, в котором он от остального почти отрекается и этими шестью тысячами препирание с отцом по наследству оканчивает.","translation":"Note that he gave a document, and there exists a letter of his in which he all but renounces the remainder and, with these six thousand, makes an end of his wrangling with his father over the inheritance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Заметьте","title":"Imperative «заметьте» — \"note that\"","body":"«Заметьте» is the polite/plural imperative of perfective «заметить» (to notice), used as a discourse marker steering the listeners: \"Note that...\" The perfective frames it as a single act of attention the jury is to perform now."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от остального почти отрекается","title":"Reflexive «отрекаться» + «от» + genitive","body":"«отрекаться» (to renounce, disown) is a «-ся» verb governing «от» + genitive: «от остального ... отрекается» = \"renounces the rest.\" The «-ся» here is lexical (the verb exists only with it); «от остального» (of the remainder) is the genitive demanded by «от»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"препирание","title":"«препирание» — wrangling, squabbling","body":"A bookish verbal noun from «препираться» (to bicker, wrangle), meaning a petty, drawn-out quarrel. «препирание с отцом по наследству» = \"the wrangling with his father over the inheritance\" — the «по» + dative «наследству» marks the matter quarreled about."}],"words":[{"surface":"Заметьте","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative addressing the reader","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выдал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"выдал","lemma":"выдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"документ","lemma":"документ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выдал","gloss":"a document"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"существует","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выдал","gloss":"there exists"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of существует","gloss":"a letter"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрекается","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрекается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking остального","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"остального","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of от, object of отрекается","gloss":"the remainder"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрекается","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"отрекается","lemma":"отрекаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause (introduced by в котором)","gloss":"renounces"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"этими","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of тысячами","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"шестью","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies тысячами","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"тысячами","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of оканчивает (means)","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"препирание","lemma":"препирание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of оканчивает","gloss":"wrangling"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies препирание","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наследству","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"наследству","lemma":"наследство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies препирание","gloss":"the inheritance"},{"surface":"оканчивает","lemma":"оканчивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отрекается","gloss":"makes an end of"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b12-c6-s116","source":"Тут происходит его встреча с молодою, высокого характера и развития девушкой.","translation":"Here occurs his meeting with a young girl of lofty character and breeding.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тут происходит его встреча с ... девушкой","title":"Narrative present + reflexive «происходить»","body":"«происходит» (the «-ся»-less but middle-meaning verb «происходить», to occur/take place) is in the historic present, giving the courtroom narration vividness. «встреча с ... девушкой» uses «с» + instrumental for the person met. The fronted «Тут» (\"here, at this point\") anchors the scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"высокого характера и развития девушкой","title":"Genitive of quality","body":"«высокого характера и развития» is a genitive of quality describing «девушкой»: \"a girl of lofty character and breeding.\" Russian frequently characterizes a noun with a bare genitive phrase like this, where English needs \"of.\" «развитие» here means cultivation, refinement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходит","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"происходит","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"occurs"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of встреча","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"встреча","lemma":"встреча","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of происходит","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking девушкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"молодою","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девушкой","gloss":"a young"},{"surface":"высокого","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характера","gloss":"of lofty"},{"surface":"характера","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies девушкой (genitive of quality)","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"развития","lemma":"развитие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with характера (modifies девушкой)","gloss":"breeding"},{"surface":"девушкой","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с (head noun), modified by молодою, характера и развития","gloss":"girl"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b12-c6-s117","source":"О, я не смею повторять подробностей, вы их только что слышали: тут честь, тут самоотвержение, и я умолкаю.","translation":"Oh, I do not dare repeat the details — you have only just heard them: here was honor, here was self-sacrifice, and I fall silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не смею повторять подробностей","title":"«не сметь» + genitive of negation","body":"«не смею» (I dare not) takes the imperfective infinitive «повторять» (to repeat), whose object shifts to genitive under the overarching negation: «не ... повторять подробностей» (not repeat the details). The genitive of negation reaches down to the infinitive's object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тут честь, тут самоотвержение, и я умолкаю","title":"Verbless existential «тут» + reflexive «умолкаю»","body":"«тут честь, тут самоотвержение» are verbless existential statements — \"here [was] honor, here [was] self-sacrifice\" — the bare nominatives needing no copula. «умолкаю» (I fall silent) is from «умолкнуть»; «само-отвержение» is the compound \"self-renunciation.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical exclamation before смею","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смею","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"повторять","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смею","gloss":"repeat"},{"surface":"подробностей","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of повторять","gloss":"the details"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слышали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of слышали","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слышали","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"have heard"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies честь","gloss":"here [was]"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"elliptical predicate clause (тут была честь)","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies самоотвержение","gloss":"here [was]"},{"surface":"самоотвержение","lemma":"самоотвержение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with честь","gloss":"self-sacrifice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умолкаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"умолкаю","lemma":"умолкать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause, coordinated with the preceding","gloss":"fall silent"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b12-c6-s118","source":"Образ молодого человека, легкомысленного и развратного, но склонившегося пред истинным благородством, пред высшею идеей, мелькнул перед нами чрезвычайно симпатично.","translation":"The image of a young man, frivolous and debauched, yet bowing before true nobility, before a higher idea, flashed before us most sympathetically.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"склонившегося пред истинным благородством","title":"Past active participle + archaic «пред»","body":"«склонившегося» is a perfective past active participle of the «-ся» verb «склониться» (to bow down), in the genitive to agree with «человека» — \"who had bowed before.\" «пред» is the bookish/archaic form of «перед» (before), governing the instrumental «истинным благородством». The chain compresses Mitya's moral gesture into a modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мелькнул перед нами чрезвычайно симпатично","title":"Perfective «мелькнул» — a single flash","body":"«мелькнул» is the perfective past of «мелькнуть» (to flash, flit by) — a one-time, momentary action: the image \"flashed before us.\" The «-ну-» suffix marks a single instantaneous event, contrasting with the imperfective «мелькать» (to keep flickering)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Образ","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мелькнул","gloss":"the image"},{"surface":"молодого","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"of a young"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Образ","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"легкомысленного","lemma":"легкомысленный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"frivolous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"развратного","lemma":"развратный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with легкомысленного","gloss":"debauched"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"склонившегося","lemma":"склониться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"bowing"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благородством","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"истинным","lemma":"истинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies благородством","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"благородством","lemma":"благородство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of склонившегося","gloss":"nobility"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идеей","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"высшею","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies идеей","gloss":"a higher"},{"surface":"идеей","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of the second пред, modified by высшею","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"мелькнул","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of мелькнул","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies симпатично","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"симпатично","lemma":"симпатично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мелькнул","gloss":"sympathetically"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b12-c6-s119","source":"Но вдруг после того, в этой же самой зале суда последовала совсем неожиданно и оборотная сторона медали.","translation":"But suddenly, after that, in this very same courtroom, came, quite unexpectedly, the reverse side of the medal as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"последовала ... оборотная сторона медали","title":"Inverted word order for the new turn","body":"The verb «последовала» (followed, ensued) precedes its subject «оборотная сторона медали» (the reverse side of the medal), which lands last as the new, surprising information — \"there came ... the reverse side.\" Adverbials «вдруг ... совсем неожиданно» (suddenly, quite unexpectedly) pile up in front, staging the reversal."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оборотная сторона медали","title":"«оборотная сторона медали» — the other side of the coin","body":"A set idiom, \"the reverse side of the medal,\" i.e. the hidden, less flattering aspect of something — English \"the other side of the coin.\" The prosecutor uses it to swivel from Mitya's noble image to his damning one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies последовала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of последовала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of зале","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этой","gloss":"very (emphatic)"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies зале","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of последовала","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies зале","gloss":"of the court"},{"surface":"последовала","lemma":"последовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies последовала","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"оборотная","lemma":"оборотный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сторона","gloss":"reverse"},{"surface":"сторона","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of последовала","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"медали","lemma":"медаль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сторона","gloss":"of the medal"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b12-c6-s120","source":"Опять-таки не смею пускаться в догадки и удержусь анализировать — почему так последовало.","translation":"Once again I dare not venture into conjectures and will refrain from analyzing why it came to pass so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не смею пускаться в догадки и удержусь анализировать","title":"Reflexive verbs «пускаться» / «удержусь»","body":"Both verbs are «-ся» forms: «пускаться в догадки» (to launch into conjectures, «в» + accusative) and «удержусь» (perfective future of «удержаться», to refrain, hold oneself back). The reflexive marks the action turned back on the subject — the speaker reins himself in."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Опять-таки","title":"Emphatic «-таки» — \"all the same\"","body":"«опять-таки» joins «опять» (again) with the emphatic particle «-таки» (\"after all, even so, nonetheless\"), yielding \"once again, yet again.\" «-таки» adds a note of insistence or concession, a small but characteristic coloring particle of spoken Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смею","gloss":"once again","note":"опять-таки is a compound adverb meaning \"once again / still\"."},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смею","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смею","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I dare"},{"surface":"пускаться","lemma":"пускаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смею","gloss":"to venture"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking догадки","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"догадки","lemma":"догадка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пускаться","gloss":"conjectures"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"удержусь","lemma":"удержаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смею","gloss":"I will refrain"},{"surface":"анализировать","lemma":"анализировать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of удержусь","gloss":"analyzing"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies последовало","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies последовало","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"последовало","lemma":"последовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of анализировать","gloss":"it came to pass"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b12-c6-s121","source":"Но, однако, были же причины — почему так последовало.","translation":"And yet there were reasons—reasons why it all turned out as it did.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"были же причины","title":"Insistent «же» and emphatic word order","body":"The particle «же» here is not contrastive but insistent — «there were after all reasons». The verb «были» is fronted before its subject «причины», throwing the existence itself into focus, a favourite rhetorical move of the prosecutor."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так последовало","title":"Impersonal «последовало»","body":"«Последовало» (it followed, it came about) is a neuter past with no personal subject — an impersonal turn that keeps the cause vague: things simply «turned out» this way. The neuter -о agrees with nothing, the signature of the subjectless construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies были","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies были","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"причины","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"reasons"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies последовало","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies последовало","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"последовало","lemma":"последовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying причины","gloss":"it turned out"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b12-c6-s122","source":"Эта же самая особа, вся в слезах негодования, долго таившегося, объявляет нам, что он же, он же первый и презирал ее за ее неосторожный, безудержный, может быть, порыв, но всё же возвышенный, всё же великодушный.","translation":"This very same person, all in tears of an indignation she had nursed for a long while, declares to us that he—he above all—was the very first to despise her for her rash, perhaps unrestrained, yet for all that lofty, for all that magnanimous impulse.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"долго таившегося","title":"Past active participle: «which had long been hidden»","body":"«Таившегося» is the past active participle of «таиться» (to lurk, be concealed), in the genitive singular agreeing with «негодования». It compresses a whole который-clause — «an indignation that had long been festering» — into one bookish word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он же, он же первый","title":"Hammering repetition with «же»","body":"The doubled «он же, он же» drives the accusation home — «he, he of all people». «Же» fastens onto the repeated pronoun to mark it as the emphatic, almost incredulous focus, a rhythm the prosecutor exploits throughout."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё же возвышенный, всё же великодушный","title":"Concessive «всё же» and short-form rhetoric","body":"«Всё же» means «for all that, still». Paired with the adjectives «возвышенный… великодушный» it concedes the impulse its nobility even while condemning it — the balanced, qualifying syntax of forensic oratory."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"негодование","title":"«Негодование» — righteous indignation","body":"A bookish, elevated noun for moral outrage, stronger and more dignified than ordinary anger («гнев»). It frames Katerina Ivanovna's tears as the wrath of wounded virtue, exactly the reading the prosecutor wants the jury to weigh."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безудержный","title":"«Безудержный» — unrestrained","body":"Literally «un-hold-back-able», from «удержать» (to hold back). A key Karamazov word: the prosecutor returns to «разнузданным, безудержным натурам» later — the boundless, ungovernable temperament he diagnoses in the whole family."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of особа","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Эта","gloss":"very (emphatic)"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies особа","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"особа","lemma":"особа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of объявляет","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies особа","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слезах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"слезах","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies особа","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"негодования","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слезах","gloss":"of indignation"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies таившегося","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"таившегося","lemma":"таиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, neuter, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying негодования","gloss":"nursed"},{"surface":"объявляет","lemma":"объявлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declares"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of объявляет","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of презирал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of презирал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"restates он (w14) for emphasis","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies первый (\"он же первый и презирал\" — the very first to despise)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"презирал","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объявляет","gloss":"despised"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of презирал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порыв","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of порыв","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"неосторожный","lemma":"неосторожный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies порыв","gloss":"reckless"},{"surface":"безудержный","lemma":"безудержный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with неосторожный","gloss":"unrestrained"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of parenthetical может быть, modifies безудержный","gloss":"perhaps","note":"может быть is a fixed parenthetical meaning \"perhaps\"."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"порыв","lemma":"порыв","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"impulse"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возвышенный","gloss":"still","note":"всё же is a fixed phrase meaning \"still / nevertheless\"."},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"возвышенный","lemma":"возвышенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with порыв","gloss":"lofty"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies великодушный","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"великодушный","lemma":"великодушный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with порыв","gloss":"magnanimous"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b12-c6-s123","source":"У него же, у жениха этой девушки, и промелькнула прежде всех та насмешливая улыбка, которую она лишь от него одного не могла снести.","translation":"And it was on his face, the face of this girl's betrothed, that there flickered before anyone else's that mocking smile which she could endure from him, and from him alone, less than from anyone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У него же, у жениха","title":"Fronted «у него» with insistent «же»","body":"«У + genitive» normally marks a possessor («at his»); here it locates the smile «on his face». Fronting the phrase and tagging it with «же» makes him the emphatic culprit before the verb «промелькнула» even arrives."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"промелькнула","title":"«Промелькнуть» — to flash by","body":"A perfective verb meaning to flit or flicker past in an instant, from «мелькать» (to flash). The prefix «про-» gives the momentary, completed sense — the smile «flickered» and was gone, caught only for a heartbeat."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которую она лишь от него одного не могла снести","title":"Relative «которую» in the accusative","body":"«Которую» is feminine accusative, agreeing in gender and number with «улыбка» but taking the case its own clause demands — the object of «не могла снести» (could not bear). «От него одного» («from him alone») isolates the unbearable source."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of промелькнула","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies него","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жениха","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"жениха","lemma":"жених","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"apposition to него","gloss":"the fiancé"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of девушки","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"девушки","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жениха","gloss":"girl's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies промелькнула","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"промелькнула","lemma":"промелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flickered"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of прежде","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of улыбка","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"насмешливая","lemma":"насмешливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбка","gloss":"mocking"},{"surface":"улыбка","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of промелькнула","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of снести","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies него","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of снести","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies него","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying улыбка","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"снести","lemma":"снести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"endure"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b12-c6-s124","source":"Зная, что он уже изменил ей (изменил в убеждении, что она уже всё должна вперед сносить от него, даже измену его), зная это, она нарочно предлагает ему три тысячи рублей и ясно, слишком ясно дает ему при этом понять, что предлагает ему деньги на измену ей же: „Что ж, примешь или нет, будешь ли столь циничен“, — говорит она ему молча своим судящим и испытующим взглядом.","translation":"Knowing that he had already betrayed her (betrayed her in the conviction that she was now bound to bear everything from him in advance, even his unfaithfulness)—knowing this, she deliberately offers him three thousand rubles and lets him understand, all too clearly, that what she is offering is money for his betrayal of her: \"Well then, will you take it or not, will you prove so cynical?\"—she says to him in silence, with her judging, probing gaze.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зная, что он уже изменил ей","title":"Present gerund «зная» framing the action","body":"«Зная» (knowing) is the imperfective present gerund of «знать» — an indeclinable verb-adverb sharing the subject «она». It sets the simultaneous background — «knowing this…» — under which she then «deliberately offers». The repetition «зная это» after the parenthesis resumes the thread."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"изменил ей","title":"«Изменить» + dative: to be unfaithful to","body":"«Изменить» in the sense «to betray, be unfaithful» governs the dative («ей» — to her), unlike its other sense «to change something» (accusative). The dative names the wronged party. The deverbal noun «измену» (betrayal) recurs in the same sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"три тысячи рублей","title":"Case after numerals: «три тысячи рублей»","body":"«Три» takes the genitive singular «тысячи», and «тысячи» in turn governs the genitive plural «рублей» — Russian's layered numeral agreement. These three thousand roubles are the fixed idea around which the whole speech turns."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"испытующим взглядом","title":"«Испытующий» — searching, testing","body":"The present active participle of «испытывать» (to test, to put to the proof), used as an adjective: a «testing, probing» gaze. Paired with «судящим» (judging) it turns her silent look into an interrogation — she is putting him on trial with her eyes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"примешь или нет, будешь ли столь циничен","title":"Perfective future and the question particle «ли»","body":"«Примешь» is the simple (perfective) future of «принять» — «will you take it». «Будешь ли» fronts the verb with the literary yes/no particle «ли» («will you be so cynical?»). «Столь» is the bookish «so», and «циничен» a short-form predicate adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on предлагает","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of изменил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изменил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"изменил","lemma":"изменить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Зная","gloss":"had betrayed"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of изменил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"изменил","lemma":"изменить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical repetition of изменил (w5)","gloss":"betrayed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убеждении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"убеждении","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of изменил","gloss":"the conviction"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должна","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of должна","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должна","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сносить","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"должна","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the clause modifying убеждении","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сносить","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"сносить","lemma":"сносить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должна","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сносить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies измену","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"измену","lemma":"измена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with всё (w13), object of сносить","gloss":"the unfaithfulness"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies измену","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on предлагает","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of зная","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of предлагает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предлагает","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"предлагает","lemma":"предлагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"offers"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of предлагает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of предлагает","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дает","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ясно","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дает","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"дает","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предлагает","gloss":"lets"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дает","gloss":"this","note":"при этом = \"in doing so, thereby\"."},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дает","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предлагает (w41)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"предлагает","lemma":"предлагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понять","gloss":"is offering"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of предлагает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of предлагает","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking измену","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"измену","lemma":"измена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"the betrayal"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of измену","gloss":"of her"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies измену","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"discourse particle","role":"part of the discourse particle Что ж","gloss":"well","note":"Что ж is a fixed discourse particle meaning \"well then\"."},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"примешь","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"will you take it"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with примешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to циничен","gloss":"will you be"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будешь","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies циничен","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"циничен","lemma":"циничный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будешь, parallel to примешь","gloss":"cynical"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предлагает (main verb)","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорит","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of взглядом","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"судящим","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"judging"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"испытующим","lemma":"испытующий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"coordinated with судящим","gloss":"probing"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental adverbial modifying говорит","gloss":"with a gaze"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b12-c6-s125","source":"Он глядит на нее, понимает ее мысли совершенно (он ведь сам сознался здесь при вас, что он всё понимал) и безусловно присвояет себе эти три тысячи и прокучивает их в два дня с своею новою возлюбленной!","translation":"He looks at her, he understands her thoughts perfectly (he confessed it himself, here, in your presence, that he understood everything), and without the slightest scruple he takes those three thousand for his own and squanders them in two days with his new beloved!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он ведь сам сознался","title":"Appeal-to-shared-knowledge «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» invites the jury to recall what they already witnessed — «he did, after all, confess it himself, here, before you». It is the prosecutor leaning on common ground rather than asserting anew. «Сам» (himself) underscores that the admission was his own."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"присвояет","title":"«Присвоять/присвоить» — to appropriate","body":"To take for oneself, to appropriate (often wrongfully) — a legally loaded verb. The form «присвояет» is an older imperfective beside the modern «присваивает»; the prosecutor uses the bookish variant to brand the act as misappropriation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прокучивает","title":"«Прокутить» — to blow on carousing","body":"To squander money in drinking and revelry, from «кутить» (to carouse) with the prefix «про-» of using-up. A vivid, colloquial word that recurs across the passage («прокутил», «прокучу») and paints Mitya's two-day spree in lurid colour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"присвояет себе","title":"Reflexive «себе»: takes for himself","body":"The dative reflexive «себе» («to/for himself») points back to the subject — he appropriates the money to his own use. It is the full reflexive pronoun, distinct from the verbal clitic -ся, and sharpens the selfishness of the act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"глядит","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядит","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"понимает","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глядит","gloss":"understands"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of понимает","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимает","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сознался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сознался","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сознался","lemma":"сознаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"confessed"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознался","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of сознался","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of понимал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимал","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сознался","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безусловно","lemma":"безусловно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies присвояет","gloss":"unconditionally"},{"surface":"присвояет","lemma":"присваивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глядит","gloss":"appropriates","note":"Archaic/dialect spelling of присваивает (from присваивать)."},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of присвояет","gloss":"for himself"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of три","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of присвояет","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прокучивает","lemma":"прокучивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with присвояет","gloss":"squanders"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of прокучивает","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокучивает","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возлюбленной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of возлюбленной","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"новою","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies возлюбленной","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"возлюбленной","lemma":"возлюбленная","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокучивает","gloss":"beloved"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b12-c6-s126","source":"Чему же верить?","translation":"What, then, are we to believe?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чему же верить?","title":"Dative object of «верить» + rhetorical «же»","body":"«Верить» (to believe, to trust) governs the dative, so «чему» (what) appears in the dative «чему». The bare infinitive with no subject forms a deliberative question — «what is one to believe?» — and «же» gives it the exasperated, rhetorical edge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of верить","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Чему","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"верить","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to believe"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b12-c6-s127","source":"Первой ли легенде — порыву ли высокого благородства, отдающего последние средства для жизни и преклоняющегося пред добродетелью, или оборотной стороне медали, столь отвратительной?","translation":"The first legend—an impulse of lofty nobility, surrendering its last means of subsistence and bowing before virtue—or the reverse side of the medal, a side so loathsome?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Первой ли легенде — порыву ли","title":"Disjunctive questions with «ли»","body":"Repeated «ли» strings the alternatives into a forensic either/or: «the first legend… or the reverse side?» Both nouns stand in the dative («легенде», «порыву») as objects of the implied «верить» from the previous line."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отдающего последние средства… и преклоняющегося","title":"Chained present active participles","body":"Two present active participles in the genitive — «отдающего» (giving away) and «преклоняющегося» (bowing down) — both modify «порыву», stacking a relative-clause's worth of description into the noun phrase. This participial layering is the hallmark of high literary style."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оборотной стороне медали","title":"«Оборотная сторона медали» — the other side of the coin","body":"Literally «the reverse side of the medal», an idiom for the hidden, uglier aspect of a thing. The prosecutor sets the noble «legend» against this «отвратительной» (loathsome) flip side — the rhetorical antithesis on which the whole passage is built."}],"words":[{"surface":"Первой","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies легенде","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Первой","gloss":"[or]"},{"surface":"легенде","lemma":"легенда","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верить (elided), in apposition with порыву","gloss":"legend"},{"surface":"порыву","lemma":"порыв","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to легенде","gloss":"impulse"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies порыву","gloss":"[or]"},{"surface":"высокого","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies благородства","gloss":"lofty"},{"surface":"благородства","lemma":"благородство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies порыву","gloss":"of nobility"},{"surface":"отдающего","lemma":"отдавать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying порыву","gloss":"surrendering"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies средства","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"средства","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of отдающего","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies средства","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"преклоняющегося","lemma":"преклоняться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отдающего","gloss":"bowing"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking добродетелью","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"добродетелью","lemma":"добродетель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of преклоняющегося","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"оборотной","lemma":"оборотный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороне","gloss":"reverse"},{"surface":"стороне","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with легенде/порыву, oblique complement of верить (elided)","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"медали","lemma":"медаль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороне","gloss":"of the medal"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвратительной","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"отвратительной","lemma":"отвратительный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороне","gloss":"loathsome"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b12-c6-s128","source":"Обыкновенно в жизни бывает так, что при двух противоположностях правду надо искать посередине; в настоящем случае это буквально не так.","translation":"In life it usually happens that, given two opposites, the truth is to be sought somewhere in the middle; in the present case that is literally not so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"правду надо искать посередине","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive","body":"«Надо искать» is a subjectless construction of necessity — «one must seek». There is no nominative subject; the invariable «надо» plus the infinitive carries «it is necessary to». «Правду» is the accusative object of «искать»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Обыкновенно… бывает так","title":"Imperfective «бывает» for the general rule","body":"«Бывает» (it happens, tends to be) is the iterative imperfective of «быть», naming what usually occurs as a general fact. The prosecutor states the rule in the habitual imperfective, then sets «в настоящем случае» (in the present case) against it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обыкновенно","lemma":"обыкновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывает","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывает","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"бывает","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывает","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking противоположностях","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies противоположностях","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"противоположностях","lemma":"противоположность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"opposites"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of искать","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"modal predicate, governs искать","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"искать","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"seek"},{"surface":"посередине","lemma":"посередине","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies искать","gloss":"in the middle"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"настоящем","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"the present"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies не так","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"буквально","lemma":"буквально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"literally"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это (second clause)","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b12-c6-s129","source":"Вероятнее всего, что в первом случае он был искренно благороден, а во втором случае так же искренно низок.","translation":"Most likely, in the first case he was sincerely noble, and in the second just as sincerely base.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он был искренно благороден… низок","title":"Short-form predicate adjectives","body":"«Благороден» and «низок» are short-form adjectives, used predicatively after «был» to state his condition — noble in the one case, base in the other. The short form lends the antithesis its crisp, almost aphoristic balance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в первом случае… а во втором случае","title":"Contrastive «а» balancing the two cases","body":"«А» is the mild contrastive conjunction that pivots between parallel halves — «in the first case noble, and in the second base». Not strong opposition but a topic-shift, the untranslatable hinge that lets Russian set two pictures side by side."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вероятнее","lemma":"вероятный","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"most likely"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Вероятнее","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of благороден","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первом","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of благороден","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of благороден","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to благороден","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благороден","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"благороден","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of Вероятнее","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"втором","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"the second"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of низок","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies искренно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies низок","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"низок","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with благороден","gloss":"base"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b12-c6-s130","source":"Почему?","translation":"Why?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Why"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b12-c6-s131","source":"А вот именно потому, что мы натуры широкие, карамазовские, — я ведь к тому и веду, — способные вмещать всевозможные противоположности и разом созерцать обе бездны, бездну над нами, бездну высших идеалов, и бездну под нами, бездну самого низшего и зловонного падения.","translation":"For the very reason that we are broad natures, Karamazov natures—and this is precisely what I am driving at—capable of containing every imaginable contradiction and of contemplating both abysses at once: the abyss above us, the abyss of the highest ideals, and the abyss beneath us, the abyss of the lowest and most fetid degradation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ведь к тому и веду","title":"«Ведь» and the idiom «к тому и веду»","body":"«Ведь» again appeals to the listener — «that, after all, is just what I am driving at». «К тому веду» («I'm leading up to that») is an idiomatic aside; «и» here intensifies («precisely that»). The parenthesis is the orator stepping out to flag his own argument."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"способные вмещать… и созерцать","title":"Long-form adjective governing two infinitives","body":"«Способные» (capable, plural, agreeing with «натуры») takes two infinitives — «вмещать» (to contain) and «созерцать» (to contemplate) — spelling out the capacity. The bookish «созерцать» (to contemplate, behold) lifts the register toward the metaphysical."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зловонного","title":"«Зловонный» — foul-smelling","body":"A compound of «зло-» (evil/ill) and «вонь» (stench) — «evil-smelling, fetid». Yoked to «падения» (a fall, degradation), it makes the lower abyss not merely sinful but physically reeking, the prosecutor reaching for sensory disgust."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies потому","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вот","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase, correlates with что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of натуры","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of натуры","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"натуры","lemma":"натура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate nominal in the что-clause, describes мы","gloss":"natures"},{"surface":"широкие","lemma":"широкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies натуры","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"карамазовские","lemma":"карамазовский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with широкие","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of веду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веду","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition к, complement of веду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies веду","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"веду","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause, governs к тому","gloss":"am driving at"},{"surface":"способные","lemma":"способный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies натуры, coordinated with широкие","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"вмещать","lemma":"вмещать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of способные","gloss":"of containing"},{"surface":"всевозможные","lemma":"всевозможный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies противоположности","gloss":"every imaginable"},{"surface":"противоположности","lemma":"противоположность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of вмещать","gloss":"contradictions"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"разом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies созерцать","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"созерцать","lemma":"созерцать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вмещать","gloss":"contemplating"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on бездны","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"бездны","lemma":"бездна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of созерцать","gloss":"abysses"},{"surface":"бездну","lemma":"бездна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to бездны, naming the first abyss","gloss":"the abyss"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"object of над, together modifies бездну","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"бездну","lemma":"бездна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to the preceding бездну, specifying the abyss of ideals","gloss":"the abyss"},{"surface":"высших","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies идеалов","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"идеалов","lemma":"идеал","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies бездну","gloss":"ideals"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бездну","lemma":"бездна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with the earlier бездну, introduces the second abyss","gloss":"the abyss"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"object of под, together modifies бездну","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"бездну","lemma":"бездна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to the preceding бездну, specifying the abyss of degradation","gloss":"the abyss"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies низшего","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"низшего","lemma":"низший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies падения","gloss":"lowest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зловонного","lemma":"зловонный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with низшего","gloss":"most fetid"},{"surface":"падения","lemma":"падение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бездну","gloss":"degradation"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b12-c6-s132","source":"Вспомните блестящую мысль, высказанную давеча молодым наблюдателем, глубоко и близко созерцавшим всю семью Карамазовых, господином Ракитиным: „Ощущение низости падения так же необходимо этим разнузданным, безудержным натурам, как и ощущение высшего благородства“, — и это правда: именно им нужна эта неестественная смесь постоянно и беспрерывно.","translation":"Recall the brilliant thought voiced a short while ago by that young observer who has watched the whole Karamazov family deeply and at close range, Mr. Rakitin: \"The sense of the baseness of their fall is as necessary to these unbridled, unrestrained natures as the sense of the highest nobility\"—and it is the truth: it is precisely this unnatural mixture that they need, constantly and without cease.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мысль, высказанную давеча… созерцавшим","title":"Passive and active participles stacked together","body":"«Высказанную» is a past passive participle (accusative, agreeing with «мысль») — «the thought voiced». «Созерцавшим» is a past active participle (instrumental, agreeing with «наблюдателем») — «who had contemplated». Two participle types govern the same sentence, a dense study-edition specimen."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«Давеча» — a short while ago","body":"A colloquial, slightly old-fashioned adverb meaning «just now, a little while back». It places Rakitin's remark earlier in the same trial and gives the prosecutor's speech a spoken, conversational warmth amid the formal register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"именно им нужна эта… смесь","title":"Dative of need: «им нужна»","body":"«Нужна» (needed) agrees with the feminine «смесь», and the one who needs stands in the dative — «им» (to them). This is the experiencer-dative pattern: not «they need» but «to them is needed», so different from English. «Именно» fronts it for emphasis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разнузданным","title":"«Разнузданный» — unbridled","body":"Literally «un-bridled», from «узда» (a bridle): a horse with the bit slipped. Applied to «натурам», it brands the temperament as having thrown off all restraint — paired here with «безудержным» to redouble the image of ungoverned passion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вспомните","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Recall"},{"surface":"блестящую","lemma":"блестящий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"brilliant"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Вспомните","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"высказанную","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, accusative, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"voiced"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высказанную","gloss":"a short while ago"},{"surface":"молодым","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies наблюдателем","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"наблюдателем","lemma":"наблюдатель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of высказанную (by whom)","gloss":"observer"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies созерцавшим","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"близко","lemma":"близко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with глубоко","gloss":"closely"},{"surface":"созерцавшим","lemma":"созерцать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"clause modifying наблюдателем","gloss":"who watched"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of семью","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"семью","lemma":"семья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of созерцавшим","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"Карамазовых","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies семью","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"господином","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to наблюдателем","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Ракитиным","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господином","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"Ощущение","lemma":"ощущение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of необходимо","gloss":"The sense"},{"surface":"низости","lemma":"низость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Ощущение","gloss":"of baseness"},{"surface":"падения","lemma":"падение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies низости","gloss":"of their fall"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies необходимо","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"необходимо","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"is necessary"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of натурам","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"разнузданным","lemma":"разнузданный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies натурам","gloss":"unbridled"},{"surface":"безудержным","lemma":"безудержный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"coordinated with разнузданным","gloss":"unrestrained"},{"surface":"натурам","lemma":"натура","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of необходимо","gloss":"natures"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlates with так, introduces comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как, emphatic","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ощущение","lemma":"ощущение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of elided необходимо, compared to Ощущение","gloss":"the sense"},{"surface":"высшего","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies благородства","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"благородства","lemma":"благородство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ощущение","gloss":"nobility"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of правда","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, describes это","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies им","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of нужна","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"нужна","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main verb of the clause (need)","gloss":"is needed"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of смесь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"неестественная","lemma":"неестественный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смесь","gloss":"unnatural"},{"surface":"смесь","lemma":"смесь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нужна","gloss":"mixture"},{"surface":"постоянно","lemma":"постоянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужна","gloss":"constantly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"беспрерывно","lemma":"беспрерывно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with постоянно, modifies нужна","gloss":"unceasingly"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b12-c6-s133","source":"Две бездны, две бездны, господа, в один и тот же момент — без того мы несчастны и неудовлетворены, существование наше неполно.","translation":"Two abysses, two abysses, gentlemen, in one and the same moment—without that we are wretched and unsatisfied, our existence incomplete.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"без того мы несчастны… существование наше неполно","title":"Short-form predicates and the conditional «без того»","body":"«Несчастны», «неудовлетворены», «неполно» are all short-form adjectives stating a condition — «we are wretched… incomplete». «Без того» («without that») compresses a whole conditional clause into a phrase: without the two abysses, the state described follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on бездны","gloss":"Two"},{"surface":"бездны","lemma":"бездна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"exclamatory head of the phrase (topic)","gloss":"abysses"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on бездны","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"бездны","lemma":"бездна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with бездны (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"abysses"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момент","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of момент, coordinated with один","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, adverbial time phrase","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of без; fixed phrase modifying несчастны","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of несчастны","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"несчастны","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate adjective, main verb of the clause","gloss":"are wretched"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неудовлетворены","lemma":"неудовлетворённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"coordinated with несчастны","gloss":"unsatisfied"},{"surface":"существование","lemma":"существование","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неполно","gloss":"existence"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of существование","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"неполно","lemma":"неполный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main verb of the clause (существование неполно)","gloss":"incomplete"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b12-c6-s134","source":"Мы широки, широки, как вся наша матушка Россия, мы всё вместим и со всем уживемся!","translation":"We are broad, broad, as broad as our whole Mother Russia; we will take everything in and make our peace with everything!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы всё вместим и со всем уживемся","title":"Perfective futures of boast","body":"«Вместим» (we will take in) and «уживемся» (we will get along with) are both perfective simple futures — single, complete acts projected forward. The reflexive «уживёмся» (from «ужиться», to coexist, make one's peace) governs «со всем» (with everything) in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of широки","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"широки","lemma":"широкий","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate adjective, main verb of the clause","gloss":"are broad"},{"surface":"широки","lemma":"широкий","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"coordinated with широки (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison clause, correlates with широки","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of матушка","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"наша","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of матушка","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"матушка","lemma":"матушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head noun of the как-comparison clause","gloss":"Mother"},{"surface":"Россия","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to матушка","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вместим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вместим","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"вместим","lemma":"вместить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with широки","gloss":"will take in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уживемся","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"уживемся","lemma":"ужиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with вместим","gloss":"will make our peace"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b12-c6-s135","source":"Кстати, господа присяжные заседатели, мы коснулись теперь этих трех тысяч рублей, и я позволю себе несколько забежать вперед.","translation":"Incidentally, gentlemen of the jury, we have now touched upon these three thousand rubles, and I shall permit myself to run a little ahead.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я позволю себе… забежать вперед","title":"Reflexive «позволю себе» + idiom «забежать вперёд»","body":"«Позволю себе» («I shall permit myself») uses the dative reflexive «себе» — a polite, formal self-licensing turn. «Забежать вперёд» («to run ahead») is the idiom for getting ahead of one's argument; «несколько» softens it to «a little»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb, introductory","gloss":"Incidentally"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, head of the phrase","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies заседатели","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"заседатели","lemma":"заседатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to господа, head of the vocative phrase","gloss":"jurors"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of коснулись","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"коснулись","lemma":"коснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have touched upon"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies коснулись","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of трех","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"genitive complement of коснулись (коснуться governs genitive, not accusative)","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of позволю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"позволю","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with коснулись","gloss":"shall permit"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of позволю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on забежать","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"забежать","lemma":"забежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позволю","gloss":"to run"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забежать","gloss":"ahead"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b12-c6-s136","source":"Вообразите только, что он, этот характер, получив тогда эти деньги, да еще таким образом, чрез такой стыд, чрез такой позор, чрез последней степени унижение, — вообразите только, что он в тот же день возмог будто бы отделить из них половину, зашить в ладонку и целый месяц потом иметь твердость носить их у себя на шее, несмотря на все соблазны и чрезвычайные нужды!","translation":"Only picture it: that he, this character, having received that money at the time, and in such a fashion besides—through such shame, through such disgrace, through humiliation of the last degree—picture only that he was somehow able, that very same day, to set aside half of it, sew it into a little amulet, and then for a whole month have the firmness to carry it about on his neck, in spite of every temptation and the most extraordinary needs!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вообразите только","title":"Imperative «вообразите» framing the picture","body":"«Вообразите» is the polite/plural imperative of «вообразить» (to imagine), -те marking the address to the jury. Repeated twice around the long parenthesis, it is the orator commanding his audience to visualise — a staple of forensic performance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"получив тогда эти деньги","title":"Past gerund «получив» — «having received»","body":"«Получив» is the perfective past gerund of «получить» (to receive) — «having received the money». It marks a completed prior action sharing the subject «он», setting the stage for what he was then «able» to do. The classic narrative gerund."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чрез такой стыд, чрез такой позор","title":"Archaic «чрез» for «через»","body":"«Чрез» is the bookish, Church-Slavonic-flavoured form of the preposition «через» (through), governing the accusative. The threefold anaphora «чрез… чрез… чрез…» drums the humiliation home with elevated, sermon-like rhythm."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ладонку","title":"«Ладонка/ладанка» — a little amulet","body":"A «ладанка» is a small cloth pouch worn on a cord round the neck, originally holding incense («ладан») or a relic, charm, or — as here — sewn-in money. The diminutive object becomes the speech's central symbol; Dostoevsky also calls it a «талисман»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возмог будто бы отделить","title":"Archaic «возмог» and sceptical «будто бы»","body":"«Возмог» is an elevated, archaic perfective «was able» (beside ordinary «смог»). «Будто бы» («supposedly, as if») injects the prosecutor's open doubt — he relays the claim while signalling he disbelieves it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вообразите","lemma":"вообразить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Picture"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Вообразите","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the suspended clause about он, resumed by second вообразите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topicalized subject (resumed later)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of характер","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"получив","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"converb clause, background action before возмог","gloss":"having received"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получив","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of получив","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifier, modifies таким образом","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase (manner), modifies получив","gloss":"a fashion"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стыд","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стыд","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"стыд","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition чрез; adverbial phrase modifying получив, coordinated with таким образом","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking позор","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of позор","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition чрез (w18), coordinated with стыд","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking унижение","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"последней","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies унижение","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"унижение","lemma":"унижение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition чрез (w21), coordinated with стыд/позор","gloss":"humiliation"},{"surface":"вообразите","lemma":"вообразить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"resumes the main verb (repeated imperative)","gloss":"picture"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вообразите","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возмог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возмог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возмог","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"возмог","lemma":"возмочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"was able"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возмог (particle of seeming)","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто","gloss":"seemingly"},{"surface":"отделить","lemma":"отделить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of возмог","gloss":"set aside"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of отделить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отделить","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"зашить","lemma":"зашить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отделить","gloss":"sew"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладонку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ладонку","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашить","gloss":"amulet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration, modifies иметь","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иметь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"иметь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отделить/зашить","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"твердость","lemma":"твёрдость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of иметь","gloss":"the firmness"},{"surface":"носить","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of твердость (infinitive of purpose)","gloss":"to carry"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of носить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of носить","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"шее","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of носить","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of fixed preposition несмотря на, marking соблазны","gloss":"in spite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of соблазны","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"соблазны","lemma":"соблазн","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"object of несмотря на","gloss":"temptations"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чрезвычайные","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies нужды","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"нужды","lemma":"нужда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with соблазны","gloss":"needs"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b12-c6-s137","source":"Ни в пьяном кутеже по трактирам, ни тогда, когда ему пришлось лететь из города доставать бог знает у кого деньги, необходимейшие ему, чтоб увезть свою возлюбленную от соблазнов соперника, отца своего, — он не осмеливается притронуться к этой ладонке.","translation":"Neither in drunken carousing through the taverns, nor at the moment when he had to fly out of town to get money, God knows from whom, money he urgently needed in order to carry his beloved away from the temptations of his rival, his own father—he does not dare to touch that little amulet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ни в пьяном кутеже… ни тогда","title":"Negative concord with «ни… ни»","body":"The paired «ни… ни» («neither… nor») requires the verb still to take its negation — «он не осмеливается». This is Russian negative concord: the «ни» phrases intensify a negation that the verb must independently carry."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему пришлось лететь","title":"Dative «ему» + «пришлось»: he had to","body":"«Пришлось» (it fell to one, one had to) is an impersonal perfective whose experiencer goes in the dative — «ему» (to him). Not «he had to» but «to him it befell to»: the subjectless necessity construction so common in Dostoevsky's inner lives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лететь из города… увезть","title":"Verbs of motion: «лететь» and «увезть»","body":"«Лететь» (to fly, the unidirectional motion verb) is used figuratively for rushing off. «Увезть» (to carry away, by vehicle) is a prefixed perfective of motion — «у-» giving the sense of taking her off and away. «Доставать» (imperfective, to obtain) names the ongoing errand."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"необходимейшие","title":"«Необходимейший» — most indispensable","body":"A bookish superlative in -ейш- built on «необходимый» (necessary): «the most utterly indispensable». The synthetic superlative belongs to the elevated register and heightens the urgency of the money he nonetheless will not touch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative negator, part of ни...ни construction","gloss":"Neither"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кутеже","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пьяном","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кутеже","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"кутеже","lemma":"кутёж","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в; adverbial phrase, modifies осмеливается","gloss":"carousing"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактирам","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"трактирам","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies кутеже","gloss":"taverns"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial, parallel to ни в кутеже, modifies осмеливается","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришлось","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of пришлось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пришлось","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying тогда","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"лететь","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on пришлось","gloss":"fly"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking города","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лететь","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"доставать","lemma":"доставать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of лететь","gloss":"to get"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical idiom 'God knows', modifies деньги","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of знает","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of доставать","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"необходимейшие","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, plural","role":"clause modifying деньги","gloss":"urgently needed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of необходимейшие","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увезть","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"увезть","lemma":"увезти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on необходимейшие","gloss":"carry away"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of возлюбленную","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"возлюбленную","lemma":"возлюбленная","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of увезть","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соблазнов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"соблазнов","lemma":"соблазн","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of увезть","gloss":"the temptations"},{"surface":"соперника","lemma":"соперник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies соблазнов","gloss":"rival"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to соперника","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осмеливается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осмеливается","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"осмеливается","lemma":"осмеливаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dares"},{"surface":"притронуться","lemma":"притронуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of осмеливается","gloss":"touch"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладонке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ладонке","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ладонке","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of притронуться","gloss":"little amulet"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b12-c6-s138","source":"Да хоть именно для того только, чтобы не оставлять свою возлюбленную на соблазны старика, к которому он так ревновал, он должен бы был распечатать свою ладонку и остаться дома неотступным сторожем своей возлюбленной, ожидая той минуты, когда она скажет ему наконец: „Я твоя“, чтоб лететь с нею куда-нибудь подальше из теперешней роковой обстановки.","translation":"Why, if only for that very purpose—so as not to leave his beloved exposed to the temptations of the old man of whom he was so jealous—he ought to have unsealed his amulet and stayed at home as the unrelenting guardian of his beloved, waiting for the moment when she would say to him at last, \"I am yours,\" so as to fly off with her somewhere farther away from the present, fatal situation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он должен бы был распечатать… и остаться","title":"Conditional «должен бы был» — he ought to have","body":"«Должен бы был» joins the modal «должен» to «был» plus the irrealis particle «бы», yielding the counterfactual «he ought to have». «Бы» turns the past into the hypothetical: this is what he should, but did not, do. The infinitives «распечатать… остаться» complete the obligation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не оставлять… ожидая той минуты","title":"Purpose «чтобы» and the gerund «ожидая»","body":"«Чтобы + infinitive» states purpose — «in order not to leave». «Ожидая» is a present gerund («waiting»), an attendant circumstance running alongside «остаться сторожем». Note «той минуты» in the genitive, governed by «ожидать» (to await)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неотступным сторожем","title":"«Неотступный сторож» — unrelenting guardian","body":"«Сторож» is a watchman or guard; «неотступный» (from «отступать», to step back/retreat) means «never stepping away, relentless». Both nouns take the instrumental after «остаться» (to remain as) — the predicate-instrumental of an assumed role."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle, introduces the sentence","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хоть","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition для, correlates with чтобы-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оставлять","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставлять","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оставлять","lemma":"оставлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause modifying того","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of возлюбленную","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"возлюбленную","lemma":"возлюбленная","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оставлять","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соблазны","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"соблазны","lemma":"соблазн","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of оставлять","gloss":"the temptations"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies соблазны","gloss":"of the old man"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которому","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ревновал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ревновал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ревновал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ревновал","lemma":"ревновать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on старика","gloss":"was jealous"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main verb of the main clause","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of должен","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"распечатать","lemma":"распечатать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"unsealed"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ладонку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ладонку","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of распечатать","gloss":"amulet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"остаться","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with распечатать","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остаться","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"неотступным","lemma":"неотступный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сторожем","gloss":"unrelenting"},{"surface":"сторожем","lemma":"сторож","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of остаться","gloss":"guardian"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of возлюбленной","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"возлюбленной","lemma":"возлюбленная","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сторожем","gloss":"of his beloved"},{"surface":"ожидая","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on остаться","gloss":"waiting for"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ожидая","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скажет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of скажет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying минуты","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажет","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажет","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of твоя","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, quoted clause (Я твоя)","gloss":"am yours"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лететь","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"лететь","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause modifying должен/остаться","gloss":"to fly off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of лететь","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лететь, part of куда-нибудь","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of куда-нибудь (indefinite pronoun)","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"подальше","lemma":"подальше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лететь","gloss":"farther away"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обстановки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"теперешней","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обстановки","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"роковой","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обстановки","gloss":"fatal"},{"surface":"обстановки","lemma":"обстановка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подальше","gloss":"situation"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b12-c6-s139","source":"Но нет, он не касается своего талисмана, и под каким же предлогом?","translation":"But no, he does not touch his talisman, and under what pretext?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"под каким же предлогом","title":"Rhetorical «же» in the question","body":"«Же» sharpens the interrogative to incredulity — «and under what pretext, pray?» «Под… предлогом» takes the instrumental after «под». The terse «Но нет» (but no) before it stages a mock self-correction, the orator answering his own implied objection."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"талисмана","title":"«Талисман» — talisman","body":"A learned, French-derived synonym for the «ладанка» of the previous lines. The prosecutor's switch from the homely Russian «ладонка» to the exotic «талисман» is faintly ironic, mocking the near-magical significance Mitya attaches to the pouch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection of denial","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of касается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies касается","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"касается","lemma":"касаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"touches"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of талисмана","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"талисмана","lemma":"талисман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of касается","gloss":"talisman"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предлогом","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of предлогом","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies каким","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"предлогом","lemma":"предлог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of под","gloss":"pretext"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b12-c6-s140","source":"Первоначальный предлог, мы сказали, был именно тот, что когда ему скажут: „Я твоя, вези меня куда хочешь“, то было бы на что увезти.","translation":"The original pretext, we have said, was precisely this: that when she should say to him, \"I am yours, take me wherever you like,\" there would be something to take her away with.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда ему скажут… то было бы на что увезти","title":"Conditional «было бы» with «бы»","body":"«Было бы на что увезти» («there would be something to take her away with») is the irrealis «было» + «бы», a counterfactual provision. «На что» is the idiomatic «(the means) with which». «Скажут» is an impersonal 3rd-plural — «when one says / she should say»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Первоначальный","lemma":"первоначальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies предлог","gloss":"original"},{"surface":"предлог","lemma":"предлог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"pretext"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сказали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"сказали","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"have said"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, links предлог and тот","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining тот","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause on было","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажут","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"скажут","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"she will say"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of твоя","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Я (elided copula), within the quote","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"вези","lemma":"везти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"imperative verb of the quote","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of вези","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочешь","gloss":"wherever"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вези","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"resumes the temporal clause, introduces было","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"existential main verb, governs the увезти clause","gloss":"there would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что, idiom на что + infinitive","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of на, complement of увезти","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"увезти","lemma":"увезти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of было бы на что","gloss":"to take her away"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b12-c6-s141","source":"Но этот первый предлог, по собственным словам подсудимого, побледнел перед вторым.","translation":"But this first pretext, by the defendant's own words, paled before the second.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"побледнел перед вторым","title":"«Побледнеть» — to pale before","body":"Literally «to grow pale» (from «бледный», pale), used figuratively: the first pretext «paled» beside the second. «Перед» (before) governs the instrumental «вторым». A quietly vivid metaphor woven into the legal prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of предлог","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies предлог","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"предлог","lemma":"предлог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побледнел","gloss":"pretext"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"собственным","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies словам","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"словам","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"object of по, modifies побледнел","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies словам","gloss":"of the defendant"},{"surface":"побледнел","lemma":"побледнеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"paled"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вторым","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вторым","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побледнел","gloss":"the second"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b12-c6-s142","source":"Поколь, дескать, я ношу на себе эти деньги — „я подлец, но не вор“, ибо всегда могу пойти к оскорбленной мною невесте и, выложив пред нею эту половину всей обманно присвоенной от нее суммы, всегда могу ей сказать: „Видишь, я прокутил половину твоих денег и доказал тем, что я слабый и безнравственный человек и, если хочешь, подлец (я выражаюсь языком самого подсудимого), но хоть и подлец, а не вор, ибо если бы был вором, то не принес бы тебе этой половины оставшихся денег, а присвоил бы и ее, как и первую половину“.","translation":"So long, he claims, as I carry this money on me—\"I am a scoundrel, but not a thief\"—for I can always go to the bride I have wronged and, laying out before her this half of the whole sum I have fraudulently taken from her, I can always say to her: \"You see, I have squandered half of your money and thereby proved that I am a weak and unprincipled man and, if you like, a scoundrel (I borrow the defendant's own language), but though a scoundrel, still not a thief, for had I been a thief I would not have brought you back this half of the money that remained, but would have taken it for my own, as I did the first half.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Поколь… дескать","title":"Archaic «поколь» and reportative «дескать»","body":"«Поколь» is a folksy, archaic «as long as» (modern «пока, поколе»). «Дескать» is a reportative particle flagging quoted or second-hand speech — «he claims, so he says» — distancing the prosecutor from the words he ventriloquises in Mitya's voice."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлец, но не вор","title":"«Подлец» vs «вор» — scoundrel, not thief","body":"«Подлец» is a strong moral epithet — a base, contemptible scoundrel — while «вор» is the legal «thief». Mitya's whole self-justification hinges on this distinction: morally vile, yet not a criminal. The refrain recurs almost verbatim across the next paragraphs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо если бы был вором, то не принес бы","title":"Archaic «ибо» and the conditional with «бы»","body":"«Ибо» is the bookish/Slavonic «for, because». The contrary-to-fact conditional «если бы был… то не принёс бы» uses «бы» in both clauses — «had I been a thief, I would not have brought». Note «вором» in the predicate instrumental after «был»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выложив пред нею эту половину","title":"Past gerund «выложив» + archaic «пред»","body":"«Выложив» (having laid out) is a perfective past gerund of attendant prior action. «Пред» is the elevated, shortened form of «перед» (before), governing the instrumental «нею». Both touches lift the imagined speech into a loftier, more self-dramatising register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поколь","lemma":"поколь","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ношу","gloss":"so long as"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, marks reported speech","gloss":"he claims"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ношу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ношу","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"carry"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of ношу","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of ношу","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подлец","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of я (elided copula), quoted clause","gloss":"scoundrel"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вор","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вор","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подлец","gloss":"a thief"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"пойти","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking невесте","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"оскорбленной","lemma":"оскорбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"clause modifying невесте","gloss":"wronged"},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"agent of оскорбленной","gloss":"by me"},{"surface":"невесте","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойти","gloss":"bride"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выложив","lemma":"выложить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on могу (second occurrence)","gloss":"laying out"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of выложив","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of половину","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выложив","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of суммы","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"обманно","lemma":"обманно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies присвоенной","gloss":"fraudulently"},{"surface":"присвоенной","lemma":"присвоить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying суммы","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of присвоенной","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"суммы","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половину","gloss":"sum"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу (second occurrence)","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with могу (first occurrence)","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу (second occurrence)","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, introduces the quoted speech","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прокутил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"прокутил","lemma":"прокутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"squandered"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прокутил","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"твоих","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of денег","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies половину","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"доказал","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прокутил","gloss":"proved"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of доказал","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of человек","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"слабый","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безнравственный","lemma":"безнравственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with слабый","gloss":"unprincipled"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of я (elided copula), completes clause introduced by что","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause, modifies подлец","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of я, coordinated with человек","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выражаюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"выражаюсь","lemma":"выражаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"express myself"},{"surface":"языком","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выражаюсь","gloss":"language"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подсудимого","gloss":"very own"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies языком","gloss":"of the defendant"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подлец (second occurrence)","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подлец (second occurrence)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подлец (first occurrence)","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вор","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вор","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подлец (second occurrence)","gloss":"a thief"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принес","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of был","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to вором","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"вором","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a thief"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"resumes the если-clause, introduces принес","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принес","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"принес","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"would have brought"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of принес","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of принес","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of половины","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"половины","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принес (genitive under negation)","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"оставшихся","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies денег","gloss":"remaining"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies половины","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"присвоил","lemma":"присвоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with принес","gloss":"would have taken"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of присвоил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of присвоил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with первую половину","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies первую","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"первую","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половину (second occurrence)","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"elided object of comparison, parallel to ее","gloss":"half"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b12-c6-s143","source":"Удивительное объяснение факта!","translation":"An astonishing explanation of the fact!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Удивительное объяснение факта!","title":"Ironic exclamation","body":"«Удивительное» (astonishing, remarkable) is used with heavy irony — the prosecutor marvels sarcastically at the defence's reasoning. The clipped exclamatory noun-phrase, verbless, lands as a sneering rhetorical jab."}],"words":[{"surface":"Удивительное","lemma":"удивительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies объяснение","gloss":"astonishing"},{"surface":"объяснение","lemma":"объяснение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"explanation"},{"surface":"факта","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies объяснение","gloss":"of the fact"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b12-c6-s144","source":"Этот самый бешеный, но слабый человек, не могший отказаться от соблазна принять три тысячи рублей при таком позоре, — этот самый человек ощущает вдруг в себе такую стоическую твердость и носит на своей шее тысячи рублей, не смея до них дотронуться!","translation":"This very man, so frenzied yet so weak, who could not refuse the temptation of accepting three thousand rubles amid such disgrace—this very same man suddenly feels within himself a stoic firmness and carries thousands of rubles on his neck without daring to touch them!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могший отказаться","title":"Past active participle «не могший»","body":"«Могший» is the (rather rare and bookish) past active participle of «мочь» (to be able) — «who was not able». Negated and modifying «человек», it folds a relative clause into the noun phrase: «this man, who could not refuse the temptation»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Этот самый… этот самый человек","title":"Emphatic «этот самый» repeated","body":"«Этот самый» («this very same») is the demonstrative «этот» reinforced by «самый» for pointed identity. Its repetition around the dash drives the antithesis — the same weak man, suddenly «стоической» — that is the rhetorical core of the line."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не смея до них дотронуться","title":"Negated gerund «не смея»","body":"«Не смея» (not daring) is a negated present gerund of «сметь», an attendant circumstance to «носит» — «carries… without daring to touch». «Дотронуться до + genitive» (to touch) governs «них». The gerund neatly subordinates one action to the main verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бешеный","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"бешеный","lemma":"бешеный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"слабый","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бешеный","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the subject NP, resumed by человек (w21)","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могший","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могший","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying человек (w6)","gloss":"who could"},{"surface":"отказаться","lemma":"отказаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могший","gloss":"refuse"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соблазна","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"соблазна","lemma":"соблазн","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отказаться","gloss":"temptation"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of соблазна","gloss":"to accept"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"governed by три, quantifies рублей","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of принять","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking позоре","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of позоре","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"позоре","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принять","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек (w21)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек (w21)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ощущает","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ощущает","lemma":"ощущать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ощущает","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of ощущает (via в)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of твердость","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"стоическую","lemma":"стоический","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies твердость","gloss":"stoic"},{"surface":"твердость","lemma":"твёрдость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ощущает","gloss":"firmness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"носит","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ощущает","gloss":"carries"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of шее","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"шее","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of носит","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of носит","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смея","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смея","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on носит","gloss":"daring"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of дотронуться","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"дотронуться","lemma":"дотронуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смея","gloss":"touch"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b12-c6-s145","source":"Сообразно ли это хоть сколько-нибудь с разбираемым нами характером?","translation":"Is this consistent in the least with the character we have been examining?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сообразно ли это… с разбираемым нами характером","title":"Question particle «ли» + present passive participle","body":"«Ли» forms the rhetorical yes/no question — «is this at all consistent?» «Разбираемым» is a present passive participle of «разбирать» (to examine), instrumental, agreeing with «характером»: «the character being examined by us». The instrumental «нами» names the agent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сообразно","lemma":"сообразный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"consistent"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the yes/no question, modifies Сообразно","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Сообразно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom хоть сколько-нибудь, modifies Сообразно","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom хоть сколько-нибудь, modifies Сообразно","gloss":"in the least"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom сколько-нибудь","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking характером","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"разбираемым","lemma":"разбирать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies характером","gloss":"being examined"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"agent of разбираемым","gloss":"by us"},{"surface":"характером","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Сообразно (via с)","gloss":"character"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b12-c6-s146","source":"Нет, и я позволю себе вам рассказать, как бы поступил в таком случае настоящий Дмитрий Карамазов, если бы даже и в самом деле решился зашить свои деньги в ладонку.","translation":"No, and I shall permit myself to tell you how the real Dmitri Karamazov, the one we know, would have acted in such a case, even supposing he had in fact resolved to sew his money into an amulet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы поступил… если бы… решился","title":"Double conditional with «бы»","body":"Both the main clause «как бы поступил» (how he would have acted) and the «если бы… решился» clause carry «бы» — the full counterfactual: «how he would have acted, even had he in fact resolved». The reflexive «решился» (made up his mind) governs the infinitive «зашить»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to позволю","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of позволю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"позволю","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will allow"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of позволю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of рассказать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"рассказать","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позволю","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of поступил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"поступил","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рассказать","gloss":"would have acted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поступил","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"настоящий","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Дмитрий","gloss":"the real"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поступил","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of решился","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of решился","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решился","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решился","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of решился, idiom в самом деле","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поступил","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"зашить","lemma":"зашить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решился","gloss":"to sew"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of зашить","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладонку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ладонку","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашить","gloss":"amulet"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b12-c6-s147","source":"При первом же соблазне — ну хоть чтоб опять чем потешить ту же новую возлюбленную, с которой уже прокутил первую половину этих же денег, — он бы расшил свою ладонку и отделил от нее, ну, положим, на первый случай хоть только сто рублей, ибо к чему-де непременно относить половину, то есть полторы тысячи, довольно и тысячи четырехсот рублей — ведь всё то же выйдет: „подлец, дескать, а не вор, потому что всё же хоть тысячу четыреста рублей да принес назад, а вор бы все взял и ничего не принес“.","translation":"At the very first temptation—well, say, to amuse once again that same new beloved with whom he had already squandered the first half of this very money—he would have unstitched his amulet and detached from it, well, let us say, for the first occasion, just a hundred rubles, for why on earth must one return exactly half, that is, fifteen hundred—a thousand four hundred will do well enough, for it comes to the same thing in the end: \"a scoundrel, you see, but not a thief, because for all that I did at least bring back a thousand four hundred rubles, whereas a thief would have taken everything and brought nothing back.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он бы расшил свою ладонку и отделил","title":"Conditional narration with «бы»","body":"The whole imagined sequence runs in the conditional — «он бы расшил… отделил» (he would have unstitched… detached). One «бы» can serve a chain of perfective past verbs. «Свою ладонку» uses the reflexive possessive «свою» — his own pouch."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"к чему-де… ибо… да принес","title":"Reportative «-де», causal «ибо», folksy «да»","body":"«-Де» is a reportative clitic like «дескать», flagging quoted self-talk. «Ибо» is the bookish «for/because». «Да принёс» uses «да» as an emphatic «did at least bring». The cluster mimics Mitya's own rambling, self-justifying inner voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тысячу четыреста рублей","title":"Compound numeral and case","body":"«Тысячу четыреста рублей»: the round «тысячу» (accusative) plus «четыреста», with the noun in the genitive plural «рублей» governed by the hundreds. The prosecutor's mock-arithmetic — 1,500 versus 1,400 — parodies Mitya's penny-counting logic."}],"words":[{"surface":"При","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соблазне","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"первом","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies соблазне","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies первом","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"соблазне","lemma":"соблазн","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"temptation"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потешить","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause потешить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потешить","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of потешить","gloss":"with something","note":"Instrumental of что, \"with something/whatever\" — the amulet money he'll spend on her."},{"surface":"потешить","lemma":"потешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on соблазне","gloss":"amuse"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of возлюбленную","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"новую","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies возлюбленную","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"возлюбленную","lemma":"возлюбленная","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of потешить","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокутил","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокутил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"прокутил","lemma":"прокутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on возлюбленную","gloss":"had squandered"},{"surface":"первую","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половину","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прокутил","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of денег","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этих","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies половину","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of расшил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks расшил as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"расшил","lemma":"расшить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"unstitched"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ладонку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ладонку","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of расшил","gloss":"amulet","note":"Ладонка: a small pouch or amulet sewn shut and worn around the neck, here stuffed with money."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отделил","lemma":"отделить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расшил","gloss":"detached"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отделил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"положим","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"let's say"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случай","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случай","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отделил","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сто","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"сто","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of отделил","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of относить","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of относить","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"quotative marker on чему","gloss":"(so he'd say)","note":"Colloquial reportative particle marking this as Mitya's imagined inner reasoning, not the narrator's own words."},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies относить","gloss":"necessarily"},{"surface":"относить","lemma":"относить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of к чему","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of относить","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantified by полторы","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"четырехсот","lemma":"четыреста","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"four hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"depends on тысячи четырехсот","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выйдет","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выйдет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of выйдет","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will turn out"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"quotative marker","gloss":"you see","note":"Colloquial quotative particle framing the following as Mitya's own imagined self-justification."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вор","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вор","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подлец","gloss":"a thief"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принес","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тысячу","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"тысячу","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"четыреста","lemma":"четыреста","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"four hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of принес","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"принес","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"brought back"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принес","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"вор","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"a thief"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks взял as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with принес","gloss":"have taken"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of принес","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принес","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"принес","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"brought back"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b12-c6-s148","source":"Затем еще через несколько времени опять расшил бы ладонку и опять вынул уже вторую сотню, затем третью, затем четвертую, и не далее как к концу месяца вынул бы наконец предпоследнюю сотню: дескать, и одну сотню принесу назад, всё то же ведь выйдет: „подлец, а не вор. Двадцать девять сотен прокутил, а всё же одну возвратил, вор бы и ту не возвратил“.","translation":"Then, after a little more time, he would have unstitched the amulet again and again drawn out, now, a second hundred, then a third, then a fourth, and no later than the end of the month would have drawn out at last the next-to-last hundred—telling himself: well, I shall bring back even a single hundred, for it comes to the same thing anyway: \"a scoundrel, but not a thief. Twenty-nine hundreds I squandered, yet one I returned all the same; a thief would not have returned even that one.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"опять расшил бы… и опять вынул","title":"Iterated conditional perfectives","body":"The conditional continues, «бы» once again covering a string of perfective pasts — «would have unstitched… drawn out». The serial «затем третью, затем четвертую» (then a third, then a fourth) enacts the slow, inevitable slide the prosecutor predicts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вынул бы наконец предпоследнюю сотню","title":"Ordinal-style «предпоследнюю» and feminine «сотню»","body":"«Предпоследнюю» («next-to-last», pred- + «последний») agrees as a long-form adjective with the accusative feminine «сотню» (a hundred, used as a count-noun for hundred-rouble units). «Сотня» is the colloquial counter the prosecutor adopts for vividness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вор бы и ту не возвратил","title":"Conditional «бы» with negation and «и… ту»","body":"«Вор бы и ту не возвратил» — «a thief would not have returned even that one». «Бы» makes it hypothetical, «не» negates, and «и ту» («even that») is the emphatic «и» plus the far demonstrative «та». The imagined thief is the foil to Mitya's self-flattery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расшил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies через несколько времени","gloss":"a bit more"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on времени","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of через","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расшил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"расшил","lemma":"расшить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"unstitched"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks расшил as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ладонку","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of расшил","gloss":"amulet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вынул","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расшил","gloss":"drawn out"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вынул","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вторую","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сотню","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"сотню","lemma":"сотня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies третью","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"третью","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with вторую сотню (elided сотню)","gloss":"a third"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies четвертую","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"четвертую","lemma":"четвёртый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with третью","gloss":"a fourth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies далее","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase не далее как","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase не далее как","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking концу","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"концу","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынул","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies концу","gloss":"of the month"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расшил","gloss":"drawn out"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks вынул as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вынул","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"предпоследнюю","lemma":"предпоследний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сотню","gloss":"next-to-last"},{"surface":"сотню","lemma":"сотня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"quotative marker","gloss":"he'd say"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одну","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сотню","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"сотню","lemma":"сотня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принесу","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"принесу","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I'll bring back"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принесу","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выйдет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of выйдет","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выйдет","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will turn out"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вор","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вор","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подлец","gloss":"a thief"},{"surface":"Двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on девять","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"девять","lemma":"девять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on сотен","gloss":"nine"},{"surface":"сотен","lemma":"сотня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of прокутил","gloss":"hundreds"},{"surface":"прокутил","lemma":"прокутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"squandered"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возвратил (elided сотню)","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"возвратил","lemma":"возвратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прокутил","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"вор","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возвратил","gloss":"a thief"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks возвратил as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возвратил","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возвратил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"возвратил","lemma":"возвратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прокутил","gloss":"returned"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b12-c6-s149","source":"И, наконец, уже прокутив эту предпоследнюю сотню, посмотрел бы на последнюю и сказал бы себе: „А ведь и впрямь не стоит относить одну сотню — давай и ту прокучу!“","translation":"And at last, having squandered this next-to-last hundred, he would have looked at the final one and said to himself: \"Why, in truth it isn't worth bringing back a single hundred—come, let me squander that one too!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прокутив эту предпоследнюю сотню, посмотрел бы","title":"Past gerund into the final conditional","body":"«Прокутив» (having squandered) is a perfective past gerund leading into the conditional verbs «посмотрел бы… сказал бы» (would have looked… would have said). The gerund supplies the completed prior act; «бы» keeps the whole scene hypothetical."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"давай и ту прокучу","title":"Hortative «давай» + «и ту»","body":"«Давай… прокучу» («come, let me squander it») uses «давай» plus a perfective future for a first-person exhortation — the inner self egging itself on. «И ту» («that one too») marks the last hundred as the final surrender. «А ведь» opens with the appealing «ведь»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокутив","gloss":"having already"},{"surface":"прокутив","lemma":"прокутить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on посмотрел","gloss":"having squandered"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сотню","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"предпоследнюю","lemma":"предпоследний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сотню","gloss":"next-to-last"},{"surface":"сотню","lemma":"сотня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прокутив","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks посмотрел as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking последнюю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"последнюю","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"the last one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with посмотрел","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks сказал as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies впрямь","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies впрямь","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"впрямь","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"in truth"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"is worth"},{"surface":"относить","lemma":"относить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on стоит","gloss":"bringing back"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сотню","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"сотню","lemma":"сотня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of относить","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"давай","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"introduces the following clause","gloss":"come on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прокучу","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"прокучу","lemma":"прокутить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with давай","gloss":"I'll squander"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b12-c6-s150","source":"Вот как бы поступил настоящий Дмитрий Карамазов, какого мы знаем!","translation":"That is how the real Dmitri Karamazov, the one we know, would have acted!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот как бы поступил… какого мы знаем","title":"Summative conditional + relative «какого»","body":"«Вот как бы поступил» («that is how he would have acted») closes the hypothetical with the deictic «вот». «Какого мы знаем» («the one we know») is the relative «какой» in the animate accusative (= genitive), echoing the same tag from s146 for rhetorical bookending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks поступил as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"поступил","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"acted"},{"surface":"настоящий","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Дмитрий","gloss":"the real"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поступил","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знаем","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"знаем","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Дмитрий Карамазов","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b12-c6-s151","source":"Легенда же об ладонке — это такое противоречие с действительностью, какого более и представить нельзя.","translation":"But the legend of the amulet—that is a contradiction with reality of so flagrant a kind that none greater can even be imagined.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Легенда же об ладонке","title":"Topic-marking «же» and archaic «об» before consonant","body":"«Же» here marks a shift of topic — «as for the legend of the amulet». «Об ладонке» uses «об» before a consonant (modern usage prefers «о ладанке»), a 19th-century/Dostoevskian variant. The whole noun phrase is fronted as the new topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какого более и представить нельзя","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + genitive «какого»","body":"«Нельзя представить» is the impersonal «one cannot imagine» — invariable «нельзя» plus infinitive, no subject. «Какого» (of which kind) is genitive, governed by the comparative «более» (a greater [contradiction] of which). A dense superlative-by-negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Легенда","lemma":"легенда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"topic, resumed by это","gloss":"the legend"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Легенда","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладонке","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ладонке","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Легенда","gloss":"the amulet"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"copular link to противоречие","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of противоречие","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"противоречие","lemma":"противоречие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"contradiction"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking действительностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"действительностью","lemma":"действительность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies противоречие","gloss":"reality"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of представить","gloss":"than which"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies какого","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies представить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the relative clause","gloss":"cannot"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b12-c6-s152","source":"Можно предположить всё, а не это.","translation":"One may suppose anything at all, but not this.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Можно предположить всё, а не это","title":"Impersonal «можно» and contrastive «а не»","body":"«Можно предположить» — impersonal «one may suppose», invariable «можно» plus infinitive. «А не это» («but not this») uses the contrastive «а» to carve the single exception out of «всё» (everything). Terse, antithetical, epigrammatic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"one may"},{"surface":"предположить","lemma":"предположить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Можно","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предположить","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with всё","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b12-c6-s153","source":"Но мы к этому еще вернемся».","translation":"But we shall return to this yet.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы к этому еще вернемся","title":"Perfective future «вернёмся» with «ещё»","body":"«Вернёмся» is the perfective simple future of the reflexive «вернуться» (to return), governing «к этому» (to this) in the dative. «Ещё» («yet, still») promises a later return. The closing guillemet here marks the end of this stretch of the quoted speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вернемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вернемся","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вернемся","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"вернемся","lemma":"вернуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall return"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b12-c6-s154","source":"Обозначив в порядке всё, что известно было судебному следствию об имущественных спорах и семейных отношениях отца с сыном, и еще, и еще раз выведя заключение, что, по известным данным, нет ни малейшей возможности определить в этом вопросе о дележе наследства, кто кого обсчитал или кто на кого насчитал, Ипполит Кириллович по поводу этих трех тысяч рублей, засевших в уме Мити как неподвижная идея, упомянул об медицинской экспертизе.","translation":"Having set out in order everything that the judicial inquiry had established about the property disputes and the family relations of the father and son, and having once more, and yet again, drawn the conclusion that, on the known evidence, there is not the slightest possibility of determining, in this question of the division of the inheritance, who had shortchanged whom or who had overcharged whom, Ippolit Kirillovich, in connection with these three thousand rubles lodged in Mitya's mind like a fixed idea, made mention of the medical examination.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Обозначив… и… выведя заключение","title":"Twin past gerunds opening the narration","body":"«Обозначив» (having set out) and «выведя» (having drawn) are two perfective past gerunds opening the narrator's resumption, both sharing the subject «Ипполит Кириллович». They pack the whole survey into a subordinate prelude before the main verb «упомянул»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нет ни малейшей возможности","title":"Genitive of negation after «нет»","body":"«Нет… возможности» forces the genitive: «there is no possibility». «Ни малейшей» («not the slightest», ни + genitive of «малейший», the superlative of «малый») intensifies the absence. A textbook genitive-of-negation under existential «нет»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"засевших в уме Мити","title":"Past active participle «засевших»","body":"«Засевших» is the past active participle of «засесть» (to lodge, become fixed), genitive plural agreeing with «рублей»: «the three thousand roubles lodged in Mitya's mind». «Митя» is the affectionate diminutive of Дмитрий, and even in the genitive «Мити» it keeps that intimate colouring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обозначив","lemma":"обозначить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on упомянул","gloss":"having set out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порядке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"порядке","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Обозначив","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Обозначив","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of известно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"predicate of the relative clause on всё","gloss":"was known"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to известно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"судебному","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies следствию","gloss":"judicial"},{"surface":"следствию","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"inquiry"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спорах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"имущественных","lemma":"имущественный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies спорах","gloss":"property"},{"surface":"спорах","lemma":"спор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of известно","gloss":"disputes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"семейных","lemma":"семейный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies отношениях","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"отношениях","lemma":"отношение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with спорах","gloss":"relations"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отношениях","gloss":"of the father"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сыном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сыном","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отношениях","gloss":"the son"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выведя","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"yet again"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase еще раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"выведя","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with Обозначив","gloss":"having drawn"},{"surface":"заключение","lemma":"заключение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выведя","gloss":"conclusion"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking данным","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"известным","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies данным","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"данным","lemma":"данные","morphology":"noun, dative, plural","role":"adverbial phrase modifying нет","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause modifying заключение","gloss":"there is not"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies малейшей","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"малейшей","lemma":"малейший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies возможности","gloss":"slightest"},{"surface":"возможности","lemma":"возможность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"possibility"},{"surface":"определить","lemma":"определить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies возможности","gloss":"determine"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопросе","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вопросе","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of определить","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дележе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"дележе","lemma":"делёж","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопросе","gloss":"the division"},{"surface":"наследства","lemma":"наследство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дележе","gloss":"of the inheritance"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of обсчитал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of обсчитал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"обсчитал","lemma":"обсчитать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of определить","gloss":"shortchanged"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of насчитал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of насчитал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"насчитал","lemma":"насчитать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обсчитал","gloss":"overcharged"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of упомянул","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"Кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поводу","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"поводу","lemma":"повод","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по поводу","gloss":"connection"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of тысяч","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies рублей","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поводу","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"засевших","lemma":"засесть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying рублей","gloss":"lodged"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of засевших","gloss":"the mind"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of уме","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces идея","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"неподвижная","lemma":"неподвижный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies идея","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"идея","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of как","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"упомянул","lemma":"упомянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mentioned"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking экспертизе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"медицинской","lemma":"медицинский","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies экспертизе","gloss":"medical"},{"surface":"экспертизе","lemma":"экспертиза","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упомянул","gloss":"examination"}]}]}