{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b12-c7","title":{"source":"VII. Обзор исторический","translated":"An Historical Survey"},"section":"Book XII — A Judicial Error","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c7","lines":83},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c6","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c8","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b12-c7-s1","source":"«Экспертиза медиков стремилась доказать нам, что подсудимый не в своем уме и маньяк.","translation":"\"The medical examination sought to prove to us that the defendant is out of his mind and a maniac.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подсудимый","title":"\"The defendant\"","body":"«Подсудимый» (literally \"the one under judgement,\" from «суд», court) is a nominalised passive participle now frozen as the legal noun \"defendant, the accused.\" It declines like an adjective and runs as a leitmotif through the prosecutor's whole speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не в своем уме","title":"Predicate phrase with no copula","body":"«Подсудимый не в своем уме» — \"the defendant is [not] in his right mind\" — has no verb at all: present-tense \"to be\" is simply absent in Russian, and the prepositional phrase «в … уме» (prepositional case after «в») does the predicating directly. «Своем» is the reflexive possessive «свой», pointing back to the clause's own subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стремилась доказать","title":"Imperfective \"sought\" + perfective \"to prove\"","body":"The imperfective past «стремилась» (\"was striving, sought\") frames the effort as an ongoing attempt, while the perfective infinitive «доказать» names the single intended result — to prove the point through. The aspect pairing quietly tells us the attempt was made but (the prosecutor implies) did not succeed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Экспертиза","lemma":"экспертиза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стремилась","gloss":"the examination"},{"surface":"медиков","lemma":"медик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Экспертиза","gloss":"of the doctors"},{"surface":"стремилась","lemma":"стремиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sought"},{"surface":"доказать","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of стремилась","gloss":"to prove"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of доказать","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уме","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в уме","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уме","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of подсудимый","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"маньяк","lemma":"маньяк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with в уме","gloss":"a maniac"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b12-c7-s2","source":"Я утверждаю, что он именно в своем уме, но что это-то и всего хуже: был бы не в своем, то оказался бы, может быть, гораздо умнее.","translation":"I maintain that he is precisely in his right mind, and that this is the very worst of it: had he been out of his mind, he might perhaps have turned out far cleverer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был бы не в своем, то оказался бы","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"Both clauses use a past-tense verb plus the particle «бы» to build the irrealis: «был бы … оказался бы» = \"had he been … he would have turned out.\" The «если» (\"if\") is dropped, as often in vivid speech, leaving the two «бы»-clauses to do the conditional work by themselves."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это-то и всего хуже","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» and superlative «всего хуже»","body":"The hyphenated clitic «-то» pins emphasis on a known topic — \"this is the very thing\" — sharpening «это» into the crux of the matter. «Всего хуже» is the comparative «хуже» (\"worse,\" suppletive from «плохой») used with genitive «всего» to mean \"worse than all,\" i.e. \"the worst of it.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of утверждаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"утверждаю","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"maintain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause он именно в своем уме","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (уме)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уме","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of он (copula elided)","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хуже","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of хуже","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic enclitic attached to это","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"это-то: -то is an emphatic suffix, not a separate pronoun."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всего","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хуже","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula of the conditional clause (subject он elided)","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with был","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the conditional clause","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking своем (уме elided)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в (уме elided)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumes with the result clause (оказался)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"оказался","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"would have turned out"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with оказался","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть (= perhaps)","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть (= perhaps)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умнее","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"умнее","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"complement of оказался","gloss":"cleverer"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b12-c7-s3","source":"Что же до того, что он маньяк, то с этим я бы и согласился, но именно в одном только пункте — в том самом, на который и экспертиза указывала, именно во взгляде подсудимого на эти три тысячи, будто бы недоплаченные ему отцом.","translation":"As for his being a maniac, on that point I would even agree, but only on one single point — the very one the examination itself singled out, namely the defendant's view of those three thousand roubles supposedly underpaid to him by his father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же до того, что он маньяк, то…","title":"Topicalising frame «что до … то»","body":"«Что [же] до того … то …» is a bookish discourse frame — \"as for …, [well] …\" — that lifts a topic to the front before the main clause resumes with the correlative «то». The particle «же» adds a touch of insistence; this is a hallmark of formal, rhetorical 19th-century oratory."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я бы и согласился","title":"Concessive conditional «бы»","body":"«Я бы … согласился» (\"I would even agree\") is the conditional/subjunctive: past-form verb plus «бы», here softening the prosecutor's concession. The intervening particle «и» (\"even\") shows how «бы» floats freely away from the verb toward the stressed word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"будто бы недоплаченные","title":"«будто бы» — \"supposedly, allegedly\"","body":"«Будто бы» flags reported, doubted claims — \"supposedly, as if\" — distancing the speaker from the assertion. It modifies the past passive participle «недоплаченные» (\"underpaid\"), so the three thousand are only allegedly owed; the prosecutor signals his scepticism in a single particle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"opens the idiom Что же до того (= as for)","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Что же","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition до","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of маньяк","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of маньяк","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"маньяк","lemma":"маньяк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"a maniac"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumptive particle introducing the main clause (согласился)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этим","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of согласился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of согласился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of согласился","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies согласился","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"согласился","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would agree"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пункте (specifically)","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пункте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies пункте","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пункте","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"пункте","lemma":"пункт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking самом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of самом","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пункте (the very one)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking который","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывала","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies экспертиза","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"экспертиза","lemma":"экспертиза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of указывала","gloss":"the examination"},{"surface":"указывала","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on самом","gloss":"pointed to"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взгляде","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"взгляде","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"apposition explaining самом/пункте","gloss":"the view"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляде","gloss":"the defendant's"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячи","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of три","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of недоплаченные","gloss":"supposedly","note":"будто бы is a fixed idiom meaning 'supposedly, allegedly'."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто бы","gloss":"(cont.)"},{"surface":"недоплаченные","lemma":"недоплаченный","morphology":"participle, accusative, plural","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"underpaid"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of недоплаченные","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of недоплаченные (by-phrase)","gloss":"by his father"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b12-c7-s4","source":"Тем не менее, может быть, можно найти несравненно ближайшую точку зрения, чтоб объяснить это всегдашнее исступление подсудимого по поводу этих денег, чем наклонность его к помешательству.","translation":"Even so, one may perhaps find an incomparably nearer point of view from which to explain the defendant's perpetual frenzy over this money than his alleged leaning toward derangement.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно найти … чтоб объяснить","title":"Impersonal «можно» + purpose «чтоб»","body":"«Можно найти» is a subjectless modal construction — \"one may find\" — with no nominative subject, the predicate carried by the invariable «можно» plus an infinitive. «Чтоб объяснить» is the purpose clause (\"in order to explain\"), the colloquial short form of «чтобы»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступление","title":"«исступление» — frenzy bordering on madness","body":"A high, bookish word for a state of being beside oneself — ecstatic or furious frenzy, near-derangement. Etymologically \"a stepping out [of oneself],\" it is a key term in this speech, where the prosecutor weighs Mitya's «исступление» against true «помешательство» (clinical madness)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"opens the idiom тем не менее (= nevertheless)","gloss":"even so","note":"тем не менее is a fixed idiom meaning 'nevertheless'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Тем не менее","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Тем не менее","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть (= perhaps)","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть (= perhaps)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb, modal predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one may"},{"surface":"найти","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"несравненно","lemma":"несравненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ближайшую","gloss":"incomparably"},{"surface":"ближайшую","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies точку","gloss":"nearer"},{"surface":"точку","lemma":"точка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of найти","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"зрения","lemma":"зрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"compound with точку (точка зрения = point of view)","gloss":"of view"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объяснить","gloss":"from which to"},{"surface":"объяснить","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on найти","gloss":"explain"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of исступление","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всегдашнее","lemma":"всегдашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies исступление","gloss":"perpetual"},{"surface":"исступление","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of объяснить","gloss":"frenzy"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies исступление","gloss":"the defendant's"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поводу","gloss":"over","note":"по поводу is a fixed idiom meaning 'concerning, regarding'."},{"surface":"поводу","lemma":"повод","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по поводу","gloss":"the occasion of"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of денег","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"object of поводу","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison than наклонность","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"наклонность","lemma":"наклонность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"compared to точку (than-phrase)","gloss":"the leaning"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies наклонность","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помешательству","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"помешательству","lemma":"помешательство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies наклонность","gloss":"derangement"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b12-c7-s5","source":"С своей стороны, я вполне согласен с мнением молодого врача, находившего, что подсудимый пользуется и пользовался полными и нормальными умственными способностями, а был лишь раздражен и озлоблен.","translation":"For my own part, I fully concur with the opinion of the young physician, who held that the defendant enjoys and has always enjoyed full and normal mental faculties, and was merely irritated and embittered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с мнением … находившего, что","title":"Past active participle «находившего»","body":"«Находившего» is a past active participle from «находить» (\"to find, hold an opinion\"), agreeing with «врача» (\"physician\") in the genitive and compressing a «который»-clause into one word: \"the physician who held that…\" Such participial economy is the texture of literary Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пользуется и пользовался","title":"Present + past of one imperfective verb","body":"«Пользуется и пользовался» pairs the present and past of the imperfective «пользоваться» (\"to enjoy, make use of\") to say \"enjoys and has always enjoyed.\" Only an imperfective verb can form this present tense; the doubling stresses continuous, unbroken possession of his faculties."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был лишь раздражен и озлоблен","title":"Short-form passive participles as predicate","body":"«Раздражен» and «озлоблен» are short-form past passive participles (\"irritated,\" \"embittered\") joined to «был» to state a resulting condition. The short predicative form, ending in a bare consonant rather than the long «-ный», is markedly bookish and is the engine of the Russian periphrastic passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"for","note":"с своей стороны is a fixed idiom meaning 'for my part'."},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition С (adverbial, modifies согласен)","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of согласен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies согласен","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"согласен","lemma":"согласный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"agree"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мнением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мнением","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of согласен","gloss":"the opinion"},{"surface":"молодого","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies врача","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"врача","lemma":"врач","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мнением","gloss":"physician's"},{"surface":"находившего","lemma":"находить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying врача","gloss":"who held"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пользуется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пользуется","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"пользуется","lemma":"пользоваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of находившего","gloss":"enjoys"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пользовался","lemma":"пользоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пользуется","gloss":"has enjoyed"},{"surface":"полными","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies способностями","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нормальными","lemma":"нормальный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with полными","gloss":"normal"},{"surface":"умственными","lemma":"умственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies способностями","gloss":"mental"},{"surface":"способностями","lemma":"способность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of пользуется/пользовался","gloss":"faculties"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of раздражен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раздражен","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"раздражен","lemma":"раздражённый","morphology":"participle, past, passive, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement with был","gloss":"irritated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"озлоблен","lemma":"озлобленный","morphology":"participle, past, passive, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with раздражен","gloss":"embittered"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b12-c7-s6","source":"Вот в этом и дело: не в трех тысячах, не в сумме собственно заключался предмет постоянного и исступленного озлобления подсудимого, а в том, что была тут особая причина, возбуждавшая его гнев.","translation":"And here is the crux of it: the object of the defendant's constant and frenzied bitterness lay not in three thousand roubles, not in the sum as such, but in the fact that there was here a particular cause that inflamed his wrath.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не в трех тысячах … а в том, что","title":"Correlative negation «не … а …»","body":"The frame «не X, а Y» (\"not X, but Y\") pivots on the contrastive «а», correcting one explanation in favour of another. The prepositional «в трех тысячах … в сумме … в том, что» keeps all three candidates parallel under «заключался … предмет» (\"the object lay in…\")."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"причина, возбуждавшая его гнев","title":"Imperfective past active participle","body":"«Возбуждавшая» is here a past active participle from imperfective «возбуждать» (\"to arouse, inflame\"), agreeing with feminine «причина» (\"cause\") and standing in for \"a cause that inflamed.\" Note the bookish word order, with the participle and its object «гнев» following the noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этом","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of дело (copula elided)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (copula elided)","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тысячах","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies тысячах","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячах","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заключался","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сумме","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сумме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сумме","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключался","gloss":"the sum"},{"surface":"собственно","lemma":"собственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключался","gloss":"as such"},{"surface":"заключался","lemma":"заключаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"предмет","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключался","gloss":"the object"},{"surface":"постоянного","lemma":"постоянный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies озлобления","gloss":"constant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"исступленного","lemma":"исступлённый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with постоянного","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"озлобления","lemma":"озлобление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies предмет","gloss":"of the bitterness"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies озлобления","gloss":"of the defendant"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключался (coordinated with тысячах/сумме)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of была","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"existential main verb of the что-clause (there was)","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"особая","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies причина","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"причина","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"a cause"},{"surface":"возбуждавшая","lemma":"возбуждать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying причина","gloss":"that inflamed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of гнев","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"гнев","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возбуждавшая","gloss":"wrath"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b12-c7-s7","source":"Причина эта — ревность!»","translation":"And that cause was — jealousy!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Причина эта — ревность!","title":"Zero copula, postposed demonstrative","body":"A bare nominative-to-nominative equation with no verb: «Причина эта — ревность» = \"This cause [is] — jealousy.\" The dash marks the missing \"to be,\" and the demonstrative «эта» follows its noun (\"this cause\" → \"the cause, this one\"), a slightly emphatic, oratorical order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Причина","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (copula elided)","gloss":"the cause"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Причина","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ревность","lemma":"ревность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Причина (copula elided)","gloss":"jealousy"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b12-c7-s8","source":"Здесь Ипполит Кириллович пространно развернул всю картину роковой страсти подсудимого к Грушеньке.","translation":"Here Ippolit Kirillovitch unfolded at length the whole picture of the defendant's fatal passion for Grushenka.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"роковой страсти","title":"«роковой» — fateful, doom-laden","body":"«Роковой» (from «рок», fate/doom) means \"fated, fatal, doom-bringing\" — far heavier than English \"fateful.\" It recurs through the speech («роковой момент», «роковой документ»), tolling the note of inescapable tragedy the prosecutor wants the jury to hear."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies развернул","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of развернул","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovitch"},{"surface":"пространно","lemma":"пространно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies развернул","gloss":"at length"},{"surface":"развернул","lemma":"развернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"unfolded"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of картину","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"картину","lemma":"картина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of развернул","gloss":"picture"},{"surface":"роковой","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies страсти","gloss":"fatal"},{"surface":"страсти","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies картину","gloss":"of the passion"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страсти","gloss":"the defendant's"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies страсти","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b12-c7-s9","source":"Начал он с самого того момента, когда подсудимый отправился к «молодой особе», чтоб «избить ее», выражаясь его собственными словами, пояснил Ипполит Кириллович, «но вместо того, чтоб избить, остался у ног ее — вот начало этой любви.","translation":"He began from the very moment when the defendant set off to call on \"the young person\" in order \"to thrash her,\" to use his own words, explained Ippolit Kirillovitch, \"but instead of thrashing her, he remained at her feet — and there is the beginning of this love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выражаясь его собственными словами","title":"Imperfective gerund «выражаясь»","body":"«Выражаясь» is a present (imperfective) деепричастие — an adverbial \"-ing\" form, \"expressing himself / to use his own words\" — sharing the subject of the main clause and adding attendant circumstance. The reflexive «-сь» marks it as the middle verb «выражаться» (\"to express oneself\")."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отправился … чтоб «избить ее»","title":"Perfective motion verb + purpose infinitive","body":"«Отправился» is the prefixed perfective of motion (\"set off\"), a single completed departure, and «чтоб избить ее» gives its purpose (\"in order to thrash her\"). The reflexive «-ся» on «отправился» marks the verb as intransitive \"set oneself off.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молодая особа","title":"«особа» — \"person,\" with an edge","body":"«Особа» is a faintly formal, distancing word for a woman — \"person, individual\" — that here drips with the prosecutor's mock-decorum about Grushenka, which is why it sits in scornful quotation marks. He repeats «эта особа» throughout to keep her at arm's length."}],"words":[{"surface":"Начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момента","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies того","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of момента","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"момента","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Начал","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отправился","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отправился","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"отправился","lemma":"отправиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying момента","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking особе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies особе","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"особе","lemma":"особа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправился","gloss":"person","note":"особа is a slightly formal/euphemistic word for 'person, personage' (feminine), used here of Grushenka."},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of избить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"избить","lemma":"избить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отправился","gloss":"thrash"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of избить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"выражаясь","lemma":"выражаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"parenthetical converb clause (modifies the quoted phrase)","gloss":"to put it"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of словами","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"собственными","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies словами","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"словами","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of выражаясь","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"пояснил","lemma":"пояснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical reporting clause","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пояснил","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovitch"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition вместо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of избить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"избить","lemma":"избить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on того","gloss":"thrash her"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отправился (contrastive, но-clause)","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ног","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ног","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of остался","gloss":"the feet"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ног","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начало","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"начало","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the final clause (вот начало...)","gloss":"the beginning"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любви","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies начало","gloss":"of love"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b12-c7-s10","source":"В то же время бросает взгляд на ту же особу и старик, отец подсудимого, — совпадение удивительное и роковое, ибо оба сердца зажглись вдруг, в одно время, хотя прежде и тот и другой знали же и встречали эту особу, — и зажглись эти оба сердца самою безудержною, самою карамазовскою страстью.","translation":"At that same time the old man, the defendant's father, also casts an eye upon this same person — an astonishing and fateful coincidence, for both hearts caught fire at once, at one and the same time, although each of them had known and met this person before — and these two hearts caught fire with the most unbridled, the most Karamazov passion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросает взгляд … старик","title":"Verb-first historic present, postposed subject","body":"The clause opens with the present-tense verb «бросает» (\"casts\") and holds the subject «старик» (\"the old man\") back to the end, a vivid verb-first order that pushes the new information last. The historic present makes a past event feel as if it unfolds before the jury's eyes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — archaic \"for, because\"","body":"«Ибо» is a bookish, elevated conjunction meaning \"for, because,\" belonging to the 19th-century literary and ecclesiastical register rather than everyday speech. The prosecutor's reach for «ибо» lends his oratory a solemn, almost scriptural cadence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знали же и встречали эту особу","title":"Concessive particle «же» with imperfectives","body":"The particle «же» here concedes a point — \"each of them had indeed known and met this person\" — the texture of spoken insistence preserved inside oratory. Both verbs are imperfective past («знали», «встречали»), expressing prior, repeated acquaintance against the sudden «зажглись» that follows."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"карамазовскою страстью","title":"«карамазовскою» — the Karamazov adjective","body":"Dostoevsky coins an adjective from the family name — «карамазовский», \"Karamazovian\" — to name a specific quality of unbridled, sensual, all-consuming passion. The superlative phrasing «самою безудержною, самою карамазовскою» elevates the family trait into a near-metaphysical force. (The «-ою» ending is the bookish long instrumental for «-ой».)"}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросает","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"бросает","lemma":"бросать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"casts"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросает","gloss":"a glance"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking особу","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of особу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"особу","lemma":"особа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на (взгляд на особу)","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросает","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старик","gloss":"the father"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"of the defendant"},{"surface":"совпадение","lemma":"совпадение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun of the new clause (copula elided)","gloss":"a coincidence"},{"surface":"удивительное","lemma":"удивительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies совпадение","gloss":"astonishing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"роковое","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with удивительное","gloss":"fateful"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of зажглись","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter","role":"depends on сердца","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of зажглись","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"зажглись","lemma":"зажечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause (explains совпадение)","gloss":"caught fire"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зажглись","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies время","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying зажглись (parallel to вдруг)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знали","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"the one","note":"тот и другой = 'the one and the other', i.e. each of them."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with тот","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on зажглись","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"встречали","lemma":"встречать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знали","gloss":"had met"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of особу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"особу","lemma":"особа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of встречали","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зажглись","lemma":"зажечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"caught fire"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of оба","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter","role":"depends on сердца","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of зажглись","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"самою","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies страстью (intensifier 'most')","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"безудержною","lemma":"безудержный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies страстью","gloss":"unbridled"},{"surface":"самою","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies карамазовскою (intensifier 'most')","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"карамазовскою","lemma":"карамазовский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies страстью","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"страстью","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of зажглись","gloss":"passion"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b12-c7-s11","source":"Тут мы имеем ее собственное признание: „Я, — говорит она, — смеялась над тем и другим“.","translation":"Here we have her own admission: 'I,' she says, 'was laughing at the two of them.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смеялась над тем и другим","title":"Reflexive verb governing «над» + instrumental","body":"«Смеяться над» (\"to laugh at, mock\") is a reflexive «-ся» verb that takes its object with the preposition «над» plus the instrumental case: «над тем и другим» = \"at the two of them.\" «Смеяться» exists only in the reflexive form. The imperfective past «смеялась» depicts the mockery as ongoing process."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тем и другим","title":"«тот и другой» — \"the one and the other\"","body":"The fixed pairing «тот и другой» means \"both, the two of them,\" treating the rivals as a matched pair. Here it stands in the instrumental «тем и другим» as the object of «над»; the phrase recurs through the chapter as the prosecutor's shorthand for father and son together."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имеем","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of имеем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"имеем","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of признание","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"собственное","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies признание","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"признание","lemma":"признание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеем","gloss":"admission"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смеялась (quoted clause)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting clause (she says)","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"смеялась","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause (subject Я)","gloss":"was laughing"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеялась","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with тем","gloss":"the other"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b12-c7-s12","source":"Да, ей захотелось вдруг посмеяться над тем и другим; прежде не хотелось, а тут вдруг влетело ей в ум это намерение, — и кончилось тем, что оба пали перед ней побежденные.","translation":"Yes, the sudden whim came over her to laugh at the two of them; before, she had had no wish to, but then all at once this intention flew into her head — and it ended with both of them falling at her feet, vanquished.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ей захотелось … влетело ей в ум","title":"Dative experiencer, impersonal desire","body":"«Ей захотелось … влетело ей» — \"she felt the urge … it flew into her head\" — frames the whim as something that happens to her, with «ей» in the dative as experiencer and no nominative subject of will. The «-ся» on «захотелось» makes the wanting itself impersonal, beyond her control."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прежде не хотелось, а тут вдруг","title":"Contrastive «а» pivoting on time","body":"The mild contrastive «а» (\"but, whereas\") hinges \"before, she had no wish\" against \"but then, suddenly,\" marking a shift rather than flat opposition. Paired with «прежде … тут вдруг» (\"earlier … now all at once\"), it stages the abruptness of her impulse."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кончилось тем, что оба пали побежденные","title":"«кончилось тем, что» + perfective resolution","body":"«Кончилось тем, что…» (\"it ended with the fact that…\") is a set frame using a correlative instrumental «тем». The perfective «пали» (\"fell,\" an archaic high form of «пасть») and the short participle «побежденные» (\"vanquished\") deliver the completed outcome."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introductory affirmative particle","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of захотелось","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"захотелось","lemma":"захотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she wanted"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захотелось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"посмеяться","lemma":"посмеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотелось","gloss":"to laugh"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмеяться","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with тем","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with захотелось","gloss":"she wished"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влетело","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влетело","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"влетело","lemma":"влететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with захотелось","gloss":"flew"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of влетело","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ум","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влетело","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of намерение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"намерение","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of влетело","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кончилось","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with захотелось","gloss":"it ended"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончилось","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject of пали","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"пали","lemma":"пасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of тем","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"побежденные","lemma":"побежденный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, nominative, masculine, plural, perfective","role":"predicative modifier of оба (coordinated with пали)","gloss":"vanquished","note":"Agrees with оба ('both'), not a plural noun as the backbone tagged it."}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b12-c7-s13","source":"Старик, поклонявшийся деньгам, как богу, тотчас же приготовил три тысячи рублей лишь за то только, чтоб она посетила его обитель, но вскоре доведен был и до того, что за счастье почел бы положить к ногам ее свое имя и всё свое состояние, лишь бы согласилась стать законною супругой его.","translation":"The old man, who worshipped money as a god, at once set aside three thousand roubles merely so that she would pay a visit to his dwelling, but before long he had been brought to such a pass that he would have counted it happiness to lay his name and his whole fortune at her feet, if only she would consent to become his lawful wedded wife.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Старик, поклонявшийся деньгам, как богу","title":"Past active participle as portrait","body":"«Поклонявшийся» is a past active participle of the reflexive «поклоняться» (\"to worship\"), agreeing with «старик» and taking its object in the dative («деньгам … богу»), which that verb governs. The participle packs a whole relative clause — \"the old man who worshipped money as a god\" — into the noun phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"доведен был … до того, что","title":"Short-form passive participle + result clause","body":"«Доведен был» joins the short past passive participle «доведен» (\"brought, driven\") to «был» for a periphrastic passive: \"he had been brought.\" The frame «до того, что…» (\"to such a point that…\") opens the result clause spelling out how far he was driven."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лишь бы согласилась стать законною супругой","title":"«лишь бы» wish-clause + predicate instrumental","body":"«Лишь бы» (\"if only, provided that\") plus a past-form verb makes a conditional of bare longing — «лишь бы согласилась» = \"if only she would consent.\" The complement «стать … супругой» puts the predicate noun in the instrumental after «стать» (\"to become\"), as Russian regularly does."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приготовил","gloss":"The old man"},{"surface":"поклонявшийся","lemma":"поклоняться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, nominative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying Старик","gloss":"who worshipped"},{"surface":"деньгам","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of поклонявшийся","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative particle","role":"introduces богу as a comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поклонявшийся","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приготовил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"приготовил","lemma":"приготовить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set aside"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of приготовил","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приготовил","gloss":"that reason"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приготовил","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of посетила","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of посетила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"посетила","lemma":"посетить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of приготовил","gloss":"would visit"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of обитель","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"обитель","lemma":"обитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of посетила","gloss":"dwelling"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вскоре","lemma":"вскоре","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доведен","gloss":"before long"},{"surface":"доведен","lemma":"довести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приготовил","gloss":"was brought"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of доведен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of доведен","gloss":"such a point"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of почел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастье","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"счастье","lemma":"счастье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of почел","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"почел","lemma":"почесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of того","gloss":"he would deem"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of почел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"положить","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of почел","gloss":"to lay"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногам","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ногам","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of положить","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ногам","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of имя","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of положить","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of состояние","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of состояние","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"состояние","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with имя","gloss":"fortune"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies согласилась","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of согласилась","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"согласилась","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying положить","gloss":"she would consent"},{"surface":"стать","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of согласилась","gloss":"to become"},{"surface":"законною","lemma":"законный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies супругой","gloss":"lawful"},{"surface":"супругой","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of стать","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of супругой","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b12-c7-s14","source":"На это мы имеем свидетельства твердые.","translation":"On this we have firm testimony.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"свидетельства твердые","title":"Postposed adjective for weight","body":"«Свидетельства твердые» places the adjective «твердые» (\"firm, solid\") after its noun, an inversion that throws rhetorical weight onto \"firm\" — \"testimony, and firm testimony at that.\" Such deliberate ordering is a tool of oratorical emphasis in a case-free language."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of имеем","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of имеем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"имеем","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"свидетельства","lemma":"свидетельство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of имеем","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"твердые","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies свидетельства","gloss":"firm"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b12-c7-s15","source":"Что же до подсудимого, то трагедия его очевидна, она пред нами.","translation":"As for the defendant, his tragedy is plain, it stands before us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"она пред нами","title":"Zero copula + archaic «пред»","body":"«Она пред нами» — \"it [is] before us\" — again omits present \"to be,\" the bare pronoun and prepositional phrase predicating directly. «Пред» is the bookish, shortened form of «перед» (\"before, in front of\"), governing the instrumental «нами» and lending a solemn ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of idiom «что до» (as for)","gloss":"As for"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подсудимого","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Что","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumes the что до-clause, introduces очевидна","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"трагедия","lemma":"трагедия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of очевидна","gloss":"tragedy"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of трагедия","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"очевидна","lemma":"очевидный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of трагедия, main verb of the clause","gloss":"is plain"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of implied verb (stands) пред нами","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"before","note":"Archaic/poetic form of перед ('before')."},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"us"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b12-c7-s16","source":"Но такова была „игра“ молодой особы.","translation":"But such was the 'game' of the young person.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"такова была „игра“","title":"Predicative «такова» fronted","body":"«Такова» is the short, predicative form of «такой» (\"such\"), agreeing with feminine «игра» and fronted for emphasis: \"such was the game.\" Short predicate adjectives like «такова» belong to a heightened, bookish register and place the new information up front."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"такова","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to такова","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"игра","lemma":"игра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of такова","gloss":"the 'game'"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies особы","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"особы","lemma":"особа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies игра","gloss":"person"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b12-c7-s17","source":"Несчастному молодому человеку обольстительница не подавала даже и надежды, ибо надежда, настоящая надежда, была ему подана лишь только в самый последний момент, когда он, стоя перед своею мучительницей на коленях, простирал к ней уже обагренные кровью своего отца и соперника руки: в этом именно положении он и был арестован.","translation":"To the unhappy young man the temptress held out not even a hint of hope, for hope, real hope, was granted him only at the very last moment, when, kneeling before his tormentress, he stretched out to her hands already stained with the blood of his father and rival: it was in this very posture that he was arrested.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Несчастному молодому человеку … не подавала даже и надежды","title":"Genitive of negation + dative recipient","body":"Under the negated «не подавала» the object slips into the genitive: «надежды» (\"[not even a] hope\"), the classic genitive of negation. The recipient «несчастному молодому человеку» stands in the dative (\"to the unhappy young man\"), fronted for pathos."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"была ему подана лишь только в самый последний момент","title":"Short passive participle, agent in dative-recipient","body":"«Была подана» joins «была» to the short past passive participle «подана» (\"was held out / granted\"), agreeing with feminine «надежда». The «-я-» grammar contrasts with the active «не подавала» just before: the prosecutor shifts to the passive to make hope arrive on its own, fatefully, only at the last moment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоя перед … на коленях, простирал … руки","title":"Gerund «стоя» framing the main verb","body":"The imperfective gerund «стоя» (\"standing / kneeling\") sets the simultaneous circumstance for the main imperfective «простирал … руки» (\"he was stretching out his hands\"), both sharing the subject. The chained participial-gerund construction holds the whole tableau in a single suspended moment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обольстительница / мучительница","title":"Feminine agent nouns in «-ница»","body":"«Обольстительница» (\"temptress, seductress\") and «мучительница» (\"tormentress\") are feminine agent nouns in «-ница», from «обольстить» and «мучить». The matched, melodramatic pair casts Grushenka in the rhetorical roles of seducer and torturer at once — pure prosecutorial theatre."}],"words":[{"surface":"Несчастному","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"молодому","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подавала","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"обольстительница","lemma":"обольстительница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подавала","gloss":"the temptress"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подавала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подавала","lemma":"подавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held out"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надежды","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces даже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"надежды","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подавала (genitive under negation)","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подана","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"надежда","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive подана","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"настоящая","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies the second надежда","gloss":"real"},{"surface":"надежда","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to the first надежда","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of подана","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подана","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"подана","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"was granted"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момент","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies последний","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подана","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of простирал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of простирал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стоя","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on простирал","gloss":"kneeling"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мучительницей","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мучительницей","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мучительницей","lemma":"мучительница","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перед","gloss":"tormentress"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коленях","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоя","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"простирал","lemma":"простирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"stretched out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простирал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обагренные","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"обагренные","lemma":"обагрить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, accusative, plural, perfective","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"stained"},{"surface":"кровью","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of обагренные","gloss":"with blood"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кровью","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"соперника","lemma":"соперник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отца","gloss":"rival's"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of простирал","gloss":"hands","note":"Accusative plural direct object of простирал ('stretched out ... hands'), not genitive singular."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of положении","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этом","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"положении","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of арестован","gloss":"posture"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive арестован","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies арестован","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of арестован","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"арестован","lemma":"арестовать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"was arrested"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b12-c7-s18","source":"„Меня, меня вместе с ним в каторгу пошлите, я его до того довела, я больше всех виновата!“ — восклицала эта женщина сама, уже в искреннем раскаянии, в минуту его ареста.","translation":"'Send me, send me to penal servitude along with him, it was I who drove him to it, I am the most to blame of all!' — so this woman herself cried out, in genuine remorse now, at the moment of his arrest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Меня, меня … в каторгу пошлите","title":"Imperative «пошлите» + topicalised object","body":"«Пошлите» is the plural/polite imperative of perfective «послать» (\"send,\" with «-те» as the courteous plural ending). The doubled object «Меня, меня» is hurled to the front for desperate emphasis — \"Me, me, send to penal servitude\" — the order itself enacting Grushenka's frantic self-accusation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я больше всех виновата","title":"Short adjective «виновата» + comparative","body":"«Виновата» is the short feminine predicative form of «виноватый» (\"guilty, to blame\"), the natural way Russian says \"I am to blame.\" «Больше всех» (\"more than all\") is the comparative used with genitive «всех» to mean \"the most of all.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of пошлите","gloss":"Me"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of пошлите (emphatic repetition)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошлите","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каторгу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"каторгу","lemma":"каторга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошлите","gloss":"penal servitude"},{"surface":"пошлите","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"send"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of довела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of довела","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of довела","gloss":"that point"},{"surface":"довела","lemma":"довести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошлите","gloss":"drove"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виновата","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всех","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of больше (than everyone)","gloss":"than everyone"},{"surface":"виновата","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with довела","gloss":"am guilty"},{"surface":"восклицала","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщина","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of восклицала","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies женщина","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раскаянии","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раскаянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"искреннем","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies раскаянии","gloss":"genuine"},{"surface":"раскаянии","lemma":"раскаяние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of восклицала","gloss":"remorse"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of восклицала","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ареста","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ареста","lemma":"арест","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"arrest"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b12-c7-s19","source":"Талантливый молодой человек, взявший на себя описать настоящее дело, — всё тот же господин Ракитин, о котором я уже упоминал, — в нескольких сжатых и характерных фразах определяет характер этой героини: „Раннее разочарование, ранний обман и падение, измена обольстителя-жениха, ее бросившего, затем бедность, проклятие честной семьи и, наконец, покровительство одного богатого старика, которого она, впрочем, сама считает и теперь своим благодетелем.","translation":"A talented young man who has taken it upon himself to describe the present case — that same Mr. Rakitin whom I have already mentioned — defines the character of this heroine in a few terse and telling phrases: 'An early disenchantment, an early deception and fall, the betrayal of a seducer-fiancé who abandoned her, then poverty, the curse of an honest family, and at last the patronage of a certain wealthy old man whom she herself, by the way, still regards even now as her benefactor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взявший на себя описать","title":"Past active participle «взявший»","body":"«Взявший» is the past active participle of perfective «взять» (\"to take\"), agreeing with «молодой человек»; the idiom «взять на себя» means \"to take upon oneself, undertake.\" The reflexive pronoun «себя» (no nominative, any person) points back to the subject who shoulders the task."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого … сама считает … своим благодетелем","title":"Relative «которого» + predicate instrumental","body":"The relative «которого» agrees with masculine «старика» but takes the accusative its own clause demands. «Считает … благодетелем» shows «считать» (\"to regard as\") governing a predicate noun in the instrumental — \"regards him as her benefactor\" — with reflexive «своим» pointing the benefit back to her."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обольстителя-жениха, ее бросившего","title":"«жених» and the participle «бросившего»","body":"«Жених» means \"fiancé, bridegroom-to-be\"; the compound «обольститель-жених» = \"seducer-fiancé.\" The trailing past active participle «бросившего» (\"who abandoned [her]\") agrees with it in the genitive and governs «ее» — a tight participial coda typical of bookish style."}],"words":[{"surface":"Талантливый","lemma":"талантливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"talented"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of определяет","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"взявший","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, nominative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying человек","gloss":"having taken"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of взявший","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"описать","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of взявший","gloss":"to describe"},{"surface":"настоящее","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of описать","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies тот же","gloss":"that very"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of господин","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человек","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господин","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упоминал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of упоминал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упоминал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"упоминал","lemma":"упоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Ракитин","gloss":"have mentioned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фразах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нескольких","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies фразах","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"сжатых","lemma":"сжатый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies фразах","gloss":"terse"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"характерных","lemma":"характерный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"coordinated with сжатых","gloss":"telling"},{"surface":"фразах","lemma":"фраза","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of определяет","gloss":"phrases"},{"surface":"определяет","lemma":"определять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"defines"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of определяет","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of героини","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"героини","lemma":"героиня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies характер","gloss":"heroine"},{"surface":"Раннее","lemma":"ранний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies разочарование","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"разочарование","lemma":"разочарование","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"first item in the quoted list","gloss":"disenchantment"},{"surface":"ранний","lemma":"ранний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обман","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"обман","lemma":"обман","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with разочарование","gloss":"deception"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"падение","lemma":"падение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with разочарование","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"измена","lemma":"измена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with разочарование","gloss":"betrayal"},{"surface":"обольстителя","lemma":"обольститель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies измена","gloss":"seducer's"},{"surface":"жениха","lemma":"жених","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to обольстителя","gloss":"fiancé","note":"Hyphenated compound with the previous word: 'seducer-fiancé' (обольстителя-жениха)."},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of бросившего","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"бросившего","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, genitive, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying жениха","gloss":"having abandoned"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бедность","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"бедность","lemma":"бедность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with разочарование","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"проклятие","lemma":"проклятие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with разочарование","gloss":"curse"},{"surface":"честной","lemma":"честной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies семьи","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"семьи","lemma":"семья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies проклятие","gloss":"family's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покровительство","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"покровительство","lemma":"покровительство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with разочарование","gloss":"patronage"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies старика","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"богатого","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старика","gloss":"wealthy"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies покровительство","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of считает","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of считает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies считает (parenthetical)","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies она","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"считает","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause verb, modifies старика","gloss":"regards"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies считает","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of благодетелем","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"благодетелем","lemma":"благодетель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of считает","gloss":"benefactor"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b12-c7-s20","source":"В молодом сердце, может быть заключавшем в себе много хорошего, затаился гнев еще слишком с ранней поры.","translation":"In a young heart that may have held much that was good, anger had lain hidden from too early an age.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"может быть заключавшем в себе много хорошего","title":"Past active participle in the prepositional","body":"«Заключавшем» is a past active participle from «заключать» (\"to contain, hold within\"), agreeing with «сердце» in the prepositional after «в» (\"in a young heart that held…\"). «Много хорошего» uses the genitive of a substantivised adjective — \"much that was good.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"затаился гнев","title":"Reflexive «-ся» + verb-first order","body":"«Затаился» is the perfective reflexive of «затаиться» (\"to lurk, lie hidden\"), the «-ся» giving an intransitive, middle sense — the anger hides itself. The verb stands before its subject «гнев» (\"anger\"), pushing the new agent to the stressed end of the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"молодом","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of затаился","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"modal, modifies заключавшем (perhaps)","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the может быть (perhaps) idiom","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"заключавшем","lemma":"заключать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, locative, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying сердце","gloss":"holding","note":"Past active participle of заключать ('to contain'), agreeing with сердце; the backbone mis-tagged it as a future-tense finite verb."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of заключавшем","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"direct object of заключавшем","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"хорошего","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"затаился","lemma":"затаиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay hidden"},{"surface":"гнев","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of затаился","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слишком","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ранней","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поры","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ранней","lemma":"ранний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies поры","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"поры","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of затаился","gloss":"age"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b12-c7-s21","source":"Образовался характер расчетливый, копящий капитал.","translation":"There formed a calculating character, one that hoards capital.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Образовался характер … копящий капитал","title":"Reflexive «образовался» + present active participle","body":"«Образовался» is the perfective reflexive (\"there formed itself, a character took shape\"), verb-first with the subject «характер» last. «Копящий» is a present active participle of imperfective «копить» (\"to hoard\"), describing the ongoing trait — \"one that hoards capital.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Образовался","lemma":"образоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"formed"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Образовался","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"расчетливый","lemma":"расчётливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характер","gloss":"calculating"},{"surface":"копящий","lemma":"копить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, nominative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with расчетливый, modifies характер","gloss":"hoarding"},{"surface":"капитал","lemma":"капитал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of копящий","gloss":"capital"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b12-c7-s22","source":"Образовалась насмешливость и мстительность обществу“.","translation":"There formed a mockery and a vindictiveness toward society.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Образовалась насмешливость и мстительность обществу","title":"Parallel reflexive opening, dative of relation","body":"The clause echoes the previous one with «образовалась» (\"there formed,\" feminine, agreeing with the abstract nouns). «Мстительность обществу» uses the dative «обществу» to mark the target of the vindictiveness — \"toward society\" — the dative of the one to whom the feeling is directed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Образовалась","lemma":"образоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"formed"},{"surface":"насмешливость","lemma":"насмешливость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Образовалась","gloss":"mockery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мстительность","lemma":"мстительность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with насмешливость","gloss":"vindictiveness"},{"surface":"обществу","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of Образовалась","gloss":"toward society"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b12-c7-s23","source":"После этой характеристики понятно, что она могла смеяться над тем и другим единственно для игры, для злобной игры.","translation":"After this character sketch it is understandable that she could laugh at the two of them solely out of sport, out of malicious sport.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"понятно, что она могла смеяться","title":"Impersonal «понятно, что» + ability","body":"«Понятно, что…» is an impersonal predicate — \"it is understandable that…\" — with no nominative subject, the neuter «понятно» carrying it. «Могла смеяться» pairs the past of «мочь» (\"could\") with the imperfective infinitive, framing the mockery as ongoing, repeatable behaviour."}],"words":[{"surface":"После","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking характеристики","gloss":"After"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of характеристики","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"характеристики","lemma":"характеристика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понятно","gloss":"character sketch"},{"surface":"понятно","lemma":"понятный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"it is clear"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понятно","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"смеяться","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеяться","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with тем","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies для игры","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking игры","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"игры","lemma":"игра","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеяться","gloss":"sport"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking игры","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"злобной","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies игры","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"игры","lemma":"игра","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to the first игры","gloss":"sport"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b12-c7-s24","source":"И вот в этот месяц безнадежной любви, нравственных падений, измены своей невесте, присвоения чужих денег, вверенных его чести, — подсудимый, кроме того, доходит почти до исступления, до бешенства, от беспрерывной ревности, и к кому же, к своему отцу!","translation":"And so, in this month of hopeless love, of moral falls, of betraying his own betrothed, of appropriating another's money entrusted to his honour, the defendant, on top of all this, is driven almost to frenzy, to fury, by ceaseless jealousy — and of whom, of his own father!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"безнадежной любви, … измены … присвоения","title":"Genitive chain after «в этот месяц»","body":"A long genitive chain — «безнадежной любви, нравственных падений, измены …, присвоения …» — hangs off «в этот месяц» to itemise everything packed into that month. Russian uses the genitive both for these \"of\"-modifiers and is the natural case for piling up such a catalogue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и к кому же, к своему отцу!","title":"Rhetorical question with «же» and «к» + dative","body":"«И к кому же» — \"and of whom, indeed!\" — uses the indignant particle «же» with the interrogative «кому» in the dative governed by «к». The reflexive possessive «своему» (\"his own\") sharpens the outrage: jealous of his own father."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступления, до бешенства","title":"«исступление» and «бешенство» paired","body":"The prosecutor escalates from «исступление» (\"frenzy, being beside oneself\") to «бешенство» (\"rage, fury,\" literally rabies/madness, from «бес», demon). The intensifying pair «почти до исступления, до бешенства» drives the rhetoric toward the edge of madness."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with И to mean \"and so\"","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of месяц","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"безнадежной","lemma":"безнадёжный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"hopeless"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive modifier of месяц","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"нравственных","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies падений","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"падений","lemma":"падение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with любви","gloss":"falls"},{"surface":"измены","lemma":"измена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with любви","gloss":"betrayal"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of невесте","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"невесте","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of измены","gloss":"betrothed"},{"surface":"присвоения","lemma":"присвоение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with любви","gloss":"appropriation"},{"surface":"чужих","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies денег","gloss":"another's"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"object of присвоения","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"вверенных","lemma":"вверенный","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), genitive, plural","role":"participial clause modifying денег","gloss":"entrusted"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of чести","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"чести","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of вверенных","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of доходит","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition кроме","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"доходит","lemma":"доходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is driven"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исступления","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступления","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"исступления","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of доходит","gloss":"frenzy"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бешенства","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"бешенства","lemma":"бешенство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with исступления","gloss":"fury"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ревности","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"беспрерывной","lemma":"беспрерывный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ревности","gloss":"ceaseless"},{"surface":"ревности","lemma":"ревность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition от, cause of доходит","gloss":"jealousy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"object of preposition к","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кому","gloss":"indeed","note":"Emphatic particle in a rhetorical exclamation; adds no separate meaning of its own."},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отцу","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition к","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b12-c7-s25","source":"И главное, безумный старик сманивает и прельщает предмет его страсти — этими же самыми тремя тысячами, которые сын его считает своими родовыми, наследством матери, в которых укоряет отца.","translation":"And the worst of it: the mad old man is luring and tempting the object of his passion with these very same three thousand, which his son regards as his own patrimony, his mother's inheritance, and for which he reproaches his father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сманивает и прельщает","title":"Historic present imperfectives","body":"«Сманивает и прельщает» (\"is luring and tempting\") are imperfective verbs in the historic present, painting the old man's seduction as an ongoing, vivid process before the jury. The doubling of near-synonyms is a hallmark of the prosecutor's heightened style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые сын считает своими … в которых укоряет","title":"Two relative «который» clauses, two cases","body":"The same antecedent «тремя тысячами» feeds two relative clauses: «которые … считает своими» (accusative object, \"which he regards as his own\") and «в которых укоряет отца» (prepositional after «в», \"for which he reproaches\"). Each «который» agrees in number/gender but takes the case its own clause needs."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying the whole sentence","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"безумный","lemma":"безумный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сманивает","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"сманивает","lemma":"сманивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lures"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прельщает","lemma":"прельщать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сманивает","gloss":"tempts"},{"surface":"предмет","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сманивает/прельщает","gloss":"object"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of страсти","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"страсти","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies предмет","gloss":"passion"},{"surface":"этими","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of тысячами","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этими","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"самыми","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies тремя тысячами","gloss":"very same"},{"surface":"тремя","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies тысячами","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячами","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of сманивает","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of считает","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of считает","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сын","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"считает","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тысячами","gloss":"regards"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of родовыми","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"родовыми","lemma":"родовой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of считает","gloss":"patrimony"},{"surface":"наследством","lemma":"наследство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition with родовыми","gloss":"inheritance"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies наследством","gloss":"mother's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"object of preposition в, complement of укоряет","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"укоряет","lemma":"укорять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тысячами","gloss":"reproaches"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of укоряет","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b12-c7-s26","source":"Да, я согласен, это было тяжело перенести!","translation":"Yes, I agree, this was a hard thing to bear!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это было тяжело перенести","title":"Impersonal «тяжело» + infinitive","body":"«Тяжело перенести» is an impersonal predicate — \"it was hard to bear\" — built from the neuter/adverbial «тяжело» plus an infinitive, with no nominative subject of the bearing. This experiencer-free framing makes the burden feel general and humanly shared."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of согласен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"согласен","lemma":"согласный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"agree"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было тяжело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to тяжело","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тяжело","lemma":"тяжело","morphology":"predicate adverb, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"перенести","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on тяжело","gloss":"to bear"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b12-c7-s27","source":"Тут могла явиться даже и мания.","translation":"Here a mania might indeed arise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"могла явиться даже и мания","title":"Verb-first, perfective potential","body":"«Могла явиться … мания» holds the subject «мания» (\"a mania\") to the end after «могла явиться» (\"could arise\"), the perfective infinitive «явиться» naming a single emergence. The particle string «даже и» (\"even, indeed\") concedes the point the prosecutor is about to qualify."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"явиться","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"arise"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мания","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мания","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"мания","lemma":"мания","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла явиться","gloss":"a mania"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b12-c7-s28","source":"Не в деньгах было дело, а в том, что этими же деньгами с таким омерзительным цинизмом разбивалось счастье его!»","translation":"It was not a matter of the money, but of the fact that with this very money his happiness was being shattered with such loathsome cynicism!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не в деньгах было дело, а в том, что","title":"«не в … было дело, а в том, что» idiom","body":"«Дело [было] не в X, а в Y» (\"it was not a matter of X, but of Y\") is a standard contrastive idiom turning on «а», with both poles in the prepositional after «в». It recurs as a refrain of the speech, insisting the money itself was never the point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"этими деньгами … разбивалось счастье","title":"Imperfective passive in «-ся» + instrumental of means","body":"«Разбивалось счастье» uses the «-ся» verb as an imperfective passive — \"his happiness was being shattered\" — while «этими деньгами» stands in the instrumental as the means (\"with this very money\"). The «-ся» passive lets the deed unfold without naming a grammatical agent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates в деньгах","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"деньгах","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, locative, plural","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to дело","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"parallel to \"в деньгах\", object of preposition в","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разбивалось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этими","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of деньгами","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этими","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of разбивалось","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цинизмом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of цинизмом","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"омерзительным","lemma":"омерзительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies цинизмом","gloss":"loathsome"},{"surface":"цинизмом","lemma":"цинизм","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разбивалось","gloss":"cynicism"},{"surface":"разбивалось","lemma":"разбиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"was being shattered"},{"surface":"счастье","lemma":"счастье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of разбивалось","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies счастье","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b12-c7-s29","source":"Затем Ипполит Кириллович перешел к тому, как постепенно зарождалась в подсудимом мысль отцеубийства, и проследил ее по фактам.","translation":"Then Ippolit Kirillovitch passed on to how the thought of parricide had gradually taken root in the defendant, and he traced it through the facts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как … зарождалась … мысль отцеубийства","title":"Imperfective «зарождалась» of gradual process","body":"The imperfective past «зарождалась» (\"was being born, gradually took root\") is chosen precisely for its sense of slow, unfinished process, reinforced by «постепенно» (\"gradually\"). Russian aspect lets one verb-ending carry the whole idea of an idea ripening over time."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отцеубийства","title":"«отцеубийство» — parricide","body":"«Отцеубийство» is a compound — «отец» (father) + «убийство» (killing) — meaning \"parricide, the murder of one's father,\" with «отцеубийца» the murderer. The word names the novel's central crime and ancient horror; it carries far more moral and religious weight than a neutral \"murder.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перешел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перешел","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"Кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovitch"},{"surface":"перешел","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed on"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition к","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause, modifies зарождалась","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"постепенно","lemma":"постепенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зарождалась","gloss":"gradually"},{"surface":"зарождалась","lemma":"зарождаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тому","gloss":"was taking root"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подсудимом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подсудимом","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of зарождалась","gloss":"the thought"},{"surface":"отцеубийства","lemma":"отцеубийство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"of parricide"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проследил","lemma":"проследить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перешел","gloss":"traced"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of проследил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фактам","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"фактам","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition по","gloss":"the facts"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b12-c7-s30","source":"«Сначала мы только кричим по трактирам — весь этот месяц кричим.","translation":"\"At first we only shout about the taverns — this whole month we shout.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы кричим","title":"The ironic \"we\"","body":"The prosecutor narrates the accused's behaviour in the first-person plural present tense («мы кричим», \"we shout\"; «мы любим», \"we love\"). This rhetorical \"we\" is mocking, not literal: he pretends to speak as Mitya to make his impulsive psychology sound general and self-evident. We keep the first-person \"we\" in our rendering, rather than flattening it to \"he,\" so the sneer survives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричим","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of кричим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кричим","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"кричим","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shout"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактирам","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"трактирам","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition по","gloss":"the taverns"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of месяц","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of месяц","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration, modifies second кричим","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"кричим","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"repeated verb, coordinated with first кричим","gloss":"we shout"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b12-c7-s31","source":"О, мы любим жить на людях и тотчас же сообщать этим людям все, даже самые инфернальные и опасные наши идеи, мы любим делиться с людьми и, неизвестно почему, тут же, сейчас же и требуем, чтоб эти люди тотчас же отвечали нам полнейшею симпатией, входили во все наши заботы и тревоги, нам поддакивали и нраву нашему не препятствовали.","translation":"Oh, we love to live before an audience and to communicate to those people at once everything, even our most infernal and dangerous ideas; we love to share with people and, for no clear reason, on the spot, that very instant, we demand that these people answer us at once with the fullest sympathy, that they enter into all our cares and anxieties, that they nod along with us and put no obstacle in the way of our temper.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"требуем, чтоб эти люди … отвечали … входили … поддакивали … не препятствовали","title":"«чтобы» + past-form chain after a verb of demanding","body":"After «требуем» (\"we demand\"), the clause runs on «чтоб» with a long chain of past-form verbs (\"that they answer … enter … nod … obstruct\"), the irrealis demanded when «чтобы» reports a willed, not-yet-real outcome. The piled-up parallel verbs mimic the breathless egotism the prosecutor is caricaturing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нраву нашему не препятствовали","title":"Genitive of negation + dative object","body":"«Препятствовать» (\"to hinder, obstruct\") governs the dative — «нраву нашему» = \"our temper\" — and under negation Russian keeps that case while «не» does its work. The bare possessive following its noun («нраву нашему») gives an old-fashioned, almost incantatory rhythm."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поддакивали","title":"«поддакивать» — to keep saying \"yes\"","body":"«Поддакивать» is an expressive verb coined from the word «да» (\"yes\"): \"to keep agreeing, nod along, say yes to everything.\" Its faintly mocking, onomatopoeic flavour fits the prosecutor's portrait of a man who demands constant flattery."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"любим","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любим","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людях","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"людях","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщать","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"сообщать","lemma":"сообщать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жить","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of людям","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"людям","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of сообщать","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сообщать","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самые","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies инфернальные","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"инфернальные","lemma":"инфернальный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies идеи","gloss":"infernal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опасные","lemma":"опасный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with инфернальные","gloss":"dangerous"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of идеи","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"идеи","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition with все, direct object of сообщать","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of второе любим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"любим","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with first любим","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"делиться","lemma":"делиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любим","gloss":"to share"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людьми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"людьми","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неизвестно","lemma":"неизвестно","morphology":"predicate adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying требуем","gloss":"for no clear reason"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неизвестно","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies требуем","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies требуем","gloss":"this instant"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"требуем","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любим","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отвечали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of люди","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of отвечали","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвечали","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"отвечали","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of требуем","gloss":"should answer"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of отвечали","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"полнейшею","lemma":"полнейший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies симпатией","gloss":"fullest"},{"surface":"симпатией","lemma":"симпатия","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечали","gloss":"sympathy"},{"surface":"входили","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отвечали, clausal complement of требуем","gloss":"enter into"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заботы","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of заботы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of заботы","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"заботы","lemma":"забота","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition во","gloss":"cares"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тревоги","lemma":"тревога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with заботы","gloss":"anxieties"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of поддакивали","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"поддакивали","lemma":"поддакивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with входили, clausal complement of требуем","gloss":"nod along with"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нраву","lemma":"нрав","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of препятствовали","gloss":"temper"},{"surface":"нашему","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of нраву","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies препятствовали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"препятствовали","lemma":"препятствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поддакивали, clausal complement of требуем","gloss":"hinder"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b12-c7-s32","source":"Не то мы озлимся и разнесем весь трактир.","translation":"Otherwise we shall grow angry and wreck the whole tavern.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не то мы озлимся и разнесем","title":"«не то» + perfective future of threat","body":"«Не то» means \"otherwise, or else,\" introducing the consequence. The perfective verbs «озлимся» and «разнесем» are present-form but future in meaning — \"we shall grow angry and wreck\" — the perfective's signature way of naming a single completed future act with no auxiliary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with то in the idiom \"не то\"","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"idiomatic \"не то\" = otherwise, modifies озлимся","gloss":"else","note":"«Не то» is a fixed idiom meaning \"otherwise/or else,\" not a literal \"not that.\""},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of озлимся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"озлимся","lemma":"озлиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will grow angry"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разнесем","lemma":"разнести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with озлимся","gloss":"wreck"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of трактир","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"трактир","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разнесем","gloss":"tavern"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b12-c7-s33","source":"(Следовал анекдот о штабс-капитане Снегиреве).","translation":"(There followed the anecdote about Captain Snegiryov.)","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Следовал","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there followed"},{"surface":"анекдот","lemma":"анекдот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Следовал","gloss":"the anecdote"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking штабс-капитане","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun component, locative, masculine, singular","role":"first part of the compound штабс-капитане","gloss":"staff"},{"surface":"капитане","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition о, second part of the compound","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"Снегиреве","lemma":"Снегирев","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition with капитане","gloss":"Snegiryov"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b12-c7-s34","source":"Видевшие и слышавшие подсудимого в этот месяц почувствовали наконец, что тут уже могут быть не одни крики и угрозы отцу, но что при таком исступлении угрозы, пожалуй, перейдут и в дело.","translation":"Those who saw and heard the defendant during this month felt at last that here there might no longer be merely shouts and threats against his father, but that in such a frenzy the threats might well pass over into the deed itself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Видевшие и слышавшие подсудимого … почувствовали","title":"Substantivised past active participles as subject","body":"«Видевшие и слышавшие» are past active participles («видеть», «слышать») used as a plural noun — \"those who saw and heard\" — the participle alone serving as the subject. This nominalised participle, replacing «те, кто видел и слышал», is a compact bookish device."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"угрозы … перейдут … в дело","title":"Perfective future after «что»","body":"Inside the «что»-clause, «перейдут» is the perfective future of «перейти» (\"to pass over, cross into\"), a single completed transition — \"the threats would pass into the deed.\" The particle «пожалуй» (\"perhaps, likely\") hedges the foreboding."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видевшие","lemma":"видевший","morphology":"verb (past active participle), plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"substantivized subject of почувствовали","gloss":"those who saw"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слышавшие","lemma":"слышавший","morphology":"verb (past active participle), plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Видевшие","gloss":"those who heard"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Видевшие/слышавшие","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of месяц","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"почувствовали","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовали","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовали","gloss":"there might be"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одни","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies крики","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"крики","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate nominative of быть","gloss":"shouts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"угрозы","lemma":"угроза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with крики","gloss":"threats"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of угрозы","gloss":"against his father"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перейдут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of исступлении","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"исступлении","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition при","gloss":"frenzy"},{"surface":"угрозы","lemma":"угроза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of перейдут","gloss":"the threats"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying перейдут","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"перейдут","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовали, coordinated with могут","gloss":"will pass"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дело","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"the deed"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b12-c7-s35","source":"(Тут прокурор описал семейную встречу в монастыре, разговоры с Алешей и безобразную сцену насилия в доме отца, когда подсудимый ворвался к нему после обеда).","translation":"(Here the prosecutor described the family meeting at the monastery, the conversations with Alyosha, and the disgraceful scene of violence in his father's house, when the defendant burst in on him after dinner.)","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда подсудимый ворвался к нему","title":"Perfective «ворвался» + «к» of motion-toward","body":"«Ворвался» is the perfective reflexive of «ворваться» (\"to burst in\"), a single violent completed entry, with «к нему» (\"in on him,\" «к» + dative) marking motion toward a person. The «-ся» here is part of the verb's lexical form, not a separate reflexive sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies описал","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of описал","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"описал","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"described"},{"surface":"семейную","lemma":"семейный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies встречу","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"встречу","lemma":"встреча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of описал","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies встречу","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"разговоры","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with встречу","gloss":"conversations"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговоры","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безобразную","lemma":"безобразный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сцену","gloss":"disgraceful"},{"surface":"сцену","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with встречу","gloss":"scene"},{"surface":"насилия","lemma":"насилие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сцену","gloss":"of violence"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies насилия","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"his father's"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ворвался","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ворвался","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"ворвался","lemma":"ворваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on описал","gloss":"burst in"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition к","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обеда","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"обеда","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition после","gloss":"dinner"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b12-c7-s36","source":"Не думаю настойчиво утверждать, — продолжал Ипполит Кириллович, — что до этой сцены подсудимый уже обдуманно и преднамеренно положил покончить с отцом своим убийством его.","translation":"I am not inclined to insist, Ippolit Kirillovitch continued, that before this scene the defendant had already deliberately and with premeditation resolved to make an end of his father by murdering him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"положил покончить с отцом своим убийством","title":"«покончить с» + instrumental of means","body":"«Положил» here means \"resolved, determined\" (an older sense of «положить»), governing the perfective infinitive «покончить с» (\"to make an end of,\" «с» + instrumental «отцом»). The means then comes in the instrumental again: «убийством его» = \"by murdering him.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обдуманно и преднамеренно","title":"The legal language of intent","body":"«Обдуманно» (\"deliberately, with forethought\") and «преднамеренно» (\"premeditatedly,\" from «пред-» + «намерение», intention) are the technical terms of criminal intent. Their repetition through this section — «преднамеренность», «обдуманность» — builds the legal case for first-degree, premeditated parricide."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"настойчиво","lemma":"настойчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утверждать","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"утверждать","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of думаю","gloss":"to assert"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with думаю","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"Кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovitch"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of положил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сцены","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сцены","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сцены","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition до","gloss":"scene"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of положил","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обдуманно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"обдуманно","lemma":"обдуманно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies положил","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"преднамеренно","lemma":"преднамеренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with обдуманно","gloss":"with premeditation"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"had resolved"},{"surface":"покончить","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of положил","gloss":"to make an end"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of убийством","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"убийством","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of покончить","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of убийством","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b12-c7-s37","source":"Тем не менее идея эта уже несколько раз предстояла ему, и он обдуманно созерцал ее — на это мы имеем факты, свидетелей и собственное сознание его.","translation":"Nevertheless this idea had already presented itself to him several times, and he deliberately contemplated it — for this we have facts, witnesses, and his own confession.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"идея эта уже несколько раз предстояла ему","title":"Dative experiencer + imperfective recurrence","body":"«Предстояла ему» puts the experiencer in the dative — \"presented itself to him\" — while the imperfective past with «несколько раз» (\"several times\") names a repeated event. The postposed «идея эта» (\"this idea\") topicalises the noun in the elevated manner of the speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"собственное сознание его","title":"Postposed «его» for possession","body":"«Сознание его» (\"his confession/admission\") places the frozen genitive pronoun «его» (\"his\") after the noun rather than before — a bookish, slightly archaic order. «Его» never declines, unlike «мой/наш», so its position alone carries the stylistic flavour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom тем не менее (nevertheless)","gloss":"nevertheless","note":"тем не менее is a fixed idiom meaning 'nevertheless'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase тем не менее","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase тем не менее","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"идея","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of предстояла","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies идея","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предстояла","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, indeclinable","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of предстояла","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"предстояла","lemma":"предстоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had presented itself"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of предстояла","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of созерцал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"обдуманно","lemma":"обдуманно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies созерцал","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"созерцал","lemma":"созерцать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предстояла","gloss":"contemplated"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of созерцал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of имеем","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of имеем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"имеем","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to созерцал","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"факты","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of имеем","gloss":"facts"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with факты","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"собственное","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сознание","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"сознание","lemma":"сознание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with свидетелей","gloss":"confession"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сознание","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b12-c7-s38","source":"Признаюсь, господа присяжные заседатели, — присовокупил Ипполит Кириллович, — я даже до сегодня колебался оставить за подсудимым полное и сознательное преднамерение напрашивавшегося к нему преступления.","translation":"I confess, gentlemen of the jury, added Ippolit Kirillovitch, that until this very day I hesitated to attribute to the defendant a full and conscious premeditation of the crime that was thrusting itself upon him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"колебался оставить за подсудимым … преднамерение","title":"Imperfective of ongoing hesitation","body":"«Колебался» (\"hesitated, wavered,\" imperfective reflexive of «колебаться») depicts a continuing inner state, against which the perfective «оставить за» (\"to attribute to, leave to\") names the act he hesitated to perform. The aspect contrast stages a long doubt and a decisive step."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"напрашивавшегося к нему преступления","title":"Reflexive past active participle «напрашивавшегося»","body":"«Напрашивавшегося» is a past active participle of the imperfective reflexive «напрашиваться» (\"to thrust/force itself upon\"), agreeing with «преступления» in the genitive: \"the crime that was thrusting itself upon him.\" The «-ся» gives the crime an eerie agency of its own."}],"words":[{"surface":"Признаюсь","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I confess"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"part of vocative phrase addressing the jury","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies заседатели","gloss":"jury"},{"surface":"заседатели","lemma":"заседатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to господа (vocative)","gloss":"members"},{"surface":"присовокупил","lemma":"присовокупить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Признаюсь","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of присовокупил","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"Кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovitch"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of колебался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сегодня","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of колебался","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"колебался","lemma":"колебаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Признаюсь","gloss":"hesitated"},{"surface":"оставить","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of колебался","gloss":"to attribute"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подсудимым","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"подсудимым","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставить","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"полное","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies преднамерение","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сознательное","lemma":"сознательный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with полное","gloss":"conscious"},{"surface":"преднамерение","lemma":"преднамерение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of оставить","gloss":"premeditation"},{"surface":"напрашивавшегося","lemma":"напрашиваться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying преступления","gloss":"that was thrusting itself"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of напрашивавшегося","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"преступления","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies преднамерение","gloss":"of the crime"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b12-c7-s39","source":"Я твердо был убежден, что душа его уже многократно созерцала роковой момент впереди, но лишь созерцала, представляла его себе лишь в возможности, но еще не определяла ни срока исполнения, ни обстоятельств.","translation":"I was firmly convinced that his soul had already contemplated the fatal moment ahead of him many times over, but only contemplated it, picturing it to himself only as a possibility, without yet fixing either the time of its execution or the circumstances.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"созерцала … но лишь созерцала, представляла его себе","title":"Imperfective for inner, unresolved process","body":"The repeated imperfectives «созерцала … представляла» (\"contemplated … pictured\") hold the soul's act as ongoing, unfinished — mere contemplation, never crossing into deed. The reflexive pronoun «себе» (dative of «себя») marks \"to himself,\" the picturing turned inward."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не определяла ни срока … ни обстоятельств","title":"Negative concord «ни … ни» + genitive of negation","body":"«Ни … ни» (\"neither … nor\") intensifies the negation while the verb still carries «не» — the obligatory negative concord — and both objects fall into the genitive of negation: «ни срока …, ни обстоятельств». Three layers of negation, one meaning: nothing was yet fixed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убежден","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убежден","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to убежден","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"убежден","lemma":"убеждённый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective with был","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of созерцала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of созерцала","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душа","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многократно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"многократно","lemma":"многократно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies созерцала","gloss":"many times over"},{"surface":"созерцала","lemma":"созерцать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of убежден","gloss":"had contemplated"},{"surface":"роковой","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"fatal"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of созерцала","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"впереди","lemma":"впереди","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"ahead of him"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies созерцала","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"созерцала","lemma":"созерцать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with созерцала (w10), repeated for emphasis","gloss":"contemplated"},{"surface":"представляла","lemma":"представлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with созерцала","gloss":"pictured"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of представляла","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представляла","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возможности","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возможности","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"возможности","lemma":"возможность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of представляла","gloss":"a possibility"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies определяла","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies определяла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"определяла","lemma":"определять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with созерцала","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"срока","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of определяла","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"исполнения","lemma":"исполнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies срока","gloss":"of execution"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"обстоятельств","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with срока","gloss":"the circumstances"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b12-c7-s40","source":"Но я колебался лишь до сегодня, до этого рокового документа, представленного сегодня суду госпожою Верховцевой.","translation":"But I hesitated only until today, until this fatal document presented to the court today by Madame Verhovtsev.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"представленного … госпожою Верховцевой","title":"Past passive participle + agent in instrumental","body":"«Представленного» is a past passive participle of «представить» (\"to present, submit\"), agreeing with «документа» in the genitive. Its agent stands in the instrumental — «госпожою Верховцевой» = \"by Madame Verhovtsev\" — the regular way Russian names the doer of a passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of колебался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"колебался","lemma":"колебаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hesitated"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сегодня","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of колебался","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking документа","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of документа","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"рокового","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies документа","gloss":"fatal"},{"surface":"документа","lemma":"документ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сегодня","gloss":"document"},{"surface":"представленного","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying документа","gloss":"presented"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представленного","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"суду","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of представленного","gloss":"to the court"},{"surface":"госпожою","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent of представленного","gloss":"by Madame"},{"surface":"Верховцевой","lemma":"Верховцева","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожою","gloss":"Verhovtsev"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b12-c7-s41","source":"Вы сами слышали, господа, ее восклицание: „Это план, это программа убийства!“ — вот как определяла она несчастное „пьяное“ письмо несчастного подсудимого.","translation":"You yourselves heard, gentlemen, her exclamation: 'This is the plan, this is the programme of the murder!' — that is how she defined the unhappy 'drunken' letter of the unhappy defendant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот как определяла она … письмо","title":"Imperfective «определяла» + inverted subject","body":"«Определяла она» inverts verb before subject for emphasis on the manner («вот как» — \"that is how\"). The imperfective «определяла» (\"defined, was characterising\") presents her exclamation as the way she habitually framed the letter, in contrast to a one-off perfective."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"несчастное „пьяное“ письмо несчастного подсудимого","title":"Pathetic repetition of «несчастный»","body":"«Несчастный» means \"unhappy, wretched, ill-fated.\" Its doubling — «несчастное … письмо несчастного подсудимого» — is deliberate prosecutorial pathos, draping both the letter and the man in pity even as he convicts them. The scare-quoted «пьяное» (\"drunken\") flags Mitya's own excuse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слышали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сами","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies Вы","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address to the jury","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of восклицание","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"восклицание","lemma":"восклицание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слышали","gloss":"exclamation"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of план","gloss":"this is"},{"surface":"план","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Это","gloss":"the plan"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of программа","gloss":"this is"},{"surface":"программа","lemma":"программа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with план","gloss":"the programme"},{"surface":"убийства","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies программа","gloss":"of the murder"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот как","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase вот как","gloss":"is how"},{"surface":"определяла","lemma":"определять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to план","gloss":"defined"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of определяла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"несчастное","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"пьяное","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of определяла","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"несчастного","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подсудимого","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"of the defendant"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b12-c7-s42","source":"И действительно, за письмом этим всё значение программы и преднамерения.","translation":"And indeed, behind this letter lies the whole meaning of a programme and of premeditation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за письмом этим всё значение","title":"«за» + instrumental, zero copula","body":"«За письмом этим» (\"behind this letter,\" «за» + instrumental) places the meaning literally \"behind\" the document, with no verb — present \"to be\" is again unspoken. The postposed demonstrative «этим» and the fronted prepositional phrase give a weighty, oratorical lift."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying the whole clause","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письмом","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"письмом","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"location phrase, complement of the implied есть","gloss":"this letter"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмом","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of значение","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"значение","lemma":"значение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (implied есть)","gloss":"meaning"},{"surface":"программы","lemma":"программа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies значение","gloss":"of a programme"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"преднамерения","lemma":"преднамерение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with программы","gloss":"of premeditation"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b12-c7-s43","source":"Оно написано за двое суток до преступления, и, таким образом, нам твердо теперь известно, что за двое суток до исполнения своего страшного замысла подсудимый с клятвою объявлял, что если не достанет завтра денег, то убьет отца, с тем чтобы взять у него деньги из-под подушки „в пакете с красною ленточкой, только бы уехал Иван“.","translation":"It was written two days before the crime, and thus we now know for certain that two days before carrying out his dreadful design the defendant declared on oath that, if he did not get hold of money tomorrow, he would kill his father in order to take the money from him from under his pillow 'in the envelope with the red ribbon, the moment Ivan was gone.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если не достанет … денег, то убьет отца","title":"Real conditional with perfective futures","body":"«Если … то …» (\"if … then …\") frames a real, open condition, both verbs perfective futures: «(не) достанет» (\"if he does not get hold of\") and «убьет» (\"he will kill\"). Unlike the «бы»-counterfactuals elsewhere, this is a plain future condition — the chilling content of the oath."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тем чтобы взять у него деньги","title":"Purpose «с тем чтобы»","body":"«С тем чтобы» is an emphatic purpose conjunction — \"in order to, with the aim that\" — heavier than plain «чтобы» and here taking an infinitive «взять» (\"to take\"). It spells out the robbery as the deliberate object of the killing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive написано","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"написано","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was written"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суток","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"двое","lemma":"двое","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on суток","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"суток","lemma":"сутки","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of написано","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступления","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"преступления","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies суток","gloss":"the crime"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying известно","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with написано","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объявлял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суток","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"двое","lemma":"двое","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on суток","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"суток","lemma":"сутки","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of объявлял","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исполнения","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"исполнения","lemma":"исполнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies суток","gloss":"carrying out"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of замысла","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"страшного","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies замысла","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"замысла","lemma":"замысел","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies исполнения","gloss":"design"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объявлял","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking клятвою","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"клятвою","lemma":"клятва","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of объявлял (manner: on oath)","gloss":"oath"},{"surface":"объявлял","lemma":"объявлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of известно","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убьет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of достанет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies достанет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"достанет","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on убьет","gloss":"gets"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достанет","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of достанет","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убьет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"убьет","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of объявлял","gloss":"will kill"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убьет","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom с тем чтобы (in order to)","gloss":"with","note":"с тем чтобы is a fixed construction meaning 'in order to'."},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom с тем чтобы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взять","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on убьет","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взять","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom из-под (from under)","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom из-под","gloss":"under","note":"из-под is a compound preposition meaning 'from under'."},{"surface":"подушки","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взять","gloss":"the pillow"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пакете","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to подушки","gloss":"an envelope"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ленточкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"красною","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ленточкой","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"ленточкой","lemma":"ленточка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пакете","gloss":"ribbon"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только бы (the moment/if only)","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"уехал","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on убьет","gloss":"was gone"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уехал","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b12-c7-s44","source":"Слышите: „только бы уехал Иван“, — тут, стало быть, уже всё обдумано, обстоятельства взвешены — и что же: всё потом и исполнено как по писаному!","translation":"Listen: 'the moment Ivan was gone' — here, then, everything is already thought out, the circumstances weighed — and what of it: afterward everything was carried out exactly as written!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только бы уехал Иван","title":"«только бы» wish + perfective past","body":"«Только бы уехал» (\"if only Ivan would leave / the moment Ivan was gone\") is a «бы» wish-clause built on the perfective past «уехал». It expresses the one condition Mitya was waiting on — the irrealis «бы» making it a yearned-for precondition rather than a statement of fact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стало быть, уже всё обдумано … исполнено","title":"Short passive participles + «стало быть»","body":"«Обдумано … взвешены … исполнено» are short past passive participles stating results — \"everything is thought out, weighed, carried out.\" «Стало быть» (\"so, therefore, it follows\") is a colloquial inferential connector driving the prosecutor's deduction home."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышите","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только бы","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of уехал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"уехал","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"quoted clause, object of Слышите","gloss":"was gone"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уехал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обдумано","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть (that is to say)","gloss":"that means","note":"стало быть is a parenthetical idiom meaning 'that is to say/so'."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обдумано","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive обдумано","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"обдумано","lemma":"обдумать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Слышите","gloss":"is thought out"},{"surface":"обстоятельства","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of passive взвешены","gloss":"the circumstances"},{"surface":"взвешены","lemma":"взвесить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with обдумано","gloss":"weighed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"rhetorical interjection и что же","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive исполнено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исполнено","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies исполнено","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"исполнено","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to обдумано","gloss":"carried out"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison phrase по писаному","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom как по писаному","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"писаному","lemma":"писаный","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of исполнено","gloss":"scripted","note":"как по писаному is an idiom: 'exactly as if from a written script'."}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b12-c7-s45","source":"Преднамеренность и обдуманность несомненны, преступление должно было совершиться с целью грабежа, это прямо объявлено, это написано и подписано.","translation":"The premeditation and deliberation are beyond doubt; the crime was to be committed for the sake of robbery, this is plainly declared, this is written and signed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"преступление должно было совершиться","title":"«должно было» + perfective reflexive infinitive","body":"«Должно было совершиться» = \"was to be committed,\" the neuter «должно было» (\"had to, was bound to\") plus the perfective reflexive infinitive «совершиться» (\"to be accomplished\"). The «-ся» supplies an intransitive/passive sense — the crime \"was to come to pass.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с целью грабежа","title":"«с целью» + genitive of purpose","body":"«С целью грабежа» (\"for the purpose of robbery\") uses «цель» (\"aim, goal\") with a following genitive «грабежа» to express deliberate intent — the legal formula \"with intent to rob.\" The genitive of the dependent noun is its standard 'of'-relation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Преднамеренность","lemma":"преднамеренность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of несомненны","gloss":"premeditation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обдуманность","lemma":"обдуманность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Преднамеренность","gloss":"deliberation"},{"surface":"несомненны","lemma":"несомненный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"are beyond doubt"},{"surface":"преступление","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of должно","gloss":"the crime"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with несомненны","gloss":"was to"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"совершиться","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"be committed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целью","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"целью","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершиться","gloss":"the purpose"},{"surface":"грабежа","lemma":"грабёж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies целью","gloss":"of robbery"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive объявлено","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявлено","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"объявлено","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with несомненны","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive написано","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"написано","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with объявлено","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подписано","lemma":"подписать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with написано","gloss":"signed"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b12-c7-s46","source":"Подсудимый от своей подписи не отрицается.","translation":"The defendant does not disown his signature.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от своей подписи не отрицается","title":"Reflexive «отрицаться» + «от» + genitive","body":"«Отрицается от» (\"disowns, denies\") is a reflexive «-ся» verb governing «от» plus the genitive «своей подписи» (\"his own signature\"). The reflexive possessive «своей» points the signature back to the subject; the «от»-construction is an older, formal turn for refusing to acknowledge something."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрицается","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подписи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of подписи","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"подписи","lemma":"подпись","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрицается","gloss":"signature"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отрицается","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отрицается","lemma":"отрицаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"disowns"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b12-c7-s47","source":"Скажут: это писал пьяный.","translation":"It will be said: a drunken man wrote this.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Скажут: это писал пьяный","title":"Subjectless «скажут» — \"it will be said\"","body":"«Скажут» is a third-person plural perfective future used impersonally — \"they will say / it will be said\" — with no expressed subject, a common Russian way to voice an anticipated objection. The prosecutor uses it three times here to raise and then demolish the defence's points."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажут","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it will be said"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of писал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"писал","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Скажут","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"пьяный","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of писал","gloss":"a drunken man"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b12-c7-s48","source":"Но это ничего не уменьшает и тем важнее: в пьяном виде написал то, что задумал в трезвом.","translation":"But this diminishes nothing, and is all the more important: drunk, he wrote down what he had conceived sober.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это ничего не уменьшает","title":"Negative concord «ничего … не»","body":"«Ничего … не уменьшает» = \"diminishes nothing,\" with the «ни»-pronoun «ничего» and the verbal «не» both required at once — Russian negative concord, where two negatives still make a single negation. «Ничего» sits in the genitive form typical of these pronouns."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в пьяном виде написал то, что задумал в трезвом","title":"Perfective aspect framing a result","body":"Both verbs are perfective past — «написал» (\"wrote down,\" completed) and «задумал» (\"conceived,\" completed) — pinning two finished acts: writing drunk what was planned sober. «В пьяном виде / в трезвом [виде]» is the idiom \"in a drunken / sober state.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of уменьшает","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of уменьшает","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уменьшает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уменьшает","lemma":"уменьшать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"diminishes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of важнее","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"важнее","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with уменьшает","gloss":"more important"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пьяном","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написал","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to важнее","gloss":"wrote down"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of написал","gloss":"that which"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of задумал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"задумал","lemma":"задумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"had conceived"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трезвом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"трезвом","lemma":"трезвый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of задумал","gloss":"sober"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b12-c7-s49","source":"Не было бы задумано в трезвом, не написалось бы в пьяном.","translation":"Had it not been conceived sober, it would not have been written drunk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не было бы задумано … не написалось бы","title":"Counterfactual «бы» without «если»","body":"Two «бы»-clauses with short passive participle and reflexive — «не было бы задумано … не написалось бы» — form an «если»-less counterfactual: \"had it not been conceived …, it would not have got itself written.\" The reflexive «-сь» on «написалось» gives a self-acting nuance: it would not have written itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies задумано","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of задумано","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of задумано","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"задумано","lemma":"задумать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"conceived"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трезвом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"трезвом","lemma":"трезвый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of задумано","gloss":"the sober state"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies написалось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"написалось","lemma":"написаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with задумано","gloss":"would have been written"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of написалось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пьяном","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пьяном","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написалось","gloss":"the drunk state"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b12-c7-s50","source":"Скажут, пожалуй: к чему он кричал о своем намерении по трактирам?","translation":"It will perhaps be said: why did he shout about his intention around the taverns?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к чему он кричал о своем намерении","title":"«к чему» — \"to what end?\" + «о» + prepositional","body":"«К чему» (\"to what purpose, why\") is an interrogative using «к» + dative «чему» to ask the point of an action. «О своем намерении» (\"about his intention\") shows «о» governing the prepositional — the case of the topic spoken about — with reflexive «своем»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажут","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it will be said"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on Скажут","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom к чему (why)","gloss":"why","note":"к чему is idiomatic for 'why/what for'."},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кричал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main clause verb, complement of Скажут","gloss":"did he shout"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking намерении","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of намерении","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"намерении","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кричал","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактирам","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"трактирам","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies намерении","gloss":"the taverns"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b12-c7-s51","source":"Кто на такое дело решается преднамеренно, тот молчит и таит про себя.","translation":"A man who resolves on such a deed with premeditation keeps silent and hides it within himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто … решается …, тот молчит","title":"Correlative «кто … тот»","body":"«Кто … тот …» is the generalising correlative — \"whoever …, that one …\" — where «кто» (always masculine-singular agreement) opens the condition and «тот» resumes it as subject of the main clause. The imperfective presents «решается … молчит … таит» state a timeless general truth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"таит про себя","title":"Reflexive «себя» after «про»","body":"«Про себя» (\"to oneself, within oneself\") uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» after «про» (+ accusative), referring back to whoever is the clause's subject. Paired with «молчит», it deepens the image of a true planner who keeps his counsel hidden."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of решается","gloss":"one who"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дело","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of решается","gloss":"a deed"},{"surface":"решается","lemma":"решаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"resolves"},{"surface":"преднамеренно","lemma":"преднамеренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решается","gloss":"with premeditation"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"молчит","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with решается","gloss":"keeps silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"таит","lemma":"таить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молчит","gloss":"hides"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of таит","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b12-c7-s52","source":"Правда, но кричал он тогда, когда еще не было планов и преднамерения, а лишь стояло одно желание, созревало лишь стремление.","translation":"True, but he was shouting at a time when there were as yet no plans and no premeditation, when there stood only a single desire, when only a craving was ripening.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стояло одно желание, созревало лишь стремление","title":"Imperfective past, verb-first, for inner ripening","body":"The imperfectives «стояло … созревало» (\"there stood … was ripening\") with subjects «желание» and «стремление» held to the end depict slow inner process, not event. The verb-first order keeps the focus on the new nouns — a single desire, a craving — emerging at the clause's end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, echoes the translation's 'True'","gloss":"True"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was shouting"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричал","gloss":"at a time"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"as yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"планов","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of было","gloss":"plans"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"преднамерения","lemma":"преднамерение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with планов","gloss":"premeditation"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стояло","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"стояло","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"there stood"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies желание","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"желание","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стояло","gloss":"desire"},{"surface":"созревало","lemma":"созревать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стояло","gloss":"was ripening"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стремление","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"стремление","lemma":"стремление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of созревало","gloss":"a craving"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b12-c7-s53","source":"Потом он об этом уже меньше кричит.","translation":"Later he already shouts about it less.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Потом он об этом уже меньше кричит","title":"Historic present imperfective + comparative «меньше»","body":"«Кричит» is the historic present of imperfective «кричать» (\"to shout\"), and «меньше» is the suppletive comparative of «мало» (\"less\"). The pairing «уже меньше кричит» (\"already shouts less\") marks a falling-off in the recurring shouting motif."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричит","gloss":"Later"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кричит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies меньше","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"меньше","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies кричит","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"кричит","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouts"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b12-c7-s54","source":"В тот вечер, когда было написано это письмо, напившись в трактире „Столичный город“, он, против обыкновения, был молчалив, не играл на биллиарде, сидел в стороне, ни с кем не говорил и лишь согнал с места одного здешнего купеческого приказчика, но это уже почти бессознательно, по привычке к ссоре, без которой, войдя в трактир, он уже не мог обойтись.","translation":"On the evening when this letter was written, having got drunk at the tavern 'The Metropolis,' he was, contrary to his custom, taciturn, did not play billiards, sat off to one side, spoke to no one, and only drove a local shopman's clerk from his seat, but this was already almost unconsciously, out of the habit of quarrelling, without which, once he had entered a tavern, he could no longer do.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"напившись в трактире … он … был молчалив","title":"Perfective gerund «напившись»","body":"«Напившись» is a perfective past деепричастие of the reflexive «напиться» (\"to get drunk\"), the «-вшись» ending naming a completed prior act — \"having got drunk\" — that sets the scene for the main clause. It shares the subject «он» and condenses a whole subordinate event into one word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был молчалив … не играл … сидел … не говорил … согнал","title":"Imperfective backdrop, single perfective event","body":"A string of imperfective pasts paints the standing scene (\"was taciturn, did not play, sat, spoke to no one\"), against which the lone perfective «согнал» (\"drove off\") marks the one completed act of the evening. This is aspect's classic division of labour: background versus foreground event."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of В, modified by the когда-clause","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of написано","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of написано","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"написано","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying вечер","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive написано","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"напившись","lemma":"напиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on молчалив","gloss":"having gotten drunk"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактире","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"трактире","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of напившись","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"Столичный","lemma":"столичный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies город","gloss":"Metropolitan"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to трактире","gloss":"City","note":"'Столичный город' (\"Metropolitan City\") is the tavern's name, rendered as 'The Metropolis.'"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчалив","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обыкновения","gloss":"contrary to"},{"surface":"обыкновения","lemma":"обыкновение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of молчалив","gloss":"his custom"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to молчалив","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"молчалив","lemma":"молчаливый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"taciturn"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies играл","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"играл","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молчалив","gloss":"play"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking биллиарде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"биллиарде","lemma":"биллиард","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of играл","gloss":"billiards"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молчалив","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"стороне","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"one side"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молчалив","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies согнал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"согнал","lemma":"согнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with молчалив","gloss":"drove off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of согнал","gloss":"his seat"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies приказчика","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"здешнего","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приказчика","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"купеческого","lemma":"купеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приказчика","gloss":"shopman's"},{"surface":"приказчика","lemma":"приказчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of согнал","gloss":"clerk"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бессознательно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почти","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бессознательно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"бессознательно","lemma":"бессознательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, coordinated with молчалив","gloss":"unconsciously"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking привычке","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"привычке","lemma":"привычка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бессознательно","gloss":"habit"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ссоре","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ссоре","lemma":"ссора","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies привычке","gloss":"quarrelling"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"войдя","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on мог","gloss":"having entered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактир","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"трактир","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войдя","gloss":"tavern"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause introduced by которой","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"обойтись","lemma":"обойтись","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"do without"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b12-c7-s55","source":"Правда, вместе с окончательным решением подсудимому должно же было прийти в голову опасение, что он слишком много накричал по городу предварительно и что это может весьма послужить к его уличению и его обвинению, когда он исполнит задуманное.","translation":"True, along with the final resolve there must have come into the defendant's head the apprehension that he had shouted far too much around the town beforehand and that this might serve greatly to convict and accuse him once he had carried out what he had planned.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"должно же было прийти в голову опасение","title":"Impersonal «прийти в голову» + dative","body":"«Прийти в голову» (\"to come into [one's] head\") is an impersonal idiom whose subject is what occurs — here «опасение» (\"the apprehension\") — and whose experiencer goes in the dative, «подсудимому». The particle «же» insists: \"there surely must have come.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда он исполнит задуманное","title":"Perfective future + substantivised participle","body":"«Исполнит» is the perfective future of «исполнить» (\"to carry out\"), and «задуманное» is a past passive participle used as a neuter noun — \"what he had planned, the thing conceived.\" Together: \"once he had carried out what he had planned.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, echoes the translation's 'True'","gloss":"True"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должно","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking решением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"окончательным","lemma":"окончательный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies решением","gloss":"the final"},{"surface":"решением","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"resolve"},{"surface":"подсудимому","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of должно","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"predicative, impersonal","role":"head of the impersonal construction","gloss":"must have","note":"должно было + infinitive is an impersonal construction: 'there had to come.'"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies должно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прийти","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"опасение","lemma":"опасение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of прийти","gloss":"the apprehension"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of накричал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of накричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"far too"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накричал","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"накричал","lemma":"накричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying опасение","gloss":"had shouted"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городу","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"городу","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of накричал","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"предварительно","lemma":"предварительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накричал","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with накричал","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послужить","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"послужить","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уличению","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of уличению","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"уличению","lemma":"уличение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of послужить","gloss":"conviction"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of обвинению","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"обвинению","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with уличению","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of исполнит","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of исполнит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"исполнит","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on послужить","gloss":"carries out"},{"surface":"задуманное","lemma":"задуманный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of исполнит","gloss":"what he had planned"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b12-c7-s56","source":"Но уж что же делать, факт огласки был совершен, его не воротишь, и, наконец, вывозила же прежде кривая, вывезет и теперь.","translation":"But what was to be done now — the fact of the publicity was an accomplished thing, you can't take it back, and after all, the crooked mare had hauled him through before, it would haul him through now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его не воротишь","title":"\"You can't take it back\" — generalised 2nd person","body":"«Его не воротишь» uses the 2nd-person singular perfective future «воротишь» (\"you [would] turn back\") impersonally, for a general \"you / one\" — \"you can't take it back.\" «Воротить» is a colloquial/folk variant of «возвратить». The genitive «его» under negation continues the genitive-of-negation pattern."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кривая вывезет","title":"\"The crooked one will pull through\"","body":"«Кривая вывезет» is a fatalistic idiom: literally \"the crooked (mare) will haul you out,\" i.e. somehow things will work out, luck will save me. Here «вывозила же прежде кривая, вывезет и теперь» — which we render \"the crooked mare had hauled him through before, it would haul him through now\" — keeps the horse-and-cart image of trusting blind luck."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вывозила … вывезет и теперь","title":"Imperfective past vs perfective future","body":"The idiom is doubled across aspect: imperfective «вывозила» (past, \"used to haul through\") then perfective «вывезет» (future, \"will haul through, this once\"). The shift mirrors \"it always pulled me through, and it will pull me through now\" — habit becoming a single hoped-for rescue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive совершен","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"огласки","lemma":"огласка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies факт","gloss":"of publicity"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of совершен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"совершен","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"accomplished"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of воротишь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies воротишь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"воротишь","lemma":"воротить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with совершен","gloss":"take back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вывозила","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"вывозила","lemma":"вывозить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with воротишь","gloss":"hauled through","note":"'кривая вывозит/вывезет' is a Russian saying (lit. 'the crooked one pulls through') for fatalistic hope that luck will save you."},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вывозила","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вывозила","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"кривая","lemma":"кривой","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вывозила","gloss":"the crooked mare"},{"surface":"вывезет","lemma":"вывезти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вывозила","gloss":"will haul through"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вывезет","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b12-c7-s57","source":"Мы на звезду свою надеялись, господа!","translation":"We were trusting in our lucky star, gentlemen!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мы на звезду свою надеялись","title":"Reflexive «надеяться на» + ironic \"we\"","body":"«Надеяться на» (\"to hope in, trust to\") is a reflexive «-ся» verb governing «на» + accusative, «на звезду свою» (\"in our star\"). The ironic first-person plural «мы … надеялись» continues the prosecutor's mock-Mitya voice; «звезда свою» (one's lucky star) is the gambler's fatalism in a nutshell."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of надеялись","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking звезду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"звезду","lemma":"звезда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надеялись","gloss":"star"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of звезду","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"надеялись","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were trusting"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address to the audience","gloss":"gentlemen"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b12-c7-s58","source":"Я должен к тому же признаться, что он много сделал, чтоб обойти роковую минуту, что он употребил весьма много усилий, чтоб избежать кровавого исхода.","translation":"I must also confess that he did much to circumvent the fatal moment, that he expended a great deal of effort to avoid a bloody outcome.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он много сделал, чтоб обойти … употребил … усилий, чтоб избежать","title":"Parallel purpose clauses «чтоб + infinitive»","body":"Two perfective acts each take a purpose clause: «сделал … чтоб обойти» (\"did much to circumvent\") and «употребил … чтоб избежать» (\"expended … to avoid\"). «Избежать» governs the genitive «кровавого исхода» (\"a bloody outcome\"), as verbs of avoidance regularly do."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase к тому же","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase к тому же","gloss":"that","note":"'к тому же' is a fixed idiom meaning 'moreover, besides / also.'"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase к тому же","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"признаться","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"confess"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of признаться","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обойти","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"обойти","lemma":"обойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сделал","gloss":"circumvent"},{"surface":"роковую","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"fatal"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обойти","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of употребил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of употребил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"употребил","lemma":"употребить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сделал","gloss":"expended"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"quantifier, genitive","role":"depends on усилий","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"усилий","lemma":"усилие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of употребил","gloss":"effort"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of избежать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"избежать","lemma":"избежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on употребил","gloss":"avoid"},{"surface":"кровавого","lemma":"кровавый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies исхода","gloss":"bloody"},{"surface":"исхода","lemma":"исход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of избежать","gloss":"outcome"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b12-c7-s59","source":"„Буду завтра просить три тысячи у всех людей, — как пишет он своим своеобразным языком, — а не дадут люди, то прольется кровь“.","translation":"'Tomorrow I shall beg three thousand from everyone,' as he writes in his own peculiar language, 'and if people won't give it, then blood will be spilled.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Буду … просить … а не дадут люди, то прольется кровь","title":"Compound future, then perfective conditional","body":"«Буду просить» is the compound (imperfective) future — «буду» + imperfective infinitive — for the ongoing act of begging. The condition then swings to perfective futures: «не дадут» (\"if they won't give,\" 3rd plural impersonal) and the reflexive «прольется» (\"blood will be spilled\"), a single dread result."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"своеобразным языком","title":"«своеобразный» — \"peculiar, idiosyncratic\"","body":"«Своеобразный» (\"distinctive, idiosyncratic,\" literally \"of one's own kind,\" from «свой» + «образ») here gently mocks Mitya's wild, ungrammatical letter as written in his \"own peculiar language.\" The instrumental «языком» marks the means of writing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of просить","gloss":"I shall"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просить","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beg"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of просить","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of людей","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of просить","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пишет","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"пишет","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"writes"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пишет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of языком","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"своеобразным","lemma":"своеобразный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies языком","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"языком","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пишет","gloss":"language"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дадут","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"дадут","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with просить","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of дадут","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прольется","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"прольется","lemma":"пролиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with просить","gloss":"will be spilled"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прольется","gloss":"blood"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b12-c7-s60","source":"Опять-таки в пьяном виде написано и опять-таки в трезвом виде как по писаному исполнено!»","translation":"Once again written while drunk, and once again, while sober, carried out exactly as written!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"написано … исполнено","title":"Short passive participles as refrain","body":"The clause closes on two short past passive participles — «написано» (\"written\") and «исполнено» (\"carried out\") — stating bare results with no agent, the periphrastic passive at its most compressed. Repeated from earlier («как по писаному исполнено!»), they hammer home the prosecutor's case as a closing refrain."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как по писаному","title":"«как по писаному» — \"exactly as written\"","body":"«Как по писаному» is an idiom — literally \"as if by the written [text]\" — meaning \"smoothly, exactly to plan, by the book.\" «Писаному» is the dative of a substantivised passive participle. The prosecutor's grim pun: the murder unfolded precisely as Mitya's letter foretold."}],"words":[{"surface":"Опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies написано","gloss":"Once again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies написано","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"while","note":"'в [adj.] виде' is an idiom for 'while [adj.]' (lit. 'in a ... state')."},{"surface":"пьяном","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написано","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"написано","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"once again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"трезвом","lemma":"трезвый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"sober"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of исполнено","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исполнено","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking писаному","gloss":"as","note":"'по писаному' is an idiom for 'exactly as written.'"},{"surface":"писаному","lemma":"писаный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of исполнено","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"исполнено","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with написано","gloss":"carried out"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b12-c7-s61","source":"Тут Ипполит Кириллович приступил к подробному описанию всех стараний Мити добыть себе деньги, чтоб избежать преступления.","translation":"Here Ippolit Kirillovitch proceeded to a detailed description of all Mitya's efforts to procure money for himself in order to avoid the crime.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приступил к подробному описанию","title":"Dative after «приступить к»","body":"«Приступить к» (to set about, proceed to) governs the dative: «к… описанию». The verb is perfective, marking the single decisive moment when the prosecutor launches into his survey."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"добыть себе деньги, чтоб избежать преступления","title":"Purpose with «чтоб» + infinitive","body":"Two stacked infinitive purposes: «добыть… чтоб избежать» (to procure… in order to avoid). When the subject of the purpose clause matches the main one, «чтобы» (here the colloquial short «чтоб») simply takes an infinitive rather than a past-form verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"избежать преступления","title":"«Избежать» takes the genitive","body":"«Избежать» (to avoid, escape) governs the genitive of what is avoided: «преступления». A small class of verbs of avoidance, fear, and deprivation regularly take a genitive object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приступил","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приступил","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"Кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovitch"},{"surface":"приступил","lemma":"приступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"proceeded"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking описанию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"подробному","lemma":"подробный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies описанию","gloss":"detailed"},{"surface":"описанию","lemma":"описание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приступил","gloss":"description"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of стараний","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"стараний","lemma":"старание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies описанию","gloss":"efforts"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стараний","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"добыть","lemma":"добыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of стараний","gloss":"procure"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of добыть","gloss":"for himself"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of добыть","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of избежать","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"избежать","lemma":"избежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on добыть","gloss":"avoid"},{"surface":"преступления","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of избежать","gloss":"the crime"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b12-c7-s62","source":"Он описал его похождения у Самсонова, путешествие к Лягавому — всё по документам.","translation":"He described his doings at Samsonov's, his journey to Lyagavy — all of it from the documents.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"похождения","title":"«Похождения» — adventures, escapades","body":"A faintly ironic, bookish plural meaning escapades or doings, with a whiff of the picaresque (think «Похождения Чичикова», the subtitle of Gogol's Dead Souls). The prosecutor's word choice quietly belittles Mitya's frantic errands."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё по документам","title":"«По» + dative: 'according to'","body":"«По документам» = on the basis of / according to the documents. The preposition «по» governs the dative, here in its 'in conformity with' sense — the prosecutor stressing his reliance on the case file."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of описал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"описал","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"described"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of похождения","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"похождения","lemma":"похождение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of описал","gloss":"doings"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Самсонова","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Самсонова","lemma":"Самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of описал","gloss":"Samsonov's"},{"surface":"путешествие","lemma":"путешествие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with похождения","gloss":"his journey"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Лягавому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Лягавому","lemma":"Лягавый","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of путешествие","gloss":"Lyagavy"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies документам","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking документам","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"документам","lemma":"документ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of описал","gloss":"the documents"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b12-c7-s63","source":"«Измученный, осмеянный, голодный, продавший часы на это путешествие (имея, однако, на себе полторы тысячи рублей — и будто, о, будто!), мучаясь ревностью по оставленному в городе предмету любви, подозревая, что она без него уйдет к Федору Павловичу, он возвращается наконец в город.","translation":"\"Worn out, mocked, hungry, having sold his watch to make this journey (yet carrying, all the while, fifteen hundred roubles on his person — or so they would have it, oh, so they would have it!), tormented by jealousy over the object of his love left behind in town, suspecting that in his absence she would go off to Fyodor Pavlovitch, he returns at last to town.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Измученный, осмеянный, голодный, продавший","title":"A chain of participles fronting the sentence","body":"Four agreeing modifiers stack up before the subject: two past passive participles «измученный» (worn out), «осмеянный» (mocked), a plain adjective «голодный» (hungry), and a past active participle «продавший» (having sold). This dense participial pile-up is a signature of 19th-century literary rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"имея, однако, на себе… мучаясь… подозревая","title":"Imperfective gerunds of attendant circumstance","body":"Three present gerunds («деепричастия») — «имея» (having), «мучаясь» (tormenting himself), «подозревая» (suspecting) — set the simultaneous backdrop to the main verb «возвращается». Indeclinable and sharing the subject, they layer Mitya's state onto his single act of returning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он возвращается наконец в город","title":"Historic present for vividness","body":"The prosecutor narrates the past in the present tense — «возвращается» (he returns), and shortly «провожает», «стремится». This «настоящее историческое» pulls the jury into the scene as if it were unfolding now; the imperfective «возвращаться» also keeps the action in motion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по оставленному в городе предмету любви","title":"Past passive participle as modifier + «по» of cause","body":"«Оставленному» (left behind) is a past passive participle agreeing in dative with «предмету», governed by «ревновать по» — jealousy 'over' someone. «Предмет любви» (object of love) is the prosecutor's coolly clinical phrase for Grushenka."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"будто, о, будто!","title":"Sarcastic «будто» — 'supposedly!'","body":"«Будто» means 'as if / supposedly', and the prosecutor's repeated, exclamatory «о, будто!» drips sarcasm: the defence claims Mitya still had the fifteen hundred roubles on him — 'or so they would have it!' The interjected «о» heightens the rhetorical scorn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Измученный","lemma":"измученный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возвращается","gloss":"Worn out"},{"surface":"осмеянный","lemma":"осмеянный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Измученный","gloss":"mocked"},{"surface":"голодный","lemma":"голодный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Измученный","gloss":"hungry"},{"surface":"продавший","lemma":"продать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with Измученный","gloss":"having sold"},{"surface":"часы","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of продавший","gloss":"his watch"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking путешествие","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of путешествие","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"путешествие","lemma":"путешествие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of продавший","gloss":"journey"},{"surface":"имея","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause, coordinated with Измученный","gloss":"carrying"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имея","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of имея","gloss":"his person"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"fifteen hundred"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of имея","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with имея","gloss":"so they'd have it","note":"'будто' here signals ironic skepticism toward the reported claim, like 'or so they say.'"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with будто","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with будто","gloss":"so they'd have it"},{"surface":"мучаясь","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on возвращается","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"ревностью","lemma":"ревность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучаясь","gloss":"by jealousy"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предмету","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"оставленному","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"clause modifying предмету","gloss":"left behind"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставленному","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"предмету","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ревностью","gloss":"the object"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies предмету","gloss":"of his love"},{"surface":"подозревая","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on возвращается","gloss":"suspecting"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уйдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of уйдет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уйдет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"уйдет","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of подозревая","gloss":"would go off"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федору","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уйдет","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федору","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возвращается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"возвращается","lemma":"возвращаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"returns"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвращается","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking город","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвращается","gloss":"town"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b12-c7-s64","source":"Слава богу!","translation":"Thank God!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Слава","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Glory","note":"'Слава богу' is a fixed idiom meaning 'Thank God' (lit. 'glory to God')."},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Слава","gloss":"to God"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b12-c7-s65","source":"Она у Федора Павловича не была.","translation":"She had not been at Fyodor Pavlovitch's.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она у Федора Павловича не была.","title":"«У» + genitive for 'at someone's place'; negated past","body":"«У Федора Павловича» = at Fyodor Pavlovitch's (place), the «у» + genitive construction. «Не была» is the negated imperfective past 'she had not been (there)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федора","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovitch's"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies была","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"been"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b12-c7-s66","source":"Он же сам ее и провожает к ее покровителю Самсонову.","translation":"He himself even escorts her to her protector Samsonov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он же сам ее и провожает","title":"Particle «же» + intensifier «сам» + «и»","body":"A pile-up of emphasis: «же» insists ('why, he himself…'), «сам» intensifies ('he himself'), and the focusing «и» before the verb means 'even / actually'. Together they underline the irony — the jealous man personally escorts his beloved away."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"провожает к ее покровителю","title":"«К» + dative of destination","body":"«Провожать к» (to escort to) takes «к» + dative: «к… покровителю». The historic present «провожает» continues the vivid present-tense narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of провожает","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Он","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of провожает","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies провожает","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"провожает","lemma":"провожать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"escorts"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking покровителю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of покровителю","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"покровителю","lemma":"покровитель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of провожает","gloss":"protector"},{"surface":"Самсонову","lemma":"Самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to покровителю","gloss":"Samsonov"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b12-c7-s67","source":"(Странное дело, к Самсонову мы не ревнивы, и это весьма характерная психологическая особенность в этом деле!)","translation":"(A strange thing, of Samsonov we are not jealous, and this is a most characteristic psychological peculiarity in this case!)","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к Самсонову мы не ревнивы","title":"Rhetorical 'we' and fronted complement","body":"The prosecutor speaks for Mitya in a knowing first-person plural «мы» — a rhetorical device that recurs through the speech. The complement «к Самсонову» is fronted for emphasis ahead of «мы не ревнивы», bending the neutral word order toward focus."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"весьма характерная","title":"«Весьма» — bookish 'very'","body":"«Весьма» is an elevated, literary synonym for «очень» (very). Its use marks the prosecutor's polished, oratorical register — he says «весьма» where ordinary speech says «очень»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Странное","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamation Странное дело","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Самсонову","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Самсонову","lemma":"самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ревнивы","gloss":"Samsonov"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ревнивы","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ревнивы","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ревнивы","lemma":"ревнивый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"jealous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of особенность","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies характерная","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"характерная","lemma":"характерный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies особенность","gloss":"characteristic"},{"surface":"психологическая","lemma":"психологический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies особенность","gloss":"psychological"},{"surface":"особенность","lemma":"особенность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"peculiarity"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of деле","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies особенность","gloss":"case"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b12-c7-s68","source":"Затем стремится на наблюдательный пост „на задах“ и там — и там узнает, что Смердяков в падучей, что другой слуга болен, — поле чисто, а „знаки“ в руках его — какой соблазн!","translation":"Then he hurries to his observation post 'at the back,' and there — and there he learns that Smerdyakov is in a fit of the falling sickness, that the other servant is ill — the field is clear, and the 'signals' are in his hands — what a temptation!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на задах","title":"«На задах» — round the back","body":"«Зады» (plural) are the back parts of a property — the yards and kitchen-gardens behind the houses. «На задах» = out at the back, the vantage point from which Mitya spies on his father's garden. The prosecutor quotes the phrase in scare-quotes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в падучей","title":"«Падучая» — the falling sickness","body":"«Падучая (болезнь)» is the old folk-and-medical name for epilepsy — literally the 'falling' sickness. «Смердяков в падучей» means Smerdyakov is in (the grip of) an epileptic fit, the crucial detail that seems to leave the field clear."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поле чисто","title":"«Поле чисто» — the coast is clear","body":"A short-adjective idiom: «чисто» (clean, clear) in the predicative neuter short form, 'the field is clear' — no obstacles, no witnesses. The phrase tolls like a refrain through the prosecutor's reconstruction (it returns in s79)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"какой соблазн!","title":"«Соблазн» — temptation","body":"«Соблазн» (temptation, enticement) carries a moral-religious weight in Dostoevsky — the lure to sin. The exclamatory «какой соблазн!» ('what a temptation!') dramatizes the moment the path to murder opens before Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стремится","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"стремится","lemma":"стремиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hurries"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пост","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"наблюдательный","lemma":"наблюдательный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пост","gloss":"observation"},{"surface":"пост","lemma":"пост","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стремится","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking задах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"задах","lemma":"зад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to пост","gloss":"the back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb, coordinated with the second там","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнает","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"узнает","lemma":"узнавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to стремится","gloss":"learns"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of падучей","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical predicate в падучей","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking падучей","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of Смердяков with в","gloss":"the falling sickness"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of болен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слуга","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"слуга","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of болен","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"болен","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of слуга","gloss":"is ill"},{"surface":"поле","lemma":"поле","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of чисто","gloss":"the field"},{"surface":"чисто","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of поле","gloss":"is clear"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of the elliptical predicate в руках","gloss":"the signals"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of знаки","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of руках","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of соблазн","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"соблазн","lemma":"соблазн","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of exclamatory phrase","gloss":"temptation"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b12-c7-s69","source":"Тем не менее он все-таки сопротивляется; он идет к высокоуважаемой всеми нами временной здешней жительнице госпоже Хохлаковой.","translation":"Nevertheless he still resists; he goes to that temporary resident here, so highly esteemed by us all, Madame Hohlakov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Тем не менее","title":"«Тем не менее» — nevertheless","body":"A fixed bookish connective, literally 'by that no less', meaning 'nevertheless, all the same'. It marks the prosecutor's grudging concession that Mitya did, for a while, resist temptation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"высокоуважаемой всеми нами временной здешней жительнице","title":"A long agreeing modifier stack in the dative","body":"Everything piled before «жительнице» (resident) agrees with it in feminine dative singular: «высокоуважаемой» (highly esteemed), the pronominal phrase «всеми нами» (весь + мы, by us all, instrumental of agent — the agent of the participle «высокоуважаемой»), «временной» (temporary), «здешней» (local). Russian comfortably front-loads such a column of modifiers onto one noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"discourse marker, first word of the idiom тем не менее","gloss":"nevertheless","note":"Set phrase 'тем не менее' = 'nevertheless'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Тем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Тем","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сопротивляется","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки, modifies сопротивляется","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки, modifies сопротивляется","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"сопротивляется","lemma":"сопротивляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"resists"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of идет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сопротивляется","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жительнице","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"высокоуважаемой","lemma":"высокоуважаемый","morphology":"adjective (participle), passive, present, dative, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies жительнице","gloss":"highly esteemed"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of нами","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"agent complement of высокоуважаемой","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"временной","lemma":"временной","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жительнице","gloss":"temporary"},{"surface":"здешней","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жительнице","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"жительнице","lemma":"жительница","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of идет","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"госпоже","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to жительнице","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"хохлаковой","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on госпоже","gloss":"Hohlakov"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b12-c7-s70","source":"Давно уже сострадающая его судьбе, эта дама предлагает ему благоразумнейший из советов: бросить весь этот кутеж, эту безобразную любовь, эти праздношатания по трактирам, бесплодную трату молодых сил и отправиться в Сибирь на золотые прииски: „Там исход вашим бушующим силам, вашему романическому характеру, жаждущему приключений“».","translation":"Long since sympathizing with his fate, this lady offers him the most sensible of counsels: to give up all this carousing, this disgraceful love, this idle loafing about the taverns, this fruitless squandering of youthful strength, and to set off for Siberia to the gold mines: 'There is the outlet for your seething energies, for your romantic character that thirsts for adventure.'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Давно уже сострадающая его судьбе","title":"Present active participle as a fronted clause","body":"«Сострадающая» is a present active participle ('who [had] long been sympathizing'), agreeing feminine nominative with «дама». It condenses a whole «которая…» clause into a single front-loaded modifier; «сострадать» governs the dative «его судьбе» (his fate)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"благоразумнейший из советов","title":"Bookish superlative in «-ейший»","body":"«Благоразумнейший» is the synthetic, elevated superlative ('the most prudent/sensible'), formed with the suffix «-ейший» rather than periphrastic «самый». «Из советов» (of the counsels) is the partitive genitive after the superlative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"праздношатания","title":"«Праздношатания» — idle loafing","body":"A vivid compound noun from «праздный» (idle) + «шататься» (to roam about), meaning aimless loafing. Stacked with «кутеж» (carousing) and «безобразную любовь» (disgraceful love), it builds the prosecutor's catalogue of Mitya's dissipation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вашему романическому характеру, жаждущему приключений","title":"Participle governing the genitive","body":"«Жаждущему» (thirsting for), a present active participle agreeing in dative with «характеру», keeps the rection of the verb «жаждать», which takes a genitive object: «приключений» (for adventures)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сострадающая","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сострадающая","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сострадающая","lemma":"сострадать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies дама (participial clause)","gloss":"sympathizing"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of судьбе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"судьбе","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сострадающая","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дама","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дама","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of предлагает","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"предлагает","lemma":"предлагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"offers"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of предлагает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"благоразумнейший","lemma":"благоразумный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of предлагает","gloss":"most sensible"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking советов","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"советов","lemma":"совет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of благоразумнейший","gloss":"counsels"},{"surface":"бросить","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitival complement of предлагает","gloss":"to give up"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кутеж","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кутеж","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"кутеж","lemma":"кутёж","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросить","gloss":"carousing"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любовь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"безобразную","lemma":"безобразный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"disgraceful"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кутеж","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of праздношатания","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"праздношатания","lemma":"праздношатание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with кутеж","gloss":"idle loafing"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактирам","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"трактирам","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies праздношатания","gloss":"the taverns"},{"surface":"бесплодную","lemma":"бесплодный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies трату","gloss":"fruitless"},{"surface":"трату","lemma":"трата","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кутеж","gloss":"squandering"},{"surface":"молодых","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies сил","gloss":"youthful"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies трату","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отправиться","lemma":"отправиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросить","gloss":"to set off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сибирь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Сибирь","lemma":"сибирь","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправиться","gloss":"Siberia"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прииски","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"золотые","lemma":"золотой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies прииски","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"прииски","lemma":"прииск","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отправиться","gloss":"mines"},{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исход (locative predicate)","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"исход","lemma":"исход","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elliptical predicate (is), with Там","gloss":"the outlet"},{"surface":"вашим","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of силам","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"бушующим","lemma":"бушующий","morphology":"adjective (participle), dative, plural","role":"modifies силам","gloss":"seething"},{"surface":"силам","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies исход","gloss":"energies"},{"surface":"вашему","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of характеру","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"романическому","lemma":"романический","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характеру","gloss":"romantic"},{"surface":"характеру","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with силам","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"жаждущему","lemma":"жаждущий","morphology":"adjective (participle), dative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying характеру","gloss":"thirsting for"},{"surface":"приключений","lemma":"приключение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of жаждущему","gloss":"adventures"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b12-c7-s71","source":"Описав исход беседы и тот момент, когда подсудимый вдруг получил известие о том, что Грушенька совсем не была у Самсонова, описав мгновенное исступление несчастного, измученного нервами ревнивого человека при мысли, что она именно обманула его и теперь у него, Федора Павловича, Ипполит Кириллович заключил, обращая внимание на роковое значение случая: «успей ему сказать служанка, что возлюбленная его в Мокром, с „прежним“ и „бесспорным“ — ничего бы и не было.","translation":"Having described the outcome of the conversation and the moment when the defendant suddenly received the news that Grushenka had not been at Samsonov's at all, having described the instantaneous frenzy of the unhappy man, his nerves worn ragged by jealousy, at the thought that she had after all deceived him and was now with him, with Fyodor Pavlovitch, Ippolit Kirillovitch concluded, drawing attention to the fateful significance of chance: \"had the servant managed to tell him that his beloved was at Mokroe, with her 'former' and 'rightful' one — nothing would have happened.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Описав исход беседы… описав мгновенное исступление","title":"Perfective past gerund «описав» framing the sentence","body":"Twice the prosecutor's narration is launched by «описав» (having described) — a perfective past gerund in «-в» marking a completed prior action before the main verb «заключил». The repetition builds a long periodic sentence in high oratorical style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обращая внимание на роковое значение случая","title":"Imperfective gerund of simultaneous action","body":"«Обращая внимание» (drawing attention to), a present gerund in «-я», runs alongside the main verb «заключил»: he concluded while drawing attention. It shares the subject Ippolit Kirillovitch and shades the manner of his concluding."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"успей ему сказать служанка… ничего бы и не было","title":"Imperative form as a conditional","body":"«Успей» looks like an imperative but here means 'had (she) managed to' — a vivid colloquial conditional using the imperative for an unreal past condition. The apodosis «ничего бы и не было» (nothing would have happened) uses past + «бы» for the contrary-to-fact result."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступление","title":"«Исступление» — frenzy, transport","body":"A strong, bookish word for a state of frenzy or ecstatic loss of self-control. Dostoevsky's psychology lives in such words; the prosecutor reaches for «исступление» to paint Mitya's nerve-shattered rage at the decisive instant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Описав","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заключил","gloss":"having described"},{"surface":"исход","lemma":"исход","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Описав","gloss":"the outcome"},{"surface":"беседы","lemma":"беседа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies исход","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of момент","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with исход","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of получил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of получил","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"получил","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying момент","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"известие","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of получил","gloss":"news"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"том","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies известие","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of была","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies была","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, linked with у Самсонова","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Самсонова","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Самсонова","lemma":"самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"Samsonov's"},{"surface":"описав","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заключил, coordinated with the first Описав","gloss":"having described"},{"surface":"мгновенное","lemma":"мгновенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies исступление","gloss":"instantaneous"},{"surface":"исступление","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of описав","gloss":"frenzy"},{"surface":"несчастного","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"unhappy man"},{"surface":"измученного","lemma":"измучить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying несчастного","gloss":"worn ragged"},{"surface":"нервами","lemma":"нерв","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of измученного","gloss":"nerves"},{"surface":"ревнивого","lemma":"ревнивый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"jealous"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to несчастного","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мысли","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of исступление","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обманула","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of обманула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обманула","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"обманула","lemma":"обмануть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of мысли","gloss":"deceived"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обманула","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elliptical predicate (is), with него","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elliptical predicate, coordinated with обманула","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to него","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"обращая","lemma":"обращать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заключил","gloss":"drawing"},{"surface":"внимание","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обращая","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking значение","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"роковое","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies значение","gloss":"fateful"},{"surface":"значение","lemma":"значение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращая","gloss":"significance"},{"surface":"случая","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies значение","gloss":"chance"},{"surface":"успей","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, imperative used as counterfactual conditional, second, singular, perfective","role":"conditional main verb, governs сказать","gloss":"had time to","note":"'Успей X сказать...' is a colloquial counterfactual construction: 'Had X only managed to say...'."},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitival complement of успей","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"служанка","lemma":"служанка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of успей","gloss":"the servant"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"возлюбленная","lemma":"возлюбленная","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of elliptical predicate (was), in Мокром","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies возлюбленная","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elliptical predicate (was)","gloss":"Mokroe"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прежним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"прежним","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elliptical predicate (was), naming her companion","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бесспорным","lemma":"бесспорный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прежним","gloss":"rightful"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of было","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks было as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis clause (conditional with успей)","gloss":"happened"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b12-c7-s72","source":"Но она опешила от страха, заклялась-забожилась, и если подсудимый не убил ее тут же, то это потому, что сломя голову пустился за своей изменницей.","translation":"But she was struck dumb with fright, swore and vowed up and down, and if the defendant did not kill her then and there, it was because he rushed off headlong after his faithless one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"опешила","title":"«Опешить» — to be dumbfounded","body":"A colloquial perfective meaning to be struck dumb, taken aback, frozen by surprise. «Она опешила от страха» — she was dumbfounded with fright; «от страха» gives the genitive of cause after «от»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заклялась-забожилась","title":"«Заклялась-забожилась» — a doubled folk verb","body":"A paired, almost rhyming compound: «заклясться» (to swear an oath) + «забожиться» (to swear by God). The doubling is a folk-speech device conveying frantic, repeated vowing — she swore up and down. The «-ся/-сь» makes both verbs reflexive in form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если… не убил… то это потому, что…","title":"«Если… то…» correlative reasoning","body":"Not a real conditional but a logical frame: «если не убил, то это потому, что…» ('if he didn't kill her, that is because…'). The correlative «если… то» pairs a premise with its explanation, a favourite move of the prosecutor's argument."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сломя голову","title":"«Сломя голову» — headlong","body":"A frozen idiom built on an old gerund «сломя» (lit. 'having broken [one's] head'), meaning recklessly fast, headlong, breakneck. «Изменница» (s72) — the faithless woman, feminine of «изменник» (traitor) — is the object of his headlong pursuit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of опешила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"опешила","lemma":"опешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was struck dumb"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страха","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опешила","gloss":"fright"},{"surface":"заклялась","lemma":"заклясться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with опешила","gloss":"swore"},{"surface":"забожилась","lemma":"забожиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заклялась","gloss":"vowed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause introduced by если","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlative marker introducing the main clause это потому что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of потому","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это, introduces reason clause with что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пустился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сломя","lemma":"сломя","morphology":"converb, frozen idiom form","role":"part of the idiom сломя голову, modifies пустился","gloss":"headlong","note":"Idiom 'сломя голову' = 'headlong, at breakneck speed'."},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom сломя голову","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"пустился","lemma":"пуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by что","gloss":"rushed off"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изменницей","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of изменницей","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"изменницей","lemma":"изменница","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустился","gloss":"faithless one"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b12-c7-s73","source":"Но заметьте: как ни был он вне себя, а захватил-таки с собою медный пестик.","translation":"But note this: however beside himself he was, he nonetheless snatched up the brass pestle with him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ни был он вне себя","title":"Concessive «как ни» — 'however much'","body":"«Как ни был он вне себя» = however beside himself he was. The «как ни» (and «сколько ни», «что ни») pattern uses «ни» to build a concessive 'no matter how…' clause; «ни» here intensifies rather than negates."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"захватил-таки","title":"The particle «-таки» — 'after all'","body":"The clitic «-таки» hung on the verb means 'all the same, after all, nonetheless', registering the speaker's pointed insistence: he did snatch it up despite everything. It is a hallmark of lively, argumentative speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"медный пестик","title":"«Пестик» — the brass pestle","body":"«Пестик» is a pestle (the rod for crushing in a mortar), here «медный» — of copper/brass. This «роковой пестик» (fatal pestle, s78) is the murder weapon at the centre of the trial, and the prosecutor lingers on why Mitya seized precisely it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"заметьте","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies был","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, linking он to вне себя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вне","lemma":"вне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"object of вне, predicate complement of был","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"захватил","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with был","gloss":"snatched up"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захватил","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of захватил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"медный","lemma":"медный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пестик","gloss":"brass"},{"surface":"пестик","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of захватил","gloss":"pestle"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b12-c7-s74","source":"Зачем именно пестик, зачем не другое какое оружие?","translation":"Why precisely a pestle, why not some other weapon?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зачем именно пестик, зачем не другое какое оружие?","title":"Rhetorical parallelism with «именно»","body":"The focusing particle «именно» ('precisely, exactly') pins the question on the pestle, and the parallel «зачем… зачем не…» frames a rhetorical contrast. The inverted «другое какое» (for «какое другое») is a colloquial reordering for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Зачем","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"пестик","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"elliptical subject, with Зачем","gloss":"pestle"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the second phrase, parallel to Зачем","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies другое","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies оружие","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of оружие","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"оружие","lemma":"оружие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"elliptical subject, parallel to пестик","gloss":"weapon"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b12-c7-s75","source":"Но, если мы уже целый месяц созерцали эту картину и к ней приготовлялись, то чуть мелькнуло нам что-то в виде оружия, мы и схватываем его как оружие.","translation":"But if we have already spent a whole month contemplating this picture and preparing ourselves for it, then the instant something in the shape of a weapon flashes before us, we seize it as a weapon.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если мы уже целый месяц созерцали… то чуть мелькнуло… мы и схватываем","title":"Conditional frame with the 'rhetorical we'","body":"Another «если… то…» structure, sustaining the collective «мы» through which the prosecutor ventriloquizes the murderer's mind. «Созерцали… приготовлялись» are imperfective pasts of drawn-out process; «схватываем» is the historic present of the resulting seizing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чуть мелькнуло нам что-то","title":"«Чуть» + «и» — 'the instant… we promptly'","body":"«Чуть… мы и схватываем» means 'the moment something flashes, we straight off seize it' — «чуть» marks 'as soon as / hardly', and the resumptive «и» before the verb means 'promptly, sure enough'. «Что-то» is the specific-but-unknown indefinite ('something')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"созерцали","title":"«Созерцать» — to contemplate","body":"An elevated, almost contemplative verb (to gaze upon, contemplate), often used of mystical or aesthetic beholding. Applied to a murderer 'contemplating this picture' for a month, it lends the prosecutor's analysis a deliberately lofty, ironic colour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of созерцали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of созерцали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяц (duration adverb)","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of созерцали","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"созерцали","lemma":"созерцать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"contemplated"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of картину","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"картину","lemma":"картина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of созерцали","gloss":"picture"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приготовлялись","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"приготовлялись","lemma":"приготовляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with созерцали","gloss":"prepared ourselves"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlative marker introducing the clause of мелькнуло","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мелькнуло","gloss":"the instant"},{"surface":"мелькнуло","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of мелькнуло","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of мелькнуло, first half of что-то","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the pronoun что-то, coordinated with что","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase в, modifies что-то","gloss":"the shape"},{"surface":"оружия","lemma":"оружие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"weapon"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of схватываем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies схватываем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"схватываем","lemma":"схватывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause (apodosis)","gloss":"seize"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватываем","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оружие","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"оружие","lemma":"оружие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватываем","gloss":"a weapon"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b12-c7-s76","source":"А о том, что какой-нибудь предмет в этом роде может послужить оружием, — это мы уже целый месяц представляли себе.","translation":"And that some object of this kind might serve as a weapon — this we had already been picturing to ourselves for a whole month.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А о том, что… — это мы уже целый месяц представляли себе","title":"Cataphoric «о том, что…» and resumptive «это»","body":"«О том, что…» sets up a clause as the topic ('as for the fact that…'), then «это» resumes it as the object of «представляли». «О том» is «о» + prepositional; «представлять себе» (to picture to oneself) uses the dative reflexive «себе»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какой-нибудь предмет","title":"Non-specific «-нибудь» — 'some… or other'","body":"«Какой-нибудь предмет» = some object or other, any of its kind — the «-нибудь» series marks a non-specific, hypothetical referent, contrasting with the specific «что-то» of the previous segment."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase, antecedent of resumptive это","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of предмет","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the determiner какой-нибудь","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"предмет","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"object"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies предмет","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"послужить","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"оружием","lemma":"оружие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of послужить","gloss":"as a weapon"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive pronoun, direct object of представляли, referring back to the о том clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of представляли","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяц (duration adverb)","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of представляли","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"представляли","lemma":"представлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"pictured"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представляли","gloss":"to ourselves"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b12-c7-s77","source":"Потому-то так мгновенно и бесспорно и признали его за оружие!","translation":"That is why we recognized it as a weapon so instantly and so unmistakably!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Потому-то так мгновенно и бесспорно и признали","title":"«Потому-то… и» — 'that is precisely why'","body":"«Потому-то… и» is an emphatic causal frame: the «-то» clitic stresses the cause ('that is just why') and the «и» reinforces it before the verb. The doubled adverbs «мгновенно и бесспорно» (instantly and unmistakably) drive the rhetorical force."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"признали его за оружие","title":"«Признать за» — to recognize as","body":"«Признать за» + accusative means 'to take/recognize (something) as' — «признали его за оружие», recognized it as a weapon. The «за» + accusative 'as / in the capacity of' construction is the prosecutor's careful legal phrasing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies признали, part of the idiom потому-то","gloss":"that is why"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"потому-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom потому-то, modifies признали","gloss":"indeed","note":"'Потому-то' is an emphatic form of 'потому' = 'that is precisely why'."},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мгновенно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"мгновенно","lemma":"мгновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies признали","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бесспорно","lemma":"бесспорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with мгновенно","gloss":"unmistakably"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"признали","lemma":"признать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recognized"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of признали","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оружие","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"оружие","lemma":"оружие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of признали","gloss":"a weapon"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b12-c7-s78","source":"А потому всё же не бессознательно, всё же не невольно схватил он этот роковой пестик.","translation":"And therefore it was not unconsciously after all, not involuntarily after all, that he snatched up this fatal pestle.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё же не бессознательно, всё же не невольно","title":"Emphatic «всё же» + adverbial double negation","body":"«Всё же» ('all the same, nonetheless') frames the insistent denial, and the parallel «не бессознательно… не невольно» (not unconsciously… not involuntarily) negates two adverbs in turn — the prosecutor hammering that the act was deliberate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А потому всё же не… схватил он этот роковой пестик","title":"Inversion for rhetorical weight","body":"The verb «схватил» is pulled ahead of its subject «он» («схватил он»), an inversion that throws stress onto the deliberateness of the act. Such marked word order is a tool of oratorical emphasis rather than a change of meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватил","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё же, modifies бессознательно","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё же","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бессознательно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бессознательно","lemma":"бессознательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватил","gloss":"unconsciously"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё же, modifies бессознательно","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё же","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies невольно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"невольно","lemma":"невольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватил","gloss":"involuntarily"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"snatched up"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пестик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"роковой","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пестик","gloss":"fatal"},{"surface":"пестик","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"pestle"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b12-c7-s79","source":"И вот он в отцовском саду — поле чисто, свидетелей нет, глубокая ночь, мрак и ревность.","translation":"And here he is in his father's garden — the field is clear, there are no witnesses, deep night, darkness and jealousy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поле чисто, свидетелей нет, глубокая ночь, мрак и ревность","title":"Nominal sentences and genitive of negation","body":"A staccato run of verbless clauses paints the scene. «Свидетелей нет» — 'there are no witnesses' — uses «нет» with the obligatory genitive «свидетелей» (genitive of negation for an absent subject); the rest are bare nominatives flashed up like stage directions."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мрак","title":"«Мрак» — darkness, gloom","body":"A bookish, weighty word for darkness with strong moral and spiritual overtones (gloom, murk, the dark of the soul) — heavier than the plain «темнота». Paired with «ревность» (jealousy), it sets the murderous mood of the father's garden."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause introduced by вот (‘here he is’)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отцовском","lemma":"отцовский","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies саду","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"location complement of вот/он (‘he is in the garden’)","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"поле","lemma":"поле","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of чисто (predicate ‘is clear’)","gloss":"the field"},{"surface":"чисто","lemma":"чисто","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of поле (‘the field is clear’)","gloss":"is clear"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поле","gloss":"there are none"},{"surface":"глубокая","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with поле","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"мрак","lemma":"мрак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with поле","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ревность","lemma":"ревность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мрак","gloss":"jealousy"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b12-c7-s80","source":"Подозрение, что она здесь, с ним, с соперником его, в его объятиях и, может быть, смеется над ним в эту минуту, — захватывает ему дух.","translation":"The suspicion that she is here, with him, with his rival, in his embraces and perhaps laughing at him at this very moment — takes his breath away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"она здесь, с ним, с соперником его, в его объятиях","title":"«С» + instrumental of accompaniment","body":"The piled phrases «с ним, с соперником его» use «с» + instrumental ('with him, with his rival'). «Соперником» is the predicate's accompaniment; «его объятиях» is «в» + prepositional of location ('in his embraces')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"захватывает ему дух","title":"Dative experiencer 'takes his breath away'","body":"«Захватывает ему дух» — literally 'it seizes the breath to him', with «ему» in the dative as the one to whom it happens. This dative-experiencer framing, where the person undergoes the event rather than acting, pervades Dostoevsky's rendering of inner states."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подозрение","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of захватывает","gloss":"the suspicion"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of здесь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of здесь","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of она (‘she is here’)","gloss":"is here"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of здесь (accompanying)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соперником","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"соперником","lemma":"соперник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ним","gloss":"his rival"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies соперником","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking объятиях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of объятиях","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"объятиях","lemma":"объятие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement, coordinated with здесь","gloss":"embraces"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to смеется","gloss":"perhaps","note":"\"может быть\" is a fixed phrase meaning \"perhaps\"; the two words are glossed separately but read together."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"(be)"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with здесь","gloss":"is laughing"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеется","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеется","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"захватывает","lemma":"захватывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"takes away"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of захватывает","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of захватывает","gloss":"breath"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b12-c7-s81","source":"Да и не подозрение только — какие уж теперь подозрения, обман явен, очевиден: она тут, вот в этой комнате, откуда свет, она у него там, за ширмами, — и вот несчастный подкрадывается к окну, почтительно в него заглядывает, благонравно смиряется и благоразумно уходит, поскорее вон от беды, чтобы чего не произошло, опасного и безнравственного, — и нас в этом хотят уверить, нас, знающих характер подсудимого, понимающих, в каком он был состоянии духа, в состоянии, нам известном по фактам, а главное, обладая знаками, которыми тотчас же мог отпереть дом и войти!»","translation":"And not only suspicion — what suspicion can there be now, the deception is manifest, evident: she is here, right in this room, where the light is, she is with him there, behind the screen — and so the unhappy man creeps up to the window, respectfully peers into it, meekly resigns himself and prudently withdraws, hurrying away from trouble, lest something should happen, something dangerous and immoral — and we are to be assured of this, we who know the defendant's character, who understand what state of mind he was in, a state known to us from the facts, and above all, possessed of the signals with which he could at once unlock the house and enter!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"какие уж теперь подозрения","title":"Particle «уж» + rhetorical exclamation","body":"«Какие уж теперь подозрения» = 'what suspicions could there be now!' — the dismissive «уж» (a reduced «уже», here purely a modal intensifier) brushes the idea aside. The verbless exclamation expects the answer 'none'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обман явен, очевиден","title":"Short-form predicate adjectives","body":"«Явен, очевиден» are short-form adjectives ('is manifest, is evident') predicating of «обман». The bookish short form, used only predicatively, gives a clipped, absolute, almost forensic ring suited to the prosecutor's assertion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подкрадывается… заглядывает… смиряется… уходит","title":"A chain of ironic historic-present verbs","body":"Four imperfective present-tense verbs march the defence's improbable picture across the stage: he 'creeps up, peers in, meekly resigns himself, prudently withdraws'. The adverbs «почтительно, благонравно, благоразумно» drip with sarcasm at the supposed gentleness of a murderer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы чего не произошло, опасного и безнравственного","title":"«Чтобы… не» of apprehension + genitive of negation","body":"«Чтобы… не произошло» expresses fear that something might happen ('lest something happen'), with «чтобы» + past-form irrealis. The negated indefinite subject goes genitive: «чего… опасного и безнравственного» (anything dangerous and immoral)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нас, знающих характер… понимающих… обладая знаками","title":"Participles agreeing vs gerund","body":"«Знающих… понимающих» are present active participles agreeing in genitive with «нас» ('us who know… who understand'), each condensing a relative clause; but «обладая» is a gerund — and «обладать» governs the instrumental, «знаками» (the signals)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (‘and not only...’)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom Да и (‘and indeed’)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подозрение","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подозрение","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun of an elliptical clause (‘[this is] not merely suspicion’)","gloss":"[merely] suspicion"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подозрение","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of подозрения","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какие","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies какие","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"подозрения","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (‘what suspicions [can there be] now’)","gloss":"suspicions"},{"surface":"обман","lemma":"обман","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явен","gloss":"the deception"},{"surface":"явен","lemma":"явный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of обман","gloss":"is manifest"},{"surface":"очевиден","lemma":"очевидный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with явен, predicate of обман","gloss":"evident"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of тут","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of она, parallel clause to явен/очевиден","gloss":"is here"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of комнате","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тут","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"relative clause on комнате","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (‘whence the light [comes]’)","gloss":"the light [is]"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of там","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of там","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of она, coordinated with тут","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ширмами","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"ширмами","lemma":"ширма","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with там","gloss":"the screen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несчастный","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"несчастный","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подкрадывается","gloss":"the unhappy man"},{"surface":"подкрадывается","lemma":"подкрадываться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"creeps up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окну","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"окну","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подкрадывается","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"почтительно","lemma":"почтительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заглядывает","gloss":"respectfully"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заглядывает","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"заглядывает","lemma":"заглядывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подкрадывается","gloss":"peers"},{"surface":"благонравно","lemma":"благонравный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смиряется","gloss":"meekly"},{"surface":"смиряется","lemma":"смиряться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подкрадывается","gloss":"resigns himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благоразумно","lemma":"благоразумно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уходит","gloss":"prudently"},{"surface":"уходит","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подкрадывается","gloss":"withdraws"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уходит (‘hurrying away’)","gloss":"hurrying","note":"\"поскорее\" (comparative of скорый) functions adverbially, \"as quickly as possible.\""},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поскорее","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беды","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"беды","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вон (‘away from trouble’)","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of произошло","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on уходит (‘lest something happen’)","gloss":"should happen"},{"surface":"опасного","lemma":"опасный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"dangerous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безнравственного","lemma":"безнравственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with опасного","gloss":"immoral"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"нас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of уверить","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уверить","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"хотят","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, governs уверить","gloss":"they want"},{"surface":"уверить","lemma":"уверить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотят","gloss":"to convince"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"нас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"in apposition to нас (w54)","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"знающих","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying нас","gloss":"who know"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знающих","gloss":"the character"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характер","gloss":"of the defendant"},{"surface":"понимающих","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знающих, modifies нас","gloss":"who understand"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каком","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to состоянии","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement clause of понимающих","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"духа","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"of mind"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to состоянии (w68)","gloss":"a state"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"нам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of известном","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"известном","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фактам","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"фактам","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies известном","gloss":"the facts"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical adverb (‘above all’), modifies the обладая clause","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"обладая","lemma":"обладать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"converb clause modifying нас, coordinated with знающих/понимающих","gloss":"possessing"},{"surface":"знаками","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of обладая","gloss":"the signals"},{"surface":"которыми","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on знаками","gloss":"he could"},{"surface":"отпереть","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"unlock"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отпереть","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"войти","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with отпереть","gloss":"enter"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b12-c7-s82","source":"Здесь по поводу «знаков» Ипполит Кириллович оставил на время свое обвинение и нашел необходимым распространиться о Смердякове, с тем чтоб уж совершенно исчерпать весь этот вводный эпизод о подозрении Смердякова в убийстве и покончить с этою мыслию раз навсегда.","translation":"Here, apropos of the 'signals,' Ippolit Kirillovitch left off his accusation for a time and found it necessary to expatiate on Smerdyakov, in order to dispose entirely of this whole interpolated episode of the suspicion of Smerdyakov in the murder and to be done with this notion once and for all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по поводу «знаков»","title":"«По поводу» — apropos of, concerning","body":"«По поводу» + genitive means 'on the occasion of, with regard to, apropos of' («знаков», the signals). A fixed prepositional phrase of the bookish narrative register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тем чтоб уж совершенно исчерпать… и покончить","title":"Purpose with «с тем, чтобы»","body":"«С тем, чтобы» + infinitive is an emphatic purpose conjunction ('with the aim of, in order to') governing the two perfective infinitives «исчерпать» and «покончить» — to exhaust and to finish off. The perfectives stress a clean, total disposal of the topic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"распространиться","title":"«Распространиться о» — to expatiate","body":"In its reflexive form «распространиться о» means to dwell at length, expatiate on a subject — not its literal 'to spread'. The prosecutor finds it necessary «распространиться о Смердякове», to hold forth about Smerdyakov."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мыслию","title":"Archaic instrumental «мыслию»","body":"«Покончить с этою мыслию» uses the older instrumental ending «-ию» for «мысль» (modern «мыслью») and the bookish demonstrative «этою» (for «этой»). Both are period-elevated forms that flavour Dostoevsky's narrative prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставил","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знаков","gloss":"apropos"},{"surface":"поводу","lemma":"повод","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"знаков","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of по поводу","gloss":"the signals"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставил","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"оставил","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set aside"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставил","gloss":"a time"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обвинение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of оставил","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нашел","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оставил","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"необходимым","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of нашел","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"распространиться","lemma":"распространиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of нашел","gloss":"to expatiate"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякове","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Смердякове","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of распространиться","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom с тем чтобы (‘in order to’), governs исчерпать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of исчерпать","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совершенно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исчерпать","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"исчерпать","lemma":"исчерпать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause introduced by чтоб, complement of тем","gloss":"dispose of"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of эпизод","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of эпизод","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вводный","lemma":"вводный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies эпизод","gloss":"interpolated"},{"surface":"эпизод","lemma":"эпизод","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of исчерпать","gloss":"episode"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подозрении","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"подозрении","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies эпизод","gloss":"the suspicion"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подозрении","gloss":"of Smerdyakov's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убийстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"убийстве","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подозрении","gloss":"the murder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"покончить","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with исчерпать","gloss":"be done"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этою","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мыслию","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мыслию","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покончить","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покончить","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"навсегда","lemma":"навсегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"and for all"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b12-c7-s83","source":"Сделал он это весьма обстоятельно, и все поняли, что, несмотря на всё выказываемое им презрение к этому предположению, он все-таки считал его весьма важным.","translation":"He did this very thoroughly, and everyone understood that, despite all the contempt he displayed for this supposition, he nonetheless considered it very important.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на всё выказываемое им презрение","title":"Present passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«Выказываемое» is a present passive participle in «-ем-» ('being displayed'), agreeing with «презрение», and «им» is the instrumental of the agent — 'the contempt displayed by him'. «Несмотря на» + accusative gives the concessive 'despite'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он все-таки считал его весьма важным","title":"«Считать» + instrumental of the predicate","body":"«Считать кого/что кем/чем» (to consider someone/something to be…) puts the predicate in the instrumental: «считал его… важным» — considered it important. «Все-таки» ('all the same') concedes the gap between his shown contempt and his real estimation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Сделал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Сделал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обстоятельно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"обстоятельно","lemma":"обстоятельный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Сделал","gloss":"thoroughly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поняли","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"поняли","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сделал","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of считал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition marking всё","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"(despite)"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of презрение","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"выказываемое","lemma":"выказывать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying презрение","gloss":"displayed"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"им","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of выказываемое (passive ‘by him’)","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"презрение","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of the preposition на (incorporating несмотря на)","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предположению","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of предположению","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"предположению","lemma":"предположение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies презрение","gloss":"supposition"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of считал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies считал","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies считал","gloss":"(nonetheless)"},{"surface":"считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of поняли","gloss":"considered"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of считал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важным","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"важным","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of считал","gloss":"important"}]}]}