{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b12-c8","title":{"source":"VIII. Трактат о Смердякове","translated":"A Treatise on Smerdyakov"},"section":"Book XII — A Judicial Error","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c8","lines":150},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c7","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c9","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b12-c8-s1","source":"«Во-первых, откуда взялась возможность подобного подозрения? — начал с этого вопроса Ипполит Кириллович. — Первый крикнувший, что убил Смердяков, был сам подсудимый в минуту своего ареста, и, однако, не представивший с самого первого крика своего и до самой сей минуты суда ни единого факта в подтверждение своего обвинения — и не только факта, но даже сколько-нибудь сообразного с человеческим смыслом намека на какой-нибудь факт.","translation":"\"First of all, where did the very possibility of such a suspicion come from?\" — with this question Ippolit Kirillovich began. \"The first to cry out that Smerdyakov was the killer was the defendant himself, at the moment of his arrest; and yet, from that very first cry down to this present hour of the trial, he has not produced a single fact in support of his accusation — and not only no fact, but not even a hint at any fact that would square in the slightest with common human sense.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"откуда взялась возможность подобного подозрения","title":"Reflexive «взяться» — where it 'came from'","body":"«Взялась» is the past of «взяться» (perfective), the -ся middle of «взять» 'to take'; with «откуда» it idiomatically means 'where did X come from / spring up'. The -ся here marks an intransitive change-of-state ('appeared'), not a true reflexive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Первый крикнувший, что убил Смердяков","title":"Substantivized past active participle","body":"«Крикнувший» is the past active participle of «крикнуть» ('the one who cried out'), built with -вш- and here used as a noun — a compact, bookish way to say «тот, кто первый крикнул». It declines and agrees like any adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не представивший… ни единого факта","title":"Genitive of negation under a participle","body":"The negated participle «не представивший» takes its object «ни единого факта» in the genitive, the regular genitive-of-negation; «ни единого» ('not a single') intensifies the negation with «ни»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сей","title":"Archaic «сей» for 'this'","body":"«До самой сей минуты» uses the bookish demonstrative «сей» ('this') instead of the everyday «этот» — a hallmark of elevated 19th-century legal and literary register, fitting for a prosecutor's formal address."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подсудимый","title":"«подсудимый» — the defendant","body":"A substantivized adjective ('the one under judgment', from «суд» court) meaning 'the defendant / the accused'. It recurs as the prosecutor's neutral courtroom term for Dmitri throughout the speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom во-первых (‘first of all’)","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom во-первых (‘first of all’)","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взялась","gloss":"where...from"},{"surface":"взялась","lemma":"взяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did come"},{"surface":"возможность","lemma":"возможность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of взялась","gloss":"the possibility"},{"surface":"подобного","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подозрения?","gloss":"of such"},{"surface":"подозрения?","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies возможность","gloss":"a suspicion"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of a new clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопроса","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопроса","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вопроса","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начал","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович.","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"Первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крикнувший","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"крикнувший","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"subject of был","gloss":"one who cried out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on крикнувший","gloss":"killed [him]"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (copula), links крикнувший and подсудимый","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подсудимый","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial (temporal) complement of был","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ареста","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ареста","lemma":"арест","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"arrest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не представивший (‘yet ... not produced’)","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies представивший","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"представивший","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикнувший, modifies подсудимый","gloss":"having produced"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крика","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самого","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies первого","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крика","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"крика","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of представивший","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of крика","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сей","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of представивший, coordinated with крика (‘from ... to ...’)","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"of the trial"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies единого","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"единого","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies факта","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"факта","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of представивший","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подтверждение","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подтверждение","lemma":"подтверждение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies факта","gloss":"support"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of обвинения","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"обвинения","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подтверждение","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"факта","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with факта (w43), elliptical parallel object","gloss":"a fact"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies намека","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообразного","gloss":"in any way at all","note":"\"сколько-нибудь\" is a fixed phrase meaning \"to any degree, in the least.\""},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообразного","gloss":"(at all)"},{"surface":"сообразного","lemma":"сообразный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies намека","gloss":"consonant"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смыслом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"человеческим","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смыслом","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"смыслом","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сообразного","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"намека","lemma":"намёк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with факта (w43), parallel object","gloss":"a hint"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking факт","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of факт","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of факт","gloss":"(any)"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of намека (‘hint at any fact’)","gloss":"fact"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b12-c8-s2","source":"Затем подтверждают обвинение это только три лица: оба брата подсудимого и госпожа Светлова.","translation":"Then, only three persons confirm this accusation: both of the defendant's brothers and Madame Svetlova.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подтверждают обвинение это только три лица","title":"Verb-first word order for emphasis","body":"Russian's free word order lets the verb «подтверждают» lead and the subject «три лица» land last, where the new, stressed information falls: only three people back this up. The demonstrative «это» trails its noun («обвинение это»), a colloquial-emphatic ordering."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"три лица","title":"Genitive singular after «три»","body":"After 2, 3, 4 the counted noun stands in the genitive singular: «три лица» (gen. sg.), not the nominative plural «лица». «Лицо» here means 'person', a formal/legal sense of the word that literally means 'face'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подтверждают","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"подтверждают","lemma":"подтверждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confirm"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подтверждают","gloss":"the accusation"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обвинение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies три","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on лица","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of подтверждают","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on брата","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to лица, specifying who the three persons are","gloss":"brothers"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брата","gloss":"of the defendant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with брата","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Светлова","lemma":"светлов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Svetlova"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b12-c8-s3","source":"Но старший брат подсудимого объявил свое подозрение только сегодня, в болезни, в припадке бесспорного умоисступления и горячки, а прежде, во все два месяца, как нам положительно это известно, совершенно разделял убеждение о виновности своего брата, даже не искал возражать против этой идеи.","translation":"But the defendant's elder brother declared his suspicion only today, in illness, in a fit of indisputable mental derangement and fever, whereas before, throughout the whole two months — as we know for a positive fact — he completely shared the conviction of his brother's guilt and did not even attempt to argue against the idea.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а прежде, во все два месяца… совершенно разделял убеждение","title":"Contrastive «а» and imperfective for a standing state","body":"«А» pivots the sentence from 'today' to 'before', a soft contrast of topics rather than flat opposition. The imperfective past «разделял» ('shared, held') paints an ongoing two-month state against the single event «объявил» ('declared')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не искал возражать против этой идеи","title":"«против» + genitive (preposition government)","body":"«Против» governs the genitive regardless, but note the whole negated clause «не искал возражать» ('did not even seek to object'): «искать» + infinitive in the sense 'try to' is itself a bookish, 19th-century turn."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умоисступления","title":"«умоисступление» — frenzy of the mind","body":"A heavy, learned compound (ум 'mind' + исступление 'frenzy, derangement') meaning a state of mental derangement. Its bookish weight suits a prosecutor reaching for clinical-sounding grandeur; it recurs in this chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"старший","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объявил","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"of the defendant"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of подозрение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"подозрение","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of объявил","gloss":"suspicion"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated adverbial with сегодня","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking припадке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"припадке","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated adverbial with сегодня","gloss":"a fit"},{"surface":"бесспорного","lemma":"бесспорный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies умоисступления","gloss":"indisputable"},{"surface":"умоисступления","lemma":"умоисступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies припадке","gloss":"mental derangement"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"горячки","lemma":"горячка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with умоисступления","gloss":"fever"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разделял","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяца","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of два","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on месяца","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of разделял","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of известно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"положительно","lemma":"положительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of известно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the parenthetical clause introduced by как","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разделял","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"разделял","lemma":"разделять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with объявил","gloss":"shared"},{"surface":"убеждение","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разделял","gloss":"the conviction"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виновности","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"виновности","lemma":"виновность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies убеждение","gloss":"guilt"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виновности","gloss":"brother's"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies искал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies искал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"искал","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with объявил","gloss":"sought"},{"surface":"возражать","lemma":"возражать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of искал","gloss":"to argue"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идеи","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of идеи","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"идеи","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возражать","gloss":"idea"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b12-c8-s4","source":"Но мы этим займемся особенно еще потом.","translation":"But we shall take this up in particular later on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы этим займемся","title":"Perfective future + instrumental of «заняться»","body":"«Займемся» is the simple (perfective) future of «заняться» ('we shall take up'), conjugated like a present but future in meaning. Its object «этим» stands in the instrumental, which «заниматься/заняться» governs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of займемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of займемся","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"займемся","lemma":"заняться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will take up"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потом","gloss":"in particular"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потом","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies займемся","gloss":"later"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b12-c8-s5","source":"Затем младший брат подсудимого нам объявляет давеча сам, что фактов в подтверждение своей мысли о виновности Смердякова не имеет никаких, ни малейших, а заключает так лишь со слов самого подсудимого и „по выражению его лица“ — да, это колоссальное доказательство было дважды произнесено давеча его братом.","translation":"Then the defendant's younger brother announces to us himself, just now, that he has no facts whatsoever, not the slightest, in support of his notion of Smerdyakov's guilt, and that he concludes it solely from the defendant's own words and 'from the expression of his face' — yes, this colossal proof was uttered twice just now by his brother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нам объявляет давеча сам","title":"Historic present for vividness","body":"The imperfective present «объявляет» ('announces') is used for a past courtroom event — the 'historic present' that pulls the scene close. «Сам» ('himself') intensifies the subject (the younger brother), and «нам» is the dative indirect object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"фактов… не имеет никаких, ни малейших","title":"Genitive of negation, with words split for emphasis","body":"«Не имеет» ('has not') drives «фактов» into the genitive, and the negative concord «никаких» ('none whatsoever') and «ни малейших» ('not the slightest') pile on. Note how «фактов» is fronted and its modifiers stranded after the verb for rhetorical weight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — 'a little while ago'","body":"A colloquial, slightly old-fashioned adverb meaning 'just now / earlier today'. It marks the prosecutor's speech as living, spoken rhetoric rather than dry report."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявляет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"младший","lemma":"младший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"younger"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объявляет","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"of the defendant"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of объявляет","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"объявляет","lemma":"объявлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"announces"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявляет","gloss":"just now","note":"Archaic/colloquial adverb meaning \"a short while ago.\""},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имеет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"фактов","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of имеет (genitive under negation)","gloss":"facts"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подтверждение","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подтверждение","lemma":"подтверждение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies фактов","gloss":"support"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies подтверждение","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виновности","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"виновности","lemma":"виновность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысли","gloss":"guilt"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виновности","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имеет","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объявляет","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of имеет","gloss":"none"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"малейших","lemma":"малейший","morphology":"adjective, superlative, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with никаких","gloss":"the slightest"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заключает","lemma":"заключать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with имеет","gloss":"concludes"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключает","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies со слов","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"object of the preposition со","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подсудимого","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"defendant's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выражению","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"выражению","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with слов","gloss":"the expression"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лица“","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лица“","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражению","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the following clause","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of доказательство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"колоссальное","lemma":"колоссальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies доказательство","gloss":"colossal"},{"surface":"доказательство","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive произнесено","gloss":"proof"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of произнесено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"дважды","lemma":"дважды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнесено","gloss":"twice"},{"surface":"произнесено","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"uttered"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнесено","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies братом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"братом","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of произнесено","gloss":"brother"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b12-c8-s6","source":"Госпожа же Светлова выразилась даже, может быть, и еще колоссальнее: „Что подсудимый вам скажет, тому и верьте, не таков человек, чтобы солгал“.","translation":"And Madame Svetlova expressed herself perhaps even more colossally still: 'Whatever the defendant tells you, that you may believe; he is not the kind of man to lie.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выразилась даже, может быть, и еще колоссальнее","title":"Comparative adverb «колоссальнее»","body":"«Колоссальнее» is the predicative comparative ('even more colossally') in -ее. The prosecutor's sarcasm rides on a bombastic word — 'colossal' applied to a flimsy proof — repeated for ironic effect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что подсудимый вам скажет, тому и верьте","title":"Correlative «что… тому» and imperative «верьте»","body":"Grushenka's quoted speech uses a relative-correlative frame: «что… скажет, тому и верьте» ('whatever he says, that believe'). «Тому» is the dative governed by «верить» ('to trust someone'), and «верьте» is the polite/plural imperative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не таков человек, чтобы солгал","title":"«таков» + «чтобы» with past-form irrealis","body":"«Таков» is the short predicate form of «такой» ('such'); «не таков человек, чтобы солгал» = 'not such a man as to lie'. «Чтобы» here takes the past-tense form «солгал», the irrealis pattern after «чтобы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выразилась","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Госпожа","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Светлова","lemma":"Светлова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Госпожа","gloss":"Svetlova"},{"surface":"выразилась","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expressed herself"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies колоссальнее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies колоссальнее","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"колоссальнее","lemma":"колоссальный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"oblique complement of выразилась","gloss":"more colossally"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажет","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скажет","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of скажет","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the relative clause Что...","gloss":"tells"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of верьте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верьте","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"верьте","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таков","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"таков","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, modifies человек","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of таков","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of солгал","gloss":"as to"},{"surface":"солгал","lemma":"солгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying таков человек","gloss":"would lie","note":"чтобы + past-tense verb here has a subjunctive/purpose sense: \"the kind of man who would lie.\""}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b12-c8-s7","source":"Вот все фактические доказательства на Смердякова от этих трех лиц, слишком заинтересованных в судьбе подсудимого.","translation":"There you have all the factual proofs against Smerdyakov from these three persons, who are far too closely concerned in the defendant's fate.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слишком заинтересованных в судьбе подсудимого","title":"Passive participle as attribute","body":"«Заинтересованных» is the past passive participle of «заинтересовать» ('interested, concerned'), agreeing in the genitive plural with «лиц». «Слишком» ('too, far too') sharpens the prosecutor's insinuation that these three are biased."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вот","title":"Presentative «вот»","body":"«Вот все… доказательства» — «вот» points and presents ('there you have / here are'), a gesture-word central to spoken Russian and to this rhetorical style: it lays the evidence before the jury with a flourish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies все","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of доказательства","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"фактические","lemma":"фактический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies доказательства","gloss":"factual"},{"surface":"доказательства","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"proofs"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доказательства","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лиц","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of трех","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лиц","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"лиц","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies доказательства","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заинтересованных","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"заинтересованных","lemma":"заинтересованный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лиц","gloss":"concerned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судьбе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"судьбе","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заинтересованных","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies судьбе","gloss":"of the defendant"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b12-c8-s8","source":"И между тем обвинение на Смердякова ходило и держалось, и держится — можно этому поверить, можно это представить?»","translation":"And yet, all the same, the accusation against Smerdyakov has circulated and held its ground, and still holds it — can one believe this, can one even imagine it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ходило и держалось, и держится","title":"Aspect contrast: imperfective past then present","body":"Three imperfective verbs trace a duration: «ходило» ('circulated') and «держалось» ('held on') in the past, then «держится» in the present — the rumour kept going and still goes. The -ся on «держаться» is the middle 'hold/persist'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно этому поверить, можно это представить?","title":"Impersonal «можно» + dative","body":"«Можно» is an impersonal predicative ('it is possible / can one'); there is no nominative subject. «Поверить» governs the dative «этому» ('believe it'), while «представить» takes the accusative «это» ('imagine it') — a neat case contrast in parallel clauses."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase между тем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase между тем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ходило","gloss":"the accusation"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обвинение","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"ходило","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"circulated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"держалось","lemma":"держаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходило","gloss":"held on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"держится","lemma":"держаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходило","gloss":"still holds"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the new clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of можно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"поверить","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with можно","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of представить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"imagine"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b12-c8-s9","source":"Тут Ипполит Кириллович нашел нужным слегка очертить характер покойного Смердякова, «прекратившего жизнь свою в припадке болезненного умоисступления и помешательства».","translation":"Here Ippolit Kirillovich found it necessary to sketch in brief the character of the late Smerdyakov, \"who ended his own life in a fit of morbid mental derangement and insanity.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нашел нужным слегка очертить характер","title":"«найти нужным» + infinitive","body":"«Нашел нужным» ('found it necessary', lit. 'found [it] needful') uses the short adjective «нужным» in the instrumental as an object-predicate, then an infinitive — a fixed bookish construction for deciding to do something."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прекратившего жизнь свою в припадке","title":"Past active participle + reflexive possessive «свою»","body":"«Прекратившего» (past active participle, 'who ended') modifies «Смердякова» in the genitive. «Жизнь свою» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» — his own life — placed after the noun for rhetorical, almost euphemistic gravity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"покойного","title":"«покойный» — the late, the deceased","body":"«Покойный Смердяков» = 'the late Smerdyakov'. From «покой» ('rest, repose'), it is the standard respectful word for someone recently dead — Smerdyakov having hanged himself the day before."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нашел","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нашел","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"Кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"нашел","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"нужным","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of нашел","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"слегка","lemma":"слегка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очертить","gloss":"briefly"},{"surface":"очертить","lemma":"очертить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of нашел","gloss":"to sketch"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of очертить","gloss":"the character"},{"surface":"покойного","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Смердякова","gloss":"the late"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характер","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"},{"surface":"прекратившего","lemma":"прекратить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying Смердякова","gloss":"who had ended"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прекратившего","gloss":"his life"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking припадке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"припадке","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прекратившего","gloss":"a fit"},{"surface":"болезненного","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies умоисступления","gloss":"morbid"},{"surface":"умоисступления","lemma":"умоисступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies припадке","gloss":"mental derangement"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помешательства","lemma":"помешательство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with умоисступления","gloss":"insanity"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b12-c8-s10","source":"Он представил его человеком слабоумным, с зачатком некоторого смутного образования, сбитого с толку философскими идеями не под силу его уму и испугавшегося иных современных учений о долге и обязанности, широко преподанных ему практически — бесшабашною жизнию покойного его барина, а может быть и отца, Федора Павловича, а теоретически — разными странными философскими разговорами с старшим сыном барина, Иваном Федоровичем, охотно позволявшим себе это развлечение — вероятно, от скуки или от потребности насмешки, не нашедшей лучшего приложения.","translation":"He presented him as a feeble-minded man, with the mere rudiments of some vague education, thrown off balance by philosophical ideas beyond the strength of his mind and frightened by certain modern doctrines of duty and obligation — taught to him broadly in practice by the reckless life of his late master, and perhaps father, Fyodor Pavlovich, and theoretically by various strange philosophical conversations with the master's elder son, Ivan Fyodorovich, who willingly indulged himself in this diversion, probably out of boredom or out of a craving for mockery that had found no better outlet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"представил его человеком слабоумным","title":"Instrumental of the predicate after «представить»","body":"«Представить кого-то кем-то» ('to present someone as something') puts the predicate noun in the instrumental: «человеком слабоумным» ('as a feeble-minded man'). The adjective follows the noun, a slightly elevated order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сбитого с толку… и испугавшегося иных современных учений","title":"Chained participles condensing the portrait","body":"A dense literary chain: the past passive participle «сбитого с толку» ('thrown off balance') and the past active participle «испугавшегося» ('having taken fright at'), both agreeing with «человеком». «Испугаться» governs the genitive «учений»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"охотно позволявшим себе это развлечение","title":"Participle + reflexive «себе»","body":"«Позволявшим» (past active participle, instrumental, agreeing with «сыном») 'who allowed himself'. «Себе» is the reflexive pronoun in the dative — «позволять себе» 'to permit oneself / indulge oneself' — pointing back to Ivan as subject of the participial phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жизнию","title":"Archaic instrumental «жизнию»","body":"«Бесшабашною жизнию» shows the old bookish instrumental singular «жизнию» (modern «жизнью») of a third-declension feminine in -ь. The -ою ending on «бесшабашною» is likewise the longer, literary instrumental form."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бесшабашною","title":"«бесшабашный» — reckless, devil-may-care","body":"A vivid colloquial adjective for wild, dissolute abandon, perfectly capturing old Fyodor Pavlovich's life. The prosecutor's diction shifts between clinical compounds and earthy color like this."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of представил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"представил","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"presented"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of представил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of представил","gloss":"as a man"},{"surface":"слабоумным","lemma":"слабоумный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of представил","gloss":"feeble-minded"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зачатком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"зачатком","lemma":"зачаток","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with слабоумным","gloss":"the rudiments"},{"surface":"некоторого","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of образования","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"смутного","lemma":"смутный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies образования","gloss":"vague"},{"surface":"образования","lemma":"образование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies зачатком","gloss":"education"},{"surface":"сбитого","lemma":"сбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying его (the man)","gloss":"thrown off balance"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking толку","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"толку","lemma":"толк","morphology":"noun, partitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сбитого","gloss":"balance"},{"surface":"философскими","lemma":"философский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies идеями","gloss":"philosophical"},{"surface":"идеями","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"agent of сбитого","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не под силу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силу","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"силу","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies идеями","gloss":"the strength"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of уму","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"уму","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies силу","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"испугавшегося","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with сбитого","gloss":"frightened by"},{"surface":"иных","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies учений","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"современных","lemma":"современный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies учений","gloss":"modern"},{"surface":"учений","lemma":"учение","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of испугавшегося","gloss":"doctrines"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking долге","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"долге","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies учений","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обязанности","lemma":"обязанность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with долге","gloss":"obligation"},{"surface":"широко","lemma":"широко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies преподанных","gloss":"broadly"},{"surface":"преподанных","lemma":"преподать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, genitive, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying учений","gloss":"taught"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of преподанных","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"практически","lemma":"практически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies преподанных","gloss":"in practice"},{"surface":"бесшабашною","lemma":"бесшабашный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнию","gloss":"reckless"},{"surface":"жизнию","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent of преподанных","gloss":"by the life"},{"surface":"покойного","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies барина","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of барина","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жизнию","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with барина","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отца","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теоретически","lemma":"теоретически","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with практически","gloss":"theoretically"},{"surface":"разными","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies разговорами","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"странными","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies разговорами","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"философскими","lemma":"философский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies разговорами","gloss":"philosophical"},{"surface":"разговорами","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"agent of преподанных (elliptical), parallel to жизнию","gloss":"conversations"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сыном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"старшим","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сыном","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"сыном","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговорами","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сыном","gloss":"of the master"},{"surface":"Иваном","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сыном","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иваном","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"охотно","lemma":"охотно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позволявшим","gloss":"willingly"},{"surface":"позволявшим","lemma":"позволять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Иваном","gloss":"who indulged"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of позволявшим","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of развлечение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"развлечение","lemma":"развлечение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of позволявшим","gloss":"diversion"},{"surface":"вероятно","lemma":"вероятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying the clause","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скуки","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"скуки","lemma":"скука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"cause complement of позволявшим","gloss":"boredom"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking потребности","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"потребности","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with скуки","gloss":"a need"},{"surface":"насмешки","lemma":"насмешка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies потребности","gloss":"for mockery"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нашедшей","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нашедшей","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying потребности","gloss":"having found"},{"surface":"лучшего","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies приложения","gloss":"a better"},{"surface":"приложения","lemma":"приложение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of нашедшей","gloss":"outlet"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b12-c8-s11","source":"«Он мне сам рассказывал о своем душевном состоянии в последние дни своего пребывания в доме своего барина, — пояснил Ипполит Кириллович, — но свидетельствуют о том же и другие: сам подсудимый, брат его и даже слуга Григорий, то есть все те, которые должны были знать его весьма близко.","translation":"\"He himself told me about his state of mind during the last days of his stay in his master's house,\" Ippolit Kirillovich explained, \"but others testify to the same thing: the defendant himself, his brother, and even the servant Grigory — that is, all those who must have known him very closely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о своем душевном состоянии… в доме своего барина","title":"Reflexive «свой» tracking the subject","body":"«Своем» and «своего» both point back to the clause's subject (Smerdyakov): 'his own state of mind', 'his own master's house'. Russian uses «свой», not «его», precisely to keep the possession anchored to the speaker/subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все те, которые должны были знать его","title":"Correlative «те, которые» relative clause","body":"«Все те, которые…» ('all those who…') pairs the demonstrative «те» with the relative «которые», agreeing in the nominative plural but taking the case its own clause needs. «Должны были знать» = 'must have known'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказывал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of состоянии","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душевном","lemma":"душевный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"mental"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказывал","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дни","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies дни","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"temporal complement of рассказывал","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of пребывания","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пребывания","lemma":"пребывание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дни","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пребывания","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of барина,","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"барина,","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"master's"},{"surface":"пояснил","lemma":"пояснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical verb (attribution)","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пояснил","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович,","lemma":"Кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"свидетельствуют","lemma":"свидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the following clause","gloss":"testify"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of свидетельствуют","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies том","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of свидетельствуют","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подсудимый","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to другие","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подсудимый","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слуга","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"слуга","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подсудимый","gloss":"the servant"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to слуга","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of те","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to the preceding list","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"relative clause on те","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies близко","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"близко","lemma":"близко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знать","gloss":"closely"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b12-c8-s12","source":"Кроме того, удрученный падучею болезнию, Смердяков был „труслив как курица“.","translation":"Besides, worn down by the falling sickness, Smerdyakov was 'as timid as a hen.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"удрученный падучею болезнию","title":"Passive participle + archaic instrumental","body":"«Удрученный» ('worn down, oppressed') is a past passive participle in its short-stem attributive use, governing the instrumental «падучею болезнию» (the agent/cause). Both «-ою» and «-ию» are the longer, period-flavored instrumental endings."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"падучею болезнию","title":"«падучая болезнь» — the falling sickness","body":"The old folk-medical name for epilepsy (from «падать» 'to fall'), exactly parallel to English 'falling sickness'. Smerdyakov's epilepsy — feigned or real on the night — is the crux of the whole case; the term recurs throughout."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"труслив как курица","title":"«труслив как курица» — timid as a hen","body":"«Труслив» is the short predicate adjective of «трусливый» ('cowardly'). The simile 'cowardly as a hen' (курица, a hen) is colloquial and contemptuous — Dmitri's own coarse phrase, quoted in scare-quotes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase кроме того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase кроме того","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"удрученный","lemma":"удручить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"worn down"},{"surface":"падучею","lemma":"падучий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болезнию","gloss":"falling","note":"Archaic instrumental ending -ою (modern -ей); падучая болезнь = epilepsy."},{"surface":"болезнию","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent of удрученный","gloss":"sickness"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of труслив","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to труслив","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"труслив","lemma":"трусливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"курица","lemma":"курица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of труслив","gloss":"a hen"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b12-c8-s13","source":"„Он падал мне в ноги и целовал мои ноги, — сообщал нам сам подсудимый в ту минуту, когда еще не сознавал некоторой для себя невыгоды в таком сообщении, — это курица в падучей болезни“, — выразился он про него своим характерным языком.","translation":"'He used to fall at my feet and kiss them,' the defendant himself reported to us at a moment when he did not yet realize that there was a certain disadvantage to himself in such a report, 'he is a hen in the falling sickness,' — so he expressed himself about him in his own characteristic idiom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он падал мне в ноги и целовал мои ноги","title":"Imperfective past for habitual action","body":"«Падал» and «целовал» are imperfective pasts marking a repeated habit ('used to fall… and kiss'), not a single event. «Мне в ноги» ('at my feet') uses the dative «мне» of the affected person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда еще не сознавал некоторой… невыгоды","title":"Genitive of negation with «не сознавал»","body":"Negated «не сознавал» ('did not yet realize') pulls its object «некоторой невыгоды» into the genitive — the genitive of negation, common with abstract objects like 'a certain disadvantage'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"своим характерным языком","title":"«язык» — idiom, manner of speech","body":"Here «язык» (literally 'tongue/language') means a person's characteristic way of talking. The prosecutor flags Dmitri's coarse, vivid phrasing ('a hen in the falling sickness') as a signature of his temperament."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of падал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"падал","lemma":"падать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"used to fall"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of падал","gloss":"to me","note":"падал мне в ноги is idiomatic \"fell at my feet\"; мне is literally \"to me.\""},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of падал","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"целовал","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with падал","gloss":"used to kiss"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of ноги,","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ноги,","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of целовал","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"сообщал","lemma":"сообщать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reported"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"нам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сообщал","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подсудимый","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сообщал","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сообщал","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сознавал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознавал","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сознавал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сознавал","lemma":"сознавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on минуту","gloss":"realized"},{"surface":"некоторой","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of невыгоды","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of невыгоды","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"невыгоды","lemma":"невыгода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сознавал","gloss":"disadvantage"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сообщении,","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сообщении,","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"сообщении,","lemma":"сообщение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сознавал","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of курица","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"курица","lemma":"курица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"nominal predicate with это","gloss":"hen"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking падучей","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болезни","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"болезни“,","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies курица","gloss":"sickness"},{"surface":"выразился","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сообщал","gloss":"expressed himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выразился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выразился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of языком","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"характерным","lemma":"характерный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies языком","gloss":"characteristic"},{"surface":"языком","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выразился","gloss":"idiom"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b12-c8-s14","source":"И вот его-то подсудимый (о чем и сам свидетельствует) выбирает в свои доверенные и запугивает настолько, что тот соглашается наконец служить ему шпионом и переносчиком.","translation":"And it is precisely this man whom the defendant (as he himself testifies) chooses as one of his confidants and intimidates so thoroughly that he at last agrees to serve him as a spy and informer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его-то подсудимый… выбирает","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» and historic present","body":"«Его-то» fronts the object with the emphatic particle «-то» ('this very man'), throwing rhetorical weight onto Smerdyakov. «Выбирает» and «запугивает» are again historic presents reenacting the past."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"запугивает настолько, что тот соглашается","title":"Result clause «настолько, что»","body":"«Настолько… что» ('so [much] that') opens a result clause. «Тот» ('that one') refers back to Smerdyakov, the way Russian uses «тот» to track a non-subject referent across the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies его","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выбирает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic particle attached to его","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выбирает","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of свидетельствует","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the implied subject of свидетельствует","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"свидетельствует","lemma":"свидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying подсудимый","gloss":"testifies"},{"surface":"выбирает","lemma":"выбирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"chooses"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доверенные","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of доверенные","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"доверенные","lemma":"доверенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of выбирает","gloss":"confidants"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"запугивает","lemma":"запугивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выбирает","gloss":"intimidates"},{"surface":"настолько","lemma":"настолько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запугивает","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of соглашается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of соглашается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"соглашается","lemma":"соглашаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"result clause of запугивает","gloss":"agrees"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соглашается","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"служить","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of соглашается","gloss":"to serve"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of служить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"шпионом","lemma":"шпион","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of служить","gloss":"spy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"переносчиком","lemma":"переносчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with шпионом","gloss":"informer"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b12-c8-s15","source":"В этом качестве домашнего соглядатая он изменяет своему барину, сообщает подсудимому и о существовании пакета с деньгами, и про знаки, по которым можно проникнуть к барину, — да и как бы он мог не сообщить!","translation":"In this capacity of household watcher he betrays his master, telling the defendant both about the existence of the packet of money and about the signals by which one could get in to the master — and indeed, how could he have failed to tell him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и о существовании пакета… и про знаки","title":"Paired «и… и» with two prepositions","body":"The correlative «и… и» ('both… and') links two objects, each with its own preposition: «о существовании» (о + prepositional, 'about the existence') and «про знаки» (про + accusative, 'about the signals'). «Про» is the more colloquial 'about'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы он мог не сообщить!","title":"Rhetorical «как бы… мог» with бы","body":"«Как бы он мог не сообщить!» ('how could he have failed to tell!') is a rhetorical exclamation built on the conditional particle «бы» plus past «мог» — the irrealis used for indignant rhetorical questions."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"соглядатая","title":"«соглядатай» — a spy, a watcher","body":"A bookish, slightly Biblical word for a secret observer or spy (used in Church Slavonic of the spies sent into Canaan). It elevates and darkens the picture of Smerdyakov informing on his master."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking качестве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of качестве","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"качестве","lemma":"качество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of изменяет","gloss":"capacity"},{"surface":"домашнего","lemma":"домашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies соглядатая","gloss":"household"},{"surface":"соглядатая","lemma":"соглядатай","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies качестве","gloss":"watcher"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изменяет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"изменяет","lemma":"изменять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"betrays"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of барину","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"барину","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of изменяет","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"сообщает","lemma":"сообщать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with изменяет","gloss":"tells"},{"surface":"подсудимому","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщает","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking существовании","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"существовании","lemma":"существование","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сообщает","gloss":"existence"},{"surface":"пакета","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies существовании","gloss":"packet"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies пакета","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знаки","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with существовании","gloss":"signals"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of можно","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"relative clause on знаки","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"проникнуть","lemma":"проникнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"get in"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барину,","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"барину,","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проникнуть","gloss":"the master"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"head of the rhetorical exclamation","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сообщить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сообщить","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"tell"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b12-c8-s16","source":"„Убьют-с, видел прямо, что убьют меня-с“, — говорил он на следствии, трясясь и трепеща даже перед нами, несмотря на то, что запугавший его мучитель был уже сам тогда под арестом и не мог уже прийти наказать его.","translation":"'He'll kill me, sir, I saw plainly that he'd kill me, sir,' he said at the inquiry, trembling and quivering even in our presence, despite the fact that the tormentor who had so frightened him was by then himself under arrest and could no longer come to punish him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Убьют-с","title":"The deferential particle «-с»","body":"In Smerdyakov's quoted speech («Убьют-с», and later «сообщать им всякую тайну-с») the little suffix «-с» is tacked onto words. It is a contraction of «сударь» ('sir') and was added by servants and social inferiors to sound humble and deferential. It has no real English equivalent — we render it loosely with a tacked-on 'sir' — but for a learner it is a vivid marker of a speaker's low, cringing social position."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Убьют-с… что убьют меня-с","title":"Subjectless 3rd-plural for an unnamed agent","body":"«Убьют» ('they'll kill') is a bare 3rd-person plural with no stated subject — a common Russian way to mean 'someone will kill / I'll be killed', here Smerdyakov's fearful evasion of naming Dmitri outright."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"трясясь и трепеща даже перед нами","title":"Two present gerunds of attendant circumstance","body":"«Трясясь» (from «трястись») and «трепеща» (from «трепетать») are imperfective present gerunds ('trembling and quivering'), describing Smerdyakov's manner simultaneous with «говорил». The gerund must share the main subject — and here it vividly does."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"запугавший его мучитель","title":"Past active participle as a compact relative","body":"«Запугавший его мучитель» = 'the tormentor who had frightened him', packing a который-clause into the participle «запугавший» (from «запугать»). It agrees with «мучитель» in the nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Убьют","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"will kill"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, honorific","role":"honorific particle attached to Убьют","gloss":"sir","note":"the archaic deferential suffix \"-с\" (short for сударь), added to sound servile/polite."},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убьют","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убьют","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видел","gloss":"will kill"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убьют","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"с“,","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, honorific","role":"honorific particle attached to меня","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking следствии","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"следствии","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"the inquiry"},{"surface":"трясясь","lemma":"трястись","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорил","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"трепеща","lemma":"трепетать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with трясясь","gloss":"quivering"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies перед нами","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of трясясь","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of несмотря","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"запугавший","lemma":"запугать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying мучитель","gloss":"who had frightened"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of запугавший","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мучитель","lemma":"мучитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"tormentor"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to арестом","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мучитель","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking арестом","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"арестом","lemma":"арест","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"arrest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прийти","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"наказать","lemma":"наказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of прийти","gloss":"punish"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of наказать","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b12-c8-s17","source":"„Подозревали меня всякую минуту-с, сам в страхе и трепете, чтобы только их гнев утолить, спешил сообщать им всякую тайну-с, чтобы тем самым невинность мою перед ними видеть могли-с и живого на покаяние отпустили-с“.","translation":"'They suspected me every minute, sir; in terror and trembling myself, only to soothe their wrath I would hurry to report every secret to them, sir, so that they might see my innocence before them and let me go alive to do penance, sir.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы… их гнев утолить… чтобы… видеть могли-с","title":"Purpose clauses with «чтобы»","body":"Twice «чтобы» opens a purpose clause: 'in order to soothe their wrath', 'so that they might see'. With a different subject «чтобы» takes a past-form or modal verb («могли»), the willed/hypothetical mood."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подозревали меня всякую минуту-с","title":"Subjectless 3rd-plural again","body":"«Подозревали меня» — 'they suspected me' with no named subject, the impersonal-plural used when the agent is vague or feared. The accusative «всякую минуту» ('every minute') marks duration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"их гнев утолить… на покаяние отпустили","title":"Servile, half-pious diction","body":"Smerdyakov's plea mixes deferential «-с» with churchly vocabulary: «гнев» ('wrath'), «утолить» (to assuage), «покаяние» ('repentance, penance'). The pious coloring — 'let me go alive to do penance' — marks his cringing, superstitious register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подозревали","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suspected"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Подозревали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всякую","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of Подозревали","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, honorific","role":"honorific particle attached to минуту","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the elided subject (Smerdyakov)","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страхе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страхе","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сам","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"трепете","lemma":"трепет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with страхе","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of утолить","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утолить","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of гнев","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"гнев","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of утолить","gloss":"wrath"},{"surface":"утолить","lemma":"утолить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying спешил","gloss":"to soothe"},{"surface":"спешил","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"hastened"},{"surface":"сообщать","lemma":"сообщать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of спешил","gloss":"to report"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сообщать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"всякую","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тайну","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"тайну","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сообщать","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, honorific","role":"honorific particle attached to тайну","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могли","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase тем самым","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase тем самым","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"невинность","lemma":"невинность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"innocence"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of невинность","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of видеть","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the purpose clause, coordinated with отпустили","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, honorific","role":"honorific particle attached to могли","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"живого","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the elided object (меня) of отпустили","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking покаяние","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"покаяние","lemma":"покаяние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отпустили","gloss":"penance"},{"surface":"отпустили","lemma":"отпустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with могли","gloss":"let go"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, honorific","role":"honorific particle attached to отпустили","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b12-c8-s18","source":"Вот собственные слова его, я их записал и запомнил: „Как закричит, бывало, на меня, я так на коленки перед ними и паду“.","translation":"These are his own words; I wrote them down and remember them: 'When he would start shouting at me, I'd just drop to my knees before him.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как закричит, бывало, на меня","title":"«бывало» + perfective present for habit","body":"The little word «бывало» ('used to, would') turns a perfective present «закричит» into a vivid iterative: 'whenever he would start shouting'. This habitual-iterative «бывало» construction is a hallmark of folksy past-tense narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я так на коленки перед ними и паду","title":"Emphatic «так… и» + perfective present","body":"«Так… и паду» ('I'd just drop right down') uses the «так… и» frame for an immediate, characteristic reaction; «паду» is the perfective present (future-form) used iteratively after «бывало». «Коленки» is the homely diminutive of «колени» (knees)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"here are"},{"surface":"собственные","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"predicate noun with Вот","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of записал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of записал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"записал","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"запомнил","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with записал","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of закричит","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"закричит","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause, modified by бывало","gloss":"would shout"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"habitual particle modifying закричит","gloss":"used to"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of закричит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of паду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies паду","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленки","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"коленки","lemma":"коленка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of паду","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of паду","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"паду","lemma":"пасть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закричит","gloss":"drop"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b12-c8-s19","source":"Будучи высокочестным от природы своей молодым человеком и войдя тем в доверенность своего барина, отличившего в нем эту честность, когда тот возвратил ему потерянные им деньги, несчастный Смердяков, надо думать, страшно мучился раскаянием в измене своему барину, которого любил как своего благодетеля.","translation":"A young man high-minded by nature, who had thereby won his master's trust — the master having marked that honesty in him when the fellow returned to him the money he had lost — the unhappy Smerdyakov, one must suppose, was tormented dreadfully by remorse at having betrayed the master whom he loved as his benefactor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будучи высокочестным… молодым человеком и войдя тем в доверенность","title":"Present and past gerunds opening the sentence","body":"«Будучи» (the present gerund of «быть», 'being') and «войдя» (the perfective past gerund of «войти», 'having entered into') stack two adverbial participles before the main clause — a richly literary, period-typical opening. «Высокочестным… человеком» is instrumental after «будучи»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отличившего в нем эту честность, когда тот возвратил ему потерянные им деньги","title":"Participle nested with a relative-like «тот»","body":"«Отличившего» (past active participle, 'who had noted') modifies «барина». Inside, «тот» refers to Smerdyakov and «потерянные им деньги» uses a past passive participle ('the money lost by him', instrumental agent «им»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого любил как своего благодетеля","title":"Relative «которого» + reflexive «своего»","body":"«Которого» (the relative, accusative animate = genitive form) 'whom he loved'. «Своего благодетеля» ('his own benefactor') uses «свой» to keep the benefactor bound to Smerdyakov, the subject of love."}],"words":[{"surface":"Будучи","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"copula linking to высокочестным","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"высокочестным","lemma":"высокочестный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying человеком","gloss":"high-minded"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking природы","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"природы","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of высокочестным","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of природы","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"молодым","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun with Будучи","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"войдя","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with Будучи","gloss":"having gained"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of войдя","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доверенность","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"доверенность","lemma":"доверенность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войдя","gloss":"trust"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of барина","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доверенность","gloss":"master's"},{"surface":"отличившего","lemma":"отличить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying барина","gloss":"who had marked"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отличившего","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of честность","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"честность","lemma":"честность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отличившего","gloss":"honesty"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возвратил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возвратил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"возвратил","lemma":"возвратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отличившего","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of возвратил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"потерянные","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying деньги","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of потерянные","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of возвратил","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"несчастный","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мучился","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the parenthetical phrase","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучился","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"мучился","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was tormented"},{"surface":"раскаянием","lemma":"раскаяние","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучился","gloss":"remorse"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking измене","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"измене","lemma":"измена","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раскаянием","gloss":"betrayal"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of барину","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"барину","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of измене","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on барину","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking благодетеля","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of благодетеля","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"благодетеля","lemma":"благодетель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любил","gloss":"benefactor"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b12-c8-s20","source":"Сильно страдающие от падучей болезни, по свидетельству глубочайших психиатров, всегда наклонны к беспрерывному и, конечно, болезненному самообвинению.","translation":"Those who suffer severely from the falling sickness are, on the testimony of the most profound psychiatrists, always inclined toward an incessant and, of course, morbid self-accusation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сильно страдающие от падучей болезни… всегда наклонны","title":"Substantivized present active participle as subject","body":"«Страдающие» (present active participle of «страдать», 'suffering') stands as a noun — 'those who suffer' — and is the sentence's subject. «Наклонны» is the short predicate adjective ('inclined'), agreeing in number."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страдающие","gloss":"severely"},{"surface":"страдающие","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"subject of наклонны","gloss":"those suffering"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болезни","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of страдающие","gloss":"sickness"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидетельству","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"свидетельству","lemma":"свидетельство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies наклонны","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"глубочайших","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural, superlative","role":"modifies психиатров","gloss":"most profound"},{"surface":"психиатров","lemma":"психиатр","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies свидетельству","gloss":"psychiatrists"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наклонны","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"наклонны","lemma":"наклонный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"inclined"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспрерывному","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"беспрерывному","lemma":"беспрерывный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наклонны","gloss":"incessant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying болезненному","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"болезненному","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies самообвинению","gloss":"morbid"},{"surface":"самообвинению","lemma":"самообвинение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of наклонны","gloss":"self-accusation"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b12-c8-s21","source":"Они мучаются от своей „виновности“ в чем-то и перед кем-то, мучаются угрызениями совести, часто, даже безо всякого основания, преувеличивают и даже сами выдумывают на себя разные вины и преступления.","translation":"They torment themselves over their 'guilt' in something and before someone, they are tormented by pangs of conscience, often, even without any grounds whatsoever, they exaggerate and even invent against themselves various sins and crimes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мучаются от своей „виновности“… выдумывают на себя разные вины","title":"Reflexive «-ся» and reflexive «себя» together","body":"«Мучаются» (from «мучиться», the -ся middle 'to torment oneself / be tormented') and «выдумывают на себя» ('invent against themselves') both turn the action back on the subject — one by the verbal clitic, one by the full pronoun «себя»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в чем-то и перед кем-то","title":"Indefinite «-то»: a specific-but-unknown something","body":"«Чем-то» and «кем-то» ('in something', 'before someone') carry the suffix «-то» marking a definite-but-unidentified referent — they feel guilty of some real thing toward some real person, though neither is named."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of мучаются","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"мучаются","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"torment themselves"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виновности","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of виновности","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"виновности","lemma":"виновность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучаются","gloss":"guilt"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of мучаются","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"indefinite particle attached to чем","gloss":"some","note":"\"-то\" attached to чем/кем forms the indefinite \"something/someone,\" like English \"-ever\" in \"whatever.\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of мучаются","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"indefinite particle attached to кем","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"мучаются","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мучаются","gloss":"are tormented"},{"surface":"угрызениями","lemma":"угрызение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of мучаются","gloss":"pangs"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies угрызениями","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies преувеличивают","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies безо","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking основания","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of основания","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"основания","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies преувеличивают","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"преувеличивают","lemma":"преувеличивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мучаются","gloss":"exaggerate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сами","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"clause modifying выдумывают","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"выдумывают","lemma":"выдумывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with преувеличивают","gloss":"invent"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of выдумывают","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"разные","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies вины","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"вины","lemma":"вина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of выдумывают","gloss":"faults"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"преступления","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with вины","gloss":"crimes"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b12-c8-s22","source":"И вот подобный-то субъект становится действительно виновным и преступным от страху и от запугивания.","translation":"And now a man of just this sort actually becomes guilty and criminal out of fright and out of intimidation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подобный-то субъект становится действительно виновным","title":"Instrumental predicate after «становиться»","body":"«Становится виновным и преступным» — «становиться» ('to become') takes its predicate adjectives in the instrumental. The emphatic «-то» on «подобный-то» ('a man of just this sort') sharpens the irony."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"от страху","title":"Partitive/causal «от страху»","body":"«От страху» ('out of fright') shows the old genitive in -у (instead of «страха») surviving in fixed causal phrases. «От» + genitive of an emotion ('out of fear, out of boredom') is the standard way to name a motive."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies субъект","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"подобный","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies субъект","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic particle attached to подобный","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"субъект","lemma":"субъект","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of становится","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"становится","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"becomes"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виновным","gloss":"actually"},{"surface":"виновным","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of становится","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"преступным","lemma":"преступный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with виновным","gloss":"criminal"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страху","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"страху","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of становится","gloss":"fright"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking запугивания","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"запугивания","lemma":"запугивание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with страху","gloss":"intimidation"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b12-c8-s23","source":"Кроме того, он сильно предчувствовал, что из слагающихся на глазах его обстоятельств может выйти нечто недоброе.","translation":"Besides, he had a strong foreboding that something untoward might come of the circumstances taking shape before his eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из слагающихся на глазах его обстоятельств","title":"Present active participle + «из» genitive","body":"«Слагающихся» is a present active participle with -ся ('taking shape, forming'), genitive plural agreeing with «обстоятельств» after «из». «На глазах его» — 'before his eyes', the genitive «его» following the noun in elevated order."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нечто недоброе","title":"«нечто недоброе» — something untoward","body":"«Нечто» is a bookish indefinite 'something'; «недоброе» ('un-good, ill, untoward') is the neuter substantivized adjective. The pair has an ominous, literary ring — 'something ill might come of it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase Кроме","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предчувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предчувствовал","gloss":"strongly"},{"surface":"предчувствовал","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had a foreboding"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обстоятельств","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"слагающихся","lemma":"слагаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies обстоятельств","gloss":"taking shape"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of слагающихся","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глазах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"обстоятельств","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition из","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, governs выйти","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of выйти","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"недоброе","lemma":"недобрый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"untoward"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b12-c8-s24","source":"Когда старший сын Федора Павловича, Иван Федорович, перед самою катастрофой уезжал в Москву, Смердяков умолял его остаться, не смея, однако же, по трусливому обычаю своему, высказать ему все опасения свои в виде ясном и категорическом.","translation":"When Fyodor Pavlovich's elder son, Ivan Fyodorovich, was leaving for Moscow just before the catastrophe, Smerdyakov begged him to stay, not daring, however — in keeping with his timorous habit — to lay out for him all his apprehensions in a clear and definite form.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уезжал в Москву, Смердяков умолял его остаться","title":"Imperfective past for the background scene","body":"Both «уезжал» ('was leaving') and «умолял» ('kept begging') are imperfective pasts, setting an ongoing background — Ivan in the act of departing while Smerdyakov repeatedly pleads. «В Москву» is accusative of motion-toward."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не смея… высказать ему все опасения свои","title":"Negated present gerund «не смея»","body":"«Не смея» ('not daring') is the present gerund of «сметь», negated, describing Smerdyakov's manner as he begged. «Свои» ('his own', reflexive possessive) follows «опасения» for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уезжал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"старший","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уезжал","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich's"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сын","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking самою","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"самою","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies катастрофой","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"катастрофой","lemma":"катастрофа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition перед","gloss":"catastrophe"},{"surface":"уезжал","lemma":"уезжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on умолял","gloss":"was leaving"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уезжал","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умолял","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"умолял","lemma":"умолять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of умолял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"остаться","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умолял","gloss":"to stay"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смея","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смея","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on умолял","gloss":"daring"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies смея","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"though","note":"particle reinforcing 'однако'; together 'однако же' = 'however'."},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обычаю","gloss":"in keeping with"},{"surface":"трусливому","lemma":"трусливый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обычаю","gloss":"timorous"},{"surface":"обычаю","lemma":"обычай","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition по","gloss":"habit"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of обычаю","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"высказать","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смея","gloss":"to lay out"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of высказать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of опасения","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"опасения","lemma":"опасение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of высказать","gloss":"apprehensions"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of опасения","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"ясном","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"категорическом","lemma":"категорический","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ясном","gloss":"definite"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b12-c8-s25","source":"Он лишь удовольствовался намеками, но намеков не поняли.","translation":"He contented himself merely with hints, but the hints were not understood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"удовольствовался намеками, но намеков не поняли","title":"Instrumental object, then genitive of negation","body":"«Удовольствоваться» ('to content oneself with') governs the instrumental «намеками». In the second clause the subjectless «не поняли» ('they didn't understand') drives «намеков» into the genitive of negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удовольствовался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удовольствовался","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"удовольствовался","lemma":"удовольствоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"contented himself"},{"surface":"намеками","lemma":"намёк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of удовольствовался","gloss":"with hints"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"намеков","lemma":"намёк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of поняли","gloss":"the hints"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поняли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поняли","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with удовольствовался","gloss":"understood"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b12-c8-s26","source":"Надо заметить, что в Иване Федоровиче он видел как бы свою защиту, как бы гарантию в том, что пока тот дома, то не случится беды.","translation":"It must be noted that in Ivan Fyodorovich he saw, as it were, his protection, a kind of guarantee that while the man was at home no calamity would occur.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"видел как бы свою защиту, как бы гарантию","title":"Hedging «как бы»","body":"«Как бы» ('as it were, a kind of') softens the assertion twice — Smerdyakov saw in Ivan 'something like his protection'. This hedging «как бы» (not the conditional) is a frequent narrative qualifier in Dostoevsky."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что пока тот дома, то не случится беды","title":"«пока» clause + genitive of negation","body":"«Пока тот дома» ('while that one is at home') uses «пока» ('while') with the subordinate subject «тот» (Ivan). «Не случится беды» — negated «случиться» takes the subject «беды» in the genitive ('no calamity would occur')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"заметить","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иване","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Иване","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровиче","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иване","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заметить","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies защиту, part of idiom как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of защиту","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"защиту","lemma":"защита","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"protection"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гарантию, part of idiom как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"гарантию","lemma":"гарантия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with защиту","gloss":"guarantee"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в, anticipates что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of случится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дома","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дома","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of пока-clause, modifies случится","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of случится","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"случится","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"would occur"},{"surface":"беды","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of случится","gloss":"calamity"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b12-c8-s27","source":"Вспомните выражение в „пьяном“ письме Дмитрия Карамазова: „Убью старика, если только уедет Иван“; стало быть, присутствие Ивана Федоровича казалось всем как бы гарантией тишины и порядка в доме.","translation":"Recall the phrase in Dmitri Karamazov's 'drunken' letter: 'I'll kill the old man, the moment Ivan leaves'; so the presence of Ivan Fyodorovich seemed to everyone, as it were, a guarantee of quiet and order in the house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Убью старика, если только уедет Иван","title":"Perfective futures in a real condition","body":"Dmitri's threat pairs two perfective futures: «убью» ('I'll kill') and «уедет» ('leaves / will leave'). A real (non-irrealis) «если» condition uses the future indicative, not «бы» — 'I'll kill him the moment Ivan goes'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стало быть","title":"Inferential «стало быть»","body":"«Стало быть» ('so, therefore, consequently') is a fixed inferential connector — literally 'it has come to be' — that the prosecutor uses as a logical hinge again and again. It is slightly old-fashioned and deliberative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вспомните","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recall"},{"surface":"выражение","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Вспомните","gloss":"phrase"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пьяном","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письме","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"письме","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Вспомните","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies письме","gloss":"Dmitri's"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Karamazov's"},{"surface":"Убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I'll kill"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Убью","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уедет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уедет","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"уедет","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on Убью","gloss":"leaves"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уедет","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"introduces the clause of казалось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"присутствие","lemma":"присутствие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of казалось","gloss":"presence"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies присутствие","gloss":"Ivan's"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich's"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause following стало быть","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of казалось","gloss":"to everyone"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гарантией, part of idiom как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"гарантией","lemma":"гарантия","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of казалось","gloss":"a guarantee"},{"surface":"тишины","lemma":"тишина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гарантией","gloss":"of quiet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"порядка","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with тишины","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гарантией","gloss":"the house"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b12-c8-s28","source":"И вот он-то и уезжает, а Смердяков тотчас же, почти через час по отъезде молодого барина, упадает в падучей болезни.","translation":"And so he goes off, and Smerdyakov at once, almost within an hour of the young master's departure, is struck down by the falling sickness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И вот он-то и уезжает… упадает в падучей болезни","title":"Emphatic «он-то и» + historic present","body":"«Он-то и уезжает» heaps the emphatic «-то» and the focusing «и» on the subject ('and so he, precisely he, goes off'). The historic presents «уезжает» and «упадает» dramatize the sequence as if unfolding now."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти через час по отъезде молодого барина","title":"«по» + prepositional meaning 'after'","body":"«По отъезде» ('after the departure') is the bookish «по» + prepositional sense 'upon/after', distinct from its usual dative. «Через час» ('within an hour') uses «через» + accusative for elapsed time."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уезжает","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уезжает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes он","gloss":"indeed","note":"enclitic -то adds emphasis to он; not separately translatable."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уезжает","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уезжает","lemma":"уезжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goes off"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of упадает","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упадает","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies час","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition через, modifies упадает","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отъезде","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"отъезде","lemma":"отъезд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition по, modifies упадает","gloss":"departure"},{"surface":"молодого","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies барина","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отъезде","gloss":"master's"},{"surface":"упадает","lemma":"упадать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"is struck down"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болезни","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"sickness"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b12-c8-s29","source":"Но это совершенно понятно.","translation":"But this is entirely understandable.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но это совершенно понятно","title":"Zero-copula predicate with short adjective","body":"A bare present-tense statement with no verb 'to be': «это… понятно» ('this [is] understandable'). «Понятно» is a short-form/neuter predicate, the normal way Russian states a present-tense quality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of понятно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понятно","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"понятно","lemma":"понятный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, modifies это","gloss":"understandable"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b12-c8-s30","source":"Здесь надо упомянуть, что, удрученный страхами и своего рода отчаянием, Смердяков в последние дни особенно ощущал в себе возможность приближения припадков падучей, которая и прежде всегда случалась с ним в минуты нравственного напряжения и потрясения.","translation":"Here it must be mentioned that, weighed down by fears and by a kind of despair, Smerdyakov in those last days felt with special keenness within himself the possibility that a fit of the falling sickness was approaching — a fit which even before had always come upon him in moments of moral strain and shock.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"удрученный страхами… ощущал в себе возможность приближения припадков","title":"Stacked genitives in a bookish noun chain","body":"«Возможность приближения припадков падучей» is a chain of dependent genitives ('the possibility of the approach of fits of the falling sickness') — the dense nominal style of formal Russian. «Удрученный страхами» (passive participle + instrumental) opens it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которая… всегда случалась с ним в минуты нравственного напряжения","title":"Relative «которая» with imperfective for habit","body":"«Которая» (relative, feminine nominative, agreeing with «падучей») heads a clause whose imperfective «случалась» ('used to happen') marks the recurring pattern of the fits coming at moments of strain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"упомянуть","lemma":"упомянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"mention"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ощущал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"удрученный","lemma":"удручить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"weighed down"},{"surface":"страхами","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"agent of удрученный","gloss":"by fears"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рода","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"рода","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отчаянием","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"отчаянием","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with страхами","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ощущал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies дни","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ощущал","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ощущал","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"ощущал","lemma":"ощущать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of упомянуть","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of ощущал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"возможность","lemma":"возможность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ощущал","gloss":"possibility"},{"surface":"приближения","lemma":"приближение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies возможность","gloss":"approach"},{"surface":"припадков","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies приближения","gloss":"of fits"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies припадков","gloss":"of the falling sickness"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of случалась","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случалась","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случалась","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"случалась","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on падучей","gloss":"had occurred"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случалась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of случалась","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"нравственного","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies напряжения","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"напряжения","lemma":"напряжение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"strain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потрясения","lemma":"потрясение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with напряжения","gloss":"shock"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b12-c8-s31","source":"День и час этих припадков угадать, конечно, нельзя, но расположение к припадку каждый эпилептик ощутить в себе может заранее.","translation":"The day and the hour of these fits cannot, of course, be foretold, but the predisposition to a fit every epileptic can feel within himself beforehand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"угадать, конечно, нельзя… ощутить в себе может","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» vs personal «может»","body":"«Нельзя» ('it is impossible / one cannot') is an impersonal predicative with no subject — 'cannot be foretold'. By contrast «каждый эпилептик… может» has a real nominative subject. Both pair with a perfective infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"расположение к припадку каждый эпилептик ощутить в себе может заранее","title":"Object-first word order","body":"The object «расположение к припадку» ('the predisposition to a fit') is fronted before the subject «каждый эпилептик» for topic emphasis — the cases keep the roles clear despite the inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"День","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of угадать (fronted)","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with День","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of припадков","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"припадков","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies час","gloss":"fits"},{"surface":"угадать","lemma":"угадать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of нельзя","gloss":"foretell"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"расположение","lemma":"расположение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ощутить (fronted)","gloss":"predisposition"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking припадку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"припадку","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies расположение","gloss":"a fit"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of эпилептик","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"эпилептик","lemma":"эпилептик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ощутить","gloss":"epileptic"},{"surface":"ощутить","lemma":"ощутить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of ощутить","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with нельзя","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"beforehand"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b12-c8-s32","source":"Так говорит медицина.","translation":"So medicine tells us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так говорит медицина","title":"Personified subject, comment-first","body":"«Так говорит медицина» ('thus speaks medicine') fronts the adverb «так» as the link to the previous claim, leaving the subject «медицина» in final, emphatic position. A crisp, almost aphoristic close to the medical digression."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"медицина","lemma":"медицина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"medicine"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b12-c8-s33","source":"И вот только что съезжает со двора Иван Федорович, как Смердяков, под впечатлением своего, так сказать, сиротства и своей беззащитности, идет за домашним делом в погреб, спускается вниз по лестнице и думает: „Будет или не будет припадок, а что, коль сейчас придет?“","translation":"And so, the moment Ivan Fyodorovich drives out of the yard, Smerdyakov, under the impression of his — so to speak — orphanhood and his defenselessness, goes down to the cellar on a household errand, descends the stairs, and thinks: 'Will the fit come or won't it, and what if it comes right now?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что съезжает со двора Иван Федорович, как Смердяков… идет","title":"«только что… как» — the moment X, then Y","body":"«Только что… как» ('the very moment X, then Y') links two near-simultaneous events, both in the historic present («съезжает», «идет», «спускается»), keeping the scene urgent and immediate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будет или не будет припадок, а что, коль сейчас придет?","title":"Compound future of «быть» + folksy «коль»","body":"«Будет… припадок» is the existential future of «быть» ('will there be a fit'). «Коль» is a colloquial, archaic-tinged variant of «если» ('if'), and «придет» a perfective future — Smerdyakov's anxious inner question."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of съезжает","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"съезжает","lemma":"съезжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on идет","gloss":"drives out"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двора","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"двора","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of съезжает","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of съезжает","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of идет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of идет","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking впечатлением","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"впечатлением","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies идет","gloss":"the impression"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сиротства","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"сиротства","lemma":"сиротство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатлением","gloss":"orphanhood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of беззащитности","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"беззащитности","lemma":"беззащитность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сиротства","gloss":"defenselessness"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делом","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"домашним","lemma":"домашний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies делом","gloss":"a household"},{"surface":"делом","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of идет","gloss":"errand"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking погреб","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"погреб","lemma":"погреб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идет","gloss":"the cellar"},{"surface":"спускается","lemma":"спускаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with идет","gloss":"descends"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спускается","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лестнице","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"лестнице","lemma":"лестница","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спускается","gloss":"the stairs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"думает","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спускается","gloss":"thinks"},{"surface":"Будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"will [it] come"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Будет","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"припадок","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"the fit"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the коль-clause, modifies что","gloss":"comes"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b12-c8-s34","source":"И вот именно от этого настроения, от этой мнительности, от этих вопросов и схватывает его горловая спазма, всегда предшествующая падучей, и он летит стремглав без сознания на дно погреба.","translation":"And it is precisely from this mood, from this apprehensiveness, from these very questions that the spasm in the throat — which always precedes the falling sickness — seizes him, and he plunges headlong, unconscious, to the bottom of the cellar.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от этого настроения, от этой мнительности, от этих вопросов","title":"Anaphoric «от… от… от» tricolon","body":"Three parallel «от» + genitive phrases ('from this mood, from this apprehensiveness, from these questions') name the cause in a rhetorical tricolon — «от» + genitive being the standard way to express 'out of / because of'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"горловая спазма, всегда предшествующая падучей","title":"Present active participle + dative object","body":"«Предшествующая» (present active participle, 'preceding') agrees with «спазма» and governs the dative «падучей» — «предшествовать чему» takes the dative ('precedes the falling sickness')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"летит стремглав","title":"«стремглав» — headlong","body":"«Стремглав» is an expressive adverb meaning 'headlong, head over heels'. Paired with «летит» ('flies, plunges') it renders Smerdyakov's fall into the cellar with violent immediacy."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies именно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies настроения","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking настроения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of настроения","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"настроения","lemma":"настроение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватывает","gloss":"mood"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мнительности","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мнительности","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мнительности","lemma":"мнительность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with настроения","gloss":"apprehensiveness"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of вопросов","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"вопросов","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with настроения","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the от-phrases to схватывает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"схватывает","lemma":"схватывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seizes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватывает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"горловая","lemma":"горловой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies спазма","gloss":"throat"},{"surface":"спазма","lemma":"спазма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of схватывает","gloss":"spasm"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предшествующая","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"предшествующая","lemma":"предшествовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying спазма","gloss":"preceding"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предшествующая","gloss":"the falling sickness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of летит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"летит","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with схватывает","gloss":"plunges"},{"surface":"стремглав","lemma":"стремглав","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies летит","gloss":"headlong"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сознания","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сознания","lemma":"сознание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of летит","gloss":"consciousness"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дно","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дно","lemma":"дно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of летит","gloss":"the bottom"},{"surface":"погреба","lemma":"погреб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дно","gloss":"of the cellar"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b12-c8-s35","source":"И вот, в этой самой естественной случайности ухищряются видеть какое-то подозрение, какое-то указание, какой-то намек на то, что он ''нарочно'' притворился больным!","translation":"And now in this most natural of accidents they contrive to see some sort of suspicion, some sort of indication, some sort of hint that he had ''deliberately'' feigned illness!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ухищряются видеть какое-то подозрение, какое-то указание, какой-то намек","title":"Subjectless 3rd-plural + indefinite «-то»","body":"«Ухищряются видеть» ('they contrive to see', the -ся verb «ухищряться») has no named subject — the impersonal 'they' of the rumor-mongers. The triple «какое-то… какой-то» ('some sort of') uses «-то» for a vague, unspecified something."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нарочно","title":"«нарочно» — on purpose, deliberately","body":"Set in scare-quotes, «нарочно» ('deliberately, on purpose') is the hinge word of the prosecution's challenge: did Smerdyakov fake his seizure on purpose? The emphasis quotes the defense's own claim back at it."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ухищряются","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случайности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of случайности","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies естественной","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"естественной","lemma":"естественный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies случайности","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"случайности","lemma":"случайность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ухищряются","gloss":"accident"},{"surface":"ухищряются","lemma":"ухищряться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"contrive"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of ухищряются","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of подозрение","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms какое-то with какое","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"подозрение","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"suspicion"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of указание","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms какое-то with какое","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"указание","lemma":"указание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with подозрение","gloss":"indication"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of намек","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms какой-то with какой","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"намек","lemma":"намёк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подозрение","gloss":"hint"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies намек","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of притворился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of притворился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies притворился","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"притворился","lemma":"притвориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"feigned"},{"surface":"больным","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of притворился","gloss":"ill"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b12-c8-s36","source":"Но если нарочно, то является тотчас вопрос: для чего же?","translation":"But if deliberately, then at once the question arises: what for?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"является тотчас вопрос: для чего же?","title":"Particle «же» sharpening the question","body":"«Для чего же?» ('but what for?') — the modal particle «же» adds insistent, slightly indignant pressure to the question, a flavor English carries only by stress. «Является вопрос» = 'the question arises'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нарочно","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on является","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of является","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"является","lemma":"являться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arises"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies является","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of является","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition для","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b12-c8-s37","source":"Из какого расчета, с какою же целью?","translation":"Out of what calculation, with what aim?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Из какого расчета, с какою же целью?","title":"Interrogative «какой» governed by prepositions","body":"«Какой» ('what kind of') agrees like an adjective and bends to its preposition: «из какого расчета» (из + genitive) and «с какою целью» (с + instrumental, with the longer literary ending «-ою»). The «же» again presses the rhetorical question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расчета","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of расчета","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"расчета","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"calculation"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking какою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of целью","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какою","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"целью","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with расчета","gloss":"aim"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b12-c8-s38","source":"Я уже не говорю про медицину; наука, дескать, лжет, наука ошибается, доктора не сумели отличить истины от притворства, — пусть, пусть, но ответьте же мне, однако, на вопрос: для чего ему было притворяться?","translation":"I will say nothing of medicine now; science, they say, lies, science is mistaken, the doctors could not tell the truth from pretense — granted, granted; but answer me this question nonetheless: what reason had he to pretend?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"наука, дескать, лжет","title":"Reportive particle «дескать»","body":"«Дескать» flags reported, dismissively quoted opinion ('science, they say, lies') — the prosecutor voicing the defense's position only to mock it. It is a quotative particle with no English single-word equal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ответьте же мне… для чего ему было притворяться?","title":"Imperative + «же», and dative-of-obligation","body":"«Ответьте же» ('do answer me') is a polite imperative urged on by «же». «Для чего ему было притворяться?» uses the dative «ему» with «было» + infinitive — the impersonal 'what reason had he to pretend?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking медицину","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"медицину","lemma":"медицина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"medicine"},{"surface":"наука","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лжет","gloss":"science"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лжет","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"лжет","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate, subject наука","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"наука","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ошибается","gloss":"science"},{"surface":"ошибается","lemma":"ошибаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate, subject наука (repeated)","gloss":"is mistaken"},{"surface":"доктора","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сумели","gloss":"doctors"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сумели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сумели","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with говорю","gloss":"were able"},{"surface":"отличить","lemma":"отличить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумели","gloss":"distinguish"},{"surface":"истины","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of отличить","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking притворства,","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"притворства,","lemma":"притворство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отличить","gloss":"pretense"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to пусть (2nd)","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to пусть (1st)","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ответьте","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to говорю","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ответьте","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of ответьте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответьте","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответьте","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase, complement of было","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of притворяться","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of притворяться","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"притворяться","lemma":"притворяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to вопрос","gloss":"to pretend"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b12-c8-s39","source":"Не для того ли, чтобы, замыслив убийство, обратить на себя случившимся припадком заранее и поскорее внимание в доме?","translation":"Was it perhaps in order, having planned the murder, to draw attention to himself in the house beforehand and as quickly as possible by means of the fit that befell him?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не для того ли, чтобы, замыслив убийство, обратить на себя… внимание","title":"«ли» question + «чтобы» purpose + gerund","body":"«Не для того ли… чтобы…» ('was it not perhaps in order to…') frames a leading question with the particle «ли», answered by a «чтобы» purpose clause. «Замыслив убийство» ('having planned the murder') is a perfective past gerund."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of замыслив","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"замыслив","lemma":"замыслить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on обратить","gloss":"having planned"},{"surface":"убийство","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of замыслив","gloss":"the murder"},{"surface":"обратить","lemma":"обратить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of того","gloss":"to draw"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of обратить","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"случившимся","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies припадком","gloss":"that occurred"},{"surface":"припадком","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратить","gloss":"by a fit"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратить","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"поскорее","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with заранее","gloss":"as quickly as possible"},{"surface":"внимание","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обратить","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обратить","gloss":"the house"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b12-c8-s40","source":"Видите ли, господа присяжные заседатели, в доме Федора Павловича в ночь преступления было и перебывало пять человек: во-первых, сам Федор Павлович, но ведь не он же убил себя, это ясно; во-вторых, слуга его Григорий, но ведь того самого чуть не убили, в-третьих, жена Григория, служанка Марфа Игнатьева, но представить ее убийцей своего барина просто стыдно.","translation":"Consider, gentlemen of the jury, that on the night of the crime there were five persons in Fyodor Pavlovich's house, or who passed through it: first, Fyodor Pavlovich himself, but of course he did not kill himself, that is clear; second, his servant Grigory, but he was the very man nearly murdered; third, Grigory's wife, the maidservant Marfa Ignatyevna, but to picture her as the murderer of her master is simply shameful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"господа присяжные заседатели","title":"Addressing the jury","body":"The prosecutor repeatedly calls out «господа присяжные заседатели» — literally 'gentlemen jurors / gentlemen of the jury.' «Присяжный» comes from «присяга» (an oath), so a «присяжный заседатель» is a 'sworn assessor,' the formal term for a juror in the post-1864 Russian reformed courts. We render it with the familiar English formula 'gentlemen of the jury.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь не он же убил себя","title":"Double particle «ведь… же»","body":"«Ведь не он же убил себя» ('but surely he didn't kill himself') stacks two modal particles: «ведь» appeals to shared obviousness, «же» adds insistence. «Себя» is the reflexive object — he didn't kill his own self."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"того самого чуть не убили… представить ее убийцей… просто стыдно","title":"«чуть не», instrumental predicate, dative-less impersonal","body":"«Чуть не убили» = 'they nearly killed' (subjectless plural). «Представить ее убийцей» puts the predicate noun «убийцей» in the instrumental ('to picture her as the murderer'), and «стыдно» is an impersonal predicative ('it is shameful')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consider"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Видите","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of vocative phrase","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies заседатели","gloss":"jury"},{"surface":"заседатели","lemma":"заседатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to господа","gloss":"members"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"преступления","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"of the crime"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"перебывало","lemma":"перебывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"had passed through"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on человек","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of было and перебывало","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces list item (firstly)","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces list item (firstly)","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Федор","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человек","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate, subject он","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ясно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to убил","gloss":"is clear"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces list item (secondly)","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"вторых","lemma":"вторых","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces list item (secondly)","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"слуга","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"second list item (elided был)","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Григорий","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to слуга","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убили","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies того","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убили","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убили","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"predicate, object того самого","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces list item (thirdly)","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"третьих","lemma":"третьих","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces list item (thirdly)","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"жена","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"third list item (elided была)","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жена","gloss":"Grigory's"},{"surface":"служанка","lemma":"служанка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to жена","gloss":"the maidservant"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to служанка","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьева","lemma":"игнатьев","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on стыдно","gloss":"to picture"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of представить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"убийцей","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of представить","gloss":"as the murderer"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of барина","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убийцей","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"is shameful"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b12-c8-s41","source":"Остаются, стало быть, на виду два человека: подсудимый и Смердяков.","translation":"There remain, then, two persons in view: the defendant and Smerdyakov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Остаются, стало быть, на виду два человека","title":"Verb-first existential with «два человека»","body":"«Остаются… два человека» ('there remain two persons') leads with the verb, ending on the new subject. After «два» the noun «человека» stands in the genitive singular, the regular case after 2–4."}],"words":[{"surface":"Остаются","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remain"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of idiom стало быть, parenthetical","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom стало быть","gloss":"turns out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase на виду (in view)","gloss":"view"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on человека","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Остаются","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человека","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подсудимый","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b12-c8-s42","source":"Но так как подсудимый уверяет, что убил не он, то, стало быть, должен был убить Смердяков, другого выхода нет, ибо никого другого нельзя найти, никакого другого убийцы не подберешь.","translation":"But since the defendant insists that he is not the killer, then Smerdyakov must have been the one to kill — there is no other way out, for no one else can be found, no other murderer can be turned up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так как… то… ибо…","title":"Causal scaffolding: «так как… то», «ибо»","body":"The sentence is braced by logical connectors: «так как» ('since') with its resumptive «то» ('then'), and the bookish «ибо» ('for, because'). «Ибо» is a markedly literary/archaic causal conjunction beloved of 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никого другого нельзя найти, никакого другого убийцы не подберешь","title":"Negative concord with «никого», «никакого»","body":"Two negative-pronoun phrases reinforce a single negation: «никого другого… нельзя найти» and «никакого… убийцы не подберешь», both in the genitive of negation. «Подберешь» is a generalized 2nd-person ('one can't turn up')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom так как (since)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уверяет","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"уверяет","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on стало","gloss":"insists"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверяет","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стало","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of idiom стало быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom стало быть","gloss":"turns out"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, subject Смердяков","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен/убить","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies выхода","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"выхода","lemma":"выход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"way out"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate, negates выхода","gloss":"there is none"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нельзя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of нельзя","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies никого","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"найти","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of убийцы","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убийцы","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"убийцы","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подберешь","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подберешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подберешь","lemma":"подобрать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with найти (parallel clause)","gloss":"find"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b12-c8-s43","source":"Вот, вот, стало быть, откуда произошло это „хитрое“ и колоссальное обвинение на несчастного, вчера покончившего с собой идиота!","translation":"There, there is the source, then, of this 'cunning' and colossal accusation against the unfortunate idiot who made away with himself yesterday!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вчера покончившего с собой идиота","title":"Past active participle + «с собой»","body":"«Покончившего с собой» ('who had made away with himself / committed suicide') is a past active participle modifying «идиота» in the genitive. «Покончить с собой» is the idiom for suicide; «собой» is the instrumental reflexive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот, вот, стало быть, откуда произошло это… обвинение","title":"Reduplicated «вот» for rhetorical climax","body":"Repeated «Вот, вот» ('there, there it is') builds a triumphant rhetorical pointing-gesture, capped by «стало быть» ('so then') — the prosecutor 'unveiling' the supposed origin of the accusation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"repeated for emphasis, parallel to Вот","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of idiom стало быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom стало быть","gloss":"turns out"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"whence"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, subject обвинение","gloss":"arose"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обвинение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"хитрое","lemma":"хитрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обвинение","gloss":"cunning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"колоссальное","lemma":"колоссальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обвинение","gloss":"colossal"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking несчастного","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"несчастного","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies идиота","gloss":"unfortunate"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покончившего","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"покончившего","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying несчастного","gloss":"who did away with"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of покончившего","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"идиота","lemma":"идиот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase governed by на (modified by несчастного); oblique complement of произошло/обвинение","gloss":"idiot"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b12-c8-s44","source":"Именно только по тому одному, что другого некого подобрать!","translation":"Solely and only because there is no one else to lay hold of!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"другого некого подобрать","title":"Negative «некого» + infinitive","body":"«Некого подобрать» ('there is no one to lay hold of') uses the impersonal negative pronoun «некого» (stress on «не-»), which with an infinitive means 'there is no one to [do]'. It governs the genitive/accusative slot of «подобрать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одному","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одному","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of одному","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"одному","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one reason"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подобрать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies некого","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"некого","lemma":"некого","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подобрать","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"подобрать","lemma":"подобрать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"relative clause on одному","gloss":"to find"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b12-c8-s45","source":"Будь хоть тень, хоть подозрение на кого другого, на какое-нибудь шестое лицо, то я убежден, что даже сам подсудимый постыдился бы показать тогда на Смердякова, а показал бы на это шестое лицо, ибо обвинять Смердякова в этом убийстве есть совершенный абсурд.","translation":"Were there but the shadow, but a suspicion, of someone else, of some sixth person, then I am convinced that even the defendant himself would have been ashamed to point to Smerdyakov then, and would have pointed to that sixth person — for to accuse Smerdyakov of this murder is a perfect absurdity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будь хоть тень, хоть подозрение на кого другого","title":"«Будь» — imperative-as-conditional","body":"«Будь… тень» uses the imperative form «будь» ('were there', lit. 'be') as a compact conditional protasis: 'were there but the shadow [of a suspicion]'. This imperative-for-condition is a vivid, somewhat literary device."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам подсудимый постыдился бы показать… а показал бы","title":"Conditional «бы» in the apodosis","body":"The main clause is irrealis: «постыдился бы… а показал бы» ('would have been ashamed… and would have pointed'), past-form verb + «бы». «Постыдиться» (-ся) takes a complement infinitive; the contrastive «а» pivots between the two outcomes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on убежден","gloss":"were there"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тень","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тень","lemma":"тень","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Будь","gloss":"shadow"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative with хоть (1st)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"подозрение","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with тень","gloss":"suspicion"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"modifies подозрение","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"шестое","lemma":"шестой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"sixth"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to кого (the suspected other)","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убежден","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убежден","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убежден","lemma":"убеждённый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"am convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of постыдился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подсудимый","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of постыдился","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"постыдился","lemma":"постыдиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of убежден","gloss":"would be ashamed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of постыдился","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"показать","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of постыдился","gloss":"to point"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показать","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показать","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with постыдился","gloss":"would point"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of показал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"шестое","lemma":"шестой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"sixth"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of показал","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обвинять","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"обвинять","lemma":"обвинять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject of есть (infinitive clause)","gloss":"to accuse"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обвинять","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убийстве","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of убийстве","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"убийстве","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обвинять","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking clause and абсурд","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"совершенный","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies абсурд","gloss":"utter"},{"surface":"абсурд","lemma":"абсурд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"absurdity"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b12-c8-s46","source":"Господа, оставим психологию, оставим медицину, оставим даже самую логику, обратимся лишь к фактам, к одним только фактам, и посмотрим, что скажут нам факты.","translation":"Gentlemen, let us set aside psychology, let us set aside medicine, let us set aside even logic itself, and turn only to the facts, to the facts alone, and see what the facts will tell us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставим психологию, оставим медицину, оставим даже самую логику","title":"First-person-plural exhortative imperative","body":"«Оставим» ('let us set aside') is the 1st-plural perfective future used as a 'let's' exhortation, hammered in anaphora three times. «Самую логику» uses «сам» ('logic itself') for emphatic intensification."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"посмотрим, что скажут нам факты","title":"Embedded question + perfective future","body":"«Посмотрим, что скажут нам факты» ('let us see what the facts will tell us') — «скажут» is the perfective future, «нам» the dative indirect object. The personified «факты» as speaker is a rhetorical flourish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"оставим","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let us leave"},{"surface":"психологию","lemma":"психология","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оставим","gloss":"psychology"},{"surface":"оставим","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with оставим","gloss":"let us leave"},{"surface":"медицину","lemma":"медицина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оставим","gloss":"medicine"},{"surface":"оставим","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with оставим","gloss":"let us leave"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самую","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies логику","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"логику","lemma":"логика","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оставим","gloss":"logic"},{"surface":"обратимся","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with оставим","gloss":"let us turn"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фактам","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фактам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"фактам","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обратимся","gloss":"the facts"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фактам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"quantifies фактам","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фактам","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"фактам","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with фактам","gloss":"facts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"посмотрим","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with оставим","gloss":"let us see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скажут","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"скажут","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of посмотрим","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of скажут","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"факты","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of скажут","gloss":"the facts"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b12-c8-s47","source":"Убил Смердяков, но как?","translation":"Smerdyakov killed him — but how?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Убил Смердяков, но как?","title":"Verb-first, comment-first framing","body":"«Убил Смердяков» fronts the verb to assert the premise ('[suppose] Smerdyakov killed [him]'), then the elliptical «но как?» ('but how?') opens the cross-examination. Aspect: «убил» is perfective — a single completed deed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Убил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"coordinated with Убил","gloss":"how"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b12-c8-s48","source":"Один или в сообществе с подсудимым?","translation":"Alone, or in concert with the defendant?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в сообществе с подсудимым","title":"«с» + instrumental of accompaniment","body":"«В сообществе с подсудимым» ('in concert with the defendant') uses «с» + instrumental «подсудимым», the standard accompaniment construction ('together with'). «Один или…» ('alone or…') sets the two hypotheses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сообществе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сообществе","lemma":"сообщество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Один","gloss":"concert"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подсудимым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"подсудимым","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сообществе","gloss":"the defendant"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b12-c8-s49","source":"Рассмотрим сперва первый случай, то есть, что Смердяков убивает один.","translation":"Let us first consider the former case, that is, that Smerdyakov kills him alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рассмотрим сперва первый случай","title":"Exhortative «рассмотрим» + archaic «сперва»","body":"«Рассмотрим» ('let us consider') is again the 1st-plural exhortative future. «Сперва» ('first of all') is a slightly colloquial-archaic variant of «сначала», suiting the speech's measured, old-fashioned cadence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что Смердяков убивает один","title":"Historic present in a «что»-clause","body":"«Что Смердяков убивает один» ('that Smerdyakov kills alone') — the imperfective present «убивает» frames a hypothesis under examination. «Один» here is predicative ('alone, by himself'), agreeing with the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рассмотрим","lemma":"рассмотреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let us consider"},{"surface":"сперва","lemma":"сперва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Рассмотрим","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случай","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Рассмотрим","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of idiom то есть (that is)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убивает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убивает","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"убивает","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement explaining случай","gloss":"kills"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Смердяков (predicative 'alone')","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b12-c8-s50","source":"Конечно, если убил, то для чего же нибудь, из какой-нибудь выгоды.","translation":"Of course, if he killed, then it was for some purpose, for some gain.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если убил, то для чего же нибудь, из какой-нибудь выгоды","title":"Indefinite «-нибудь» — for some gain or other","body":"«Для чего же нибудь» and «из какой-нибудь выгоды» use «-нибудь» for a non-specific 'some… or other' — he must have killed for some unspecified gain. Contrast «-то» (specific but unknown) with this open «-nibud»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on чего","gloss":"he killed"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of чего","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"some reason"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of чего","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выгоды","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of выгоды","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of выгоды","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"выгоды","lemma":"выгода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with чего","gloss":"gain"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b12-c8-s51","source":"Но, не имея ни тени мотивов к убийству из таких, какие имел подсудимый, то есть ненависти, ревности и проч., и проч., Смердяков, без сомнения, мог убить только лишь из-за денег, чтобы присвоить себе именно эти три тысячи, которые сам же видел, как барин его укладывал в пакет.","translation":"But, having not the shadow of the kind of motives for murder that the defendant had — that is, hatred, jealousy, and so on, and so on — Smerdyakov could, beyond doubt, have killed only for the sake of money, in order to appropriate to himself precisely those three thousand which he himself had watched his master pack into the packet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не имея ни тени мотивов… какие имел подсудимый","title":"Negated gerund + genitive of negation","body":"«Не имея» ('having not') is a negated present gerund; under negation its object «ни тени мотивов» ('not the shadow of motives') goes genitive, intensified by «ни». «Какие имел подсудимый» is a relative clause specifying the motives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только лишь из-за денег, чтобы присвоить себе… эти три тысячи","title":"«из-за» motive + «чтобы» purpose + «себе»","body":"«Из-за денег» (из-за + genitive, 'because of / for the sake of money') names the motive; «чтобы присвоить себе» ('in order to appropriate to himself') gives the aim, with reflexive dative «себе»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to previous sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имея","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имея","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on мог","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тени","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"тени","lemma":"тень","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имея","gloss":"shadow"},{"surface":"мотивов","lemma":"мотив","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies тени","gloss":"of motives"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убийству","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"убийству","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мотивов","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking таких","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"refers to мотивов","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on мотивов","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ненависти","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to мотивов","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"ревности","lemma":"ревность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ненависти","gloss":"jealousy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun (abbreviation), neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ревности","gloss":"etc."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun (abbreviation), neuter, singular","role":"emphatic repetition of проч (w19)","gloss":"etc."},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сомнения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сомнения","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial complement of мог (\"без сомнения\" = doubtless)","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только лишь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только лишь, modifies из-за денег","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (compound, part 1)","role":"preposition marking денег, part of из-за","gloss":"for the sake"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (compound, part 2)","role":"preposition marking денег, part of из-за","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of убить (via из-за)","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of присвоить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"присвоить","lemma":"присвоить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on убить","gloss":"appropriate"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of присвоить","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эти","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of три тысячи","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular (governed by три)","role":"direct object of присвоить","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (emphatic), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes subject of видел","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тысячи","gloss":"had watched"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of укладывал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"барин","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of укладывал","gloss":"the master"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular (referring to the money)","role":"direct object of укладывал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"укладывал","lemma":"укладывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видел","gloss":"was packing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакет","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of укладывал","gloss":"packet"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b12-c8-s52","source":"И вот, замыслив убийство, он заранее сообщает другому лицу — и к тому же в высочайшей степени заинтересованному лицу, именно подсудимому, — все обстоятельства о деньгах и знаках: где лежит пакет, что именно на пакете написано, чем он обернут, а главное, главное сообщает про эти „знаки“, которыми к барину можно пройти.","translation":"And now, having planned the murder, he tells another person beforehand — and a person interested in the highest degree, namely the defendant — all the particulars about the money and the signals: where the packet lies, what exactly is written on it, what it is wrapped in, and, above all, above all, he tells him about those 'signals' by which one may get in to the master.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"замыслив убийство, он заранее сообщает другому лицу","title":"Perfective gerund + historic present","body":"«Замыслив убийство» ('having planned the murder') is a perfective past gerund of prior action, governing the present-tense «сообщает» ('tells'). «Другому лицу» is dative — «сообщать кому» takes the dative recipient."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к тому же в высочайшей степени заинтересованному лицу","title":"Bookish superlative «высочайшей»","body":"«В высочайшей степени» ('in the highest degree') uses the -айш- superlative of «высокий», a learned, emphatic form. «Заинтересованному» (passive participle) and «к тому же» ('moreover') heighten the sarcasm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"главное, главное сообщает про эти „знаки“","title":"Repetition for emphasis","body":"The doubled «главное, главное» ('above all, above all') is pure rhetorical reinforcement — Russian's free word order and love of reduplication let the prosecutor pound the key point home."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сообщает","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"замыслив","lemma":"замыслить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сообщает","gloss":"having planned"},{"surface":"убийство","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of замыслив","gloss":"the murder"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сообщает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщает","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"сообщает","lemma":"сообщать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tells"},{"surface":"другому","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицу","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"лицу","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщает","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к тому же","morphology":"preposition (part of idiom к тому же)","role":"part of the phrase к тому же (\"moreover\")","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"к тому же","morphology":"pronoun (part of idiom к тому же), dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase к тому же","gloss":"(moreover)"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"к тому же","morphology":"particle (part of idiom к тому же)","role":"part of the phrase к тому же","gloss":"(moreover)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"высочайшей","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies заинтересованному (\"to the highest degree\")","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"заинтересованному","lemma":"заинтересованный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицу","gloss":"interested"},{"surface":"лицу","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"appositive to лицу (w9)","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подсудимому","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"подсудимому,","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), dative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to лицу (w18)","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of обстоятельства","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"обстоятельства","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of сообщает","gloss":"particulars"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"деньгах","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies обстоятельства","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаках","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with деньгах","gloss":"signals"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежит","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause in apposition to обстоятельства","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежит","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive написано","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакете","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пакете","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написано","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"написано","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with лежит","gloss":"is written"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обернут","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular (referring to пакет)","role":"subject of passive обернут","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"обернут","lemma":"обернуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with написано","gloss":"is wrapped"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical modifying сообщает (w41)","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical, emphatic repetition)","role":"parenthetical modifying сообщает (w41)","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"сообщает","lemma":"сообщать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сообщает (w7)","gloss":"tells"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знаки","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of знаки","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сообщает (w41)","gloss":"signals"},{"surface":"которыми","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"instrument of пройти","gloss":"by which"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барину","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"барину","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пройти","gloss":"the master"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"relative clause on знаки","gloss":"one may"},{"surface":"пройти","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"get in"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b12-c8-s53","source":"Что ж, он прямо, чтоб выдать себя, это делает?","translation":"What now, does he do this simply in order to give himself away?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ж, он прямо, чтоб выдать себя, это делает?","title":"Particle «ж», contracted «чтоб», reflexive «себя»","body":"«Что ж» ('what now / well then') is the reduced «же». «Чтоб» is the colloquial contraction of «чтобы» ('in order to'), here with infinitive «выдать себя» ('give himself away'), «себя» being the reflexive object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun (part of interjection Что ж), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase Что ж","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Что ж","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of делает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делает","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выдать","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"выдать","lemma":"выдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on делает","gloss":"give away"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of выдать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делает","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"делает","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b12-c8-s54","source":"Или чтобы найти себе соперника, который, пожалуй, и сам пожелает войти и приобресть пакет?","translation":"Or in order to find himself a rival who might, perhaps, want to go in himself and get hold of the packet?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"который, пожалуй, и сам пожелает войти и приобресть пакет","title":"Relative «который» + perfective futures","body":"«Который… пожелает войти и приобресть» ('who might want to go in and get hold of') heads a relative clause with perfective futures expressing potential future acts. «Пожалуй» ('perhaps, I dare say') hedges."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приобресть","title":"Archaic infinitive «приобресть»","body":"«Приобресть» is an older, bookish infinitive of «приобрести» ('to acquire, get hold of'), with the -сть ending characteristic of 19th-century literary Russian — a small period marker in the prosecutor's diction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of найти","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"найти","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (elliptical, continues делает)","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of найти","gloss":"for himself"},{"surface":"соперника","lemma":"соперник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of найти","gloss":"a rival"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пожелает","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical modifying пожелает","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (emphatic), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes который","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"пожелает","lemma":"пожелать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on соперника","gloss":"will want"},{"surface":"войти","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пожелает","gloss":"go in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приобресть","lemma":"приобрести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with войти","gloss":"get hold of"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приобресть","gloss":"the packet"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b12-c8-s55","source":"Да, скажут мне, но ведь он сообщил от страху.","translation":"Yes, I shall be told, but he disclosed it out of fear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да, скажут мне, но ведь он сообщил от страху","title":"Anticipated objection with «ведь»","body":"«Скажут мне» ('I shall be told', subjectless plural) introduces an imagined objection, and «ведь» ('but after all, you see') voices it as common-sense appeal. «От страху» (genitive in -у) again names the motive 'out of fear'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"скажут","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they will say"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажут","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сообщил","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сообщил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сообщил","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with скажут (contrastive)","gloss":"disclosed"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страху","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"страху","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (partitive form)","role":"oblique complement of сообщил","gloss":"fear"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b12-c8-s56","source":"Но как же это?","translation":"But how can that be?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но как же это?","title":"«как же» — but how on earth?","body":"«Как же это?» ('but how can that be?') — the particle «же» loads the short question with incredulous pressure. A terse rhetorical jab, typical of the speech's dialogic momentum."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to previous sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"predicate, modifies это","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of как","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b12-c8-s57","source":"Человек, не смигнувший задумать такое бесстрашное и зверское дело и потом исполнить его, — сообщает такие известия, которые знает только он в целом мире и о которых, если бы только он об них умолчал, никто и не догадался бы никогда в целом мире.","translation":"A man who did not flinch at conceiving so fearless and brutal a deed, and then at carrying it out, discloses such information as he alone in all the world knows, and about which, had he but kept silent, no one in all the world would ever have guessed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Человек, не смигнувший задумать такое… дело… сообщает такие известия","title":"Past active participle subject across a long span","body":"The subject «человек… не смигнувший задумать… и… исполнить» ('a man who did not flinch at conceiving… and carrying out') is built on the past active participle «смигнувший», stretched over a long modifier before the verb «сообщает» finally lands."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о которых, если бы только он об них умолчал, никто… не догадался бы","title":"Relative clause wrapping a «бы» conditional","body":"«О которых» (relative, prepositional after «о») contains an embedded irrealis: «если бы… умолчал… никто… не догадался бы» ('had he kept silent… no one would have guessed'), past-form + «бы» in both protasis and apodosis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"об них","title":"Archaic «об них» without н-","body":"Modern Russian prefixes н- to a 3rd-person pronoun after a preposition («о них»), but the older form «об них» (no «н») survives in 19th-century prose. A small period flavor in the prosecutor's speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сообщает","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смигнувший","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смигнувший","lemma":"смигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Человек","gloss":"who did not flinch"},{"surface":"задумать","lemma":"задумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смигнувший","gloss":"conceiving"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"бесстрашное","lemma":"бесстрашный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"fearless"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зверское","lemma":"зверский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with бесстрашное","gloss":"brutal"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of задумать","gloss":"a deed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исполнить","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"исполнить","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with задумать","gloss":"carrying out"},{"surface":"его,","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of исполнить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сообщает","lemma":"сообщать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"discloses"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of известия","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"известия","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of сообщает","gloss":"information"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on известия","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"целом","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мире","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of догадался","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умолчал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of умолчал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умолчал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of умолчал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"умолчал","lemma":"умолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause on догадался","gloss":"had kept silent"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of догадался","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies догадался (\"even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies догадался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знает","gloss":"would have guessed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of догадался","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадался","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"целом","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мире","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of догадался","gloss":"world"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b12-c8-s58","source":"Нет, уж как бы ни был труслив человек, а уж если такое дело задумал, то уже ни за что бы не сказал никому по крайней мере про пакет и про знаки, ибо это значило бы вперед всего себя выдать.","translation":"No, however timid a man may be, if once he has conceived such a deed, then for nothing on earth would he tell anyone — about the packet and the signals at the very least — for that would mean giving himself away before anything else.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы ни был труслив человек","title":"Concessive «как бы ни» + short adjective","body":"«Как бы ни был труслив человек» ('however timid a man may be') is the concessive «как… ни» with «бы» and the short predicate adjective «труслив». This «как ни / какой ни» concessive is a key bookish pattern."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни за что бы не сказал никому… ибо это значило бы","title":"Conditional «бы» + negative concord + «ибо»","body":"«Ни за что бы не сказал никому» piles irrealis «бы» onto triple negation ('for nothing would he have told anyone'). «Ибо это значило бы» ('for that would mean') again uses bookish «ибо» with a «бы» conditional."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase уж как бы ни","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the concessive phrase как бы ни (\"however\")","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы ни","gloss":"(concessive)"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы ни","gloss":"(concessive)"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to труслив","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"труслив","lemma":"трусливый","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate, modifies человек","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of труслив","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase а уж если","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of задумал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of задумал","gloss":"a deed"},{"surface":"задумал","lemma":"задумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause on сказал","gloss":"has conceived"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the apodosis (main clause)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the phrase ни за что","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase ни за что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase ни за что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал (part of ни за что)","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of сказал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis clause","gloss":"would tell"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по крайней мере","morphology":"preposition (part of idiom по крайней мере)","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере (\"at least\")","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"по крайней мере","morphology":"adjective (part of idiom по крайней мере), dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"по крайней мере","morphology":"noun (part of idiom по крайней мере), dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"(at least)"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакет","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал (object of про)","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знаки","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with пакет (object of про)","gloss":"the signals"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of значило","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of значило","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"значило","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказал (reason)","gloss":"would mean"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of значило","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom вперёд всего)","role":"part of the phrase вперёд всего, modifies выдать","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun (part of idiom вперёд всего), genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase вперёд всего (\"first of all\")","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of выдать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"выдать","lemma":"выдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of значило","gloss":"give away"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b12-c8-s59","source":"Что-нибудь выдумал бы нарочно, что-нибудь налгал бы другое, если уж от него непременно требовали известий, а уж об этом бы умолчал!","translation":"He would have made up something on purpose, told some other lie, if information were absolutely demanded of him, but about this he would have kept silent!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что-нибудь выдумал бы… что-нибудь налгал бы другое","title":"Conditional «бы» + indefinite «-нибудь»","body":"Both verbs are irrealis past + «бы» («выдумал бы», «налгал бы» — 'he would have made up… would have lied'). «Что-нибудь» ('something or other') is the non-specific «-нибудь» indefinite, fitting a hypothetical invention."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а уж об этом бы умолчал!","title":"Emphatic particle «уж» + «бы»","body":"«А уж об этом бы умолчал!» ('but about this he would have kept silent!') — the particle «уж» adds emphatic certainty/insistence to the irrealis «бы умолчал». «Уж» is a close cousin of «же» in the modal-particle family."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun (part 1 of что-нибудь), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выдумал, part of the phrase что-нибудь","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun (part 2 of что-нибудь)","role":"part of the phrase что-нибудь (w1)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"выдумал","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made up"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of выдумал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выдумал","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun (part 1 of что-нибудь), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of налгал, part of the phrase что-нибудь","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun (part 2 of что-нибудь)","role":"part of the phrase что-нибудь (w6)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"налгал","lemma":"налгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выдумал","gloss":"told (a lie)"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of налгал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-нибудь (w6-w7)","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of требовали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies требовали","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of требовали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies требовали","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"требовали","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective (impersonal)","role":"conditional clause on выдумал/налгал","gloss":"demanded"},{"surface":"известий","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of требовали","gloss":"information"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умолчал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of умолчал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of умолчал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"умолчал","lemma":"умолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выдумал/налгал (contrastive)","gloss":"kept silent"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b12-c8-s60","source":"Напротив, повторяю это, если б он промолчал хоть только об деньгах, а потом убил и присвоил эти деньги себе, то никто бы никогда в целом мире не мог обвинить его по крайней мере в убийстве для грабежа, ибо денег этих ведь никто, кроме него, не видал, никто не знал, что они существуют в доме.","translation":"On the contrary, I repeat it, had he kept silent merely about the money, and then killed and appropriated that money to himself, then no one in all the world could ever have accused him, of robbery-murder at least, for no one but he had even seen that money, no one knew it existed in the house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б он промолчал хоть только об деньгах, а потом убил и присвоил… то никто бы… не мог обвинить его","title":"Full «если бы… то… бы» conditional","body":"A textbook irrealis: protasis «если б… промолчал… убил и присвоил» (past forms + reduced «б») and apodosis «то никто бы… не мог обвинить» (past + «бы»). The three perfective verbs in the protasis chain a sequence of completed hypotheticals."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"денег этих ведь никто, кроме него, не видал, никто не знал","title":"Genitive of negation + «ведь» + negative concord","body":"Fronted object «денег этих» goes genitive under «не видал» (genitive of negation). «Ведь» appeals to the obvious, and the repeated «никто… не…» is negative concord. «Видал» is the colloquial iterative-past of «видеть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical modifying повторяю","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of повторяю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of промолчал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle (short form)","role":"marks conditional mood of промолчал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of промолчал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"промолчал","lemma":"промолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause on мог","gloss":"had kept silent"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть только","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть только, modifies об деньгах","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"деньгах","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of промолчал","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with промолчал","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"присвоил","lemma":"присвоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"appropriated"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of присвоил","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of присвоил","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the apodosis (main clause)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"целом","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мире","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"обвинить","lemma":"обвинить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"accuse"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обвинить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по крайней мере","morphology":"preposition (part of idiom по крайней мере)","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"по крайней мере","morphology":"adjective (part of idiom по крайней мере), dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"по крайней мере","morphology":"noun (part of idiom по крайней мере), dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"(at least)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убийстве","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"убийстве","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обвинить","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грабежа","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"грабежа","lemma":"грабёж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убийстве","gloss":"robbery"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видал","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of видал","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of денег","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of видал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видал (via кроме)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on мог (reason)","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видал","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of существуют","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural (referring to деньги)","role":"subject of существуют","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"существуют","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of существуют","gloss":"the house"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b12-c8-s61","source":"Если бы даже и обвинили его, то непременно сочли бы, что он из другого какого-нибудь мотива убил.","translation":"And even had he been accused, it would certainly have been supposed that he had killed from some other motive.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если бы даже и обвинили его, то непременно сочли бы","title":"A counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"The whole sentence is irrealis: «если бы… обвинили… сочли бы» pairs a past-tense verb with the particle «бы» in both the if-clause and the main clause to build a 'had X happened, Y would have' construction. This contrary-to-fact frame governs the prosecutor's entire chain of hypotheticals here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из другого какого-нибудь мотива","title":"«из» + genitive of cause","body":"The preposition «из» governs the genitive and here marks motive — 'out of / from some other motive'. The indefinite «какого-нибудь» ('some… or other') agrees in the genitive with «мотива»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause (обвинили)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional with обвинили","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обвинили","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"reinforces даже","gloss":"even","note":"даже и together mean simply 'even'."},{"surface":"обвинили","lemma":"обвинить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause (protasis to сочли)","gloss":"been accused"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обвинили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, correlative","role":"resumes the если-clause, introduces сочли","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сочли","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"сочли","lemma":"счесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional with сочли","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мотива","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мотива","gloss":"some other"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мотива, part of какой-нибудь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"completes какой-нибудь","gloss":"-ever","note":"какой-нибудь is the indefinite pronoun 'some (or other)'."},{"surface":"мотива","lemma":"мотив","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убил","gloss":"motive"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, complement of сочли","gloss":"killed"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b12-c8-s62","source":"Но так как мотивов этих за ним никто предварительно не приметил, а все видели, напротив, что он барином любим, почтен бариновою доверенностью, то, конечно бы, его последнего и заподозрили, а заподозрили бы прежде всего такого, который бы имел эти мотивы, кто сам кричал, что имеет эти мотивы, кто их не скрывал, перед всеми обнаруживал, одним словом, заподозрили бы сына убитого, Дмитрия Федоровича.","translation":"But since no one had previously noticed these motives in him, and since everyone saw, on the contrary, that he was loved by his master and honored with the master's trust, then of course he would have been the last to be suspected — and the first to be suspected would have been the one who did have these motives, who himself cried out that he had these motives, who did not conceal them but displayed them before everyone; in a word, suspicion would have fallen on the son of the murdered man, Dmitri Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так как… то","title":"Causal «так как… то»","body":"«так как» ('since, because') opens a long subordinate clause whose main clause is resumed by the correlative «то» ('then'). This bookish 'since X… then Y' scaffolding lets Dostoevsky's prosecutor stack a whole paragraph of reasoning before reaching his conclusion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его последнего и заподозрили, а заподозрили бы прежде всего такого, который бы имел","title":"Cascade of conditional «бы»","body":"The argument runs through a series of «бы» conditionals — «заподозрили бы», «который бы имел», «кто… кричал» — all contrary to fact: he 'would have been the last suspected', the first suspect 'would have been one who had these motives'. Note «бы» migrating onto «который» and the topic word rather than sitting on the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он барином любим, почтен бариновою доверенностью","title":"Short-form passive participles + instrumental of agent","body":"«любим» and «почтен» are short-form passive participles ('is loved', 'is honored'), the predicative form that joins an implied 'to be'. The agent and means stand in the instrumental: «барином» (by his master), «бариновою доверенностью» (with the master's trust) — note the archaic long instrumental ending «-ою» for modern «-ой»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бариновою доверенностью","title":"«барин» and the possessive «бариновою»","body":"«барин» is the lord/master, the gentleman of the house whom serfs and servants serve. «бариновою» is a possessive adjective formed from it ('the master's'), here in the archaic instrumental «-ою»; «доверенность» is 'trust, confidence'. The whole phrase paints Smerdyakov as a trusted house-servant, not a suspect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of приметил, part of так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"мотивов","lemma":"мотив","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of приметил (genitive of negation)","gloss":"motives"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of мотивов","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мотивов","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of приметил","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"предварительно","lemma":"предварительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приметил","gloss":"previously"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приметил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приметил","lemma":"приметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reason clause on заподозрили","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видели","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приметил","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видели","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любим","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любим","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"барином","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of любим","gloss":"by his master"},{"surface":"любим","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, passive, short participle, masculine, singular, present, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause (object of видели)","gloss":"is loved"},{"surface":"почтен","lemma":"почтить","morphology":"verb, passive, short participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with любим","gloss":"honored"},{"surface":"бариновою","lemma":"баринов","morphology":"adjective, possessive, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доверенностью","gloss":"master's"},{"surface":"доверенностью","lemma":"доверенность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of почтен","gloss":"with trust"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, correlative","role":"resumes the так-как clause, introduces конечно","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заподозрили (w29)","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional with заподозрили (w29)","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заподозрили (w29)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"predicative, in apposition to его: 'as the last one'","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes заподозрили (w29)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"заподозрили","lemma":"заподозрить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by то (correlate of так как)","gloss":"would suspect"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"заподозрили","lemma":"заподозрить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the contrasting clause","gloss":"would suspect"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional with заподозрили (w31)","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase прежде всего","gloss":"first of all"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase прежде всего","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заподозрили (w31)","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional with имел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on такого","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мотивы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"мотивы","lemma":"мотив","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"motives"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of кричал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes кто (subject of кричал)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on такого","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имеет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"имеет","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of кричал","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мотивы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"мотивы","lemma":"мотив","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of имеет","gloss":"motives"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of скрывал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of скрывал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скрывал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скрывал","lemma":"скрывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on такого","gloss":"concealed"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всеми","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of обнаруживал","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"обнаруживал","lemma":"обнаруживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with скрывал","gloss":"displayed"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom одним словом","gloss":"in a"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, modifies заподозрили (w57)","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"заподозрили","lemma":"заподозрить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would suspect"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional with заподозрили (w57)","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заподозрили (w57)","gloss":"the son"},{"surface":"убитого","lemma":"убитый","morphology":"participle used as noun, genitive, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies сына","gloss":"of the murdered man"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сына","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b12-c8-s63","source":"Смердяков бы убил и ограбил, а сына бы обвинили — ведь Смердякову-убийце уж конечно было бы это выгодно?","translation":"Smerdyakov would have killed and robbed, and the son would have been accused — surely, for Smerdyakov the murderer, that would of course have been advantageous?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смердяков бы убил и ограбил, а сына бы обвинили","title":"Mobile «бы» across two clauses","body":"Two hypothetical clauses hinge on the contrastive «а» ('whereas'): Smerdyakov 'would have killed and robbed', the son 'would have been accused'. The particle «бы» floats to second position in each clause («Смердяков бы», «сына бы») rather than clinging to its verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь Смердякову-убийце уж конечно было бы это выгодно?","title":"Particle «ведь» and a dative-subject construction","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'after all, surely, you'll grant'. The construction is impersonal: «Смердякову-убийце… было бы выгодно» ('for Smerdyakov-the-murderer it would have been advantageous'), with the experiencer in the dative and no nominative subject. «уж» adds insistent emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional with убил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would kill"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ограбил","lemma":"ограбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"rob"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обвинили","gloss":"the son"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional with обвинили","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"обвинили","lemma":"обвинить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to убил, coordinated by а","gloss":"be accused"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выгодно","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"Смердякову","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of выгодно","gloss":"for Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"убийце","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Смердякову","gloss":"the murderer"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выгодно","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to выгодно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional with было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выгодно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"выгодно","lemma":"выгодный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это (main clause of the question)","gloss":"advantageous"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b12-c8-s64","source":"Ну, так вот этому-то сыну Дмитрию Смердяков, замыслив убийство, и сообщает вперед про деньги, про пакет и про знаки — как это логично, как это ясно!","translation":"Well then, to this very son, to Dmitri, Smerdyakov, having planned the murder, goes and tells beforehand about the money, about the packet, and about the signals — how logical it is, how clear!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"этому-то сыну Дмитрию","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «этому-то» is the emphatic topic clitic, not the indefinite one: 'to this very son, of all people'. It underscores the absurdity the prosecutor is mocking — that the killer would tip off precisely the man framed for it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"замыслив убийство, … и сообщает","title":"Perfective gerund «замыслив»","body":"«замыслив» is a perfective past gerund (деепричастие) — 'having plotted [the murder]' — naming a completed prior action that shares the subject of the main verb «сообщает». The historic present «сообщает» ('he goes and tells') then makes the scene vivid and immediate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как это логично, как это ясно!","title":"Sarcastic exclamative «как»","body":"«как это…» ('how very… !') is an exclamative intensifier. Here it is bitterly ironic — the prosecutor means the opposite of 'logical' and 'clear' — the rhetorical sarcasm carried by the bare «как» + short-form/adverbial predicate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker, modifies сообщает","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сыну","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes этому","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"сыну","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщает","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сыну","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сообщает","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"замыслив","lemma":"замыслить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сообщает","gloss":"having planned"},{"surface":"убийство","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of замыслив","gloss":"the murder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сообщает","lemma":"сообщать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tells"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщает","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньги","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of сообщает","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакет","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with деньги","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знаки","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with деньги","gloss":"the signals"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the exclamatory clause логично","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of логично","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"логично","lemma":"логичный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"exclamatory predicate, aside to сообщает","gloss":"logical"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the exclamatory clause ясно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ясно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"exclamatory clause, parallel to как это логично","gloss":"clear"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b12-c8-s65","source":"Приходит день замышленного Смердяковым убийства, и вот он летит с ног, ''притворившись'', в припадке падучей болезни, для чего?","translation":"The day comes of the murder Smerdyakov has planned, and now he tumbles off his feet, ''having feigned it,'' in a fit of the falling sickness — what for?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он летит с ног, ''притворившись'', в припадке падучей болезни","title":"Historic present + perfective gerund","body":"The vivid present «летит» ('he goes flying off his feet') is dramatised by the perfective gerund «притворившись» ('having feigned it'), a prior completed act sharing the subject. The scare-quotes flag that the 'feigning' is the prosecutor's contested claim."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"летит с ног","title":"«лететь с ног» — to come crashing down","body":"Literally 'flies off his feet', an expressive idiom for collapsing suddenly and violently. The unidirectional motion verb «лететь» lends the fall a headlong, theatrical quality the prosecutor wants the jury to picture as staged."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приходит","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Приходит","gloss":"the day"},{"surface":"замышленного","lemma":"замыслить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying убийства","gloss":"planned"},{"surface":"Смердяковым","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of замышленного","gloss":"by Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"убийства","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"of the murder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies летит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of летит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"летит","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Приходит","gloss":"tumbles"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ног","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"ног","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of летит","gloss":"his feet"},{"surface":"притворившись","lemma":"притвориться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on летит","gloss":"having feigned it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking припадке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"припадке","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of притворившись","gloss":"a fit"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болезни","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies припадке","gloss":"sickness"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical question для чего","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b12-c8-s66","source":"Уж конечно, для того, чтобы, во первых, слуга Григорий, замысливший свое лечение и, видя, что совершенно некому стеречь дом, может быть, отложил бы свое лечение и сел караулить.","translation":"Of course, in order that, in the first place, the servant Grigory, who had been planning his course of treatment and who, seeing that there was absolutely no one to guard the house, might perhaps put off his treatment and sit up on watch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"для того, чтобы… отложил бы свое лечение и сел караулить","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы» with the irrealis","body":"«для того, чтобы» ('in order that') opens a purpose clause; «чтобы» fuses «что» with «бы», so its verbs take the past/irrealis form — «отложил бы», «сел». This is the standard way Russian expresses an intended outcome, and it anchors each of the prosecutor's enumerated motives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слуга Григорий, замысливший свое лечение и, видя, что…","title":"Past active participle + present gerund chained","body":"«замысливший» is a past active participle ('who had planned'), replacing a который-clause and agreeing with «Григорий»; «видя» is an imperfective present gerund ('seeing, while seeing'). Two non-finite verb forms stack into one subject — a hallmark of dense literary prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совершенно некому стеречь дом","title":"Negative «некому» + infinitive","body":"«некому стеречь» is the impersonal negative-dative construction 'there is no one to guard [the house]': «некому» (dative, 'no one to') plus an infinitive, with no nominative subject. This «не́- + кому/чему + infinitive» pattern means a complete absence of anyone/anything available for the action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the purpose phrase для того чтобы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отложил","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom во-первых","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"part of the idiom во-первых, parenthetical","gloss":"first place"},{"surface":"слуга","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отложил","gloss":"the servant"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to слуга","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"замысливший","lemma":"замыслить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying слуга","gloss":"who had planned"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лечение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лечение","lemma":"лечение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of замысливший","gloss":"treatment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видя","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отложил","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of некому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies некому","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"некому","lemma":"некому","morphology":"pronoun/predicative, dative, impersonal ('no one to')","role":"clausal complement of видя","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"стеречь","lemma":"стеречь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on некому","gloss":"to guard"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of стеречь","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modal (может быть = 'perhaps'), modifies отложил","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, idiom может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"отложил","lemma":"отложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"put off"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the subjunctive with отложил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лечение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лечение","lemma":"лечение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отложил","gloss":"treatment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отложил","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"караулить","lemma":"караулить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of сел","gloss":"to keep watch"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b12-c8-s67","source":"Во-вторых, конечно для того, чтобы сам барин, видя, что его никто не караулит, и страшно опасаясь прихода сына, чего не скрывал, усугубил свою недоверчивость и свою осторожность.","translation":"In the second place, of course, in order that the master himself, seeing that no one was guarding him and being in dreadful dread of his son's coming — which he did not conceal — should redouble his mistrust and his caution.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам барин, видя… и страшно опасаясь… усугубил","title":"Two gerunds feeding a «чтобы» clause","body":"Within the purpose frame «для того, чтобы… усугубил», the subject «барин» carries two imperfective present gerunds — «видя» (seeing) and «опасаясь» (fearing) — describing his simultaneous mental state before the main perfective verb «усугубил» (should redouble)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"усугубил свою недоверчивость","title":"«усугубить» — to intensify, aggravate","body":"«усугубить» is a bookish perfective verb meaning to deepen or aggravate (a feeling, a fault). Paired with «недоверчивость» (mistrustfulness) and «осторожность» (caution), it lends the prosecutor's sentence a formal, almost clinical register suited to the courtroom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего не скрывал","title":"Relative «чего» (genitive of negation)","body":"«чего не скрывал» — 'which he did not conceal'. The relative «что» appears in the genitive «чего» because it is the object of a negated verb «не скрывал», an instance of the genitive of negation reaching into a relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom во-вторых","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"вторых","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"part of the idiom во-вторых, parenthetical","gloss":"second place"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies усугубил","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the purpose phrase для того чтобы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of усугубил","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes барин","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"барин","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усугубил","gloss":"the master"},{"surface":"видя","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on усугубил, coordinated with опасаясь","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of караулит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of караулит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of караулит","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies караулит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"караулит","lemma":"караулить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видя","gloss":"was guarding"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опасаясь","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"опасаясь","lemma":"опасаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on усугубил, coordinated with видя","gloss":"dreading"},{"surface":"прихода","lemma":"приход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of опасаясь","gloss":"the coming"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies прихода","gloss":"of his son"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скрывал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скрывал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скрывал","lemma":"скрывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical relative clause on прихода, subject барин (implied)","gloss":"concealed"},{"surface":"усугубил","lemma":"усугубить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"redouble"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of недоверчивость","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"недоверчивость","lemma":"недоверчивость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of усугубил","gloss":"mistrust"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of осторожность","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"осторожность","lemma":"осторожность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with недоверчивость","gloss":"caution"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b12-c8-s68","source":"Наконец, и главное, конечно для того, чтоб его, Смердякова, разбитого припадком, тотчас же перенесли из кухни, где он всегда отдельно ото всех ночевал и где имел свой особенный вход и выход, в другой конец флигеля, в комнатку Григория, к ним обоим за перегородку, в трех шагах от их собственной постели, как всегда это бывало, спокон века, чуть только его разбивала падучая, по распоряжениям барина и сердобольной Марфы Игнатьевны.","translation":"Finally, and above all, of course, in order that he, Smerdyakov, struck down by the fit, should at once be carried from the kitchen — where he always slept apart from everyone and where he had his own separate entrance and exit — to the other end of the lodge, into Grigory's little room, behind the partition to the two of them, three paces from their own bed, as had always been done, time out of mind, the moment the falling sickness struck him, by the orders of the master and of the kind-hearted Marfa Ignatyevna.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб его, Смердякова, разбитого припадком, тотчас же перенесли","title":"Impersonal «перенесли» + accusative animate object","body":"The third-person-plural «перенесли» with no stated subject is the standard Russian impersonal 'they carried / he was carried'. Its object «его… разбитого припадком» stands in the accusative, which for this animate masculine looks like the genitive — and the participle «разбитого» ('struck down by the fit') agrees in that case."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"флигеля… за перегородку","title":"«флигель» and «перегородка»","body":"«флигель» is a detached wing or outbuilding (a Germanism, Flügel) of a country estate; «перегородка» is a thin partition dividing a room. Smerdyakov is carried from his kitchen to the lodge, behind the partition to Grigory's cubby — the cramped serf-era domestic geography on which the alibi depends."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"спокон века","title":"«спокон века» — time out of mind","body":"A fixed archaic adverbial phrase, «спокон века(-ов)» means 'from the beginning of time, always, time out of mind'. It lends a folksy, immemorial weight to the household custom of moving the sick man — exactly the routine the prosecutor says Smerdyakov exploited."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перенесли","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Наконец","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перенесли","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the purpose phrase для того чтоб","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перенесли","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перенесли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative (genitive-form), masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to его","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"разбитого","lemma":"разбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying его","gloss":"struck down"},{"surface":"припадком","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разбитого","gloss":"by the fit"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перенесли","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"перенесли","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the чтоб-clause","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кухни","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кухни","lemma":"кухня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перенесли","gloss":"the kitchen"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ночевал","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ночевал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ночевал","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"отдельно","lemma":"отдельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ночевал","gloss":"apart"},{"surface":"ото","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of ночевал","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"ночевал","lemma":"ночевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on кухни","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ночевал","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вход","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"особенный","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вход","gloss":"separate"},{"surface":"вход","lemma":"вход","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"entrance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выход","lemma":"выход","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вход","gloss":"exit"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конец","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перенесли (destination)","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"флигеля","lemma":"флигель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конец","gloss":"of the lodge"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнатку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комнатку","lemma":"комнатка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to конец (both destinations of перенесли)","gloss":"the little room"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies комнатку","gloss":"Grigory's"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of перенесли (goal: near both of them)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"обоим","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine","role":"modifies ним","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking перегородку","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"перегородку","lemma":"перегородка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перенесли","gloss":"the partition"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шагах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies шагах","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"шагах","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of перенесли (distance)","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постели","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of постели","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"собственной","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies постели","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"постели","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шагах","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бывало","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бывало","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause, modifies перенесли","gloss":"was done"},{"surface":"спокон","lemma":"спокон","morphology":"adverb, fixed idiom (спокон века)","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"from time"},{"surface":"века","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спокон","gloss":"immemorial"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the temporal clause of разбивала","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чуть только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разбивала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"разбивала","lemma":"разбивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause (чуть только)","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"падучая","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of разбивала","gloss":"the falling sickness"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking распоряжениям","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"распоряжениям","lemma":"распоряжение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of перенесли (by the orders of...)","gloss":"the orders"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies распоряжениям","gloss":"of the master"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сердобольной","lemma":"сердобольный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Марфы","gloss":"kind-hearted"},{"surface":"Марфы","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with барина","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевны","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфы","gloss":"Ignatyevna"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b12-c8-s69","source":"Там, лежа за перегородкой, он, вероятнее всего, чтоб вернее изобразиться больным, начнет, конечно, стонать, то есть будить их всю ночь (как и было, по показанию Григория и жены его), — и всё это, всё это для того, чтоб тем удобнее вдруг встать и потом убить барина!","translation":"There, lying behind the partition, he would most probably — the better to feign himself ill — begin, of course, to groan, that is, to keep them awake all night (as in fact happened, by the testimony of Grigory and his wife) — and all this, all this, in order that it might be the more convenient for him suddenly to get up and then kill the master!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лежа за перегородкой, … чтоб вернее изобразиться больным, начнет","title":"Gerund + purpose «чтоб» + predicate instrumental","body":"«лежа» is a present gerund ('lying'); «чтоб вернее изобразиться больным» is a purpose clause ('the better to feign himself ill'), where the reflexive «изобразиться» takes a predicate complement «больным» in the instrumental. «начнет… стонать» is a perfective future of intention."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то есть будить их всю ночь","title":"Imperfective infinitive of process «будить»","body":"«будить» (imperfective) is chosen deliberately over its perfective «разбудить»: not a single waking but the durative, repeated act of 'keeping them awake all night' — the imperfective viewing the action as an ongoing process across «всю ночь»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб тем удобнее вдруг встать и потом убить барина!","title":"«тем» + comparative «удобнее»","body":"«тем удобнее» pairs the instrumental «тем» with a comparative ('the more convenient'), the 'the X-er' correlative. The comparative «удобнее» is the invariable predicative form in «-ее», and the whole purpose clause caps the sentence with the murderous intent the prosecutor imputes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начнет","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"лежа","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начнет","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking перегородкой","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"перегородкой","lemma":"перегородка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежа","gloss":"the partition"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начнет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вероятнее","lemma":"вероятный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"parenthetical modifying начнет, part of idiom вероятнее всего","gloss":"most probably","note":"вероятнее всего is a fixed idiom meaning \"most likely of all.\""},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom вероятнее всего","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of изобразиться","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"вернее","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies изобразиться","gloss":"the better to"},{"surface":"изобразиться","lemma":"изобразиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on начнет","gloss":"feign himself"},{"surface":"больным","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of изобразиться","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"начнет","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would begin"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying начнет","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"стонать","lemma":"стонать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начнет","gloss":"to groan"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"будить","lemma":"будить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"restates стонать, complement of начнет","gloss":"to keep awake"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of будить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of будить","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of было","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, neuter, imperfective","role":"verb of the как-clause","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking показанию","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"показанию","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"the testimony"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies показанию","gloss":"Grigory's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жены","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Григория","gloss":"wife's"},{"surface":"его),","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жены","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of an implied было, resumed by того","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"repeats and reinforces the previous всё это","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of для, resumed by чтоб-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of удобнее","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"correlative, modifies удобнее","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"удобнее","lemma":"удобный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the чтоб-clause","gloss":"more convenient"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встать","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"встать","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on удобнее","gloss":"to get up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убить","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with встать","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"the master"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b12-c8-s70","source":"Но скажут мне, может быть, он именно притворился, чтоб на него, как на больного, не подумали, а подсудимому сообщил про деньги и про знаки именно для того, чтоб тот соблазнился и сам пришел, и убил, и когда, видите ли, тот, убив, уйдет и унесет деньги и при этом, пожалуй, нашумит, нагремит, разбудит свидетелей, то тогда, видите ли, встанет и Смердяков, и пойдет — ну, что же делать пойдет?","translation":"But, I shall perhaps be told, he feigned it precisely so that he, as a sick man, should not be suspected, and he told the defendant about the money and the signals precisely in order that the latter should be tempted and come himself, and kill, and then, you see, when the latter, having killed, departs and carries off the money and at that, perhaps, makes a racket, a clatter, wakes the witnesses — then, you see, Smerdyakov too will get up and go — and, well, go to do what?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но скажут мне, может быть, он именно притворился","title":"Impersonal «скажут мне» framing an objection","body":"«скажут мне» ('I shall be told', lit. 'they will tell me') is the impersonal third-person plural used to voice an imagined objection from the defense. The prosecutor stages opposing arguments only to dismantle them, a rhetorical device woven through this whole 'treatise'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб тот соблазнился и сам пришел, и убил","title":"Demonstrative «тот» as 'the latter'","body":"«тот» ('that one, the latter') tracks the defendant across the clause as distinct from Smerdyakov «он» — Russian's far demonstrative doing the work of pronoun disambiguation that English handles with 'the latter'. The chain «соблазнился… пришел… убил» strings perfective verbs into a tumbling sequence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"видите ли","title":"Parenthetical «видите ли» with particle «ли»","body":"«видите ли» ('you see, mind you') is a parenthetical aside built on the interrogative particle «ли»; repeated twice, it drips with the prosecutor's mock-deference as he ridicules the scenario. The bare «ну, что же делать пойдет?» then turns the sarcasm into a rhetorical question."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нашумит, нагремит","title":"«нашуметь, нагреметь» — make a racket","body":"A paired, near-onomatopoeic doublet: «нашуметь» (make a noise/fuss) and «нагреметь» (make a clatter/din). The prefix «на-» here gives the perfective sense of producing a quantity of noise; the rhyming pair mimics the very commotion of the breaking-in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"скажут","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they will say"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажут","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of притворился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies притворился","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"притворился","lemma":"притвориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying скажут","gloss":"pretended"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of подумали","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison как на больного","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больного","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"больного","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement within как-phrase","gloss":"a sick man"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подумали","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"purpose clause on притворился","gloss":"would think"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подсудимому","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщил","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"сообщил","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with притворился","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньги","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of сообщил","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знаки","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with деньги","gloss":"the signals"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сообщил, resumed by чтоб-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of соблазнился","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of соблазнился","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"соблазнился","lemma":"соблазниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"purpose clause on того","gloss":"was tempted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with соблазнился","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with соблазнился","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уйдет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of the idiom видите ли","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom видите ли","gloss":"you see","note":"видите ли is a fixed conversational filler, \"you see.\""},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уйдет","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"убив","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on уйдет","gloss":"having killed"},{"surface":"уйдет","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"will leave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"унесет","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уйдет","gloss":"will carry off"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of унесет","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нашумит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying нашумит","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"нашумит","lemma":"нашуметь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уйдет","gloss":"makes a racket"},{"surface":"нагремит","lemma":"нагреметь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нашумит","gloss":"makes a clatter"},{"surface":"разбудит","lemma":"разбудить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нашумит","gloss":"wakes"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of разбудит","gloss":"the witnesses"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive, correlates with когда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встанет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of the idiom видите ли","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom видите ли","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"встанет","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the то-clause","gloss":"will get up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встанет","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встанет","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что, emphatic","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on пойдет","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"restates пойдет, main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"will he go"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b12-c8-s71","source":"А вот именно пойдет в другой раз убить барина и в другой раз унести уже унесенные деньги.","translation":"Why, precisely to go and kill the master a second time and to carry off a second time the money already carried off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А вот именно пойдет в другой раз убить барина","title":"Sarcastic «а вот именно» + future of intent","body":"«А вот именно» ('why, precisely') is the prosecutor's mock-triumphant answer to his own question. «пойдет… убить» is a perfective future of purpose ('he'll go to kill'), and the doubled «в другой раз» ('a second time') drives home the absurdity of killing and robbing what is already done."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom вот именно, modifies пойдет","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom вот именно","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he'll go"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убить","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пойдет","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"the master"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of унести","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"унести","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with убить","gloss":"to carry off"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies унесенные","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"унесенные","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying деньги","gloss":"carried off"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of унести","gloss":"the money"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b12-c8-s72","source":"Господа, вы смеетесь?","translation":"Gentlemen, are you laughing?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Господа, вы смеетесь?","title":"Reflexive «смеяться» (-ся-only verb)","body":"«смеётесь» is from «смеяться» ('to laugh'), one of the verbs that exist only in the reflexive «-ся» form. Here it is present-tense second-person plural, addressed directly to the courtroom — a sudden turn from argument to live confrontation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, addresses смеетесь","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смеетесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"смеетесь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are laughing"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b12-c8-s73","source":"Мне самому стыдно делать такие предположения, а между тем, представьте себе это, именно ведь подсудимый это самое и утверждает: после меня, дескать, когда я уже вышел из дому, повалив Григория и наделав тревоги, он встал, пошел, убил и ограбил.","translation":"I myself am ashamed to advance such suppositions, and yet — picture it to yourselves — this is the very thing the defendant maintains: after me, he says, when I had already left the house, having knocked Grigory down and raised the alarm, the man got up, went, killed, and robbed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне самому стыдно делать такие предположения","title":"Dative-subject «мне… стыдно»","body":"«мне самому стыдно» is a classic impersonal experiencer construction: the person in the dative («мне», intensified by «самому»), an invariable predicate «стыдно» ('it is shameful'), and an infinitive — 'I myself am ashamed to make such suppositions'. No nominative subject at all."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"после меня, дескать, … повалив Григория и наделав тревоги, он встал, пошел, убил и ограбил","title":"Reported-speech «дескать» + gerund chain","body":"«дескать» flags reported speech — 'he says, so he claims' — distancing the prosecutor from the defendant's version. Two perfective past gerunds, «повалив» (having knocked down) and «наделав» (having raised), precede the rapid perfective sequence «встал, пошел, убил и ограбил»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — the quotative particle","body":"«дескать» (a worn-down contraction of «де сказать») is a quotative/hearsay particle marking that the words are someone else's claim, often with a tinge of skepticism: 'supposedly, as he says'. Dostoevsky's narrators and speakers use it to keep a sly distance from what is reported."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of стыдно","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Мне","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on стыдно","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of предположения","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"предположения","lemma":"предположение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"suppositions"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom между тем","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom между тем, modifies представьте","gloss":"while","note":"между тем is a fixed idiom meaning \"meanwhile/yet.\""},{"surface":"представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative","gloss":"picture"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представьте","gloss":"to yourselves"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of представьте","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утверждает","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утверждает","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of утверждает","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of утверждает","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies утверждает","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"утверждает","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"maintains"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of дескать-clause","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"reported-speech marker, modifies утверждает","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дому","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дому","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"повалив","lemma":"повалить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on встал","gloss":"having knocked down"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of повалив","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наделав","lemma":"наделать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with повалив","gloss":"having raised"},{"surface":"тревоги","lemma":"тревога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of наделав","gloss":"an alarm"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the дескать-clause","gloss":"got up"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ограбил","lemma":"ограбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"robbed"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b12-c8-s74","source":"Уж я и не говорю про то, как бы мог Смердяков рассчитать это всё заранее и всё предузнать как по пальцам, то есть что раздраженный и бешеный сын придет единственно для того только, чтобы почтительно заглянуть в окно и, обладая знаками, отретироваться, оставив ему, Смердякову, всю добычу!","translation":"I will say nothing of how Smerdyakov could have calculated all this beforehand and foreseen it all as if it were laid out on his fingers — that is, that the enraged and frenzied son would come solely and only in order to peer respectfully through the window and, possessing the signals, withdraw, leaving the whole spoil to him, to Smerdyakov!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уж я и не говорю про то, как бы мог Смердяков рассчитать это всё заранее","title":"«не говорю про то, как бы…» — praeteritio","body":"'I won't even speak of how…' is the rhetorical figure praeteritio — raising a point by claiming to pass over it. «как бы мог… рассчитать» uses «бы» with «мог» for a hypothetical ability ('how he could possibly have calculated'). «Уж… и» front-loads insistent emphasis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как по пальцам","title":"«как по пальцам» — as if laid out on one's fingers","body":"An idiom for foreseeing or knowing something perfectly, 'as if counted out on the fingers' — every step clear and certain in advance. The prosecutor mocks the idea that Smerdyakov could have predicted the chaotic son's every move with such precision."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обладая знаками, отретироваться, оставив ему","title":"Gerunds framing the imagined son's actions","body":"The imperfective gerund «обладая» ('possessing [the signals]') and the perfective gerund «оставив» ('having left') bracket the infinitive «отретироваться» ('to retreat'), compressing a whole imagined sequence — peer in, withdraw, leave the spoils — into participial shorthand."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отретироваться","title":"«отретироваться» — a bookish 'to retreat'","body":"A Gallicism (from French se retirer / retirer), «отретироваться» means to withdraw or beat a retreat, with an ironic, mock-military flavour. The borrowed verb in the prosecutor's mouth heightens the sarcasm of the picture he is painting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies говорю","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of мог, modifies то","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks мог as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"рассчитать","lemma":"рассчитать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"calculate"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of всё","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассчитать","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассчитать","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предузнать","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"предузнать","lemma":"предузнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with рассчитать","gloss":"foresee"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom как по пальцам, modifies предузнать","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальцам","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пальцам","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of предузнать","gloss":"his fingers","note":"как по пальцам, \"as on one's fingers,\" idiomatically means \"like clockwork.\""},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"раздраженный","lemma":"раздраженный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"enraged"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бешеный","lemma":"бешеный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with раздраженный","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause","gloss":"would come"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of придет, resumed by чтобы-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of заглянуть","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"почтительно","lemma":"почтительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заглянуть","gloss":"respectfully"},{"surface":"заглянуть","lemma":"заглянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on того","gloss":"peer"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окно","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заглянуть","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обладая","lemma":"обладать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отретироваться","gloss":"possessing"},{"surface":"знаками","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обладая","gloss":"the signals"},{"surface":"отретироваться","lemma":"отретироваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заглянуть","gloss":"withdraw"},{"surface":"оставив","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отретироваться","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of оставив","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Смердякову","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ему","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of добычу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"добычу","lemma":"добыча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оставив","gloss":"the spoil"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b12-c8-s75","source":"Господа, я серьезно ставлю вопрос: где тот момент, когда Смердяков совершил свое преступление?","translation":"Gentlemen, I put the question seriously: where is the moment when Smerdyakov committed his crime?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"где тот момент, когда Смердяков совершил свое преступление?","title":"Perfective «совершил» pinning a single act","body":"«совершил» (perfective past, 'committed') views the crime as one bounded, completed event — exactly the single moment the prosecutor demands the defense locate. The reflexive possessive «свое преступление» ('his own crime') ties the deed back to its subject, Smerdyakov."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, addresses ставлю","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ставлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ставлю","gloss":"seriously"},{"surface":"ставлю","lemma":"ставить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ставлю","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the embedded question","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of момент","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of где-clause","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of совершил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of совершил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"совершил","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on момент","gloss":"committed"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of преступление","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"преступление","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of совершил","gloss":"crime"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b12-c8-s76","source":"Укажите этот момент, ибо без этого нельзя обвинять.","translation":"Point out that moment, for without it one cannot accuse.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо без этого нельзя обвинять","title":"Archaic «ибо» + impersonal «нельзя»","body":"«ибо» is the bookish, period-elevated conjunction for 'for, because', far more literary than «потому что». «нельзя обвинять» is an impersonal modal ('one cannot / may not accuse') with an infinitive and no subject — the absence of any moment makes accusation impossible."}],"words":[{"surface":"Укажите","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Point out"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of момент","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Укажите","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нельзя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нельзя","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"main predicate of the ибо-clause","gloss":"one cannot"},{"surface":"обвинять","lemma":"обвинять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"accuse"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b12-c8-s77","source":"„А может быть, падучая была настоящая.","translation":"'But perhaps the fit was a real one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А может быть, падучая была настоящая.","title":"Imperfective «была настоящая» — a state","body":"Voicing the defense's objection, the prosecutor uses the imperfective past «была» with the predicate adjective «настоящая» ('was real') to state a condition rather than an event. The opening «„» mark begins a stretch of quoted hypothetical argument he will then demolish."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"падучая","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"the fit"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking падучая to настоящая","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"настоящая","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement, modifies падучая","gloss":"real"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b12-c8-s78","source":"Больной вдруг очнулся, услыхал крик, вышел“ — ну и что же?","translation":"The sick man suddenly came to himself, heard a cry, went out' — well, and what then?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Больной вдруг очнулся, услыхал крик, вышел","title":"Chain of perfectives for sudden events","body":"Three perfective past verbs — «очнулся» (came to), «услыхал» (heard), «вышел» (went out) — fire off in sequence, each a single completed act, moving the imagined scene forward jerk by jerk. «вдруг» ('suddenly') marks the abruptness the prosecutor is mocking."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"услыхал","title":"«услыхать» vs «услышать»","body":"«услыхал» is a colloquial/older variant of the perfective «услышал» ('heard'). Dostoevsky favours such homely byforms even in oratory; here it sits inside the prosecutor's deadpan ventriloquising of the defense's scenario."}],"words":[{"surface":"Больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of очнулся","gloss":"The sick man"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очнулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"очнулся","lemma":"очнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to himself"},{"surface":"услыхал","lemma":"услыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with очнулся","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"крик","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of услыхал","gloss":"a cry"},{"surface":"вышел“","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with очнулся","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical rhetorical question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что, emphatic","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b12-c8-s79","source":"Посмотрел да и сказал себе: дай пойду убью барина?","translation":"He took a look and said to himself: I'll go and kill the master?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Посмотрел да и сказал себе: дай пойду убью барина?","title":"Colloquial «да и» + «дай пойду» hortative","body":"«да и сказал» links the verbs with a folksy 'and then up and said'. «дай пойду убью» is a vivid colloquial first-person resolve: «дай» ('let me') plus bare perfective futures «пойду… убью» ('I'll go and kill') — speech mimicry that makes the supposed inner monologue sound absurdly casual."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сказал себе","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себе»","body":"«себе» is the dative of the reflexive pronoun «себя» — 'said to himself', pointing back to the clause's subject. Unlike the verbal clitic «-ся», «себя/себе» is a full pronoun and has no nominative form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He looked"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom да и, links Посмотрел and сказал","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom да и","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Посмотрел","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"дай","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"introduces the hortative clause with пойду","gloss":"let me"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the hortative clause introduced by дай","gloss":"I'll go"},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойду","gloss":"I'll kill"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убью","gloss":"the master"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b12-c8-s80","source":"А почему он узнал, что тут было, что тут происходило, ведь он до сих пор лежал в беспамятстве?","translation":"And how did he learn what had taken place there, what had been going on there, when up to that point he had been lying in oblivion?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А почему он узнал… ведь он до сих пор лежал в беспамятстве?","title":"Particle «ведь» clinching the objection","body":"«ведь» ('after all, when you consider') appeals to the jury's common sense to seal the rhetorical question: how could he have known, when 'after all' he had been lying senseless? The perfective «узнал» (came to know) contrasts pointedly with the imperfective «лежал» (lay, a continuous state)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в беспамятстве","title":"«беспамятство» — oblivion, unconsciousness","body":"«беспамятство» ('senselessness, oblivion', literally 'without-memory-ness', from «без» + «память») denotes a swoon or unconscious stupor. The abstract noun in «-ство» belongs to the elevated register and underscores that Smerdyakov could have witnessed nothing."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learn"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, neuter, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of узнал","gloss":"had taken place"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of происходило","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходило","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"происходило","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of узнал, coordinated with было","gloss":"had been going on"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лежал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom до сих пор","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the idiom до сих пор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"part of the idiom до сих пор, modifies лежал","gloss":"point","note":"до сих пор is a fixed idiom meaning \"until now/up to that point.\""},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the ведь-clause","gloss":"had been lying"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспамятстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"беспамятстве","lemma":"беспамятство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"oblivion"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b12-c8-s81","source":"А впрочем, господа, есть предел и фантазиям.","translation":"But after all, gentlemen, there is a limit even to flights of fancy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"есть предел и фантазиям","title":"Existential «есть» + dative «фантазиям»","body":"«есть предел… фантазиям» — 'there is a limit even to fancies'. «фантазиям» stands in the dative as the thing the limit applies to, and the particle «и» here means 'even'. «А впрочем» ('but after all') signals the prosecutor breaking off the mockery."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, addresses есть","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"предел","lemma":"предел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"a limit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фантазиям","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"фантазиям","lemma":"фантазия","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of предел","gloss":"flights of fancy"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b12-c8-s82","source":"„Так-с, — скажут тонкие люди, — а ну как оба были в согласии, а ну как это они оба вместе убили и денежки поделили, ну тогда как же?“","translation":"'Just so, sir,' the subtle ones will say, 'but how if the two of them were in agreement, how if it was the two of them who killed together and shared out the money — well, what then?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так-с, … а ну как оба были в согласии","title":"«а ну как» — 'but suppose / what if'","body":"«а ну как» is a colloquial conditional opener, 'but what if, suppose that…', introducing a fresh hypothetical. Repeated, it builds the imagined objection of the «тонкие люди». «ну тогда как же?» closes with the insistent particle «же» on the question word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Так-с","title":"The deferential clitic «-с»","body":"The «-с» tacked onto «Так-с» ('Just so, sir') is the «словоер(с)» — a worn-down remnant of «сударь» ('sir') once added to show deference or, by Dostoevsky's day, a faint ironic obsequiousness. The prosecutor mimics the over-polite tone of the imagined 'subtle people'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"денежки поделили","title":"Diminutive «денежки»","body":"«денежки» is the affectionate-diminutive of «деньги» ('money') — 'the nice little money'. In the mouth of the cynical 'subtle ones' it sounds knowing and almost gleeful, the diminutive carrying attitude rather than size."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тонкие люди","title":"«тонкие люди» — the subtle ones","body":"«тонкий» ('thin, fine, subtle') applied to people means clever, sharp, over-ingenious. The prosecutor's «тонкие люди» are the too-clever-by-half theorists whose conspiracy he is about to puncture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase Так-с","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to Так","gloss":"sir","note":"The hyphenated -с is an old deferential particle added to speech, roughly 'sir'."},{"surface":"скажут","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"тонкие","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"subtle"},{"surface":"люди,","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of скажут","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of были","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject of были","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to согласии","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking согласии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"согласии","lemma":"согласие","morphology":"noun, prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of были","gloss":"agreement"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убили","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes они","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of убили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on они","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убили","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"убили","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the как-clause","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"денежки","lemma":"денежка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of поделили","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"поделили","lemma":"поделить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with убили","gloss":"shared out"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing final clause","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как же","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b12-c8-s83","source":"Да, действительно, подозрение важное, и во-первых — тотчас же колоссальные улики, его подтверждающие: один убивает и берет все труды на себя, а другой сообщник лежит на боку, притворившись в падучей, — именно для того, чтобы предварительно возбудить во всех подозрение, тревогу в барине, тревогу в Григории.","translation":"Yes, indeed, the suspicion is a weighty one, and in the first place there are at once colossal proofs to confirm it: one does the killing and takes all the labor upon himself, while the other accomplice lies on his side, having feigned a fit of the falling sickness — precisely in order to rouse suspicion in everyone beforehand, alarm in the master, alarm in Grigory.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"один убивает и берет все труды на себя, а другой… лежит","title":"«один… а другой…» with «-ся»-reflexive «на себя»","body":"The «один… а другой…» frame ('one… while the other…') pivots on the contrastive «а». «берет на себя» ('takes upon himself') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя»; the historic present verbs «убивает, берет, лежит» dramatise the supposed division of labour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"притворившись в падучей, — именно для того, чтобы… возбудить во всех подозрение","title":"Perfective gerund + purpose «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«притворившись» ('having feigned') is again the perfective past gerund of the staged fit. It feeds the purpose clause «для того, чтобы… возбудить… подозрение, тревогу» ('precisely in order to rouse… suspicion, alarm'), the infinitive «возбудить» being perfective."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"колоссальные улики","title":"«улика» — a piece of incriminating evidence","body":"«улика» is specifically incriminating evidence, a proof of guilt (distinct from «доказательство», proof in general). «колоссальные улики, его подтверждающие» — 'colossal proofs confirming it' — with the present active participle «подтверждающие» agreeing with «улики»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важное","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"подозрение","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of важное","gloss":"the suspicion"},{"surface":"важное","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of подозрение","gloss":"is weighty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom во-первых","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"part of the idiom во-первых","gloss":"the first place"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the implied verb (there are)","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"колоссальные","lemma":"колоссальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies улики","gloss":"colossal"},{"surface":"улики","lemma":"улика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of the implied verb","gloss":"proofs"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подтверждающие","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"подтверждающие","lemma":"подтверждать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies улики","gloss":"confirming"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убивает","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"убивает","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"does the killing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"берет","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with убивает","gloss":"takes"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of труды","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"труды","lemma":"труд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of берет","gloss":"the labor"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of берет","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сообщник","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"сообщник","lemma":"сообщник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежит","gloss":"accomplice"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with убивает","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"боку","lemma":"бок","morphology":"noun, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежит","gloss":"his side"},{"surface":"притворившись","lemma":"притвориться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on лежит","gloss":"having feigned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking падучей,","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"падучей,","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of притворившись","gloss":"fit"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of для, introducing purpose clause","gloss":"the purpose"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возбудить","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"предварительно","lemma":"предварительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возбудить","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"возбудить","lemma":"возбудить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of того","gloss":"to rouse"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, plural","role":"oblique complement of во (modifying возбудить)","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"подозрение","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of возбудить","gloss":"suspicion"},{"surface":"тревогу","lemma":"тревога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with подозрение as object of возбудить","gloss":"alarm"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"барине","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тревогу","gloss":"the master"},{"surface":"тревогу","lemma":"тревога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with the first тревогу","gloss":"alarm"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Григории","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Григории","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the second тревогу","gloss":"Grigory"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b12-c8-s84","source":"Любопытно, из каких мотивов оба сообщника могли бы выдумать именно такой сумасшедший план?","translation":"It is curious, out of what motives the two accomplices could have devised precisely such a mad plan?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из каких мотивов оба сообщника могли бы выдумать","title":"«могли бы выдумать» — hypothetical ability","body":"«могли бы выдумать» joins «бы» to past «могли» plus an infinitive — 'could (possibly) have devised', a contrary-to-fact ability. «из каких мотивов» ('out of what motives') again uses «из» + genitive of cause, framing the curious question the prosecutor poses."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оба сообщника","title":"«оба» governing the noun","body":"«оба» ('both', masculine) behaves like the numeral 'two' and takes the genitive singular «сообщника» ('accomplice'). It declines through the cases and agrees in gender (feminine «обе»), a small but persistent point of Russian number agreement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любопытно","lemma":"любопытно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it is curious"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мотивов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of мотивов","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мотивов","lemma":"мотив","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выдумать","gloss":"motives"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on сообщника","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"сообщника","lemma":"сообщник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"accomplices"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional of могли","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"выдумать","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"have devised"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of план","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"сумасшедший","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies план","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"план","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выдумать","gloss":"a plan"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b12-c8-s85","source":"Но, может быть, это было вовсе не активное сообщество со стороны Смердякова, а, так сказать, пассивное и страдальческое: может быть, запуганный Смердяков согласился лишь не сопротивляться убийству и, предчувствуя, что его же ведь обвинят, что он дал убить барина, не кричал, не сопротивлялся, — заранее выговорил себе у Дмитрия Карамазова позволение пролежать это время как бы в падучей, „а ты там убивай себе как угодно, моя изба с краю“.","translation":"But perhaps it was not active complicity on Smerdyakov's part at all, but, so to speak, a passive and long-suffering one: perhaps the intimidated Smerdyakov agreed merely not to resist the murder and, foreseeing that he would be the one accused — that he had let the master be killed — neither cried out nor resisted, and obtained in advance from Dmitri Karamazov permission to lie through that time as if in a fit, 'and you go on and kill there as you please, my hut is on the edge.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"предчувствуя, что его же ведь обвинят","title":"Gerund «предчувствуя» + particles «же… ведь»","body":"«предчувствуя» ('foreseeing, having a foreboding') is an imperfective present gerund. Inside its clause the doubled particles «его же ведь обвинят» pile up emphasis and appeal — 'that it is he, after all, who would be accused' — the impersonal «обвинят» ('they would accuse') again subjectless."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пассивное и страдальческое","title":"«страдальческий» — long-suffering","body":"«страдальческий» ('of a sufferer, long-suffering', from «страдать», to suffer) pairs with the borrowed «пассивное» to soften the imagined complicity into mere passive endurance. The native word carries the Dostoevskian charge of suffering that the cool Latinate «пассивное» lacks."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а ты там убивай себе как угодно","title":"Imperative «убивай» + ethical dative «себе»","body":"«убивай» is the imperfective imperative ('go on killing'); the dangling «себе» is the colloquial 'ethical dative', adding a careless, dismissive shade — 'kill away there, for all I care'. «как угодно» means 'however you please'. The whole is mock-direct speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сообщество","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to сообщество","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies активное","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"активное","lemma":"активный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сообщество","gloss":"active"},{"surface":"сообщество","lemma":"сообщество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominal of это","gloss":"complicity"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom со стороны","gloss":"the part"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сообщество","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical, part of the idiom так сказать","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"пассивное","lemma":"пассивный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with активное","gloss":"passive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страдальческое","lemma":"страдальческий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with пассивное","gloss":"long-suffering"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"запуганный","lemma":"запугать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"intimidated"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of согласился","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"согласился","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"agreed"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сопротивляться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сопротивляться","lemma":"сопротивляться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of согласился","gloss":"to resist"},{"surface":"убийству","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of сопротивляться","gloss":"the murder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"предчувствуя","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying не кричал, не сопротивлялся","gloss":"foreseeing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обвинят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обвинят","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies его","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обвинят","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"обвинят","lemma":"обвинить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of предчувствуя","gloss":"would be accused"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of предчувствуя","gloss":"had let"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дал","gloss":"be killed"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"the master"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кричал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with согласился","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сопротивлялся,","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сопротивлялся,","lemma":"сопротивляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричал","gloss":"resisted"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выговорил","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"выговорил","lemma":"выговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with кричал","gloss":"obtained"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of выговорил","gloss":"for himself"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрия","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"позволение","lemma":"позволение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выговорил","gloss":"permission"},{"surface":"пролежать","lemma":"пролежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies позволение","gloss":"to lie through"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пролежать","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking падучей","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пролежать","gloss":"fit"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убивай","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убивай","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"убивай","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"go on and kill"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"ethical dative with убивай","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom как угодно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как угодно","gloss":"you please"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of изба","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"изба","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (is)","gloss":"hut"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking краю","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"краю","lemma":"край","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom с краю","gloss":"the edge"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b12-c8-s86","source":"Но если и так, то так как и опять-таки эта падучая должна была произвести в доме переполох, предвидя это, Дмитрий Карамазов уж никак не мог бы согласиться на такой уговор.","translation":"But even if it were so, then since this fit too would, again, have been bound to throw the house into an uproar, Dmitri Karamazov, foreseeing this, could by no means have consented to such a compact.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"эта падучая должна была произвести в доме переполох","title":"«должна была» + infinitive (past necessity)","body":"«должна была произвести» ('was bound to / would have had to cause') expresses obligation/inevitability in the past via «должна» plus past «была» plus a perfective infinitive. «должна» is a short-form predicate adjective agreeing with feminine «падучая»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"предвидя это, Дмитрий Карамазов уж никак не мог бы согласиться","title":"Negative concord with «никак» + «не… бы»","body":"«никак… не мог бы» shows Russian negative concord: the «ни»-adverb «никак» ('in no way') requires the verb still to carry «не». Combined with «бы» it yields 'could by no means have consented' — a categorical hypothetical refusal. «предвидя» is a present gerund ('foreseeing')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause и так","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative marking the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom так как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies опять","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom опять-таки","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom опять-таки","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of падучая","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"падучая","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of должна","gloss":"fit"},{"surface":"должна","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"main predicate of the так-как clause","gloss":"was bound"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"произвести","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должна","gloss":"to throw"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произвести","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"переполох","lemma":"переполох","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of произвести","gloss":"an uproar"},{"surface":"предвидя","lemma":"предвидеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on мог","gloss":"foreseeing"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предвидя","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies никак","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom никак не (by no means)","gloss":"no means"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional of мог","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"согласиться","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"consented"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уговор","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уговор","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"уговор","lemma":"уговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of согласиться","gloss":"a compact"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b12-c8-s87","source":"Но я уступаю, пусть он согласился; так ведь все-таки вышло бы тогда, что Дмитрий Карамазов убийца, прямой убийца и зачинщик, а Смердяков лишь пассивный участник, да и не участник даже, а лишь попуститель от страха и против воли, ведь суд-то это бы уже непременно мог различить, и вот, что же мы видим?","translation":"But I yield the point; suppose he did consent; then all the same it would have turned out that Dmitri Karamazov is the murderer, the direct murderer and instigator, while Smerdyakov is merely a passive participant — and not even a participant, but merely one who allowed it, out of fear and against his will; for the court would surely have been able to draw this distinction, and now, what do we see?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть он согласился","title":"Concessive «пусть» — 'granted, let it be that'","body":"«пусть он согласился» here is not a command but a concessive 'suppose / granted he did consent' — «пусть» plus a past-tense verb conceding the point for the sake of argument. The prosecutor yields ground only to spring his trap."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вышло бы тогда, что Дмитрий Карамазов убийца","title":"Zero-copula predicate after «что»","body":"In «что Дмитрий Карамазов убийца» the predicate noun «убийца» ('the murderer') has no verb at all — the present-tense copula is zero, and the complement stands in the nominative. «вышло бы» ('it would turn out') sets the whole as a hypothetical conclusion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь суд-то это бы уже непременно мог различить","title":"Stacked particles «ведь… -то… бы»","body":"Three particles cluster: «ведь» (appeal to the obvious), the emphatic clitic «суд-то» ('the court, mind you'), and «бы» (hypothetical 'could have'). This thick particle texture is the very sound of Dostoevsky's spoken-feeling rhetoric."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"попуститель","title":"«попуститель» — one who allows / connives","body":"«попуститель» (from «попустить», to allow/permit out of negligence) is one who lets a crime happen without acting — a connivor, not a perpetrator. The prosecutor's careful gradation — «убийца» / «участник» / «попуститель» — is the legal hair-splitting his argument turns on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уступаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уступаю","lemma":"уступать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"yield the point"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the concessive clause of согласился","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of согласился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"согласился","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the concessive clause","gloss":"did agree"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative modifying вышло","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так ведь","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would turn out"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional of вышло","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of вышло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убийца","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of Дмитрий Карамазов","gloss":"the murderer"},{"surface":"прямой","lemma":"прямой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the second убийца","gloss":"direct"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to the first убийца","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зачинщик","lemma":"зачинщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with убийца","gloss":"instigator"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of участник","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пассивный","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"пассивный","lemma":"пассивный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies участник","gloss":"passive"},{"surface":"участник","lemma":"участник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of Смердяков","gloss":"participant"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the second участник","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"участник","lemma":"участник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with the first участник","gloss":"a participant"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the second участник","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies попуститель","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"попуститель","lemma":"попуститель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with участник","gloss":"one who allowed it"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страха","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies попуститель","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воли","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"воли","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with страха","gloss":"his will"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the clause of мог","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"the court"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to суд","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of различить","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies непременно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ведь-clause","gloss":"would have been able"},{"surface":"различить","lemma":"различить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"draw"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видим","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"видим","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"see"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b12-c8-s88","source":"Только что арестовали подсудимого, как он мигом сваливает всё на одного Смердякова и его ''одного'' обвиняет.","translation":"No sooner had they arrested the defendant than in an instant he heaps everything onto Smerdyakov alone and accuses him ''alone.''","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только что арестовали подсудимого, как он мигом сваливает всё","title":"«только что… как» — 'no sooner… than'","body":"The correlative «только что… как» means 'no sooner had X happened than Y'. The impersonal perfective «арестовали» ('they arrested') is answered by the vivid historic present «сваливает» ('heaps, dumps'), the present tense dramatising the speed («мигом», in a flash)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сваливает всё на одного Смердякова","title":"«свалить на» — to dump the blame on","body":"«сваливать/свалить (всё) на кого-то» is the idiom 'to dump / pin everything on someone', shifting blame wholesale. The verb literally means to topple or fell something, so the metaphor is of unloading the entire weight of guilt onto one man."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только что...как","gloss":"no sooner"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"только что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только что","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"арестовали","lemma":"арестовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"they arrested"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of арестовали","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause (correlative with только что)","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сваливает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of сваливает","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"сваливает","lemma":"сваливать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"heaps"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сваливает","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies Смердякова","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сваливает","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обвиняет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies его","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"обвиняет","lemma":"обвинять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сваливает","gloss":"accuses"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b12-c8-s89","source":"Не в сообщничестве с собой обвиняет, а его одного: один, дескать, он это сделал, он убил и ограбил, его рук дело!","translation":"He does not accuse him of complicity with himself, but him alone: he, says the defendant, did it by himself, he killed and robbed, it is his handiwork!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не в сообщничестве с собой обвиняет, а его одного","title":"Contrastive «не… а» (negation + correction)","body":"«не X, а Y» ('not X, but Y') is the standard corrective negation: not 'of complicity', but 'him alone'. «с собой» uses the reflexive «собой» (instrumental of «себя») — 'complicity with himself'. The pattern sharpens exactly what the defendant is and is not claiming."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"его рук дело","title":"«его рук дело» — his handiwork","body":"A set idiom, «(чьих-то) рук дело» means 'the work of someone's hands, his doing' — usually of a misdeed. «рук» is the genitive plural of «рука»; the phrase pins authorship of the crime squarely on Smerdyakov in the defendant's mouth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the prepositional phrase в сообщничестве","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сообщничестве","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"сообщничестве","lemma":"сообщничество","morphology":"noun, prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обвиняет","gloss":"complicity"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"обвиняет","lemma":"обвинять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"accuses"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of the elided обвиняет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies его","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"resumptive subject of сделал","gloss":"he alone"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker (reported speech)","gloss":"so he says"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обвиняет","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделал","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ограбил","lemma":"ограбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"robbed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of рук","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"рук","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"hands'"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominal (idiom его рук дело)","gloss":"handiwork"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b12-c8-s90","source":"Ну что это за сообщники, которые тотчас же начинают говорить один на другого, — да этого никогда не бывает.","translation":"Now what sort of accomplices are these, who at once begin informing on each other — why, that never happens.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну что это за сообщники, которые… да этого никогда не бывает","title":"«что за» + negative concord «никогда не бывает»","body":"«что это за сообщники» is the exclamative-interrogative 'what sort of accomplices are these' (the «за» here is idiomatic, not governing a case). The clincher «этого никогда не бывает» shows negative concord — «никогда» ('never') with «не» — and a genitive subject «этого» under the negated «не бывает»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"говорить один на другого","title":"«говорить друг на друга» — to inform against","body":"«говорить на кого-то» (with «один на другого», 'one against the other') means to denounce or inform against — to give testimony incriminating someone. The reciprocal «один на другого» captures accomplices turning informer on each other, which the prosecutor insists never happens."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun","role":"part of the idiom что это за (what sort of)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun","role":"part of the idiom что это за","gloss":"sort"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom что это за","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"сообщники","lemma":"сообщник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head noun of the что-за construction","gloss":"accomplices"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of начинают","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинают","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"начинают","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on сообщники","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинают","gloss":"informing"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"distributive subject (один на другого)","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другого,","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другого,","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of бывает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывает","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бывает","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"happens"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b12-c8-s91","source":"И заметьте, какой риск для Карамазова: он главный убийца, а тот не главный, тот только попуститель и пролежал за перегородкой, и вот он сваливает на лежачего.","translation":"And mark what a risk it is for Karamazov: he is the chief murderer, while the other is not the chief one, the other is merely one who allowed it and who lay behind the partition — and yet here he lays it all on the one who was lying down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И заметьте, какой риск для Карамазова","title":"Imperative «заметьте» addressing the jury","body":"«заметьте» is the polite/plural imperative of «заметить» ('note, mark'), buttonholing the jury directly. «какой риск» is the exclamative 'what a risk', the interrogative «какой» pressed into emphatic service."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он сваливает на лежачего","title":"Substantivised adjective «лежачий»","body":"«лежачий» ('lying-down one') is an adjective used as a noun — 'the one who lay there'. The accusative «на лежачего» shows the animate-genitive-style ending. It echoes «лежачий-то» in the next sentence, turning Smerdyakov's prone helplessness into the moral crux."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заметьте","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mark"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of риск","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"риск","lemma":"риск","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of заметьте","gloss":"risk"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Карамазова","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies риск","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убийца","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"главный","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убийца","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun with он","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of главный","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies главный","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"главный","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of тот (w11)","gloss":"the chief one"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попуститель","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies попуститель","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"попуститель","lemma":"попуститель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of тот (w14)","gloss":"one who allowed it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пролежал","lemma":"пролежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with попуститель, subject тот","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking перегородкой","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"перегородкой","lemma":"перегородка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пролежал","gloss":"the partition"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сваливает","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сваливает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сваливает","lemma":"сваливать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"lays it"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лежачего","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лежачего","lemma":"лежачий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сваливает","gloss":"the one lying down"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b12-c8-s92","source":"Так ведь тот, лежачий-то, мог рассердиться, и из-за одного только самосохранения поскорее объявить правду истинную: оба, дескать, участвовали, только я не убивал, а лишь дозволил и попустил, от страху.","translation":"But surely the other, the one lying down, might have lost his temper and, out of nothing but self-preservation, have hastened to declare the genuine truth: both of us, he might say, took part, only I did not kill, but merely permitted and allowed it, out of fear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот, лежачий-то, мог рассердиться","title":"Demonstrative «тот» + emphatic «-то»","body":"«тот, лежачий-то» foregrounds Smerdyakov as 'that one, the prone fellow', the far demonstrative «тот» plus the emphatic clitic «-то». «мог рассердиться» ('might have lost his temper') sets up the hypothetical reaction the prosecutor argues should have followed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из-за одного только самосохранения поскорее объявить правду истинную","title":"«из-за» + genitive of cause; comparative «поскорее»","body":"«из-за… самосохранения» ('out of… self-preservation') is «из-за» governing the genitive of cause. «поскорее» is a comparative adverb with the prefix «по-» ('a bit quicker, as soon as possible'). The inverted «правду истинную» (noun before adjective) gives the phrase rhetorical weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оба, дескать, участвовали, только я не убивал, а лишь дозволил и попустил","title":"Quotative «дескать» + corrective «не… а»","body":"«дескать» again flags imagined direct speech. Inside it the corrective «не убивал, а лишь дозволил и попустил» ('did not kill, but only permitted and connived') uses «не… а», and «дозволил»/«попустил» are bookish perfectives for allowing a thing to happen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Так","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"лежачий","lemma":"лежачий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to тот","gloss":"the one lying down"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to лежачий","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"рассердиться","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"gotten angry"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies самосохранения","gloss":"sole"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самосохранения","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"самосохранения","lemma":"самосохранение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of объявить","gloss":"self-preservation"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявить","gloss":"as quickly as possible"},{"surface":"объявить","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of объявить","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"истинную","lemma":"истинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of объявить","gloss":"the genuine"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject of участвовали","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, marks reported speech","gloss":"he'd say"},{"surface":"участвовали","lemma":"участвовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"took part"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убивал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убивал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убивал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убивал","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the quoted clause, coordinated with участвовали","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дозволил","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"дозволил","lemma":"дозволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убивал","gloss":"permitted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"попустил","lemma":"попустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дозволил","gloss":"allowed it"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страху","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"страху","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, partitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попустил","gloss":"fear"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b12-c8-s93","source":"Ведь он же, Смердяков, мог понять, что суд тотчас бы различил степень его виновности, а стало быть, мог и рассчитать, что если его и накажут, то несравненно ничтожнее, чем того, главного убийцу, желающего всё свалить на него.","translation":"For he, Smerdyakov, could have understood that the court would at once distinguish the degree of his guilt, and so could also have calculated that even if he were punished, it would be incomparably more lightly than the other, the chief murderer, who was trying to lay the whole thing on him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог понять, что суд тотчас бы различил степень его виновности","title":"«бы» inside the reported reasoning","body":"«суд… бы различил» ('the court would distinguish') is a hypothetical embedded in Smerdyakov's imputed reasoning. «мог понять… мог и рассчитать» strings 'could have understood… could also have calculated', the modal «мог» plus perfective infinitives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несравненно ничтожнее, чем того, главного убийцу","title":"Comparative «ничтожнее, чем»","body":"«несравненно ничтожнее, чем…» ('incomparably more trifling than…') is a comparative in «-ее» reinforced by «несравненно» ('beyond comparison'), with «чем» introducing the standard of comparison. «того, главного убийцу» is in the accusative (animate) as the implicit object 'than [they would punish] the chief murderer'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could have"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of различил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of различил","gloss":"the court"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies различил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of различил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"различил","lemma":"различить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of понять","gloss":"distinguished"},{"surface":"степень","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of различил","gloss":"the degree"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of виновности","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"виновности","lemma":"виновность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies степень","gloss":"guilt"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with мог (w5)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"рассчитать","lemma":"рассчитать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with мог (w18)","gloss":"calculate"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ничтожнее","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of накажут","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of накажут","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies накажут","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"накажут","lemma":"наказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ничтожнее","gloss":"they punish"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ничтожнее","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"несравненно","lemma":"несравненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничтожнее","gloss":"incomparably"},{"surface":"ничтожнее","lemma":"ничтожный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"clausal complement of рассчитать","gloss":"more paltry"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of того","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ничтожнее","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"главного","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убийцу","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"убийцу","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to того","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"желающего","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying убийцу","gloss":"who wants"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of свалить","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"свалить","lemma":"свалить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желающего","gloss":"to dump"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свалить","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b12-c8-s94","source":"Но тогда, стало быть, уж поневоле сделал бы признание.","translation":"But then, of course, he would willy-nilly have made a confession.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж поневоле сделал бы признание","title":"«бы» + «поневоле» — would inevitably have confessed","body":"«сделал бы признание» ('would have made a confession') is the conditional «бы» with the past verb. «поневоле» ('willy-nilly, against one's will') and «уж» stress inevitability — the very confession the prosecutor notes never came."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"поневоле","lemma":"поневоле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"willy-nilly"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have made"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of сделал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"признание","lemma":"признание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"a confession"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b12-c8-s95","source":"Этого мы, однако же, не видали.","translation":"This, however, we have not seen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Этого мы, однако же, не видали.","title":"Genitive of negation «этого… не видали»","body":"«этого… не видали» fronts the object «этого» (genitive) under the negated verb «не видали» — a clear genitive of negation. The fronting is for emphasis (topic-comment), and «однако же» ('however, though') with the particle «же» marks the contrast with what should have happened."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видали","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видали","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видали","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have seen"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b12-c8-s96","source":"Смердяков и не заикнулся о сообщничестве, несмотря на то, что убийца твердо обвинял его и всё время указывал на него как на убийцу единственного.","translation":"Smerdyakov did not so much as breathe a word about complicity, despite the fact that the murderer firmly accused him and the whole time pointed to him as the sole murderer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смердяков и не заикнулся о сообщничестве","title":"Emphatic «и не» + reflexive «заикнулся»","body":"«и не заикнулся» means 'did not so much as breathe a word' — «и» here is 'even', intensifying the negation. «заикнуться» (from «заикаться», to stammer) is a «-ся» reflexive idiom: 'to so much as stammer out, mention'. «о сообщничестве» takes the prepositional after «о»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на то, что убийца твердо обвинял его","title":"Concessive «несмотря на то, что»","body":"«несмотря на то, что» ('despite the fact that') is the compound concessive conjunction opening a subordinate clause. The imperfective «обвинял» ('kept accusing') and «указывал» ('kept pointing') stress the persistent, repeated nature of the defendant's accusations."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заикнулся","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заикнулся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заикнулся","lemma":"заикнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"breathed a word"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сообщничестве","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"сообщничестве","lemma":"сообщничество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заикнулся","gloss":"complicity"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заикнулся","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обвинял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обвинял","gloss":"the murderer"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обвинял","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"обвинял","lemma":"обвинять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"accused"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обвинял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"указывал","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обвинял","gloss":"pointed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking убийцу","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убийцу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"убийцу","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывал","gloss":"the murderer"},{"surface":"единственного","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убийцу","gloss":"sole"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b12-c8-s97","source":"Мало того: Смердяков же и открыл следствию, что о пакете с деньгами и о знаках сообщил подсудимому ''он сам'' и что без него тот и не узнал бы ничего.","translation":"What is more: it was Smerdyakov himself who disclosed to the inquiry that it was ''he himself'' who had told the defendant about the packet of money and about the signals, and that without him the latter would never have known anything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мало того: Смердяков же и открыл следствию","title":"«мало того» + emphatic «же… и»","body":"«Мало того» ('what is more, and not only that') escalates the argument. The particles «же… и» on «Смердяков же и открыл» single Smerdyakov out emphatically — 'it was Smerdyakov himself who actually disclosed'. «следствию» is the dative (to the inquiry)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"без него тот и не узнал бы ничего","title":"«без» + genitive; negative concord with «бы»","body":"«без него» is «без» + genitive ('without him'). «тот… не узнал бы ничего» combines the demonstrative «тот» (the defendant), the conditional «бы», and negative concord («не… ничего», 'would never have learned anything')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what's more"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom мало того","gloss":"than that"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of открыл","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"actually"},{"surface":"открыл","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Смердяков","gloss":"disclosed"},{"surface":"следствию","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of открыл","gloss":"to the inquiry"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сообщил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакете","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"пакете","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сообщил","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies пакете","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знаках","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"знаках","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with деньгами","gloss":"the signals"},{"surface":"сообщил","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of открыл","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"подсудимому","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщил","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сообщил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узнал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнал (emphatic 'even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сообщил","gloss":"would have known"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of узнал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of узнал","gloss":"anything"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b12-c8-s98","source":"Если б он был действительно в сообщничестве и виновен, сообщил ли бы он так легко об этом следствию, то есть что это всё он сам сообщил подсудимому?","translation":"Had he really been an accomplice and guilty, would he have disclosed this so readily to the inquiry — that is, that he himself had told the defendant all this?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если б он был действительно в сообщничестве и виновен, сообщил ли бы он так легко","title":"Conditional «если б» + question particle «ли»","body":"«если б» (a clipped «если бы») opens the contrary-to-fact protasis; the apodosis is itself a question, «сообщил ли бы он» — the interrogative «ли» combined with «бы» ('would he have disclosed?'). «виновен» is a short-form adjective ('guilty') in the predicate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сообщничестве","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional particle with был","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сообщничестве","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to сообщничестве","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщничестве","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сообщничестве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сообщничестве","lemma":"сообщничество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"complicity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сообщничестве","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"сообщил","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the question clause","gloss":"would he have disclosed"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сообщил","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of сообщил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сообщил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легко","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"легко","lemma":"легко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщил","gloss":"readily"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of следствию","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"следствию","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of легко","gloss":"to the inquiry"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сообщил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with сообщил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сообщил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying сообщил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сообщил","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сообщил (w10)","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"подсудимому","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщил","gloss":"the defendant"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b12-c8-s99","source":"Напротив, стал бы запираться и уж непременно искажать факты и уменьшать их.","translation":"On the contrary, he would have begun to deny it and would certainly have distorted the facts and played them down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Напротив, стал бы запираться и… искажать факты и уменьшать их","title":"«стал бы» + imperfective infinitives","body":"«стал бы запираться… искажать… уменьшать» — the conditional «стал бы» ('would have begun / set about') governs a string of imperfective infinitives, viewing the denials and distortions as ongoing processes. «запираться» is a «-ся» verb, 'to deny stubbornly, lock oneself up' against the charge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"запираться","title":"«запираться» — to deny doggedly","body":"Literally 'to lock oneself up' (from «запереть», to lock), «запираться» in the legal/colloquial sense means to stubbornly deny a charge, to refuse to admit anything. The image of bolting a door behind oneself catches the obstinate stonewalling a guilty man would put up."}],"words":[{"surface":"Напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to стал","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have begun"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of стал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"запираться","lemma":"запираться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to deny it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies непременно","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies искажать","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"искажать","lemma":"искажать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with запираться","gloss":"distort"},{"surface":"факты","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of искажать","gloss":"the facts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уменьшать","lemma":"уменьшать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with искажать","gloss":"play down"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of уменьшать","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b12-c8-s100","source":"Но он не искажал и не уменьшал.","translation":"But he did not distort and did not play them down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но он не искажал и не уменьшал.","title":"Imperfective negation for an absent action","body":"The terse imperfective «не искажал и не уменьшал» ('did not distort and did not play down') denies the very process imagined in the previous sentence. The short, balanced clause lands the prosecutor's rhetorical point with a thud."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of искажал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies искажал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"искажал","lemma":"искажать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"distorted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уменьшал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уменьшал","lemma":"уменьшать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with искажал","gloss":"played down"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b12-c8-s101","source":"Так может делать только невинный, не боящийся, что его обвинят в сообщничестве.","translation":"Only an innocent man can act so, one not afraid of being accused of complicity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так может делать только невинный, не боящийся, что его обвинят","title":"Substantivised «невинный» + present active participle «не боящийся»","body":"«невинный» ('an innocent man') is an adjective used as a noun. It is modified by the present active participle «не боящийся» ('not fearing'), built from the «-ся» verb «бояться» — a participle that condenses 'one who does not fear that…' into a single agreeing form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies невинный","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"невинный","lemma":"невинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"an innocent man"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боящийся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боящийся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with невинный","gloss":"afraid"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обвинят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обвинят","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обвинят","lemma":"обвинить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of боящийся","gloss":"will be accused"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сообщничестве","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"сообщничестве","lemma":"сообщничество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обвинят","gloss":"complicity"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b12-c8-s102","source":"И вот он, в припадке болезненной меланхолии от своей падучей и от всей этой разразившейся катастрофы, вчера повесился.","translation":"And so he, in a fit of morbid melancholy brought on by his falling sickness and by this whole catastrophe that had broken over him, hanged himself yesterday.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в припадке болезненной меланхолии… вчера повесился","title":"Reflexive «повесился» + instrumental cause via «от»","body":"«повесился» ('hanged himself') is a true reflexive «-ся» verb. The cause is given with «от своей падучей и от всей… катастрофы» — «от» + genitive marking the source of the melancholy. The perfective «повесился» reports the single completed act that overturns the prosecutor's whole edifice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разразившейся катастрофы","title":"Past active participle «разразившейся»","body":"«разразившейся» is a past active participle from the «-ся» verb «разразиться» ('to break out, burst forth'), agreeing in the genitive feminine with «катастрофы» — 'the catastrophe that had broken out [over him]'. A single word replaces a whole который-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повесился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking припадке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"припадке","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повесился","gloss":"a fit"},{"surface":"болезненной","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies меланхолии","gloss":"morbid"},{"surface":"меланхолии","lemma":"меланхолия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies припадке","gloss":"melancholy"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking падучей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of падучей","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies меланхолии","gloss":"falling sickness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking катастрофы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of катастрофы","gloss":"this whole"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of катастрофы","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"разразившейся","lemma":"разразиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies катастрофы","gloss":"that had broken"},{"surface":"катастрофы","lemma":"катастрофа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with падучей","gloss":"catastrophe"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повесился","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"повесился","lemma":"повеситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hanged himself"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b12-c8-s103","source":"Повесившись, оставил записку, писанную своеобразным слогом: „Истребляю себя своею волей и охотой, чтобы никого не винить“.","translation":"Having hanged himself, he left a note written in his own peculiar style: 'I destroy myself by my own will and inclination, so as to blame no one.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Повесившись, оставил записку, писанную своеобразным слогом","title":"Gerund «повесившись» + passive participle «писанную»","body":"«Повесившись» is the perfective past gerund ('having hanged himself'). «писанную» is a past passive participle ('written'), an older variant of «написанную», agreeing in the accusative with «записку»; «слогом» (instrumental) gives the manner — 'in a peculiar style'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Истребляю себя своею волей и охотой, чтобы никого не винить","title":"Suicide note: «себя» + «чтобы… не винить»","body":"Smerdyakov's note: «истребляю себя» ('I destroy myself') with the reflexive pronoun «себя»; «своею волей» (reflexive possessive «свой» in archaic instrumental «-ою») 'by my own will'; and the purpose clause «чтобы никого не винить» ('so as to blame no one') with «чтобы» plus negative concord «никого… не»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Истребляю себя своею волей и охотой","title":"«истреблять» — a strange, exalted self-erasure","body":"«истреблять/истребить» means to exterminate, wipe out, destroy utterly — usually of vermin or enemies, not oneself. Smerdyakov's choice of this lofty, biblical-sounding verb for suicide, plus «волей и охотой» ('by will and willingness'), is the «своеобразный слог» the narrator flags — a half-educated lackey reaching for grand language."}],"words":[{"surface":"Повесившись","lemma":"повеситься","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on оставил","gloss":"having hanged himself"},{"surface":"оставил","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"записку","lemma":"записка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оставил","gloss":"a note"},{"surface":"писанную","lemma":"писанный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying записку","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"своеобразным","lemma":"своеобразный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слогом","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"слогом","lemma":"слог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of писанную (manner)","gloss":"in his style"},{"surface":"Истребляю","lemma":"истреблять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to оставил","gloss":"I destroy"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of Истребляю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of волей","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"волей","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of Истребляю","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"охотой","lemma":"охота","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with волей","gloss":"inclination"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of винить","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of винить","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies винить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"винить","lemma":"винить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Истребляю","gloss":"blame"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b12-c8-s104","source":"Ну что б ему прибавить в записке: убийца я, а не Карамазов.","translation":"Now what would it have cost him to add in the note: I am the murderer, not Karamazov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну что б ему прибавить в записке: убийца я, а не Карамазов.","title":"«что б… прибавить» — what would it have cost him?","body":"«что б ему прибавить» is an idiomatic dative-experiencer hypothetical — «что бы (стоило) ему прибавить», 'what would it have cost him to add'. «ему» is the dative, «бы» the conditional. The fronted «убийца я» ('the murderer [is] I') inverts subject and predicate for emphasis, with zero copula."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прибавить","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional particle with прибавить","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"прибавить","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to add"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking записке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"записке","lemma":"записка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавить","gloss":"the note"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun with я","gloss":"the murderer"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"in apposition to убийца","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Карамазов","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with я","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b12-c8-s105","source":"Но этого он не прибавил: на одно совести хватило, а на другое нет?","translation":"But this he did not add: his conscience sufficed for the one thing, but not for the other?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на одно совести хватило, а на другое нет?","title":"Impersonal «хватило» + genitive «совести»","body":"«совести хватило» is the impersonal 'there was enough conscience', where the verb «хватило» (perfective, 'sufficed') governs the genitive «совести» of the thing in supply, and «на одно… на другое» ('for the one thing… for the other') names the purpose. The contrastive «а… нет» pivots on «а»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прибавил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"add"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking совести","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies совести","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хватило","gloss":"his conscience"},{"surface":"хватило","lemma":"хватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to прибавил","gloss":"sufficed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другое","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with хватило","gloss":"no"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b12-c8-s106","source":"И что же: давеча сюда, в суд, приносят деньги, три тысячи рублей, — „те самые, дескать, которые лежали вот в этом самом пакете, что на столе с вещественными доказательствами, получил, дескать, вчера от Смердякова“.","translation":"And what then: just now they bring money here, into the court, three thousand rubles — 'the very ones, he says, that lay in this very packet here, the one on the table among the material evidence; received, he says, yesterday from Smerdyakov.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"давеча сюда, в суд, приносят деньги","title":"Historic present «приносят» + archaic «давеча»","body":"«приносят» ('they bring', impersonal historic present) makes the scene immediate. «давеча» is a colloquial/archaic adverb for 'a short while ago, earlier today', a homely word that recurs in the narration and dialogue of the novel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"те самые, дескать, которые лежали… получил, дескать, вчера","title":"Quotative «дескать» + relative «которые»","body":"Doubled «дескать» frames the bringer's reported claim. «те самые… которые лежали» ('the very ones that lay…') pairs the correlative «те самые» with the relative «которые», agreeing in number with the antecedent but nominative as the subject of «лежали»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the rhetorical phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приносят","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приносят","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суд","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приносят","gloss":"the court"},{"surface":"приносят","lemma":"приносить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"they bring"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of приносят","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on рублей, in apposition to деньги","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей,","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of лежали","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies те","gloss":"very ones"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, reported-speech marker","role":"parenthetical modifying лежали","gloss":"he says","note":"Marks reported/quoted speech, like inserting 'he says' — not a true verb."},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of лежали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"лежали","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying те самые","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пакете","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пакете","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пакете","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"пакете","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежали","gloss":"packet"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, relative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of an elided verb, modifies пакете","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"столе","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of что-clause modifying пакете","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доказательствами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вещественными","lemma":"вещественный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies доказательствами","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"доказательствами","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"modifies столе","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"получил","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause, modified by дескать","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, reported-speech marker","role":"parenthetical modifying получил","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получил","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b12-c8-s107","source":"Но вы, господа присяжные заседатели, сами помните грустную давешнюю картину.","translation":"But you, gentlemen of the jury, yourselves remember the mournful scene of a short while ago.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сами помните грустную давешнюю картину","title":"Intensifier «сами» + adjective «давешнюю»","body":"«сами» ('yourselves') is the intensive pronoun reinforcing «вы». «давешнюю» is the adjective formed from «давеча» — 'the just-now, earlier scene' — agreeing in the accusative feminine with «картину». Both are colloquial touches inside the formal address."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of помните","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies заседатели","gloss":"jury"},{"surface":"заседатели","lemma":"заседатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"jurors"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы, emphasizing помните","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"грустную","lemma":"грустный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies картину","gloss":"mournful"},{"surface":"давешнюю","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies картину","gloss":"of a while ago"},{"surface":"картину","lemma":"картина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of помните","gloss":"scene"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b12-c8-s108","source":"Я не возобновлю подробностей, однако же позволю себе сделать лишь два-три соображения, выбирая из самых незначительнейших, — именно потому, что они незначительны, а стало быть, не всякому придут в голову и забудутся.","translation":"I will not revive the details, yet I will allow myself to make just two or three observations, choosing among the most trifling — precisely because they are trifling, and so will not occur to everyone and will be forgotten.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"позволю себе сделать лишь два-три соображения, выбирая из самых незначительнейших","title":"«позволю себе» + gerund + double superlative","body":"«позволю себе» ('I will allow myself') uses the reflexive «себе». «выбирая» is a present gerund ('choosing'). «самых незначительнейших» piles «самых» onto the suffixal superlative «-ейш-» — a pleonastic 'most very trifling', a bookish doubling for emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что они незначительны… не всякому придут в голову и забудутся","title":"Short adjective «незначительны» + dative «не всякому»","body":"«незначительны» is a short-form predicate adjective ('are insignificant'). «не всякому придут в голову» ('will not occur to everyone') is a dative-experiencer idiom — «прийти в голову кому-то», to come into someone's head — with «забудутся» a «-ся» middle/passive ('will get forgotten')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возобновлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возобновлю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"возобновлю","lemma":"возобновить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will revive"},{"surface":"подробностей","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of возобновлю","gloss":"the details"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позволю","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"позволю","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возобновлю","gloss":"will allow"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, dative","role":"indirect object of позволю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позволю","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies два","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on соображения","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"coordinated with два, depends on соображения","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"соображения","lemma":"соображение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"observations"},{"surface":"выбирая","lemma":"выбирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сделать","gloss":"choosing"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking незначительнейших,","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies незначительнейших,","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"незначительнейших,","lemma":"незначительный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, genitive, plural, substantivized","role":"oblique complement of выбирая","gloss":"trifling ones"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms потому что with что, modifies выбирая","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of незначительны","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of незначительны","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"незначительны","lemma":"незначительный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"are trifling"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of idiom стало быть, parenthetical","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало (idiom стало быть)","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"всякому","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"pronoun, substantivized, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of придут","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"придут","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb, subject соображения","gloss":"will occur"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придут","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"забудутся","lemma":"забыться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with придут","gloss":"will be forgotten"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b12-c8-s109","source":"Во-первых, и опять-таки: от угрызения совести Смердяков вчера отдал деньги и сам повесился.","translation":"In the first place, and again: out of remorse of conscience Smerdyakov yesterday gave back the money and hanged himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от угрызения совести Смердяков вчера отдал деньги и сам повесился","title":"«от» + genitive of cause; reflexive «повесился»","body":"«от угрызения совести» ('out of remorse of conscience') is «от» + genitive marking cause. «отдал… повесился» are perfective past events; «сам» ('himself') intensifies, and «повесился» is the reflexive verb. The prosecutor sarcastically grants the defense's reading to expose its gap."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"угрызения совести","title":"«угрызения совести» — pangs of conscience","body":"«угрызение» (from «угрызть», to gnaw) means a gnawing or pang; «угрызения совести» is the fixed phrase 'pangs / remorse of conscience' — conscience literally gnawing at one. A central Dostoevskian motif, recurring three times in this stretch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb, part of set phrase","role":"part of phrase во-первых","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb, part of set phrase","role":"part of phrase во-первых","gloss":"the first place"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"adverb, part of set phrase","role":"part of phrase опять-таки","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"particle, intensifier, part of set phrase","role":"part of phrase опять-таки","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угрызения","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"угрызения","lemma":"угрызение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдал","gloss":"the pangs"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies угрызения","gloss":"of conscience"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отдал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдал","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"отдал","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave back"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of отдал","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies повесился","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"повесился","lemma":"повеситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отдал","gloss":"hanged himself"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b12-c8-s110","source":"(Ибо без угрызений совести он бы денег не отдал).","translation":"(For without remorse of conscience he would not have given the money back.)","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ибо без угрызений совести он бы денег не отдал","title":"Archaic «ибо» + conditional with genitive of negation","body":"The bookish «ибо» ('for') opens a parenthetical proof. «он бы… не отдал» is the conditional «бы» with negation, and the object «денег» stands in the genitive — a genitive of negation under the negated «не отдал» ('would not have given the money back')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this sentence as the reason for the previous","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угрызений","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"угрызений","lemma":"угрызение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of отдал","gloss":"pangs"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies угрызений","gloss":"of conscience"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отдал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of отдал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of отдал","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отдал","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have given back"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b12-c8-s111","source":"И уж конечно только вчера вечером в первый раз признался Ивану Карамазову в своем преступлении, как объявил и сам Иван Карамазов, иначе зачем бы он молчал до сих пор?","translation":"And of course it was only yesterday evening that he confessed his crime for the first time to Ivan Karamazov, as Ivan Karamazov himself declared — otherwise, why would he have kept silent until now?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только вчера вечером в первый раз признался Ивану Карамазову","title":"Reflexive «признался» + dative addressee","body":"«признался» ('confessed') is a «-ся» verb governing the dative of the person confessed to — «Ивану Карамазову» ('to Ivan Karamazov'). The temporal stack «только вчера вечером в первый раз» pins the confession to a single, very recent moment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"иначе зачем бы он молчал до сих пор?","title":"Rhetorical «зачем бы… молчал»","body":"«зачем бы он молчал» is a hypothetical rhetorical question — «зачем» ('why, to what end') plus the conditional «бы» plus imperfective past «молчал» ('would he have kept silent'). The imperfective frames the silence as a sustained state up to «до сих пор» ('until now')."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"modifies признался","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вчера","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies признался","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"вечером","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вчера","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of признался","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"признался","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confessed"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of признался","gloss":"to Ivan"},{"surface":"Карамазову","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивану","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступлении","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of преступлении","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"преступлении","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of признался","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объявил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"comparative clause modifying признался","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам, emphatic","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Иван","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объявил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчал, introduces rhetorical clause","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of молчал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical clause","gloss":"have kept silent"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор, part of phrase до сих пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b12-c8-s112","source":"Итак, он признался, почему же, опять повторю это, в предсмертной записке не объявил нам всей правды, зная, что завтра же для безвинного подсудимого страшный суд?","translation":"And so, he confessed; why then, I repeat it again, did he not declare to us in his dying note the whole truth, knowing that tomorrow a dread judgment awaited the guiltless defendant?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему же… в предсмертной записке не объявил нам всей правды","title":"Particle «же» + genitive of negation «всей правды»","body":"The insistent «почему же» ('why then, on earth') drives the question. «не объявил… всей правды» puts the object «всей правды» in the genitive under the negated verb — a genitive of negation ('did not declare the whole truth'). «нам» is the dative addressee."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зная, что завтра же для безвинного подсудимого страшный суд","title":"Gerund «зная» + zero-copula clause","body":"«зная» is a present gerund ('knowing'). Its clause «завтра же… страшный суд» has no verb at all — a zero-copula nominal sentence, 'tomorrow [there is] a dread judgment'. «же» on «завтра» insists on the imminence; «безвинного» ('guiltless') agrees in the genitive with «подсудимого»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"страшный суд","title":"«страшный суд» — Last Judgment overtones","body":"Literally 'a dread / terrible judgment', «страшный суд» is also the fixed Russian name for the Last Judgment («Страшный суд»). In context it means the awful court verdict awaiting Dmitri, but the phrase rings with its apocalyptic religious sense — a typical Dostoevskian double resonance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Итак","lemma":"итак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies признался","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of признался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"признался","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confessed"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторю","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"повторю","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of повторю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking записке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"предсмертной","lemma":"предсмертный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies записке","gloss":"dying"},{"surface":"записке","lemma":"записка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of объявил","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical clause","gloss":"declare"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of объявил","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правды","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"правды","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of объявил","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on объявил","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause with predicate суд","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies суд","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завтра","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подсудимого","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"безвинного","lemma":"безвинный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подсудимого","gloss":"guiltless"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of суд (elided verb)","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"страшный","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суд","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, subject of the что-clause","gloss":"judgment"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b12-c8-s113","source":"Одни деньги ведь не доказательство.","translation":"Money alone is, after all, no proof.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Одни деньги ведь не доказательство.","title":"«одни деньги» + particle «ведь» + zero copula","body":"«одни деньги» here means 'money alone' (not 'one money') — «один» in its 'alone, only' sense, plural-agreeing with «деньги». «ведь» appeals to shared sense ('after all'), and «не доказательство» is a zero-copula predicate with no verb — 'money alone is no proof'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of доказательство","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доказательство, parenthetical","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доказательство","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"доказательство","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominal of деньги","gloss":"proof"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b12-c8-s114","source":"Мне, например, и еще двум лицам в этой зале совершенно случайно стал известен, еще неделю назад, один факт, именно, что Иван Федорович Карамазов посылал в губернский город для размена два пятипроцентные билета по пяти тысяч каждый, всего, стало быть, на десять тысяч.","translation":"I, for instance, and two other persons in this hall, learned entirely by chance, a week ago now, of one fact — namely, that Ivan Fyodorovich Karamazov had sent to the provincial capital to be cashed two five-percent bonds of five thousand each, ten thousand in all, then.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне, например, и еще двум лицам… стал известен… один факт","title":"Dative «мне… двум лицам» + short adjective «известен»","body":"«стал известен… факт» is the construction 'a fact became known' — «известен» a short-form predicate adjective agreeing with masculine «факт», and the experiencers «мне… двум лицам» in the dative ('to me… to two persons'). «двум лицам» shows the numeral «два» governing case (here dative plural)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"посылал… для размена","title":"Imperfective «посылал» + «для» + genitive of purpose","body":"«посылал» (imperfective past) reports the act as background fact rather than a single completed event. «для размена» ('to be cashed / for the exchanging') is «для» + the genitive verbal noun «размен», a tidy way of expressing purpose without a clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer, indirect object of стал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies двум","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"двум","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"quantifies лицам","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"лицам","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with Мне, dative experiencer of стал","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of зале","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицам","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случайно","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"случайно","lemma":"случайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"by chance"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"известен","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неделю","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of стал","gloss":"a week"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неделю","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies факт","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies факт, introduces apposition","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of посылал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посылал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"посылал","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of факт","gloss":"had sent"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking город","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"губернский","lemma":"губернский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies город","gloss":"provincial"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посылал","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking размена","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"размена","lemma":"размен","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посылал","gloss":"cashing"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on билета","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"пятипроцентные","lemma":"пятипроцентный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies билета","gloss":"five-percent"},{"surface":"билета","lemma":"билет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посылал","gloss":"bonds"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition, distributive","role":"preposition marking тысяч","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"пяти","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of по, distributive","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies билета, distributive","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"in all"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of idiom стало быть, parenthetical","gloss":"amounting"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало (idiom стало быть)","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысяч","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысяч","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of на, coordinated with стало","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b12-c8-s115","source":"Я только к тому, что деньги у всех могут случиться к данному сроку и что, принеся три тысячи, нельзя доказать непременно, что это вот те самые деньги, вот именно из того самого ящика или пакета.","translation":"I mean only this, that anyone may happen to have money at a given moment, and that, by bringing in three thousand, one cannot prove for certain that this is the very same money, the money out of that very same box or packet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"деньги у всех могут случиться к данному сроку","title":"«у всех» possessive + reflexive «случиться»","body":"«у всех… могут случиться деньги» uses the «у» + genitive possessive ('everyone may happen to have money'); «случиться» is a «-ся» verb here meaning 'to turn up, happen to be'. «к данному сроку» ('by a given moment') is «к» + dative for a deadline."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"принеся три тысячи, нельзя доказать… что это вот те самые деньги","title":"Gerund «принеся» + impersonal «нельзя доказать»","body":"«принеся» is a perfective past gerund ('having brought / by bringing'). «нельзя доказать» is the impersonal modal 'one cannot prove' with an infinitive. The emphatic «вот те самые… вот именно из того самого» piles deictic «вот» and «самый» to insist on the impossible exactness demanded."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (I mean)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase к тому, что","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могут","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of могут","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"случиться","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"happen"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сроку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"данному","lemma":"данный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сроку","gloss":"a given"},{"surface":"сроку","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случиться","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нельзя","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"принеся","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on нельзя доказать","gloss":"bringing"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принеся","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"one cannot"},{"surface":"доказать","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of нельзя","gloss":"prove"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доказать","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of деньги","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of деньги","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies те","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies деньги, predicate with это","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"predicate nominal of это, clausal complement of доказать","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies именно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ящика, apposition","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ящика","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ящика","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ящика","gloss":"very same"},{"surface":"ящика","lemma":"ящик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to деньги","gloss":"box"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"пакета","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ящика","gloss":"packet"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b12-c8-s116","source":"Наконец, Иван Карамазов, получив вчера такое важное сообщение от настоящего убийцы, пребывает в покое.","translation":"Lastly, Ivan Karamazov, having received yesterday so weighty a communication from the real murderer, remains at peace.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иван Карамазов, получив вчера такое важное сообщение… пребывает в покое","title":"Gerund «получив» + bookish «пребывает»","body":"«получив» is the perfective past gerund ('having received'). «пребывает в покое» ('remains at peace') uses «пребывать», a bookish, somewhat elevated verb for 'to abide, remain in a state', sharpening the prosecutor's pointed surprise at Ivan's calm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"modifies пребывает","gloss":"lastly"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пребывает","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"получив","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пребывает","gloss":"having received"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получив","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of важное","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"важное","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сообщение","gloss":"weighty"},{"surface":"сообщение","lemma":"сообщение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of получив","gloss":"communication"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убийцы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"настоящего","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убийцы","gloss":"the real"},{"surface":"убийцы","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сообщение","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"пребывает","lemma":"пребывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remains"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking покое","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"покое","lemma":"покой","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пребывает","gloss":"peace"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b12-c8-s117","source":"Но почему бы ему не заявить об этом тотчас же?","translation":"But why did he not report it at once?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но почему бы ему не заявить об этом тотчас же?","title":"«почему бы… не» — softened rhetorical reproach","body":"«почему бы ему не заявить» is the «почему бы (не)» + dative + infinitive pattern — 'why should/would he not report it', a softened, almost reproachful hypothetical. «ему» is the dative experiencer; «бы» the conditional particle. «об этом» takes the prepositional after «об»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заявить","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of заявить","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of заявить (dative construction)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заявить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заявить","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main predicate of the impersonal construction","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заявить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заявить","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b12-c8-s118","source":"Почему он отложил всё до утра?","translation":"Why did he put it all off until morning?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему он отложил всё до утра?","title":"Perfective «отложил» + «до» + genitive","body":"«отложил» (perfective, 'put off') views the postponement as a single decisive act. «до утра» ('until morning') is «до» governing the genitive «утра» — the temporal limit. The bare, repeated «Почему…?» questions hammer at Ivan's delay."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отложил","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отложил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отложил","lemma":"отложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put off"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отложил","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утра","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отложил","gloss":"morning"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b12-c8-s119","source":"Полагаю, что имею право догадываться почему: уже неделю как расстроенный в своем здоровье, сам признавшийся доктору и близким своим, что видит видения, что встречает уже умерших людей; накануне белой горячки, которая сегодня именно и поразила его, он, внезапно узнав о кончине Смердякова, вдруг составляет себе следующее рассуждение: „Человек мертв, на него сказать можно, а брата спасу.","translation":"I think I have the right to guess why: for a week now broken down in his health, having himself confessed to the doctor and to those close to him that he sees visions, that he meets people already dead; on the eve of the brain fever which has indeed struck him down today, he, suddenly learning of Smerdyakov's death, all at once frames for himself the following reasoning: 'The man is dead, the blame can be laid on him, and I shall save my brother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже неделю как расстроенный в своем здоровье, сам признавшийся доктору… что видит видения","title":"Stacked participles describing Ivan","body":"Two participles modify Ivan: the past passive «расстроенный» ('broken down [in health]') and the past active «признавшийся» ('having confessed', a «-ся» verb). They pile up his condition before the main verb «составляет» — the dense participial layering typical of literary Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"внезапно узнав о кончине Смердякова, вдруг составляет себе следующее рассуждение","title":"Gerund «узнав» + historic present «составляет»","body":"«узнав» is the perfective past gerund ('having learned'); the main verb shifts to the vivid historic present «составляет» ('frames, composes [for himself]'), with reflexive «себе». The present tense brings Ivan's feverish reasoning right before the jury's eyes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кончине","title":"«кончина» — a solemn word for death","body":"«кончина» (from «кончить», to end) is an elevated, almost reverent word for someone's death or demise, far weightier than «смерть». Its bookish register lends the report of Smerdyakov's suicide a grave, formal colouring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Полагаю","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имею","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Полагаю","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"догадываться","lemma":"догадываться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitival complement of право","gloss":"to guess"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадываться","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неделю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"duration adverbial modifying расстроенный (уже неделю как = for a week now)","gloss":"a week"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlates неделю with расстроенный (it's been a week since)","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"расстроенный","lemma":"расстроить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"predicate participle describing the implied subject (он)","gloss":"broken down"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking здоровье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of здоровье","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"здоровье","lemma":"здоровье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of расстроенный","gloss":"health"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies признавшийся","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"признавшийся","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with расстроенный, describes the implied subject","gloss":"having confessed"},{"surface":"доктору","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of признавшийся","gloss":"to the doctor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"близким","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with доктору","gloss":"those close to him"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of близким","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of видит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"видит","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of признавшийся","gloss":"he sees"},{"surface":"видения","lemma":"видение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of видит","gloss":"visions"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встречает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"встречает","lemma":"встречать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видит, clausal complement of признавшийся","gloss":"he meets"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умерших","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"умерших","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of встречает","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"накануне","lemma":"накануне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горячки","gloss":"on the eve of"},{"surface":"белой","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies горячки (idiom белая горячка = delirium tremens)","gloss":"white","note":"белая горячка is idiomatic for delirium tremens; the translation renders it 'brain fever'."},{"surface":"горячки","lemma":"горячка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of накануне","gloss":"fever"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поразила","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразила","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поразила","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying поразила","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"поразила","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on горячки","gloss":"struck him down"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of составляет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнав","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"узнав","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on составляет","gloss":"learning"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кончине","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"кончине","lemma":"кончина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнав","gloss":"the death"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кончине","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies составляет","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"составляет","lemma":"составлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with Полагаю","gloss":"frames"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of составляет","gloss":"for himself"},{"surface":"следующее","lemma":"следующий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies рассуждение","gloss":"the following"},{"surface":"рассуждение","lemma":"рассуждение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of составляет","gloss":"reasoning"},{"surface":"Человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мертв","gloss":"The man"},{"surface":"мертв","lemma":"мёртвый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of Человек","gloss":"is dead"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with мертв","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасу","gloss":"my brother"},{"surface":"спасу","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мертв/можно","gloss":"I will save"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b12-c8-s120","source":"Деньги же есть у меня: возьму пачку и скажу, что Смердяков пред смертью мне отдал“.","translation":"And money I have: I'll take a wad and say that Smerdyakov gave it to me before his death.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Деньги же есть у меня: возьму пачку и скажу","title":"Particle «же» + future of resolve","body":"«Деньги же есть у меня» fronts «деньги» with the emphatic «же» ('and money — I do have it'); «есть у меня» is the «у» + genitive possessive. «возьму… и скажу» are perfective futures of decision ('I'll take… and say') — Ivan's imagined inner resolve, closing the quoted monologue."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пачку","title":"«пачка» — a wad / bundle","body":"«пачка» is a pack, bundle, or wad — here a 'wad' of banknotes. The accusative «пачку» (feminine «-а» noun) is the everyday, concrete word for the bundle of cash Ivan imagines producing in court."}],"words":[{"surface":"Деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"Money"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Деньги","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть (у меня = I have)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"возьму","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with скажу","gloss":"I'll take"},{"surface":"пачку","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возьму","gloss":"a wad"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьму","gloss":"I'll say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отдал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отдал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смертью","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"смертью","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдал","gloss":"his death"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отдал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"отдал","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of скажу","gloss":"gave"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b12-c8-s121","source":"Вы скажете, это нечестно; хоть на мертвого, но нечестно же лгать, даже и для спасения брата?","translation":"You will say this is dishonorable; that to lie even about a dead man is dishonorable, even to save a brother?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть на мертвого, но нечестно же лгать","title":"The concessive «хоть… но»","body":"«хоть» here is concessive — 'even if (only) about a dead man' — paired with adversative «но» to set up the objection. The construction lets the prosecutor voice the listener's scruple before crushing it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нечестно же лгать","title":"Insistent «же»","body":"The particle «же» adds insistence — 'it really is dishonorable to lie, isn't it?' English can only render it through stress or a tag question. It is the texture of the imagined objector pressing the point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для спасения брата","title":"Genitive after «для»; bookish «-ие» noun","body":"«для» governs the genitive «спасения», a Church-Slavonic-flavored verbal noun in «-ение». The whole phrase 'for the saving of a brother' is the elevated, sermon-like register the prosecutor adopts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of скажете","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"скажете","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нечестно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нечестно","lemma":"нечестный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of скажете","gloss":"is dishonorable"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies на мертвого","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мертвого","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мертвого","lemma":"мёртвый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лгать","gloss":"a dead man"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"нечестно","lemma":"нечестный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нечестно (w4), second clausal complement","gloss":"dishonorable"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нечестно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"лгать","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject clause of нечестно (w9)","gloss":"to lie"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies для спасения","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, part of даже и","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спасения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"спасения","lemma":"спасение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лгать","gloss":"the saving"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спасения","gloss":"of a brother"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b12-c8-s122","source":"Так, ну а что, если он солгал бессознательно, если он сам вообразил, что так и было, именно окончательно пораженный в рассудке своем известием об этой внезапной смерти лакея?","translation":"Very well — but what if he lied without knowing it, if he himself imagined that it had truly been so, struck down once and for all in his reason precisely by the news of that sudden death of the lackey?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если он солгал бессознательно","title":"Perfective «солгал» — a single lie told","body":"«солгал» is the perfective past of «лгать/солгать»: not 'was lying' but 'told one lie, did the deed of lying'. The completed aspect frames it as a single act whose truth-value the prosecutor is probing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если он сам вообразил, что так и было","title":"«сам» intensifier and reported «что»-clause","body":"«сам» ('himself') intensifies the subject — he, of his own accord, imagined it. The «что»-clause reports the content of the imagining as plain fact ('that it had been so'), the indicative «было» showing he took it as real."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пораженный в рассудке своем","title":"Past passive participle «пораженный»","body":"«пораженный» ('struck, stricken') is a past passive participle from perfective «поразить», agreeing with the implied subject — 'struck down in his reason'. The reflexive possessive «своем» keeps the reason his own."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"известием об этой внезапной смерти лакея","title":"Instrumental of means «известием»","body":"«известием» is instrumental — the means by which he was struck: 'by the news'. The participle «пораженный» governs this instrumental of cause/agent exactly as a passive does."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лакея","title":"«лакей» — the lackey Smerdyakov","body":"«лакей» is a footman or manservant, a borrowing (from French laquais) with a faint note of servility. Here it points to Smerdyakov, Fyodor Pavlovich's cook-servant, whose sudden death (suicide) is the news in question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker (agreement)","gloss":"Very well"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (что, если... = what if...)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of солгал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of солгал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"солгал","lemma":"солгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on что (w4)","gloss":"lied"},{"surface":"бессознательно","lemma":"бессознательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies солгал","gloss":"without knowing it"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вообразил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вообразил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вообразил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"вообразил","lemma":"вообразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on что (w4), coordinated with солгал","gloss":"imagined"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, part of так и было","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вообразил","gloss":"it had been"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies окончательно","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пораженный","gloss":"once and for all"},{"surface":"пораженный","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"describes он (w6/w10), parallel to солгал/вообразил","gloss":"struck down"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассудке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"рассудке","lemma":"рассудок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пораженный","gloss":"his reason"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рассудке","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"известием","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пораженный","gloss":"by the news"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of смерти","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"внезапной","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of известием","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"лакея","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"of the lackey"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b12-c8-s123","source":"Вы ведь видели давешнюю сцену, видели, в каком положении был этот человек.","translation":"You did, after all, witness the scene a short while ago; you saw the state this man was in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы ведь видели","title":"Appealing «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'you did, after all, see'. The prosecutor leans on what the jury witnessed moments ago, making them complicit in his reading of the scene."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давешнюю","title":"«давешний» — that just-now","body":"«давешний» is a colloquial, slightly old-fashioned adjective meaning 'the recent, the earlier-today one' — 'the scene a short while ago'. It recurs in this speech to point back to the courtroom's own immediate past."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в каком положении был этот человек","title":"Indirect question with «какой»","body":"«в каком положении» is the interrogative «какой» ('what kind of') in the prepositional, here embedded as an indirect question — 'in what state this man was'. «какой» agrees like an adjective with «положении»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видели","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видели","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"witnessed"},{"surface":"давешнюю","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сцену","gloss":"the earlier"},{"surface":"сцену","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видели","gloss":"scene"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видели (w3)","gloss":"you saw"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of положении","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"положении","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, clausal complement of видели (w6)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b12-c8-s124","source":"Он стоял на ногах и говорил, но где был ум его?","translation":"He stood on his feet and spoke, but where was his mind?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он стоял на ногах и говорил","title":"Imperfective pair: standing and speaking","body":"Both «стоял» and «говорил» are imperfective past — ongoing, simultaneous states held up as a tableau: 'he was standing and speaking'. The imperfective freezes the background against which the rhetorical question lands."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но где был ум его?","title":"Postposed possessive «ум его»","body":"«его» is the frozen third-person possessive ('his'), placed after the noun «ум» for rhetorical weight — 'his mind'. Postposing the possessive lends the question a heightened, almost biblical cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ногах","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"his feet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ум","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"his mind"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ум","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b12-c8-s125","source":"За давешним показанием горячечного последовал документ, письмо подсудимого к госпоже Верховцевой, писанное им за два дня до совершения преступления, с подробною программой преступления вперед.","translation":"Upon the recent testimony of a man in a fever there followed a document — the defendant's letter to Madame Verkhovtseva, written by him two days before the crime was carried out, setting down in advance a detailed program of the crime.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"последовал документ","title":"Perfective «последовал» moves the narrative","body":"«последовал» (perfective past of «следовать/последовать», 'to follow') advances the account event by event: after the testimony, there 'followed' a document. The subject «документ» stands after the verb — new information last."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"За давешним показанием горячечного последовал документ","title":"Topic-first word order","body":"The sentence opens with the instrumental-marked circumstance «за… показанием» ('upon the testimony') and lands the new subject «документ» last. This topic–comment ordering, normal in Russian, frees the prosecutor to build suspense toward 'a document'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"горячечного","title":"«горячечный» — a man in fever","body":"«горячечный» means 'feverish, delirious', from «горячка» (fever, delirium). Used as a noun here ('the testimony of a feverish man'), it dismisses the witness's earlier words as the ravings of delirium."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"писанное им за два дня до совершения преступления","title":"Passive participle «писанное» + instrumental agent","body":"«писанное» is a past passive participle ('written'), agreeing with neuter «письмо»; its agent «им» ('by him') stands in the instrumental, the regular way Russian names the doer in a passive. The bare «писанное» (vs. «написанное») is the bookish, slightly archaic variant."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking показанием","gloss":"Following"},{"surface":"давешним","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies показанием","gloss":"the earlier"},{"surface":"показанием","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of последовал","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"горячечного","lemma":"горячечный","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies показанием","gloss":"of the feverish man"},{"surface":"последовал","lemma":"последовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there followed"},{"surface":"документ","lemma":"документ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of последовал","gloss":"a document"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with документ, in apposition","gloss":"a letter"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"the defendant's"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking госпоже","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"госпоже","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Верховцевой","lemma":"Верховцева","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпоже","gloss":"Verkhovtseva"},{"surface":"писанное","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying письмо","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent complement of писанное","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of писанное","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking совершения","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"совершения","lemma":"совершение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"the carrying out"},{"surface":"преступления","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies совершения","gloss":"of the crime"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking программой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"подробною","lemma":"подробный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies программой","gloss":"a detailed"},{"surface":"программой","lemma":"программа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of писанное","gloss":"program"},{"surface":"преступления","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies программой","gloss":"of the crime"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies писанное","gloss":"in advance"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b12-c8-s126","source":"Ну так чего же мы ищем программу и ее составителей?","translation":"Why, then, do we keep searching for a program and for those who drew it up?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну так чего же мы ищем","title":"Genitive object «чего» under the verb «искать»","body":"«искать» ('to seek') governs the genitive when the object is abstract or indefinite, hence «чего» rather than «что» — 'what are we looking for'. The «же» again insists: 'why on earth do we keep searching?'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"составителей","title":"«составитель» — the one who draws something up","body":"«составитель» means 'compiler, framer, the one who composes/draws up' (from «составить», to put together). Here, 'the framers of the program' — and the irony is that the only framer was the accused himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ищем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial (why/what for), modifies ищем","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ищем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"ищем","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"keep searching for"},{"surface":"программу","lemma":"программа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ищем","gloss":"a program"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies составителей","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"составителей","lemma":"составитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with программу","gloss":"authors"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b12-c8-s127","source":"Точь-в-точь по этой программе и совершилось, и совершилось не кем другим, как ее составителем.","translation":"It was carried out point for point according to this very program, and carried out by none other than its author.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Точь-в-точь","title":"«точь-в-точь» — exactly, to the letter","body":"«точь-в-точь» is an emphatic colloquial idiom, 'exactly, precisely, point for point'. It hammers home that the murder matched the written program with no deviation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и совершилось не кем другим, как ее составителем","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as middle/passive «совершилось»","body":"«совершилось» is «совершить» with reflexive «-ся», giving an intransitive 'it came about, was carried out' with no named agent — the deed seems to enact itself. The actual doer then surfaces in the instrumental «не кем другим, как… составителем» ('by none other than its author')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не кем другим, как ее составителем","title":"Instrumental of the agent","body":"With a reflexive-passive «совершилось», the agent stands in the instrumental: «кем» and «составителем» are both instrumental — 'by whom… by its author'. This is the standard way Russian reintroduces the doer behind a «-ся» passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb (part of the fixed idiom точь-в-точь)","role":"part of idiom точь-в-точь, modifies совершилось","gloss":"point","note":"Точь-в-точь ('exactly, point for point') is a single fixed idiom split by the tagger into three tokens."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition (part of the idiom точь-в-точь)","role":"part of idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb (part of the fixed idiom точь-в-точь)","role":"part of idiom точь-в-точь, modifies совершилось","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking программе","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of программе","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"программе","lemma":"программа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершилось","gloss":"program"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совершилось","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was carried out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совершилось","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with совершилось (w8)","gloss":"carried out"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кем","gloss":"none"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"agent complement of совершилось (w10)","gloss":"by anyone"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кем","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the correlate of не кем другим","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies составителем","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"составителем","lemma":"составитель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent complement of совершилось, correlate of кем другим","gloss":"author"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b12-c8-s128","source":"Да, господа присяжные заседатели, „совершилось как по писаному!“","translation":"Yes, gentlemen of the jury, „it came to pass just as it was written!“","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"совершилось как по писаному","title":"Idiom «как по писаному»","body":"«как по писаному» literally 'as if by what was written', i.e. 'just as it was written / like clockwork, flawlessly'. The prosecutor turns the idiom literal: the crime matched a literal written text."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker (affirmation)","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, addressing заседатели","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies заседатели","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"заседатели","lemma":"заседатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, addressee of the speaker","gloss":"jurors"},{"surface":"совершилось","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"it came to pass"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of idiom как по писаному, marks писаному","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking писаному","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"писаному","lemma":"писаный","morphology":"adjective (substantive), dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершилось (idiom как по писаному = just as written)","gloss":"written","note":"как по писаному is an idiom meaning 'exactly as foretold/planned'."}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b12-c8-s129","source":"И вовсе, вовсе мы не бежали почтительно и боязливо от отцова окошка, да еще в твердой уверенности, что у того теперь наша возлюбленная.","translation":"And in no way, in no way did we flee from the father's window respectfully and timidly, and moreover in the firm conviction that our beloved was now there with him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И вовсе, вовсе мы не бежали","title":"Emphatic negation «вовсе… не»","body":"«вовсе не» is 'not at all, in no way', and the doubling «вовсе, вовсе» pushes the denial to full intensity. The prosecutor is sarcastically rejecting the defense's own narrative ('we did not flee respectfully…')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы не бежали почтительно и боязливо","title":"Ironic first-person plural «мы»","body":"The 'we' ventriloquizes the defendant's version of himself — a mocking adoption of the accused's voice. «бежали» is imperfective past ('were fleeing'), the manner adverbs «почтительно, боязливо» loading the irony."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"от отцова окошка","title":"Possessive adjective «отцов» and diminutive «окошко»","body":"«отцова» is the short possessive adjective from «отец» ('the father's'), an older, folksier alternative to «отца». «окошко» is the affectionate diminutive of «окно» ('little window') — the window at which Dmitri stood watching."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в твердой уверенности, что у того теперь наша возлюбленная","title":"Demonstrative «тот» tracking the father","body":"«у того» ('at that one's place') uses the far demonstrative «тот» to point to the father, kept distinct from the speaker. The clause has zero copula — 'our beloved [is] now there with him' — the present tense needing no verb 'to be'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бежали (emphatic repetition)","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бежали (emphatic repetition)","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of бежали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бежали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бежали","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flee"},{"surface":"почтительно","lemma":"почтительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бежали","gloss":"respectfully"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"боязливо","lemma":"боязливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with почтительно","gloss":"timidly"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окошка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"отцова","lemma":"отцов","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies окошка","gloss":"the father's"},{"surface":"окошка","lemma":"окошко","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежали","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies в твердой уверенности","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уверенности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"твердой","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies уверенности","gloss":"the firm"},{"surface":"уверенности","lemma":"уверенность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with почтительно/боязливо, modifies бежали","gloss":"conviction"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of уверенности","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of locative phrase у того (at his place)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided copula (есть) in the что-clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"наша","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of возлюбленная","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"возлюбленная","lemma":"возлюбленная","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elided copula (есть) in the что-clause","gloss":"beloved"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b12-c8-s130","source":"Нет, это нелепо и неправдоподобно.","translation":"No, that is absurd and beyond all likelihood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это нелепо и неправдоподобно","title":"Short-form predicate adjectives","body":"«нелепо» and «неправдоподобно» are short neuter predicate adjectives agreeing with neuter «это» — 'that is absurd and improbable'. The short form is the bookish, categorical way to pronounce a verdict on a thing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неправдоподобно","title":"«неправдоподобный» — beyond likelihood","body":"A transparent compound: «не-правдо-подобно» = 'not truth-resembling', i.e. 'improbable, implausible'. Its weight comes from its length — a heavy, formal word that makes the dismissal sound judicial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker (negation)","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нелепо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нелепо","lemma":"нелепый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective of это","gloss":"is absurd"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неправдоподобно","lemma":"неправдоподобный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нелепо","gloss":"beyond all likelihood"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b12-c8-s131","source":"Он вошел и — покончил дело.","translation":"He went in and — finished the matter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он вошел и — покончил дело","title":"Two perfectives, clipped by a dash","body":"«вошел» and «покончил» are both perfective past — two completed blows of action: 'he went in and — finished the matter'. The dash after «и» enacts a grim pause before the euphemism, mirroring the suddenness of the deed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"покончил дело","title":"«покончить дело» — to finish off / have done with","body":"«покончить» (with the prefix «по-») means 'to finish off, put an end to'; «покончить дело» is 'to settle/finish the matter'. The phrase is a chilling euphemism for the murder — and «покончить с собой» is also 'to kill oneself', a resonance not lost on a Russian ear."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"покончил","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вошел","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of покончил","gloss":"the matter"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b12-c8-s132","source":"Вероятно, он убил в раздражении, разгоревшись злобой, только что взглянул на своего ненавистника и соперника, но убив, что сделал, может быть, одним разом, одним взмахом руки, вооруженной медным пестом, и убедившись затем уже после подробного обыска, что ее тут нет, он, однако же, не забыл засунуть руку под подушку и достать конверт с деньгами, разорванная обложка которого лежит теперь здесь на столе с вещественными доказательствами.","translation":"In all probability he killed in a fit of fury, blazing up with malice, the instant he caught sight of his hated rival; but having killed, having done it, perhaps, in a single blow, a single sweep of the hand armed with the brass pestle, and having then convinced himself, after a thorough search, that she was not there, he nevertheless did not forget to thrust his hand under the pillow and draw out the envelope of money, whose torn wrapper now lies here on the table among the material evidence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разгоревшись злобой","title":"Perfective past gerund «разгоревшись»","body":"«разгоревшись» is a perfective «деепричастие» ('having blazed up') from «разгореться», naming a prior, completed circumstance sharing the main subject: 'having flared up with malice, he killed'. «злобой» is instrumental — the means/manner of the blazing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"убив… и убедившись затем","title":"Chained perfective gerunds","body":"«убив» ('having killed') and «убедившись» ('having convinced himself') are perfective gerunds strung in sequence — the dense participial chaining characteristic of 19th-century literary narration, packing several prior actions before the main verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"руки, вооруженной медным пестом","title":"Past passive participle «вооруженной» + instrumental","body":"«вооруженной» ('armed') is a past passive participle agreeing with «руки» (genitive); the thing it is armed with, «пестом», stands in the instrumental — the instrumental case literally naming the instrument of the killing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"медным пестом","title":"«пест» — the brass pestle","body":"«пест» is a pestle, the heavy rod for a mortar; «медный» = 'of copper/brass'. This brass pestle, snatched up by Dmitri, is the weapon he uses on the servant Grigory and the object the prosecution treats as the murder weapon — though the actual killing of Fyodor was committed by Smerdyakov with a cast-iron paperweight. It is a recurring physical token in the trial."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разорванная обложка которого лежит теперь здесь","title":"Relative «который» in the genitive","body":"«которого» is the relative pronoun in the genitive ('whose'), referring back to «конверт» — 'the envelope, whose torn wrapper now lies…'. It agrees with «конверт» in gender/number but takes genitive from its possessive role inside the relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вероятно","lemma":"вероятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb, modifies убил","gloss":"In all probability"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раздражении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"раздражении","lemma":"раздражение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убил","gloss":"a fit of fury"},{"surface":"разгоревшись","lemma":"разгореться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on убил","gloss":"blazing up"},{"surface":"злобой","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разгоревшись","gloss":"with malice"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase только что, modifies взглянул","gloss":"the instant"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"взглянул","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on убил, coordinated with разгоревшись","gloss":"he caught sight"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ненавистника","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ненавистника","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ненавистника","lemma":"ненавистник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглянул","gloss":"hated rival"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"соперника","lemma":"соперник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ненавистника","gloss":"rival"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"убив","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on забыл","gloss":"having killed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause elaborating убив","gloss":"he had done"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical idiom может быть, modifies сделал","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies разом","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделал","gloss":"blow"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies взмахом","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"взмахом","lemma":"взмах","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with разом","gloss":"sweep"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies взмахом","gloss":"of the hand"},{"surface":"вооруженной","lemma":"вооружить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying руки","gloss":"armed"},{"surface":"медным","lemma":"медный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пестом","gloss":"brass"},{"surface":"пестом","lemma":"пест","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вооруженной","gloss":"pestle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убедившись","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on забыл, coordinated with убив","gloss":"having convinced himself"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убедившись","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies после подробного обыска","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обыска","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"подробного","lemma":"подробный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обыска","gloss":"a thorough"},{"surface":"обыска","lemma":"обыск","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of после","gloss":"search"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of нет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"negative existential predicate","role":"predicate of the что-clause, clausal complement of убедившись","gloss":"was not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb, modifies забыл","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with убил","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"засунуть","lemma":"засунуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of забыл","gloss":"to thrust"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of засунуть","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушку","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"подушку","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of засунуть","gloss":"the pillow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"достать","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with засунуть","gloss":"draw out"},{"surface":"конверт","lemma":"конверт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of достать","gloss":"the envelope"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгами","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies конверт","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"разорванная","lemma":"разорванный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обложка","gloss":"torn"},{"surface":"обложка","lemma":"обложка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лежит","gloss":"wrapper"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обложка (whose)","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on обложка","gloss":"now lies"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежит","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"столе","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежит","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доказательствами","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"вещественными","lemma":"вещественный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies доказательствами","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"доказательствами","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"modifies столе","gloss":"evidence"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b12-c8-s133","source":"Я говорю к тому, чтобы вы заметили одно обстоятельство, по-моему прехарактерное.","translation":"I say this so that you may notice one circumstance, to my mind a most telling one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я говорю к тому, чтобы вы заметили","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы» + past-form verb","body":"«чтобы вы заметили» is a purpose clause: «чтобы» fuses «что» with the irrealis «бы», and so requires the past-tense form «заметили» — 'so that you (might) notice'. This is the standard Russian way to express intended result."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прехарактерное","title":"Intensive prefix «пре-» in «прехарактерный»","body":"«пре-» is an intensifying prefix meaning 'very, most' (cf. «премудрый», very wise). «прехарактерный» = 'most characteristic, most telling'. The prosecutor's coinage gives a learned, slightly preening flavor to his analysis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"that end"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заметили","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заметили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"заметили","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying тому","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies обстоятельство","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"обстоятельство","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметили","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase по-моему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of по, forming по-моему","gloss":"my mind"},{"surface":"прехарактерное","lemma":"прехарактерный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обстоятельство","gloss":"most telling"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b12-c8-s134","source":"Будь это опытный убийца и именно убийца с целью одного грабежа, — ну, оставил ли бы он обложку конверта на полу, в том виде, как нашли ее подле трупа?","translation":"Had this been an experienced murderer, and precisely a murderer with robbery as his sole aim — well, would he have left the envelope's wrapper on the floor, in the very state in which it was found beside the corpse?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будь это опытный убийца","title":"Imperative «будь» as a conditional 'had it been'","body":"«Будь» is formally the imperative of «быть», but here it sets up a hypothetical condition — 'had this been an experienced murderer…'. Using the imperative for a counterfactual is a vivid, idiomatic alternative to «если бы это был…»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставил ли бы он обложку","title":"«ли» + «бы»: counterfactual yes/no question","body":"«оставил ли бы он…» combines interrogative «ли» with conditional «бы» on a past-form verb — 'would he have left…?'. The two enclitics together pose a hypothetical question: not did he, but would he have."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"убийца с целью одного грабежа","title":"Genitive of purpose «с целью грабежа»","body":"«с целью» ('with the aim of') governs the genitive «грабежа»; «одного» here means 'of robbery alone, sole'. The phrasing isolates the motive the prosecutor will argue Dmitri did not have."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подле трупа","title":"«подле» — beside, hard by","body":"«подле» is a somewhat bookish/old-fashioned preposition meaning 'beside, next to' (+ genitive «трупа»), more literary than «возле» or «рядом с». «труп» is the blunt forensic word for the corpse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to убийца","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of убийца","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"опытный","lemma":"опытный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убийца","gloss":"experienced"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убийца","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with убийца","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"целью","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies убийца","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies грабежа,","gloss":"sole"},{"surface":"грабежа,","lemma":"грабеж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies целью","gloss":"robbery"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"оставил","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to убийца","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставил","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of оставил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"обложку","lemma":"обложка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оставил","gloss":"wrapper"},{"surface":"конверта","lemma":"конверт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обложку","gloss":"envelope's"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конверта","gloss":"floor"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of виде","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставил","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нашли","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on оставил","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of нашли","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трупа","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"трупа","lemma":"труп","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подле","gloss":"corpse"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b12-c8-s135","source":"Ну будь это, например, Смердяков, убивающий для грабежа, — да он бы просто унес весь пакет с собой, вовсе не трудясь распечатывать над трупом жертвы своей; так как знал наверно, что в пакете есть деньги — ведь при нем же их вкладывали и запечатывали, — а ведь унеси он пакет совсем, и тогда становится неизвестным, существовало ли ограбление?","translation":"Say it had been, for instance, Smerdyakov, killing for the sake of robbery — why, he would simply have carried off the whole packet with him, taking no trouble at all to tear it open over the body of his victim; for he knew for certain that there was money in the packet — it had, after all, been put in and sealed up in his very presence — and had he made off with the packet entirely, then it would have remained unknown whether any robbery had even taken place.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да он бы просто унес весь пакет","title":"Conditional «бы»: what Smerdyakov would have done","body":"«он бы… унес» is the conditional — past-form «унес» plus «бы» — 'he would simply have carried off'. The whole sentence runs a counterfactual: had the killer been Smerdyakov, here is how he would have acted. «да» opens it with a colloquial 'why, he'd just…'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вовсе не трудясь распечатывать","title":"Imperfective gerund «трудясь» (negated)","body":"«трудясь» is an imperfective present «деепричастие» ('taking trouble, laboring'), here negated — 'taking no trouble at all to tear it open'. The imperfective gerund expresses an attendant manner running alongside the main hypothetical action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь при нем же их вкладывали и запечатывали","title":"Particle stack «ведь… же» and subjectless imperfective","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge and «же» insists — 'it was, after all, in his very presence that…'. «вкладывали… запечатывали» are imperfective, third-person plural with no subject — an impersonal 'they put in and sealed', i.e. it was being done before his eyes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а ведь унеси он пакет совсем","title":"Imperative «унеси» as conditional again","body":"Once more an imperative form, «унеси», does the work of a conditional — 'had he carried off the packet entirely'. Russian readily uses the bare imperative for a vivid hypothetical, especially in lively argumentation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"становится неизвестным, существовало ли ограбление","title":"Embedded «ли» — 'whether'","body":"«существовало ли ограбление» is an indirect yes/no question — «ли» here means 'whether': 'whether a robbery had even taken place'. «неизвестным» is a predicate instrumental after «становится» ('becomes unknown')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"depends on Ну","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to Смердяков","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to это","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"убивающий","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Смердяков","gloss":"killing"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грабежа,","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"грабежа,","lemma":"грабеж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убивающий","gloss":"robbery"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of унес","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of унес","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies унес","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"унес","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carried off"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пакет","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of унес","gloss":"packet"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of унес","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трудясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"трудясь","lemma":"трудиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on унес","gloss":"troubling"},{"surface":"распечатывать","lemma":"распечатывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of трудясь","gloss":"to open"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трупом","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"трупом","lemma":"труп","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of распечатывать","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"жертвы","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies трупом","gloss":"victim's"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жертвы","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on унес","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пакете","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"packet"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вкладывали","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вкладывали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нем","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вкладывали","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"вкладывали","lemma":"вкладывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to унес","gloss":"put in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"запечатывали,","lemma":"запечатывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вкладывали","gloss":"sealed up"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies унеси","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"унеси","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to унес","gloss":"carried off"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of унеси","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of унеси","gloss":"packet"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies унеси","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies становится","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"становится","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"becomes"},{"surface":"неизвестным","lemma":"неизвестный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of становится","gloss":"unknown"},{"surface":"существовало","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of становится","gloss":"took place"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies существовало","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ограбление","lemma":"ограбление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of существовало","gloss":"robbery"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b12-c8-s136","source":"Я вас спрашиваю, господа присяжные, поступил ли бы так Смердяков, оставил ли бы он конверт на полу?","translation":"I ask you, gentlemen of the jury, would Smerdyakov have acted thus, would he have left the envelope on the floor?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поступил ли бы так Смердяков","title":"Parallel counterfactual questions","body":"«поступил ли бы… оставил ли бы…» repeats the «ли + бы» counterfactual question structure twice in parallel — 'would Smerdyakov have acted thus, would he have left…?'. The rhetorical doubling drives the contrast home to the jury."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спрашиваю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of спрашиваю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спрашиваю","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of поступил","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"поступил","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of спрашиваю","gloss":"acted"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поступил","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of поступил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступил","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поступил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"оставил","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поступил","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставил","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of оставил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"конверт","lemma":"конверт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставил","gloss":"envelope"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конверт","gloss":"floor"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b12-c8-s137","source":"Нет, именно так должен был поступить убийца исступленный, уже плохо рассуждающий, убийца не вор и никогда ничего до тех пор не укравший, да и теперь-то вырвавший из-под постели деньги не как вор укравший, а как свою же вещь у вора укравшего унесший — ибо таковы именно были идеи Дмитрия Карамазова об этих трех тысячах, дошедшие в нем до мании.","translation":"No, that is precisely how a murderer beside himself was bound to act, one whose reasoning was already failing him, a murderer who was no thief and had never till then stolen anything, and who even now did not snatch the money from beneath the bed as a thief who steals, but as a man taking back his own property from a thief who had stolen it — for such were the very ideas Dmitri Karamazov held about those three thousand, ideas that had grown in him to the pitch of a mania.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"должен был поступить убийца исступленный","title":"Modal «должен был» + postposed adjective","body":"«должен был поступить» is 'was bound to / must have acted'. The adjective «исступленный» follows its noun «убийца» ('a murderer beside himself'), the inverted, weighted word order lending the portrait a rhetorical solemnity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступленный","title":"«исступленный» — frenzied, beside himself","body":"«исступленный» means 'frenzied, in a transport of passion, out of one's senses' — a key Dostoevskian word for the ecstatic-violent state. It paints Dmitri as a man acting in delirium, not cold calculation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда ничего до тех пор не укравший","title":"Negative concord + past active participle","body":"«укравший» is a past active participle ('who had stolen'), here negated with stacked negatives «никогда ничего… не» — 'who had never stolen anything'. Russian's obligatory negative concord piles «никогда», «ничего», and «не» for a single negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как свою же вещь у вора укравшего унесший","title":"Dense participle chain «укравшего… унесший»","body":"Two past active participles collide: «укравшего» ('a thief who had stolen', genitive after «у») and «унесший» ('a man who carried off'). The packed «причастие» chain — bookish to the point of strain — is the prosecutor's literary self-indulgence, and «свою же» insists it was 'his very own thing'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to должен","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"поступить","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"исступленный","lemma":"исступлённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убийца","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плохо","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"плохо","lemma":"плохо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассуждающий","gloss":"poorly"},{"surface":"рассуждающий","lemma":"рассуждать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies убийца","gloss":"reasoning"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to убийца","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вор","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вор","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"contrasted with убийца","gloss":"thief"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies укравший","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of укравший","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of пор","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies укравший","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"укравший","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies убийца","gloss":"having stolen"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвавший","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вырвавший","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вырвавший","lemma":"вырвать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with укравший","gloss":"snatching"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постели","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постели","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"постели","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвавший","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of вырвавший","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вор","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking вор","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вор","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of укравший","gloss":"thief"},{"surface":"укравший","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying вор","gloss":"who stole"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking вещь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вещь","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свою","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"вещь","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of унесший","gloss":"property"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вора","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вора","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of preposition у","gloss":"thief"},{"surface":"укравшего","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies вора","gloss":"who had stolen"},{"surface":"унесший","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with укравший","gloss":"carrying off"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of таковы","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"таковы","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"parallel clause to должен","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies были","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to таковы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"идеи","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of таковы","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies идеи","gloss":"Dmitri's"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Karamazov's"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of трех","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies тысячах","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячах","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies идеи","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"дошедшие","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying идеи","gloss":"grown"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дошедшие","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мании","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мании","lemma":"мания","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дошедшие","gloss":"mania"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b12-c8-s138","source":"И вот, захватив пакет, которого он прежде никогда не видал, он и рвет обложку, чтоб удостовериться, есть ли деньги, затем бежит с деньгами в кармане, даже и подумать забыв, что оставляет на полу колоссальнейшее на себя обвинение в виде разорванной обложки.","translation":"And so, seizing the packet he had never set eyes on before, he tears off the wrapper to make certain the money is there, then runs off with the money in his pocket, forgetting even to consider that he is leaving on the floor a colossal piece of evidence against himself in the shape of that torn wrapper.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"захватив пакет, которого он прежде никогда не видал","title":"Perfective gerund + genitive under negation","body":"«захватив» ('having seized') is a perfective gerund. The relative object «которого» stands in the genitive because «не видал» is negated — the genitive of negation: 'the packet he had never set eyes on'. «видал» is the colloquial iterative past of «видеть»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он и рвет обложку","title":"Historic present «рвет, бежит»","body":"The narration shifts to the present imperfective — «рвет» ('tears'), «бежит» ('runs') — the dramatic 'historic present' that pulls a past event before the jury's eyes as if it were unfolding now."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб удостовериться, есть ли деньги","title":"Purpose «чтоб» + embedded «ли»","body":"«чтоб» (clipped «чтобы») opens a purpose clause with the perfective infinitive «удостовериться» ('to make certain'); inside it «есть ли деньги» is an indirect yes/no question — 'whether the money is there'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже и подумать забыв","title":"Perfective gerund «забыв»","body":"«забыв» ('having forgotten') is a perfective gerund; «даже и подумать» = 'even to consider'. The construction — 'forgetting even to think that…' — folds a completed prior circumstance into the running historic-present narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"колоссальнейшее на себя обвинение","title":"Superlative «-ейший» in «колоссальнейшее»","body":"«колоссальнейшее» is the bookish synthetic superlative of «колоссальный» (suffix «-ейший»): 'a most colossal' piece of evidence. The reflexive «на себя» — 'against himself' — uses «себя», the reflexive pointing back to the killer."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рвет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"захватив","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on рвет","gloss":"seizing"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of захватив","gloss":"packet"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никогда","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on пакет","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рвет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рвет","lemma":"рвать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"обложку","lemma":"обложка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of рвет","gloss":"wrapper"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of удостовериться","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"удостовериться","lemma":"удостовериться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on рвет","gloss":"make sure"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of удостовериться","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бежит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"бежит","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рвет","gloss":"runs"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бежит","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кармане","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежит","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"подумать","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of забыв","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"забыв","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бежит","gloss":"forgetting"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оставляет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оставляет","lemma":"оставлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подумать","gloss":"leaves"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставляет","gloss":"floor"},{"surface":"колоссальнейшее","lemma":"колоссальный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обвинение","gloss":"colossal"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of обвинение","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of оставляет","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обвинение","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"разорванной","lemma":"разорванный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обложки","gloss":"torn"},{"surface":"обложки","lemma":"обложка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обвинение","gloss":"wrapper"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b12-c8-s139","source":"Всё потому, что Карамазов, а не Смердяков, не подумал, не сообразил, да и где ему!","translation":"And all because it was Karamazov, not Smerdyakov, who failed to think, failed to reason it out — and how could he, indeed!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Карамазов, а не Смердяков","title":"Contrastive «а»","body":"«а» is the contrastive conjunction setting two terms against each other — 'Karamazov, and not Smerdyakov'. Untranslatable with a single English word, it pivots the whole sentence on the identity of the culprit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да и где ему!","title":"Dative-subject exclamation «где ему!»","body":"«где ему!» is an idiomatic impersonal exclamation with a dative experiencer — literally 'where to him!', i.e. 'how could he, indeed! / he was in no state to'. The dative «ему» marks the one incapable, with no nominative subject at all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of потому","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подумал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Карамазов","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сообразил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сообразил","lemma":"сообразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подумал","gloss":"reason out"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to подумал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of где","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b12-c8-s140","source":"Он убегает, он слышит вопль настигающего его слуги, слуга хватает его, останавливает и падает, пораженный медным пестом.","translation":"He runs off; he hears the cry of the servant overtaking him; the servant seizes him, stops him, and falls, struck down by the brass pestle.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он убегает, он слышит… слуга хватает его, останавливает и падает","title":"Historic present, action by action","body":"A run of imperfective historic presents — «убегает, слышит, хватает, останавливает, падает» — stages the chase as if live. All five are imperfective present (the perfective of «падать» is «упасть»). The present tense gives immediacy; the verbs pile the events end to end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вопль настигающего его слуги","title":"Present active participle «настигающий»","body":"«настигающего» is a present active participle ('overtaking, catching up with'), genitive agreeing with «слуги» — 'the cry of the servant overtaking him'. The participle compresses a whole relative clause ('the servant who is overtaking him') into one bookish modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пораженный медным пестом","title":"Passive participle + instrumental of means","body":"«пораженный» ('struck down') is a past passive participle agreeing with «слуга»; «пестом» is again instrumental — the pestle as the instrument of the blow. The instrumental is Russian's regular case for 'with/by which' under a passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убегает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убегает","lemma":"убегать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"runs off"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слышит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"слышит","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with убегает","gloss":"hears"},{"surface":"вопль","lemma":"вопль","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слышит","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"настигающего","lemma":"настигать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies слуги","gloss":"overtaking"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of настигающего","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"слуги","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопль","gloss":"servant's"},{"surface":"слуга","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хватает","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"хватает","lemma":"хватать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to слышит","gloss":"seizes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of хватает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"останавливает","lemma":"останавливать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хватает","gloss":"stops"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"падает","lemma":"падать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хватает","gloss":"falls"},{"surface":"пораженный","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies слуга","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"медным","lemma":"медный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пестом","gloss":"brass"},{"surface":"пестом","lemma":"пест","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пораженный","gloss":"pestle"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b12-c8-s141","source":"Подсудимый соскакивает к нему вниз из жалости.","translation":"The defendant leaps down to him out of pity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"соскакивает к нему вниз из жалости","title":"Prefixed motion verb «соскакивает» + «из» of cause","body":"«соскакивает» is a prefixed motion verb ('jumps down'), historic present. «из жалости» uses «из» (+ genitive) for the inner cause/motive — 'out of pity'. «к нему вниз» layers direction: 'down to him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of соскакивает","gloss":"defendant"},{"surface":"соскакивает","lemma":"соскакивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leaps down"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскакивает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соскакивает","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жалости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"жалости","lemma":"жалость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскакивает","gloss":"pity"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b12-c8-s142","source":"Представьте, он вдруг уверяет нас, что он соскочил тогда к нему вниз из жалости, из сострадания, чтобы посмотреть, не может ли ему чем помочь.","translation":"Imagine — he suddenly assures us that he leapt down to him then out of pity, out of compassion, to see whether he might help him in some way.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Представьте","title":"Imperative «Представьте» — 'imagine!'","body":"«Представьте» is the polite/plural imperative of «представить» ('to imagine, picture'), the «-те» marking the address to the jury. Used as a discourse opener, it means 'just imagine!' — inviting incredulity at the defendant's claim."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы посмотреть, не может ли ему чем помочь","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + indirect question with «ли»","body":"«чтобы посмотреть» is a purpose clause ('to see'); inside it «не может ли ему… помочь» is an indirect yes/no question with «ли» — 'whether he might help him'. «ему» is dative (the one helped), and «чем» here = 'in some way'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"discourse marker introducing уверяет","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уверяет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверяет","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"уверяет","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"assures"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of уверяет","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of соскочил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of соскочил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"соскочил","lemma":"соскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверяет","gloss":"leapt down"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соскочил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскочил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соскочил","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жалости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"жалости","lemma":"жалость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскочил","gloss":"pity"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сострадания","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"сострадания","lemma":"сострадание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскочил","gloss":"compassion"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of посмотреть","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"посмотреть","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on соскочил","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of посмотреть","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of помочь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of помочь","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"помочь","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"help"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b12-c8-s143","source":"Ну такова ли эта минута, чтобы выказать подобное сострадание?","translation":"Now, is that the kind of moment for displaying such compassion?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну такова ли эта минута, чтобы выказать подобное сострадание?","title":"Short-form «такова» + «ли» question","body":"«такова» is the short feminine form of «таков» ('such'), a predicate agreeing with «минута» — 'is the moment such…?'. The «ли» turns it into a pointed rhetorical question: 'is that the kind of moment for…?'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выказать","title":"«выказать» — to display, show forth","body":"«выказать» (perfective, prefix «вы-») means 'to display, manifest, show outwardly'. It carries a faint sense of putting a feeling on show — apt for the prosecutor's suspicion that the compassion was a pretense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"такова","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такова","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минута","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минута","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of такова","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выказать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"выказать","lemma":"выказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on такова","gloss":"display"},{"surface":"подобное","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сострадание","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"сострадание","lemma":"сострадание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выказать","gloss":"compassion"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b12-c8-s144","source":"Нет, он соскочил именно для того, чтоб убедиться: жив ли единственный свидетель его злодеяния?","translation":"No, he leapt down precisely in order to make sure: was the sole witness of his crime still alive?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"именно для того, чтоб убедиться","title":"Correlative «для того, чтоб»","body":"«для того, чтоб(ы)» is the explicit correlative purpose frame — 'precisely in order to make sure'. «именно» ('precisely') sharpens the contrast with the pity the defense alleged; «чтоб» again takes the perfective infinitive «убедиться»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"жив ли единственный свидетель","title":"Short adjective «жив» + «ли»","body":"«жив» is the short masculine predicate adjective ('alive'), heading an indirect yes/no question with «ли» — 'whether the sole witness was still alive'. The short form is the normal way to predicate a temporary state like being alive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to соскочил","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of соскочил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"соскочил","lemma":"соскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leapt down"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскочил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убедиться","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"убедиться","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on того","gloss":"make sure"},{"surface":"жив","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of убедиться","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жив","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"единственный","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свидетель","gloss":"sole"},{"surface":"свидетель","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жив","gloss":"witness"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of злодеяния","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"злодеяния","lemma":"злодеяние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies свидетель","gloss":"crime"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b12-c8-s145","source":"Всякое другое чувство, всякий другой мотив были бы неестественны!","translation":"Any other feeling, any other motive would have been unnatural!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"были бы неестественны","title":"Conditional «бы» + short predicate adjective","body":"«были бы неестественны» is a conditional ('would be unnatural'): past «были» plus «бы», with the short plural predicate adjective «неестественны». The whole sentence is counterfactual — any other motive would have been unnatural."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Всякое другое чувство, всякий другой мотив","title":"Distributive «всякий»","body":"«всякий» means 'any (and every), each' — distributive rather than 'all'. Repeated across «чувство» and «мотив», it sweeps every alternative aside: 'any other feeling, any other motive at all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всякое","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чувство","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неестественны, coordinated with мотив","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мотив","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мотив","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"мотив","lemma":"мотив","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of неестественны, coordinated with чувство","gloss":"motive"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking subject to неестественны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood with были","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"неестественны","lemma":"неестественный","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"predicate adjective, complement of были бы","gloss":"unnatural"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b12-c8-s146","source":"Заметьте, он над Григорием трудится, обтирает ему платком голову и, убедясь, что он мертв, как потерянный, весь в крови, прибегает опять туда, в дом своей возлюбленной — как же не подумал он, что он весь в крови и что его тотчас изобличат?","translation":"Mark this: he labors over Grigory, wipes the man's head with a handkerchief, and, having satisfied himself that he is dead, runs off again, beside himself, covered in blood, back there, to the house of his beloved — how was it he never thought that he was all over blood and would be found out at once?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он над Григорием трудится, обтирает… прибегает","title":"Historic present cluster","body":"«трудится, обтирает, прибегает» are imperfective historic presents staging the scene live. «над Григорием» uses «над» (+ instrumental) — 'labors over Grigory', the preposition governing «Григорием» in the instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"убедясь, что он мертв","title":"Perfective gerund «убедясь»","body":"«убедясь» is a perfective gerund ('having satisfied himself') — a literary variant alongside «убедившись» — naming the completed prior step before he runs off. «мертв» is the short predicate adjective 'dead'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же не подумал он, что он весь в крови","title":"«как же» — incredulous appeal","body":"«как же не подумал он» combines question «как» with insistent «же» — 'how on earth did he not think…?'. The particle loads the rhetorical question with the prosecutor's astonishment at Dmitri's carelessness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его тотчас изобличат","title":"Subjectless 3rd-plural «изобличат»","body":"«изобличат» is the perfective future, third-person plural with no subject — an impersonal 'they would expose him at once', i.e. 'he would be found out'. Russian uses the bare third-plural for an unspecified agent, where English reaches for the passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Заметьте","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"independent imperative clause introducing the description","gloss":"mark this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of трудится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Григорием","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"Григорием","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of трудится","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"трудится","lemma":"трудиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"labors"},{"surface":"обтирает","lemma":"обтирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with трудится","gloss":"wipes"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"possessive dative modifying голову","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"платком","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обтирает","gloss":"with a handkerchief"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обтирает","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убедясь","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"converb clause modifying прибегает","gloss":"having satisfied himself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мертв","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мертв","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мертв","lemma":"мёртвый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"clausal complement of убедясь","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison потерянный","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"потерянный","lemma":"потерянный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, nominative","role":"predicative comparison describing subject of прибегает","gloss":"beside himself"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он (subject of прибегает), describes his state","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of весь","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"прибегает","lemma":"прибегать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with трудится","gloss":"runs off"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибегает","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибегает","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибегает","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of возлюбленной","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"возлюбленной","lemma":"возлюбленная","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"beloved's"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical-question clause","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of весь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of весь","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicative, describes subject он","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of весь","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of изобличат","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of изобличат","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изобличат","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"изобличат","lemma":"изобличить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with весь, second чтоclause","gloss":"will expose him"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b12-c8-s147","source":"Но подсудимый сам уверяет нас, что он даже и внимания не обратил, что весь в крови; это допустить можно, это очень возможно, это всегда бывает в такие минуты с преступниками.","translation":"But the defendant himself assures us that he paid no attention at all to being covered in blood; this may be admitted, this is quite possible, this is always how it is with criminals at such moments.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он даже и внимания не обратил","title":"Genitive of negation «внимания»","body":"«обратить внимание» ('to pay attention') has its object «внимание» shift to the genitive «внимания» under negation — 'paid no attention at all'. This genitive of negation is reinforced by the emphatic «даже и» ('even, at all')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это допустить можно, это очень возможно, это всегда бывает","title":"Impersonal «можно… возможно»","body":"«допустить можно» and «возможно» are impersonal predicatives — 'it may be admitted, it is quite possible' — with no nominative subject. «бывает» (iterative of «быть») gives the habitual 'this is always how it is', the imperfective of repeated fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уверяет","gloss":"the defendant"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes подсудимый","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"уверяет","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"assures"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of уверяет","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обратил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies внимания","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies внимания","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"внимания","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратил","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обратил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обратил","lemma":"обратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверяет","gloss":"paid"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of весь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicative, describes implicit subject он","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of весь","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of допустить","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"допустить","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"admit"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the clause, governs допустить","gloss":"may be"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of возможно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возможно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"возможно","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бывает","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывает","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"бывает","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бывает","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступниками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"преступниками","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"criminals"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b12-c8-s148","source":"На одно — адский расчет, а на другое не хватает соображения.","translation":"On one point — a fiendish calculation; on another, his powers of reflection fail him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На одно… а на другое","title":"Contrastive «а» framing antithesis","body":"«На одно… а на другое» sets up a balanced antithesis with contrastive «а» — 'for the one thing… while for the other'. The accusative «одно / другое» after «на» marks the points contrasted: calculation here, failure of thought there."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хватает соображения","title":"Impersonal «не хватает» + genitive","body":"«хватать/хватить» in the impersonal sense 'to suffice, be enough' takes the genitive of what is lacking — «соображения» ('powers of reflection'). 'There is not enough reflection [for him]' — a subjectless construction of insufficiency."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"адский расчет","title":"«адский» — fiendish, hellish","body":"«адский» literally 'of hell, infernal' (from «ад», hell), used figuratively as 'fiendish, diabolical'. «адский расчет» — 'a fiendish calculation' — colors Dmitri's cunning with a touch of the demonic, a charged register in this novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одно","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of на, topic; предикат is расчет","gloss":"one point"},{"surface":"адский","lemma":"адский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies расчет","gloss":"fiendish"},{"surface":"расчет","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun for the topic одно","gloss":"calculation"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другое","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of на, topic of the хватает-clause","gloss":"another point"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хватает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хватает","lemma":"хватать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate verb, coordinated with расчет clause","gloss":"is lacking"},{"surface":"соображения","lemma":"соображение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive subject of хватает","gloss":"of reflection"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b12-c8-s149","source":"Но он думал в ту минуту лишь о том, где ''она''.","translation":"But in that moment he was thinking only of one thing: where ''she'' was.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лишь о том, где ''она''","title":"Correlative «о том, где…»","body":"«о том, где она» is the correlative «то» (here prepositional «о том», 'about that') anticipating the embedded question «где она» — 'thinking only about [the question of] where she was'. «лишь» = 'only, solely'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was thinking"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies том","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies она","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"elliptical clause modifying том","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b12-c8-s150","source":"Ему надо было поскорее узнать, где она, и вот он прибегает в ее квартиру и узнает неожиданное и колоссальнейшее для себя известие: она уехала в Мокрое со своим „прежним“, „бесспорным“!»","translation":"He had to find out as quickly as possible where she was, and so he runs to her lodgings and learns a piece of news unexpected and, for him, colossal: she had gone off to Mokroye with her „former“, her „rightful“ one!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему надо было поскорее узнать","title":"Dative subject of necessity «ему надо было»","body":"«ему надо было узнать» is the classic dative-experiencer necessity construction: «надо» ('must, need') with the person in the dative «ему» and no nominative subject — 'he had to find out'. «поскорее» is the comparative 'as quickly as possible'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он прибегает в ее квартиру и узнает","title":"Historic present closing the chapter","body":"«прибегает» (prefixed motion verb, 'comes running') and «узнает» keep the dramatic historic present to the chapter's last beat. «уехала» that follows is perfective past — the completed, decisive fact he learns: she has gone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"колоссальнейшее для себя известие","title":"Superlative «колоссальнейшее» + reflexive «для себя»","body":"«колоссальнейшее» repeats the synthetic superlative of «колоссальный» ('most colossal'), and «для себя» ('for himself') uses the reflexive «себя» pointing back to Dmitri — news colossal in its weight for him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of надо было","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the dative-subject construction","gloss":"needed to"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"past-tense marker with надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"поскорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнать","gloss":"as quickly as possible"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"find out"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause, complement of узнать","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"elliptical subject of the где-clause","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибегает","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибегает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прибегает","lemma":"прибегать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with the previous clause","gloss":"runs"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking квартиру","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of квартиру","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"квартиру","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибегает","gloss":"lodgings"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"узнает","lemma":"узнавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прибегает","gloss":"learns"},{"surface":"неожиданное","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies известие","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"колоссальнейшее","lemma":"колоссальный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with неожиданное, modifies известие","gloss":"most colossal"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of колоссальнейшее","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"известие","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of узнает","gloss":"news"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of уехала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"уехала","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause in apposition to известие","gloss":"had gone off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокрое","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мокрое","lemma":"мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уехала","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прежним and бесспорным","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of прежним","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"прежним","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of со","gloss":"former one"},{"surface":"бесспорным","lemma":"бесспорный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прежним, object of со","gloss":"rightful one"}]}]}