{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b12-c9","title":{"source":"IX. Психология на всех парах. Скачущая тройка. Финал речи прокурора","translated":"Psychology at Full Steam. The Galloping Troika. The End of the Prosecutor's Speech"},"section":"Book XII — A Judicial Error","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c9","lines":206},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c8","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b12-c10","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b12-c9-s1","source":"Дойдя до этого момента в своей речи, Ипполит Кириллович, очевидно избравший строго исторический метод изложения, к которому очень любят прибегать все нервные ораторы, ищущие нарочно строго поставленных рамок, чтобы сдерживать собственное нетерпеливое увлечение, — Ипполит Кириллович особенно распространился о «прежнем» и «бесспорном» и высказал на эту тему несколько в своем роде занимательных мыслей.","translation":"Having reached this point in his speech, Ippolit Kirillovitch — who had plainly chosen the strictly historical method of exposition, the one that all nervous orators are so fond of resorting to, deliberately seeking out tightly drawn boundaries in order to rein in their own impatient ardour — Ippolit Kirillovitch dwelt at particular length on the “previous” and the “incontestable,” and aired several thoughts on the subject that were, in their own way, rather diverting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дойдя до этого момента","title":"Perfective gerund opening the sentence","body":"«Дойдя» is a perfective past gerund («деепричастие») from «дойти» — 'having reached'. It frames a prior, completed action whose subject must be the same as the main clause (Ippolit Kirillovitch), and the whole sentence then hangs off it — a hallmark of Dostoevsky's literary period."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"избравший… ищущие… поставленных","title":"A chain of participles","body":"The sentence stacks active participles — past «избравший» ('who had chosen', from «избрать»), present «ищущие» ('who seek', from «искать») — plus the passive «поставленных» ('drawn, set'). Each condenses a «который»-clause into a single modifier, the dense participial texture typical of 19th-century bookish prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы сдерживать собственное нетерпеливое увлечение","title":"«чтобы» of purpose","body":"«чтобы» ('in order to') opens a clause of purpose; here it governs an infinitive («сдерживать») because the subject is the same as the main clause. With a different subject it would take a past-form verb in the irrealis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"распространился","title":"«распространиться о» — to dwell at length","body":"Literally 'to spread oneself out', the reflexive «распространиться о чём-либо» idiomatically means to expatiate, to hold forth at length on a topic — exactly the windy orator's manner the narrator is gently mocking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дойдя","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial converb, modifies распространился","gloss":"having reached"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момента","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of момента","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"момента","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Дойдя","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking речи","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речи","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies момента","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of распространился, part of full name","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the name Ипполит Кириллович","gloss":"Kirillovitch"},{"surface":"очевидно","lemma":"очевидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies избравший","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"избравший","lemma":"избрать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying Ипполит Кириллович","gloss":"having chosen"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исторический","gloss":"strictly"},{"surface":"исторический","lemma":"исторический","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies метод","gloss":"historical"},{"surface":"метод","lemma":"метод","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of избравший","gloss":"method"},{"surface":"изложения","lemma":"изложение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies метод","gloss":"of exposition"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибегать","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любят","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative-clause verb, subject ораторы, modifies метод","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"прибегать","lemma":"прибегать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of любят","gloss":"to resort"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of ораторы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"нервные","lemma":"нервный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies ораторы","gloss":"nervous"},{"surface":"ораторы","lemma":"оратор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of любят","gloss":"orators"},{"surface":"ищущие","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying ораторы","gloss":"seeking"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies строго","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поставленных","gloss":"strictly"},{"surface":"поставленных","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies рамок","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"рамок","lemma":"рамка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of ищущие","gloss":"limits"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сдерживать","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"сдерживать","lemma":"сдерживать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause modifying ищущие","gloss":"restrain"},{"surface":"собственное","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies увлечение","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"нетерпеливое","lemma":"нетерпеливый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies увлечение","gloss":"impatient"},{"surface":"увлечение","lemma":"увлечение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сдерживать","gloss":"ardor"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of распространился, part of full name","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovitch"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies распространился","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"распространился","lemma":"распространиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expounded at length"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прежнем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"прежнем","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of распространился","gloss":"the former one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бесспорном","lemma":"бесспорный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прежнем, oblique complement of распространился","gloss":"the incontestable one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"высказал","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with распространился","gloss":"voiced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тему","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тему","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тему","lemma":"тема","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of высказал","gloss":"subject"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies мыслей","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying занимательных","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"занимательных","lemma":"занимательный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies мыслей","gloss":"diverting"},{"surface":"мыслей","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of высказал","gloss":"thoughts"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b12-c9-s2","source":"«Карамазов, ревновавший ко всем до бешенства, вдруг и разом как бы падает и исчезает перед „прежним“ и „бесспорным“.","translation":"“Karamazov, who had been jealous to the point of frenzy of every man alive, all at once and in an instant seems to collapse and vanish before the ‘previous’ and the ‘incontestable.’","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ревновавший ко всем до бешенства","title":"Past active participle as character-sketch","body":"«ревновавший» ('who had been jealous', from imperfective «ревновать») is a past active participle, agreeing with «Карамазов» and standing in for a «который»-clause. The imperfective stem gives an ongoing, habitual jealousy rather than a single fit."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"до бешенства","title":"«до бешенства» — to the point of frenzy","body":"«бешенство» is rabies, fury, raving madness; «ревновать… до бешенства» means jealous to the point of frenzy. The «до» + genitive frame ('to the point of') is a favourite Dostoevskian intensifier for emotional extremes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ко всем","title":"Dative after «к» and «ревновать»","body":"«ревновать к кому-либо» governs the dative of the person one is jealous of; «ко всем» is the dative plural of «весь». The preposition «к» fixes the dative, and the vowel-padded «ко» appears before certain consonant clusters."}],"words":[{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of падает","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"ревновавший","lemma":"ревновать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying Карамазов","gloss":"who had been jealous"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of ревновавший","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бешенства","gloss":"to (the point of)"},{"surface":"бешенства","lemma":"бешенство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ревновавший","gloss":"frenzy"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies падает","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb (instrumental form used adverbially)","role":"coordinated with вдруг, modifies падает","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"падает","lemma":"падать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"collapses"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"исчезает","lemma":"исчезать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with падает","gloss":"vanishes"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прежним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"прежним","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of исчезает","gloss":"the former one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бесспорным","lemma":"бесспорный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прежним","gloss":"the incontestable one"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b12-c9-s3","source":"И тем более это странно, что прежде он совсем почти и не обращал внимания на эту новую для себя опасность, грядущую в лице неожиданного для него соперника.","translation":"And it is the stranger because before this he had paid almost no attention at all to that new danger to himself, looming in the person of a rival he had never expected.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти и не обращал внимания","title":"Imperfective past for sustained inattention","body":"«обращал» (imperfective past of «обращать») renders an enduring state — he 'had been paying' almost no attention — not a single act. The particle «и» here reinforces 'not even', heightening the negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"грядущую в лице… соперника","title":"«грядущий» — a Church-Slavonic participle","body":"«грядущая» is the present active participle of the solemn, archaic «грясти» ('to come, to be coming') — 'looming, impending'. Its Slavonic ring lends the prosecutor's rhetoric a touch of the prophetic ('the danger that cometh')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в лице","title":"«в лице» — in the person of","body":"A fixed prepositional idiom: «в лице кого-либо» means 'in the person of, embodied in'. Here the abstract danger takes concrete shape «в лице… соперника», in the person of the rival."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"correlative particle with более","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies странно","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of странно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обращал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обращал","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обращал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почти","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обращал","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying обращал (\"even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обращал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обращал","lemma":"обращать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of странно","gloss":"paid"},{"surface":"внимания","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обращал","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking опасность","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of опасность","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"новую","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies опасность","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of новую","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"опасность","lemma":"опасность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of на, complement of обращал внимание","gloss":"danger"},{"surface":"грядущую","lemma":"грясти","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying опасность","gloss":"looming"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of грядущую","gloss":"the person"},{"surface":"неожиданного","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies соперника","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of неожиданного","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"соперника","lemma":"соперник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лице","gloss":"of a rival"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b12-c9-s4","source":"Но он всё представлял себе, что это еще так далеко, а Карамазов всегда живет лишь настоящею минутой.","translation":"But he kept imagining that it was still a long way off, and a Karamazov lives only in the present minute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"представлял себе","title":"Reflexive «себе» — to imagine to oneself","body":"«представлять себе» pairs the verb with the dative reflexive pronoun «себе» ('to oneself') to mean 'to imagine, to picture'. The «себе» is the indirect-object reflexive, distinct from the verbal clitic -ся."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"живет лишь настоящею минутой","title":"Instrumental of time / means","body":"«настоящею минутой» is instrumental ('lives by the present minute'). The ending «-ою» (for modern «-ой») is the older bookish variant of the feminine instrumental, common in 19th-century prose and verse."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а Карамазов всегда живет","title":"The contrastive «а»","body":"«а» hinges the two halves with a soft contrast/topic-shift — 'but [as for] a Karamazov, he lives only in the present'. It is the untranslatable pivot that marks a change of subject without true opposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of представлял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представлял","gloss":"kept on"},{"surface":"представлял","lemma":"представлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagined"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представлял","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of далеко","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of далеко","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies далеко","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of представлял","gloss":"far off"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of живет","gloss":"a Karamazov"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies живет","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"живет","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with представлял","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies настоящею","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"настоящею","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минутой","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"минутой","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of живет","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b12-c9-s5","source":"Вероятно, он считал его даже фикцией.","translation":"Most likely he even took the man for a fiction.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"считал его даже фикцией","title":"Instrumental predicate after «считать»","body":"«считать кого-либо кем-либо» ('to consider someone [to be] something') puts the predicate noun in the instrumental: «фикцией». This is the same instrumental-of-role pattern as with быть/стать."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фикцией","title":"«фикция» — a fiction, a phantom","body":"A bookish Latinate loan ('fiction, fabrication'). Here it means the rival seemed to Mitya a mere figment, something with no real existence — picked up again in s6 («не фантазией и не фикцией»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вероятно","lemma":"вероятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies считал","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of считал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"considered"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of считал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фикцией","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"фикцией","lemma":"фикция","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of считал","gloss":"a fiction"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b12-c9-s6","source":"Но мигом поняв больным сердцем своим, что, может быть, потому-то эта женщина и скрывала этого нового соперника, потому-то и обманывала его давеча, что этот вновь прилетевший соперник был слишком для нее не фантазией и не фикцией, а составлял для нее всё, всё ее упование в жизни, — мигом поняв это, он смирился.","translation":"But the moment he grasped, with his aching heart, that this was perhaps the very reason the woman had hidden this new rival, the very reason she had deceived him earlier that day — that this rival, alighting out of the blue, was for her no fantasy and no fiction, but made up her whole world, her whole hope in life — the moment he grasped that, he submitted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мигом поняв… он смирился","title":"Perfective gerund bracketing a long sentence","body":"«поняв» (perfective gerund of «понять») — 'having grasped' — opens the clause and is then resumed, after a vast interruption, by «мигом поняв это». The construction holds an enormous subordinate span in suspension before delivering the main verb «смирился»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"больным сердцем своим","title":"Instrumental of means + reflexive possessive","body":"«сердцем» is instrumental ('with his heart'), the organ by which he understands; «своим» is the reflexive possessive 'his own', referring back to the clause subject. Russian places «своим» after the noun here for rhythmic, elevated weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому-то… потому-то","title":"Emphatic «-то» on «потому»","body":"The clitic «-то» fastened to «потому» ('for that very reason') underscores the known, pointed cause — 'precisely for this reason'. The doubled «потому-то… потому-то» drives home the prosecutor's insistent logic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — earlier today, a little while ago","body":"A colloquial, slightly old-fashioned adverb meaning 'a short while ago, earlier the same day'. It belongs to the spoken-narrative register and has a homely, period flavour."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"упование","title":"«упование» — hope, trust (elevated)","body":"A solemn, bookish-religious word for hope or trust placed in something, with Church-Slavonic colouring (cf. «уповать на Бога», to trust in God). It raises «всё ее упование в жизни» above ordinary «надежда»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular (used adverbially)","role":"modifies поняв","gloss":"in an instant"},{"surface":"поняв","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on смирился","gloss":"having grasped"},{"surface":"больным","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердцем","gloss":"aching"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поняв","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердцем","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of поняв","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying the что-clause (может быть = perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может (idiom может быть)","gloss":"be","note":"может быть is a fixed idiom meaning 'perhaps'."},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скрывала","gloss":"that is why"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому (forms emphatic потому-то)","gloss":"precisely","note":"потому-то: the -то particle makes the reason emphatic, 'that is exactly why'."},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщина","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of скрывала","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes скрывала","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"скрывала","lemma":"скрывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause (complement of поняв)","gloss":"was hiding"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of соперника","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нового","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies соперника","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"соперника","lemma":"соперник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of скрывала","gloss":"rival"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обманывала","gloss":"that is why"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому (forms emphatic потому-то)","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes обманывала","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"обманывала","lemma":"обманывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with скрывала","gloss":"was deceiving"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обманывала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обманывала","gloss":"earlier that day","note":"давеча is an archaic/colloquial adverb for 'earlier today, a while ago'."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second, coordinate что-clause complement of поняв","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of соперник","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прилетевший","gloss":"newly"},{"surface":"прилетевший","lemma":"прилететь","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying соперник","gloss":"newly arrived"},{"surface":"соперник","lemma":"соперник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"rival"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to фантазией","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies фантазией","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of для, modifies фантазией","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фантазией","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"фантазией","lemma":"фантазия","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a fantasy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фикцией","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"фикцией","lemma":"фикция","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with фантазией","gloss":"a fiction"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"составлял","lemma":"составлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"made up"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of составлял","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of составлял","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of упование","gloss":"her whole"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of упование","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"упование","lemma":"упование","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to всё (direct object of составлял)","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies упование","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular (used adverbially)","role":"modifies поняв","gloss":"in an instant"},{"surface":"поняв","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on смирился","gloss":"having grasped"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поняв","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смирился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"смирился","lemma":"смириться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"submitted"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b12-c9-s7","source":"Что же, господа присяжные, я не могу обойти умолчанием эту внезапную черту в душе подсудимого, который бы, казалось, ни за что не способен был проявить ее, высказалась вдруг неумолимая потребность правды, уважения к женщине, признания прав ее сердца, и когда же — в тот момент, когда из-за нее же он обагрил свои руки кровью отца своего!","translation":"Well then, gentlemen of the jury, I cannot pass over in silence this sudden trait in the soul of the accused — a man who, one would have thought, was incapable of showing it for anything in the world — in whom there suddenly spoke an inexorable need for the truth, for respect toward the woman, for the acknowledgment of her heart’s rights, and at what moment, if you please — at the very moment when, because of her, he had stained his own hands with his father’s blood!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"который бы… ни за что не способен был проявить ее","title":"Conditional «бы» inside a relative clause","body":"«который бы… не способен был» uses the particle «бы» with a past-form verb to mark the hypothetical — 'a man who, one would have thought, would for nothing be capable of showing it'. The «бы» leans on the relative pronoun rather than the verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ни за что","title":"«ни за что» — for nothing, on no account","body":"An emphatic negative idiom, 'for nothing in the world, on no account'. The «ни» intensifies and demands the verb's «не» in negative concord (here «не способен»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обагрил свои руки кровью отца своего","title":"Instrumental of means; reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«кровью» is the instrumental of means ('with blood'); «свои руки» and «отца своего» both use «свой» to keep the blood and the father referred to the subject. The elevated «обагрил» ('crimsoned, stained red') and post-posed «своего» heighten the rhetoric."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обагрил","title":"«обагрить» — to stain crimson","body":"A literary, elevated verb meaning to dye or stain red, almost always with blood («обагрить руки кровью»). Its bookish solemnity suits the prosecutor's heightened, sermon-like denunciation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"discourse marker (Что же = well then)","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, head of phrase with присяжные","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to господа","gloss":"jurors"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"обойти","lemma":"обойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"pass over"},{"surface":"умолчанием","lemma":"умолчание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обойти (idiom обойти умолчанием)","gloss":"in silence","note":"обойти умолчанием is a set phrase, 'to pass over in silence'."},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of черту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"внезапную","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies черту","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"черту","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обойти","gloss":"trait"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies черту","gloss":"the soul"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душе","gloss":"of the accused"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of способен","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood of способен","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (казалось = it seemed)","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom ни за что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что (idiom ни за что)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom ни за что, modifies способен","gloss":"anything","note":"ни за что = 'not for anything, on no account'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies способен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"способен","lemma":"способный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the relative clause modifying подсудимого","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to способен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"проявить","lemma":"проявить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of способен","gloss":"to show"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of проявить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"высказалась","lemma":"высказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause describing подсудимого (subject потребность)","gloss":"there spoke out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высказалась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"неумолимая","lemma":"неумолимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies потребность","gloss":"inexorable"},{"surface":"потребность","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of высказалась","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"правды","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies потребность","gloss":"for truth"},{"surface":"уважения","lemma":"уважение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with правды (complement of потребность)","gloss":"for respect"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщине","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"женщине","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies уважения","gloss":"the woman"},{"surface":"признания","lemma":"признание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with правды/уважения (complement of потребность)","gloss":"for acknowledgment"},{"surface":"прав","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies признания","gloss":"of the rights"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies прав","gloss":"heart's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces exclamatory clause, parallel to Что же","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies когда","gloss":"pray tell"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момент","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of момент","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обагрил (temporal)","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обагрил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (compound из-за)","role":"part of compound preposition из-за marking нее","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (compound из-за)","role":"part of compound preposition из-за marking нее","gloss":"of","note":"из-за is a compound preposition, 'because of'."},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обагрил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нее","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обагрил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"обагрил","lemma":"обагрить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause, modifying момент","gloss":"stained"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of руки","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of обагрил","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"кровью","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обагрил","gloss":"with blood"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кровью","gloss":"of his father"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"his own"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b12-c9-s8","source":"Правда и то, что и пролитая кровь уже закричала в эту минуту об отмщении, ибо он, погубивший душу свою и всю земную судьбу свою, он невольно должен был почувствовать и спросить себя в то мгновение: „Что значит он и что может он значить ''теперь'' для нее, для этого любимого им больше души своей существа, в сравнении с этим „прежним“ и „бесспорным“, покаявшимся и воротившимся к этой когда-то погубленной им женщине с новой любовью, с предложениями честными, с обетом возрожденной и уже счастливой жизни.","translation":"True it is, too, that the blood already spilt was crying out at that minute for vengeance, for he — having ruined his own soul and his whole earthly fate — must have felt, in spite of himself, and asked himself in that instant: ‘What am I, and what can I mean to her ''now'', to this creature I love more than my own soul, set beside that “previous” and “incontestable” one — the man who has repented and come back to this woman I once ruined, come back with a new love, with honourable proposals, with the vow of a life reborn and already happy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо он, погубивший душу свою…","title":"«ибо» plus a past active participle","body":"«ибо» is the archaic, bookish conjunction 'for, because', loftier than «потому что». It is followed by «погубивший» ('having ruined', past active participle of «погубить»), the participial apposition piling clause upon clause in high oratorical style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"невольно должен был почувствовать","title":"«должен был» — past of obligation","body":"The short adjective «должен» ('obliged, bound to') plus the past «был» forms past necessity: 'he must have felt / was bound to feel'. With «невольно» ('involuntarily') it reads as psychological inevitability."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"любимого им больше души своей существа","title":"Passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«любимого» is the rare present passive participle ('beloved', from «любить»); the agent stands in the instrumental, «им» ('by him'). The whole bookish phrase 'this creature loved by him more than his own soul' modifies «существа»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обетом","title":"«обет» — solemn vow","body":"«обет» is a solemn, almost religious vow or pledge (cf. monastic «обеты», vows). «с обетом возрожденной… жизни» casts the rival's promise in near-sacramental terms — a vow of a life reborn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, subject то (Правда и то = it is also true)","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то (also)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, head of the phrase","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of закричала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кровь (emphatic: even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пролитая","lemma":"пролить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, nominative, singular, perfective","role":"modifies кровь","gloss":"spilled"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of закричала","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закричала","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"закричала","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause (complement of то/Правда)","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закричала","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отмщении","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"отмщении","lemma":"отмщение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of закричала","gloss":"vengeance"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должен","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"погубивший","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying он","gloss":"having ruined"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of погубивший","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of судьбу","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"земную","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies судьбу","gloss":"earthly"},{"surface":"судьбу","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of погубивший","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of судьбу","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"невольно","lemma":"невольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"involuntarily"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"почувствовать","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with почувствовать","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of спросить","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновение","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросить","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of значит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"does...mean"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of значит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of значить","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"modal auxiliary of значить","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"значить","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies значить","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of значить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking существа","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of существа","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"любимого","lemma":"любимый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существа","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of любимого","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies любимого (comparison: more than)","gloss":"more than"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of больше","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"существа","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of для (w47)","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сравнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сравнении","lemma":"сравнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies значить (idiom в сравнении с = in comparison with)","gloss":"comparison"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прежним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of прежним","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"прежним","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с (w57)","gloss":"the former one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бесспорным","lemma":"бесспорный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прежним","gloss":"the undisputed one"},{"surface":"покаявшимся","lemma":"покаяться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, instrumental, singular, perfective","role":"modifies прежним","gloss":"having repented"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воротившимся","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, instrumental, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with покаявшимся","gloss":"having returned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этой","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщине","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погубленной (forms когда-то = once)","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies когда (forms когда-то = once)","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"погубленной","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, dative, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying женщине","gloss":"ruined"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of погубленной","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"женщине","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of к (w65), modifies воротившимся","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любовью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"новой","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовью","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"любовью","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с (w72), modifies воротившимся","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предложениями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"предложениями","lemma":"предложение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with любовью (oblique complement of с)","gloss":"proposals"},{"surface":"честными","lemma":"честной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies предложениями","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обетом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"обетом","lemma":"обет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with любовью (oblique complement of с)","gloss":"vow"},{"surface":"возрожденной","lemma":"возрожденный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"reborn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies счастливой","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"счастливой","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with возрожденной","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обетом","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b12-c9-s9","source":"А он, несчастный, что даст он ей ''теперь'', что ей предложит?“","translation":"And I, the wretch, what can I give her ''now'', what can I offer her?’","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что даст он ей… что ей предложит","title":"Perfective future in self-interrogation","body":"«даст» and «предложит» are perfective verbs conjugated to express the simple future — 'what will he give', 'what will he offer'. Their single-completed-act force makes the despairing question sharper than an imperfective would."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А он, несчастный","title":"Substantivized adjective «несчастный»","body":"«несчастный» ('the unhappy/wretched one') is an adjective used as a noun in apposition to «он» — 'and he, wretch that he is'. Russian freely turns adjectives into nouns this way; here it voices Mitya's self-pity in the prosecutor's ventriloquism."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"left-dislocated subject, resumed by он (w6)","gloss":"he","note":"он ('he') is Dmitri quoting his own interior thought in the third person; our translation renders it as 'I' for a natural first-person quotation."},{"surface":"несчастный","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"the wretch"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of даст","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"даст","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will give"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of даст","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of даст","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies даст","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предложит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of предложит","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"предложит","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with даст","gloss":"will offer"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b12-c9-s10","source":"Карамазов всё это понял, понял, что преступление его заперло ему все дороги и что он лишь приговоренный к казни преступник, а не человек, которому жить!","translation":"Karamazov understood all this; he understood that his crime had barred every road to him, and that he was nothing but a criminal sentenced to death — not a man with a life to live!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заперло ему все дороги","title":"Dative of disadvantage «ему»","body":"«заперло ему все дороги» — 'barred every road to/for him'. The dative «ему» marks the person affected by the action (the so-called ethical or disadvantage dative), where English needs 'to him'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"человек, которому жить","title":"Dative subject + infinitive 'a man with a life to live'","body":"«которому жить» is a dative-plus-infinitive impersonal: literally 'to whom [it is] to live', i.e. a man who is meant to / has a life to live. The dative names the one for whom living is in store — a compact Russian modal idiom."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приговоренный к казни","title":"«приговорённый к казни» — sentenced to death","body":"«приговорить к казни» is the legal formula 'to sentence to execution'; «приговорённый» is its past passive participle, here used as a noun-like modifier ('a criminal sentenced to death'). «казнь» is capital punishment, execution."}],"words":[{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понял","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with понял (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заперло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"преступление","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of заперло","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of преступление","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"заперло","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of понял","gloss":"had barred"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of заперло","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дороги","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"дороги","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of заперло","gloss":"roads"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of преступник","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of преступник","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приговоренный","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"приговоренный","lemma":"приговорить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying преступник","gloss":"sentenced"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking казни","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"казни","lemma":"казнь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приговоренный","gloss":"execution"},{"surface":"преступник","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of он (copula)","gloss":"criminal"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with преступник","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of жить (idiomatic construction)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"relative clause on человек","gloss":"to live"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b12-c9-s11","source":"Эта мысль его раздавила и уничтожила.","translation":"This thought crushed him and annihilated him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"раздавила и уничтожила","title":"Twinned perfectives for a crushing blow","body":"Both verbs are perfective past ('crushed', 'annihilated'), viewing the thought's effect as a single completed devastation. The doubling — synonyms in escalation — is a rhetorical intensifier typical of the prosecutor's style."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of раздавила","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of раздавила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"раздавила","lemma":"раздавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crushed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уничтожила","lemma":"уничтожить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with раздавила","gloss":"annihilated"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b12-c9-s12","source":"И вот он мгновенно останавливается на одном исступленном плане, который, при характере Карамазова, не мог не представиться ему как единственным и фатальным исходом из страшного его положения.","translation":"And so in an instant he fastens upon one frenzied plan, which, given Karamazov’s character, could not but present itself to him as the sole and fatal way out of his terrible situation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он мгновенно останавливается","title":"Historic present in narration","body":"«останавливается» is imperfective present used as a vivid 'historic present' to narrate a past event as if unfolding now — a device the prosecutor uses throughout to dramatise Mitya's mind. The reflexive «-ся» here gives the intransitive 'comes to a halt / fastens upon'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мог не представиться","title":"Double negative «не мог не» — could not but","body":"«не мог не представиться» stacks two negations to mean 'could not but present itself / was bound to present itself'. This emphatic litotes is common in Russian and renders inevitability."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступленном","title":"«исступлённый» — frenzied, frantic","body":"«исступление» is a state of frenzy, ecstasy, or raving — a key Dostoevskian word for the soul pushed past reason. «исступлённый план» is a plan born of that frenzy; the word recurs across the speech (s26, s17's «романического исступления»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies останавливается","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of останавливается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мгновенно","lemma":"мгновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies останавливается","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"останавливается","lemma":"останавливаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fastens"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плане","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of плане","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"исступленном","lemma":"исступлённый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies плане","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"плане","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of останавливается","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking характере","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"характере","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характере","gloss":"Karamazov's"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies представиться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"представиться","lemma":"представиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"present itself"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of представиться","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces predicate complement of представиться","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"единственным","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies исходом","gloss":"sole"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"фатальным","lemma":"фатальный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with единственным","gloss":"fatal"},{"surface":"исходом","lemma":"исход","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of представиться (introduced by как)","gloss":"way out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"страшного","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies положения","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of положения","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"положения","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies исходом","gloss":"situation"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b12-c9-s13","source":"Этот исход — самоубийство.","translation":"This way out is suicide.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Этот исход — самоубийство","title":"Zero copula with a dash","body":"Russian uses no present-tense 'to be': 'This way out [is] suicide.' The dash stands in for the missing copula between two nominative nouns — the standard written marking of an equational sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of исход","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"исход","lemma":"исход","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the copula (самоубийство is predicate)","gloss":"way out"},{"surface":"самоубийство","lemma":"самоубийство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun (copula omitted)","gloss":"suicide"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b12-c9-s14","source":"Он бежит за своими заложенными чиновнику Перхотину пистолетами и в то же время дорогой, на бегу, выхватывает из кармана все свои деньги, из-за которых только что забрызгал руки свои отцовскою кровью.","translation":"He runs to fetch the pistols he had pawned with the clerk Perhotin, and at the same time, along the way, on the run, he snatches from his pocket all his money — the money for which he had only just spattered his hands with his father’s blood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он бежит… выхватывает","title":"Historic present, verbs of motion","body":"«бежит» (unidirectional motion verb 'is running') and «выхватывает» continue the vivid present narration. «бежит» specifically marks single-direction, goal-bound running — 'he runs [there]' — as against multidirectional «бегает»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"своими заложенными чиновнику Перхотину пистолетами","title":"Passive participle as dense modifier","body":"«заложенными» is the past passive participle of «заложить» ('pawned'), agreeing with «пистолетами» in the instrumental; «чиновнику Перхотину» is a dative ('pawned with/to the clerk Perhotin'). The whole packs a relative clause into one instrumental noun-phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"забрызгал руки свои отцовскою кровью","title":"«забрызгать» — to spatter; «отцовскою» bookish ending","body":"«забрызгать» is to splash or spatter (with droplets) — coarser and more visceral than «обагрить» in s7. «отцовскою» is the older long instrumental ending «-ою» (modern «-ой») of «отцовский», 'father's'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бежит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бежит","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"runs"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пистолетами (idiom бежать за = run to fetch)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of пистолетами","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"заложенными","lemma":"заложить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies пистолетами","gloss":"pawned"},{"surface":"чиновнику","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of заложенными","gloss":"to the clerk"},{"surface":"Перхотину","lemma":"перхотину","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to чиновнику","gloss":"Perhotin"},{"surface":"пистолетами","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бежит","gloss":"pistols"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время (idiom в то же время)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выхватывает (temporal, idiom в то же время)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular (used adverbially)","role":"modifies выхватывает","gloss":"along the way"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бегу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"бегу","lemma":"бег","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies выхватывает (idiom на бегу = on the run)","gloss":"the run"},{"surface":"выхватывает","lemma":"выхватывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бежит","gloss":"snatches"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кармана","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выхватывает","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of выхватывает","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (compound из-за)","role":"part of compound preposition из-за marking которых","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (compound из-за)","role":"part of compound preposition из-за marking которых","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of забрызгал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забрызгал (idiom только что = just now)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забрызгал (idiom только что = just now)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"забрызгал","lemma":"забрызгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on деньги","gloss":"had spattered"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of забрызгал","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of руки","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"отцовскою","lemma":"отцовский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular (archaic ending -ою)","role":"modifies кровью","gloss":"his father's","note":"отцовскою is the archaic instrumental feminine singular ending, equivalent to modern отцовской."},{"surface":"кровью","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забрызгал","gloss":"blood"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b12-c9-s15","source":"О, деньги теперь ему нужнее всего: умирает Карамазов, застреливается Карамазов, и это будут помнить!","translation":"Oh, the money is more needful to him now than anything: Karamazov is dying, Karamazov is shooting himself, and this shall be remembered!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нужнее всего","title":"Comparative «нужнее» + «всего»","body":"«нужнее» is the invariable predicative comparative of «нужный» ('more needful'); «нужнее всего» ('more needful than anything') is the idiomatic superlative-by-comparison — comparative plus genitive «всего»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"умирает Карамазов, застреливается Карамазов","title":"Verb-first word order for drama","body":"Fronting the verbs «умирает… застреливается» before the subject reverses the neutral order to throw rhetorical weight onto the actions. The reflexive «застреливается» ('shoots himself') uses -ся for the self-directed act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это будут помнить","title":"Compound future + indefinite 'they'","body":"«будут помнить» is the imperfective compound future (быть + infinitive) — 'will [go on] remembering'. The subjectless third-person plural «будут» is the impersonal 'they/people will remember', a common Russian way to say 'it will be remembered'."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection opening the sentence","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of нужнее","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужнее","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of нужнее","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"нужнее","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of деньги","gloss":"more needful"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive of comparison with нужнее","gloss":"than anything"},{"surface":"умирает","lemma":"умирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the coordinate clause","gloss":"is dying"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умирает","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"застреливается","lemma":"застреливаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with умирает","gloss":"is shooting himself"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of застреливается","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помнить","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of помнить","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"помнить","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, with будут","gloss":"be remembered"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b12-c9-s16","source":"Недаром же мы поэт, недаром же мы прожигали нашу жизнь, как свечку с обоих концов.","translation":"Not for nothing, after all, are we a poet; not for nothing have we burned away our life like a candle at both ends.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Недаром же мы поэт","title":"Mock-grand 'we' + particle «же»","body":"The prosecutor ventriloquizes Mitya in a self-aggrandizing first-person plural ('we are a poet'), and «же» adds insistent emphasis ('not for nothing, after all'). «Недаром» means 'not in vain, with good reason'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прожигали нашу жизнь, как свечку с обоих концов","title":"«прожигать жизнь» — to burn life away","body":"«прожигать жизнь» is a set idiom for living dissolutely, squandering one's life in pleasure. Dostoevsky extends it with «как свечку с обоих концов» — like a candle lit at both ends — fusing the Russian idiom with the same image English knows. «свечку» is a diminutive of «свеча»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Недаром","lemma":"недаром","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the predicate поэт","gloss":"not without reason","note":"Недаром = 'not for nothing/without reason', an idiomatic adverb, not a noun."},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Недаром","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поэт","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"поэт","lemma":"поэт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun with мы","gloss":"a poet"},{"surface":"недаром","lemma":"недаром","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прожигали","gloss":"not for nothing"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies недаром","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прожигали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"прожигали","lemma":"прожигать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have burned away"},{"surface":"нашу","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прожигали","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison свечку","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"свечку","lemma":"свечка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of comparison, parallel to жизнь","gloss":"a candle"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking концов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine","role":"quantifies концов","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"концов","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies свечку","gloss":"ends"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b12-c9-s17","source":"„К ней, к ней, — и там, о, там я задаю пир на весь мир, такой, какого еще не бывало, чтобы помнили и долго рассказывали.","translation":"‘To her, to her — and there, oh, there I shall throw a feast for the whole world, such a feast as has never been seen, one to be remembered and told of long afterward.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я задаю пир на весь мир","title":"Historic present; «чтобы»-purpose with past form","body":"«задаю» is the vivid present ('I throw [a feast]'). The trailing «чтобы помнили и долго рассказывали» uses «чтобы» plus past-form verbs because the subject (people in general) differs from 'I' — the irrealis purpose construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пир на весь мир","title":"«пир на весь мир» — a feast for all the world","body":"A rhyming folk-idiom ('a feast for the whole world') for a lavish, no-expense-spared celebration. Its sing-song fairy-tale ring colours Mitya's romantic, theatrical fantasy of his last revel."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition К","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition к, echoing К ней","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with к ней, echoed by там w8","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задаю","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of задаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"задаю","lemma":"задавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall throw"},{"surface":"пир","lemma":"пир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of задаю","gloss":"a feast"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мир","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мир","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пир","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пир","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of бывало, referring to пир","gloss":"the like of which"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying пир (какого еще не бывало)","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помнили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"помнили","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"purpose clause on задаю пир","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывали","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"рассказывали","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with помнили","gloss":"tell of"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b12-c9-s18","source":"Среди диких криков, безумных цыганских песен и плясок мы подымем заздравный бокал и поздравим обожаемую женщину с ее новым счастьем, а затем — тут же, у ног ее, размозжим перед нею наш череп и казним нашу жизнь!","translation":"Amid wild shouting, amid frantic gypsy songs and dancing, we shall raise the cup of health and toast the adored woman on her new happiness, and then — right there, at her feet, before her very eyes — we shall dash out our brains and execute our own life!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы подымем… поздравим… размозжим… казним","title":"String of perfective futures","body":"Each verb is a perfective conjugated as a simple future ('we shall raise… toast… dash out… execute') — a sequence of single completed acts driving the fantasy forward. «подымем» is the colloquial/older variant of «поднимем»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заздравный бокал","title":"«заздравный бокал» — the cup of health","body":"«заздравный» (from «за здравие», 'to the health of') describes a toast drunk to someone's health; «заздравный бокал» is the cup raised in such a toast. The word has a festive, slightly archaic ring."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"размозжим… наш череп","title":"«размозжить» — to smash, dash out","body":"«размозжить» is a violent verb, to smash or crush to pulp; «размозжить череп» is to blow one's brains out. The clinical brutality of the word jars deliberately against the festive «заздравный бокал» beside it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Среди","lemma":"среди","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking криков","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"диких","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies криков","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"криков","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подымем","gloss":"shouts"},{"surface":"безумных","lemma":"безумный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies песен","gloss":"frantic"},{"surface":"цыганских","lemma":"цыганский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies песен","gloss":"gypsy"},{"surface":"песен","lemma":"песня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with криков","gloss":"songs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"плясок","lemma":"пляска","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with песен","gloss":"dances"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подымем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"подымем","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall raise"},{"surface":"заздравный","lemma":"заздравный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бокал","gloss":"toasting"},{"surface":"бокал","lemma":"бокал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подымем","gloss":"cup"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поздравим","lemma":"поздравить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with подымем","gloss":"shall toast"},{"surface":"обожаемую","lemma":"обожаемый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщину","gloss":"adored"},{"surface":"женщину","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поздравим","gloss":"the woman"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастьем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of счастьем","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"новым","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies счастьем","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"счастьем","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поздравим","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies размозжим","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies размозжим","gloss":"right there"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ног","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ног","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"location phrase modifying размозжим","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ног","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"размозжим","lemma":"размозжить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with подымем","gloss":"shall dash out"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of размозжим","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of череп","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"череп","lemma":"череп","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of размозжим","gloss":"skull"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"казним","lemma":"казнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with размозжим","gloss":"shall execute"},{"surface":"нашу","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of казним","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b12-c9-s19","source":"Вспомнит когда-нибудь Митю Карамазова, увидит, как любил ее Митя, пожалеет Митю!“","translation":"Some day she will remember Mitya Karamazov, will see how Mitya loved her, will feel pity for Mitya!’","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вспомнит… увидит… пожалеет Митю","title":"Perfective futures, subject withheld","body":"Three perfective futures ('she will remember… see… pity'), with the subject «она» dropped because the endings already mark third-person singular, and the verbs fronted for momentum. The repeated object «Митю» drives the pathos."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митю","title":"«Митя» — the diminutive of Дмитрий","body":"«Митя» (accusative «Митю») is the affectionate short form of «Дмитрий». Mitya speaks of himself in this tender diminutive, casting himself as an object of pity — the name itself doing emotional work."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вспомнит","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will remember"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Вспомнит","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Вспомнит","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Вспомнит","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Митю","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"увидит","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will see"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of увидит","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"пожалеет","lemma":"пожалеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with увидит","gloss":"will pity"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пожалеет","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b12-c9-s20","source":"Много картинности, романического исступления, дикого карамазовского безудержу и чувствительности — ну и еще чего-то другого, господа присяжные, чего-то, что кричит в душе, стучит в уме неустанно и отравляет его сердце до смерти; это ''что-то'' — это совесть, господа присяжные, это суд ее, это страшные ее угрызения!","translation":"Much of it is theatrical, full of romantic frenzy, of wild, headlong Karamazov abandon and sentimentality — well, and of something else besides, gentlemen of the jury, something that cries out in the soul, hammers ceaselessly in the mind and poisons the heart unto death; this ''something'' is conscience, gentlemen of the jury, it is the judgment of conscience, it is its dreadful pangs of remorse!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безудержу","title":"«безудерж» — unrestrained abandon","body":"«безудерж» (here genitive «безудержу») is uncontrolled, headlong abandon — from «без удержу», 'without check'. «дикого карамазовского безудержу» names the wild, unbridled Karamazov nature the prosecutor keeps invoking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"карамазовского","title":"Surname turned adjective","body":"«карамазовский» is an adjective coined from the family name «Карамазов» — 'Karamazov-like, characteristic of a Karamazov'. Russian readily derives such -ский adjectives from proper names, here to brand a whole temperament."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что кричит в душе, стучит в уме… и отравляет","title":"Three present-tense relative verbs","body":"After «что-то, что…» three imperfective present verbs ('cries out… hammers… poisons') depict conscience as a continuous, ongoing torment. The «что» is the relative pronoun introducing the clause that defines the 'something'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"head predicate of the sentence","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"картинности","lemma":"картинность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Много","gloss":"theatricality"},{"surface":"романического","lemma":"романический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies исступления","gloss":"romantic"},{"surface":"исступления","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with картинности","gloss":"frenzy"},{"surface":"дикого","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies безудержу","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"карамазовского","lemma":"карамазовский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies безудержу","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"безудержу","lemma":"безудерж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with картинности","gloss":"abandon","note":"безудержу is an archaic partitive-genitive form of безудерж, like чаю for чай."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чувствительности","lemma":"чувствительность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with картинности","gloss":"sentimentality"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чего-то","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"coordinated with картинности","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite pronoun with чего","gloss":"something","note":"чего-то is one indefinite pronoun ('something'), split by the tagger into чего + то."},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чего-то","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address to the jury","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"resumes чего-то, antecedent of что","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite pronoun with чего","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кричит","gloss":"that which"},{"surface":"кричит","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying чего-то","gloss":"cries out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кричит","gloss":"the soul"},{"surface":"стучит","lemma":"стучать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричит, subject что","gloss":"hammers"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стучит","gloss":"the mind"},{"surface":"неустанно","lemma":"неустанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стучит","gloss":"ceaselessly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отравляет","lemma":"отравлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стучит","gloss":"poisons"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отравляет","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"unto"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отравляет","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of что-то, forming the subject NP «это что-то» ('this something')","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicate noun (quoted) with это","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite pronoun with что","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of совесть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"совесть","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun with это","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address to the jury","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of суд","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, parallel to совесть","gloss":"the judgment"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies суд","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of угрызения","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"страшные","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies угрызения","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of угрызения","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"угрызения","lemma":"угрызение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"predicate noun, parallel to совесть","gloss":"pangs of remorse"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b12-c9-s21","source":"Но пистолет всё помирит, пистолет — единственный выход, и нет другого, а там — я не знаю, думал ли в ту минуту Карамазов, ''„что будет там“'', и может ли Карамазов по-гамлетовски думать о том, что там будет?","translation":"But the pistol will reconcile everything; the pistol is the only way out, and there is no other, while as for what lies beyond — I do not know whether Karamazov was thinking, at that minute, ''“of what would come beyond,”'' or whether a Karamazov is even capable of brooding, Hamlet-fashion, on what would come there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"думал ли в ту минуту Карамазов","title":"Embedded «ли» — 'whether'","body":"«я не знаю, думал ли… Карамазов» uses the enclitic «ли» after the fronted, focused verb to mean 'whether he was thinking'. It is the literary marker of an indirect yes/no question."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по-гамлетовски","title":"«по-гамлетовски» — Hamlet-fashion","body":"An adverb coined from «Гамлет» with the «по-…-ски» pattern (cf. «по-русски»), meaning 'in Hamlet's manner, like Hamlet'. It sets up the famous closing contrast of s22 between brooding Hamlets and headlong Karamazovs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"пистолет","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помирит","gloss":"the pistol"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помирит","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"помирит","lemma":"помирить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will reconcile"},{"surface":"пистолет","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выход","gloss":"the pistol"},{"surface":"единственный","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies выход","gloss":"the only"},{"surface":"выход","lemma":"выход","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun with пистолет","gloss":"way out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with помирит","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"topic adverb introducing the following clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"was thinking"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the quoted clause, complement of думал","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет (quoted clause)","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю, coordinated with думал","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-гамлетовски","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"Hamlet-","note":"по-гамлетовски is one compound adverb ('Hamlet-fashion'), split by the tagger into по + гамлетовски."},{"surface":"гамлетовски","lemma":"по-гамлетовски","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"fashion"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"would be"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b12-c9-s22","source":"Нет, господа присяжные, у тех Гамлеты, а у нас еще пока Карамазовы!»","translation":"No, gentlemen of the jury, they over there have their Hamlets, while we, as yet, have only Karamazovs!”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у тех… а у нас","title":"«у» + genitive of possession; contrastive «а»","body":"«у тех… у нас» is the «у» + genitive 'have/among' construction ('with them there are…, with us there are…'), and «а» pivots the contrast. The surnames «Гамлеты», «Карамазовы» are pluralized into types — 'Hamlets', 'Karamazovs'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence-initial negation","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address to the jury","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тех","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у, standing for 'those people'","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"Гамлеты","lemma":"Гамлет","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject, possessed by тех","gloss":"Hamlets"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Карамазовы","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Карамазовы","gloss":"as yet"},{"surface":"Карамазовы","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate, possessed by нас, parallel to Гамлеты","gloss":"Karamazovs"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b12-c9-s23","source":"Тут Ипполит Кириллович развернул подробнейшую картину сборов Мити, сцену у Перхотина, в лавке, с ямщиками.","translation":"Here Ippolit Kirillovitch unfolded a most detailed picture of Mitya’s preparations — the scene at Perhotin’s, in the shop, with the drivers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"развернул подробнейшую картину","title":"Superlative suffix «-ейш-»","body":"«подробнейшую» is the bookish synthetic superlative of «подробный» ('most detailed'), formed with the suffix «-ейш-» rather than periphrastic «самый». This elevated form suits the narrator's slightly ironic report of the orator's thoroughness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с ямщиками","title":"«ямщик» — coach-driver","body":"A «ямщик» is a hired driver of a horse-drawn carriage or post-troika, a stock figure of Russian road life. The word recurs in s28 and ties to the chapter's troika imagery; «с ямщиками» is the «с» + instrumental of accompaniment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies развернул","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of развернул","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"Кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovitch"},{"surface":"развернул","lemma":"развернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"unfolded"},{"surface":"подробнейшую","lemma":"подробнейший","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies картину","gloss":"most detailed"},{"surface":"картину","lemma":"картина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of развернул","gloss":"a picture"},{"surface":"сборов","lemma":"сбор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies картину","gloss":"of the preparations"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сборов","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"сцену","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with картину","gloss":"the scene"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Перхотина","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Перхотина","lemma":"Перхотин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сцену","gloss":"Perhotin's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лавке","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сцену","gloss":"the shop"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ямщиками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ямщиками","lemma":"ямщик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with лавке, modifies сцену","gloss":"the drivers"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b12-c9-s24","source":"Он привел массу слов, изречений, жестов, всё подтвержденных свидетелями, — и картина страшно повлияла на убеждение слушателей.","translation":"He cited a mass of words, sayings, and gestures, all confirmed by witnesses — and the picture had a terrible effect on the conviction of those who heard it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё подтвержденных свидетелями","title":"Passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«подтверждённых» is the past passive participle of «подтвердить» ('confirmed'), and the agent «свидетелями» ('by witnesses') stands in the instrumental — the regular way Russian names the doer of a passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"страшно повлияла","title":"«страшно» as an intensifying adverb","body":"Here «страшно» ('terribly') has bleached into a mere intensifier — 'had a terrible/powerful effect' — rather than literally 'frighteningly'. This colloquial intensifier-use is common in expressive narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of привел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"привел","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cited"},{"surface":"массу","lemma":"масса","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of привел","gloss":"a mass"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies массу","gloss":"of words"},{"surface":"изречений","lemma":"изречение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with слов","gloss":"sayings"},{"surface":"жестов","lemma":"жест","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with слов","gloss":"gestures"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"summarizes слов, изречений, жестов, subject of подтвержденных","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"подтвержденных","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, genitive, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying слов","gloss":"confirmed"},{"surface":"свидетелями","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"agent of подтвержденных","gloss":"by witnesses"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"картина","lemma":"картина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of повлияла","gloss":"the picture"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повлияла","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"повлияла","lemma":"повлиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with привел","gloss":"affected"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убеждение","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"убеждение","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повлияла","gloss":"the conviction"},{"surface":"слушателей","lemma":"слушатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies убеждение","gloss":"of the listeners"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b12-c9-s25","source":"Главное, повлияла совокупность фактов.","translation":"Above all, it was the sum of the facts together that told.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Главное, повлияла совокупность фактов","title":"Verb before subject; «главное» as parenthetical","body":"«Главное» ('the main thing, above all') opens as a parenthetical adverbial; the verb «повлияла» precedes its subject «совокупность фактов», throwing the new information (the sum of facts) to the end — Russian's topic-comment flow."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"совокупность фактов","title":"«совокупность» — the aggregate, totality","body":"«совокупность» is a bookish, almost legal noun meaning the sum-total or aggregate of several things taken together. «совокупность фактов» ('the totality of the facts') is exactly the kind of forensic phrasing a prosecutor reaches for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverbial modifying the sentence","gloss":"Above all"},{"surface":"повлияла","lemma":"повлиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"совокупность","lemma":"совокупность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of повлияла","gloss":"the totality"},{"surface":"фактов","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies совокупность","gloss":"of the facts"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b12-c9-s26","source":"Виновность этого исступленно мятущегося и уже не берегущего себя человека выставилась неотразимо.","translation":"The guilt of this man — frenzied, in torment, and no longer caring what became of himself — stood out irresistibly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"исступленно мятущегося и уже не берегущего себя человека","title":"Two present participles + reflexive «себя»","body":"«мятущегося» ('in torment', from «метаться', to thrash about) and «берегущего» ('caring for', from «беречь») are present active participles in the genitive, agreeing with «человека». «себя» is the reflexive object — 'no longer guarding himself'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выставилась неотразимо","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as middle voice","body":"«выставилась» (from «выставиться») uses -ся for an intransitive/middle sense — the guilt 'set itself forth, stood out' rather than being put forth by an agent. «неотразимо» ('irresistibly, undeniably') intensifies."}],"words":[{"surface":"Виновность","lemma":"виновность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выставилась","gloss":"the guilt"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"исступленно","lemma":"исступленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мятущегося","gloss":"frenziedly"},{"surface":"мятущегося","lemma":"мятущийся","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying человека","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies берегущего","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies берегущего","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"берегущего","lemma":"берегущий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, genitive, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying человека","gloss":"caring for"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of берегущего","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Виновность","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"выставилась","lemma":"выставиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood out"},{"surface":"неотразимо","lemma":"неотразимый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выставилась","gloss":"irresistibly"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b12-c9-s27","source":"«Нечего уже ему было беречь себя, — говорил Ипполит Кириллович, — два-три раза он чуть-чуть было не сознался вполне, почти намекал и только разве не договаривал (здесь следовали показания свидетелей).","translation":"“He had nothing left to spare himself for,” said Ippolit Kirillovitch, “two or three times he came within a hair’s breadth of confessing outright, all but hinted at it, and stopped only just short of saying it (here followed the witnesses’ testimony).","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нечего уже ему было беречь себя","title":"Negative «нечего» + dative subject + infinitive","body":"«нечего… беречь» is the negative impersonal 'there is nothing to spare himself for'; the logical subject «ему» stands in the dative, and «было» supplies past tense. A classic dative-experiencer impersonal with a negative pronoun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чуть-чуть было не сознался","title":"«было» of the averted action","body":"«чуть-чуть было не сознался» combines the 'almost' particle «чуть-чуть», the special past particle «было» (marking an action begun or nearly done but not completed), and «не сознался» — 'he very nearly confessed [but didn't]'. The «было…не» frame signals an action on the brink."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не договаривал","title":"«договаривать» — to say out fully","body":"«договаривать/договорить» is to finish saying something, to spell it all out. «только разве не договаривал» — 'only just stopped short of saying it outright'. The verb recurs in s29 («договорить… нельзя было»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative pronoun","role":"main verb-like predicate of the sentence","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Нечего","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of беречь construction","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of беречь","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"беречь","lemma":"беречь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Нечего","gloss":"to spare"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of беречь","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb introducing speaker","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"Кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovitch"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сознался","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сознался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознался","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознался, reduplicated with чуть w14","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"part of чуть было не construction, modifies сознался","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сознался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сознался","lemma":"сознаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Нечего","gloss":"confessed"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознался","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies намекал","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"намекал","lemma":"намекать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сознался","gloss":"hinted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разве","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies договаривал","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies договаривал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"договаривал","lemma":"договаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with намекал","gloss":"finished saying"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies следовали","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"следовали","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"показания","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of следовали","gloss":"the testimony"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies показания","gloss":"of the witnesses"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b12-c9-s28","source":"Даже ямщику в дороге крикнул: „Знаешь ли, что ты убийцу везешь!“","translation":"He even cried out to the driver on the road: ‘Do you know you are carrying a murderer!’","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знаешь ли, что ты убийцу везешь","title":"«ли» in a direct question; animate accusative","body":"«Знаешь ли» fronts the verb with «ли» for a pointed direct question ('Do you know…?'). «убийцу» is the accusative singular of «убийца» (a first-declension -а noun; the genitive is the distinct «убийцы»), the object of «везёшь» ('you are carrying/driving'). The acc=gen animacy rule does not apply to singular -а nouns."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"везешь","title":"«везти» — to carry by conveyance","body":"«везти» (here «везёшь») specifically means to transport someone/something by vehicle (as a driver does), unidirectional motion. To a ямщик driving him, Mitya cries that he is 'carrying a murderer' — the verb fits the troika scene exactly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ямщику","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ямщику","lemma":"ямщик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of крикнул","gloss":"to the driver"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"quoted clause, complement of крикнул","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Знаешь","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of везешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of везешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"убийцу","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of везешь","gloss":"a murderer"},{"surface":"везешь","lemma":"везти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Знаешь","gloss":"are carrying"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b12-c9-s29","source":"Но договорить все-таки ему нельзя было: надо было попасть сперва в село Мокрое и уже там закончить поэму.","translation":"But say it out fully he could not, all the same: he had first to reach the village of Mokroe, and only there to finish his poem.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"договорить… ему нельзя было","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + dative","body":"«ему нельзя было [договорить]» is the impersonal modal of impossibility/prohibition: «нельзя» ('one cannot / must not') with the dative experiencer «ему» and «было» for the past — 'he could not say it out'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо было попасть… и… закончить","title":"Impersonal «надо» of necessity","body":"«надо было попасть… закончить» is the impersonal necessity construction ('it was necessary to reach… to finish'), again with no nominative subject. The perfective infinitives «попасть» and «закончить» view each task as a single completed goal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"договорить","lemma":"договорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to finish saying"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle, first part of все-таки","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"all","note":"все-таки together is one particle meaning 'all the same, nevertheless'."},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle, second part of все-таки","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of нельзя","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"not possible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to нельзя","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"попасть","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to get"},{"surface":"сперва","lemma":"сперва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попасть","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking село","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"село","lemma":"село","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of попасть","gloss":"the village"},{"surface":"Мокрое","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to село","gloss":"of Mokroye"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies там","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закончить","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"закончить","lemma":"закончить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with попасть","gloss":"to finish"},{"surface":"поэму","lemma":"поэма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of закончить","gloss":"his poem"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b12-c9-s30","source":"Но что же, однако, ожидает несчастного?","translation":"But what, after all, awaits the unhappy man?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но что же, однако, ожидает несчастного","title":"Particle «же» + concessive «однако»","body":"«что же… однако» layers two attitude-markers: «же» lends the question urgency ('but what, then…'), «однако» a turning-back ('however, after all'). «несчастного» is the animate accusative of the substantivized adjective 'the unhappy man'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ожидает","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to ожидает","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ожидает","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"awaits"},{"surface":"несчастного","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective used as noun, accusative (animate), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ожидает","gloss":"the unhappy man"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b12-c9-s31","source":"Дело в том, что почти с первых же минут в Мокром он видит и, наконец, постигает совершенно, что „бесспорный“ соперник его вовсе, может быть, уж не так бесспорен и что поздравлений с новым счастьем и заздравного бокала от него не хотят и не принимают.","translation":"The thing is that almost from the very first minutes at Mokroe he sees, and at last grasps completely, that his “incontestable” rival is perhaps not so incontestable after all, and that no congratulations on her new happiness, no cup of health, are wanted from him or will be accepted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он видит и, наконец, постигает совершенно","title":"Imperfective present of dawning realization","body":"«видит… постигает» are imperfective present (historic present) verbs of perception, rendering the gradual unfolding of Mitya's understanding as ongoing process. «постигать» ('to comprehend, grasp') is more elevated than «понимать»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поздравлений… и заздравного бокала… не хотят и не принимают","title":"Genitive of negation","body":"Under the negated verbs «не хотят и не принимают», the objects shift to the genitive — «поздравлений», «заздравного бокала» — instead of the accusative. This genitive-of-negation marks the wholesale rejection of what is offered."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (idiom дело в том)","gloss":"the thing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of Дело","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies первых","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минут","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies минут","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies первых","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of видит","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of видит","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"видит","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (complement of Дело в том)","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постигает","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"постигает","lemma":"постигать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видит","gloss":"grasps"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постигает","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бесспорен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бесспорный","lemma":"бесспорный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies соперник","gloss":"incontestable"},{"surface":"соперник","lemma":"соперник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бесспорен","gloss":"rival"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"modifies соперник","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бесспорен","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть = perhaps), modifies бесспорен","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бесспорен","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"бесспорен","lemma":"бесспорный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the first что-clause, object of постигает","gloss":"incontestable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"поздравлений","lemma":"поздравление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of хотят","gloss":"congratulations"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастьем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"новым","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies счастьем","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"счастьем","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies поздравлений","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заздравного","lemma":"заздравный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бокала","gloss":"toasting"},{"surface":"бокала","lemma":"бокал","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with поздравлений","gloss":"cup"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотят","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотят","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate of the second что-clause, object of постигает","gloss":"are wanted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принимают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"принимают","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хотят","gloss":"accepted"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b12-c9-s32","source":"Но вы уже знаете факты, господа присяжные, по судебному следствию.","translation":"But you already know the facts, gentlemen of the jury, from the judicial inquiry.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"факты","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"the facts"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking следствию","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"судебному","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies следствию","gloss":"judicial"},{"surface":"следствию","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаете","gloss":"the inquiry"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b12-c9-s33","source":"Торжество Карамазова над соперником оказалось неоспоримым и тут — о, тут начался совсем уже новый фазис в его душе, и даже самый страшный фазис изо всех, какие пережила и еще переживет когда-либо эта душа!","translation":"Karamazov’s triumph over his rival proved beyond dispute — and here, oh, here there began an altogether new phase in his soul, and the most terrible phase of all that this soul has lived through or will ever live through!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"какие пережила и еще переживет когда-либо эта душа","title":"Aspect pair across past and future","body":"The relative «какие» governs «пережила» (perfective past, 'has lived through') and «переживёт» (perfective future, 'will yet live through') — the same verb in both tenses the perfective allows, spanning all the soul's torments past and to come."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фазис","title":"«фазис» — phase (archaic form)","body":"«фазис» is the older, learned masculine variant of modern «фаза» ('phase, stage'), a Greek loan. Its slightly bookish, scientific air suits the prosecutor's pose of clinical psychological analysis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Торжество","lemma":"торжество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of оказалось","gloss":"the triumph"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Торжество","gloss":"Karamazov's"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соперником","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"соперником","lemma":"соперник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Торжество","gloss":"his rival"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"proved"},{"surface":"неоспоримым","lemma":"неоспоримый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of оказалось","gloss":"indisputable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начался","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, parenthetical","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начался","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"начался","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оказалось","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies новый","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies новый","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фазис","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"фазис","lemma":"фазис","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начался","gloss":"phase"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фазис","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самый","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страшный","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"страшный","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фазис","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"фазис","lemma":"фазис","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with фазис","gloss":"phase"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies фазис","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural (used as relative pronoun)","role":"direct object of пережила and переживет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пережила","lemma":"пережить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on всех","gloss":"has lived through"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переживет","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"переживет","lemma":"пережить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пережила","gloss":"will live through"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-либо","morphology":"adverb, first part of когда-либо","role":"modifies переживет","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"либо","lemma":"когда-либо","morphology":"adverb, second part of когда-либо","role":"modifies переживет","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душа","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пережила and переживет","gloss":"this soul"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b12-c9-s34","source":"Положительно можно признать, господа присяжные, — воскликнул Ипполит Кириллович, — что поруганная природа и преступное сердце — сами за себя мстители полнее всякого земного правосудия!","translation":"It may be positively affirmed, gentlemen of the jury,” cried Ippolit Kirillovitch, “that outraged nature and a guilty heart are themselves avengers more complete than any earthly justice!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Положительно можно признать","title":"Impersonal «можно» + infinitive","body":"«можно признать» is the impersonal 'one may affirm / it can be affirmed', with no subject and the infinitive carrying the action. «Положительно» here means 'positively, decidedly' (an intensifier), not 'in a positive manner'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сами за себя мстители","title":"Intensifier «сами» + reflexive «себя»","body":"«сами за себя» combines the intensive pronoun «сами» ('themselves') with «за себя» ('for themselves') — 'avengers of/for their own selves'. «поруганная природа и преступное сердце» are cast as their own avengers."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поруганная природа","title":"«поругать/поруганный» — outraged, defiled","body":"«поруганный» (past passive participle) means defiled, profaned, outraged — a word with archaic-religious overtones (cf. «поругание святыни», desecration). «поруганная природа» is human nature violated, which then takes its own revenge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Положительно","lemma":"положительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it may"},{"surface":"признать","lemma":"признать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"be affirmed"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"of the jury"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical narration, parallel to можно","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"Кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovitch"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of признать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"поруганная","lemma":"поруганный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies природа","gloss":"outraged"},{"surface":"природа","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of мстители","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"преступное","lemma":"преступный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"criminal"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with природа","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural (emphatic)","role":"emphasizes природа и сердце","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"modifies мстители","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"мстители","lemma":"мститель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"avengers"},{"surface":"полнее","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies мстители","gloss":"more fully than"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of правосудия","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"земного","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies правосудия","gloss":"earthly"},{"surface":"правосудия","lemma":"правосудие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of полнее","gloss":"justice"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b12-c9-s35","source":"Мало того: правосудие и земная казнь даже облегчают казнь природы, даже необходимы душе преступника в эти моменты как спасение ее от отчаяния, ибо я и представить себе не могу того ужаса и тех нравственных страданий Карамазова, когда он узнал, что она его любит, что для него отвергает своего „прежнего“ и „бесспорного“, что его, его, „Митю“, зовет с собою в обновленную жизнь, обещает ему счастье, и это когда же?","translation":"More than that: justice and earthly punishment even lighten the punishment that nature inflicts — are even necessary to the criminal’s soul in such moments, as its salvation from despair, for I cannot so much as imagine the horror and the moral torments of Karamazov when he learned that she loved him, that for his sake she was casting off her “previous” and “incontestable” one, that she was calling him, him, “Mitya,” to a renewed life with her, was promising him happiness — and when was this?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"необходимы душе преступника","title":"Short adjective + dative","body":"«необходимы» is the short (predicative) plural of «необходимый» ('indispensable'), and it governs the dative «душе преступника» ('to the criminal's soul'). Short adjectives are the bookish norm for such predicates and often take a dative complement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо я и представить себе не могу","title":"Archaic «ибо»; «и… не» emphatic negation","body":"«ибо» ('for, because') is the lofty bookish causal conjunction. «я и представить себе не могу» uses «и» before the infinitive to mean 'I cannot even imagine', with «себе» the dative reflexive of «представить себе»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его, его, „Митю“, зовет","title":"Emphatic repetition of the accusative pronoun","body":"The tripled object «его, его, „Митю“» heaps emphasis on the astonishment that it is precisely *him* she calls — pronoun, repeated pronoun, then the tender diminutive name in apposition, all accusative objects of «зовёт»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало того","morphology":"adverb, first part of idiom мало того","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"not only"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"мало того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular, second part of idiom","role":"complement of Мало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"правосудие","lemma":"правосудие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of облегчают","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"земная","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies казнь","gloss":"earthly"},{"surface":"казнь","lemma":"казнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with правосудие","gloss":"punishment"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies облегчают","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"облегчают","lemma":"облегчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, predicate of правосудие и казнь","gloss":"ease"},{"surface":"казнь","lemma":"казнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of облегчают","gloss":"the punishment"},{"surface":"природы","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies казнь","gloss":"of nature"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies необходимы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"необходимы","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective (short form), plural","role":"coordinated with облегчают","gloss":"are necessary"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of необходимы","gloss":"to the soul"},{"surface":"преступника","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душе","gloss":"of the criminal"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking моменты","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of моменты","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"моменты","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies необходимы","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking спасение","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"спасение","lemma":"спасение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of необходимы","gloss":"salvation"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies спасение","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаяния","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"отчаяния","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies спасение","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies представить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представить","gloss":"to myself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ужаса","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ужаса","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of представить","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of страданий","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"нравственных","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies страданий","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"страданий","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with ужаса","gloss":"torments"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страданий","gloss":"Karamazov's"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узнал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on могу","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of узнал","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отвергает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвергает","gloss":"his sake"},{"surface":"отвергает","lemma":"отвергать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любит, clausal complement of узнал","gloss":"casts off"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of прежнего","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"прежнего","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective used as noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отвергает","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бесспорного","lemma":"бесспорный","morphology":"adjective used as noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прежнего","gloss":"incontestable"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of зовет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of зовет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with его (emphatic repetition)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with его","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"зовет","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the third что-clause","gloss":"calls"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of зовет","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"обновленную","lemma":"обновленный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"renewed"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зовет","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"обещает","lemma":"обещать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with зовет","gloss":"promises"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of обещает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"счастье","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обещает","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of когда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the rhetorical question","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies когда","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b12-c9-s36","source":"Когда уже всё для него покончено и когда уже ничего невозможно!","translation":"When everything was already finished for him, and when nothing more was possible!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё для него покончено… ничего невозможно","title":"Short passive participle + impersonal predicate","body":"«покончено» is the short neuter past passive participle ('everything is finished/done with'), an impersonal result-state; «ничего невозможно» pairs the genitive «ничего» with the impersonal «невозможно» — 'nothing is possible'. Both are subjectless states."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of покончено","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покончено","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive покончено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покончено","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"покончено","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was finished"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невозможно","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невозможно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of невозможно","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with покончено","gloss":"was possible"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b12-c9-s37","source":"Кстати, сделаю вскользь одну весьма важную для нас заметку для пояснения настоящей сущности тогдашнего положения подсудимого: эта женщина, эта любовь его до самой этой последней минуты, до самого даже мига ареста, пребывала для него существом недоступным, страстно желаемым, но недостижимым.","translation":"By the way, I will note in passing one remark of great importance to us, by way of explaining the true nature of the accused’s situation at that time: this woman, this love of his, right up to the very last minute, up to the very instant of arrest, had remained for him a creature beyond reach, passionately longed for but unattainable.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пребывала для него существом недоступным","title":"Instrumental predicate after «пребывать»","body":"«пребывать» ('to remain, abide' — bookish for «оставаться») takes its predicate in the instrumental: «существом недоступным» ('a being unattainable'). The post-posed adjective «недоступным» and the lofty verb both raise the register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вскользь","title":"«вскользь» — in passing","body":"«вскользь» is an adverb meaning 'in passing, casually, glancingly'. «сделаю вскользь одну… заметку» is the orator's familiar gesture of slipping in an aside while pretending it is minor."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"страстно желаемым, но недостижимым","title":"Present passive participle as adjective","body":"«желаемым» is the rare present passive participle of «желать» ('desired'), here in the instrumental agreeing with «существом», modified by «страстно» ('passionately'). It pairs with «недостижимым» ('unattainable') to define the unreachable beloved."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies сделаю","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"сделаю","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will make"},{"surface":"вскользь","lemma":"вскользь","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of сделаю","gloss":"in passing"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies заметку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важную","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"важную","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies заметку","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of важную","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"заметку","lemma":"заметка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сделаю","gloss":"remark"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пояснения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"пояснения","lemma":"пояснение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies заметку","gloss":"explaining"},{"surface":"настоящей","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сущности","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"сущности","lemma":"сущность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пояснения","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"тогдашнего","lemma":"тогдашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies положения","gloss":"then-current"},{"surface":"положения","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сущности","gloss":"situation"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies положения","gloss":"of the accused"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщина","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пребывала","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любовь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with женщина","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"determiner of любовь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner (intensifier), genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"последней","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пребывала","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мига","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner (intensifier), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мига","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самого","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мига","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with минуты, oblique complement of пребывала","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"ареста","lemma":"арест","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мига","gloss":"of arrest"},{"surface":"пребывала","lemma":"пребывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пребывала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"существом","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of пребывала","gloss":"a being"},{"surface":"недоступным","lemma":"недоступный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существом","gloss":"unattainable"},{"surface":"страстно","lemma":"страстно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желаемым","gloss":"passionately"},{"surface":"желаемым","lemma":"желаемый","morphology":"participle, present, passive, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"coordinated with недоступным","gloss":"desired"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"недостижимым","lemma":"недостижимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with недоступным","gloss":"unreachable"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b12-c9-s38","source":"Но почему, почему он не застрелился тогда же, почему оставил принятое намерение и даже забыл, где лежит его пистолет?","translation":"But why, why did he not shoot himself then and there, why did he abandon the resolution he had taken, and even forget where his pistol lay?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему он не застрелился тогда же","title":"Reflexive «-ся» of the self-directed act","body":"«застрелился» (perfective past of «застрелиться») uses -ся for the reflexive 'shot himself'. The doubled «почему, почему» and «тогда же» ('then and there, at that very time') give the rhetorical question its urgency."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где лежит его пистолет","title":"Indirect question with «где»","body":"«забыл, где лежит его пистолет» embeds an indirect question introduced by «где» ('where'). «лежит» ('lies') is the imperfective present of position — Russian prefers a specific stance verb (lying, standing) where English just says 'was'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies застрелился","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies застрелился","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of застрелился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies застрелился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"застрелился","lemma":"застрелиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shoot himself"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies застрелился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"right there"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставил","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"оставил","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to застрелился","gloss":"abandon"},{"surface":"принятое","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies намерение","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"намерение","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of оставил","gloss":"resolution"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оставил","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежит","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of забыл","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of пистолет","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пистолет","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежит","gloss":"pistol"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b12-c9-s39","source":"А вот именно эта страстная жажда любви и надежда ее тогда же, тут же утолить и удержали его.","translation":"It was precisely this passionate craving for love, and the hope of slaking it then and there, on the spot, that held him back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"именно эта страстная жажда… удержали его","title":"Fronted subject for focus; «именно»","body":"«именно» ('it was precisely…') spotlights the subject — the passionate craving and hope — which is heaped up at the front while the verb «удержали» lands the answer. The plural verb agrees with the compound subject «жажда… и надежда»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"утолить","title":"«утолить» — to slake, satisfy","body":"«утолить» is to quench or assuage a thirst, hunger, or longing (cf. «утолить жажду», to slake thirst). Applied to «жажда любви», 'the thirst for love', it sustains the chapter's metaphor of craving as an unquenchable thirst."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies именно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эта","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жажда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"страстная","lemma":"страстный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жажда","gloss":"passionate"},{"surface":"жажда","lemma":"жажда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of удержали","gloss":"craving"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жажда","gloss":"for love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надежда","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with жажда, subject of удержали","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of утолить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утолить","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"and there"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утолить","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"утолить","lemma":"утолить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of надежда","gloss":"to satisfy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"удержали","lemma":"удержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held back"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of удержали","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b12-c9-s40","source":"В чаду пира он приковался к своей возлюбленной, тоже вместе с ним пирующей, прелестной и обольстительной для него более, чем когда-либо, — он не отходит от нее, любуется ею, исчезает пред нею.","translation":"In the heat of the carousal he clings to his beloved, who is feasting there beside him, more enchanting and seductive to him than ever — he will not leave her side, he gazes on her, he loses himself before her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он приковался… не отходит… любуется… исчезает","title":"Reflexive verbs in the historic present","body":"A run of -ся and motion verbs in the vivid present: «приковался» ('chained himself, clung'), «не отходит» ('does not move away'), «любуется» ('gazes admiringly', -ся middle), «исчезает» ('vanishes'). The cluster paints obsessive, helpless devotion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"любуется ею","title":"«любоваться» governs the instrumental","body":"«любоваться кем-либо» ('to admire, gaze with delight upon') takes its object in the instrumental — «ею» ('her'). A number of Russian verbs of attitude (гордиться, восхищаться, любоваться) require the instrumental rather than the accusative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"В чаду пира","title":"«чад» — fumes, intoxicating haze","body":"«чад» is acrid smoke or fumes, and figuratively a daze or stupor; «в чаду пира» is 'in the intoxicating haze of the feast'. The word recurs in s43 («чад и гам») and conveys both literal smoke and clouded judgment."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чаду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чаду","lemma":"чад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приковался","gloss":"heat"},{"surface":"пира","lemma":"пир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чаду","gloss":"of the carousal"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приковался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"приковался","lemma":"приковаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"clings"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возлюбленной","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of возлюбленной","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"возлюбленной","lemma":"возлюбленная","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приковался","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вместе","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пирующей","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пирующей","lemma":"пировать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying возлюбленной","gloss":"feasting"},{"surface":"прелестной","lemma":"прелестный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with пирующей, modifies возлюбленной","gloss":"enchanting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обольстительной","lemma":"обольстительный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with прелестной, modifies возлюбленной","gloss":"seductive"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обольстительной","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прелестной и обольстительной (comparative)","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with когда-либо","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-либо","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom когда-либо, modifies более","gloss":"ever","note":"когда-либо ('ever') is a single idiom split into two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"либо","lemma":"когда-либо","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom когда-либо, modifies более","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отходит, любуется, and исчезает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отходит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отходит","lemma":"отходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любуется and исчезает","gloss":"leaves"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отходит","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"любуется","lemma":"любоваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отходит and исчезает","gloss":"gazes"},{"surface":"ею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любуется","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"исчезает","lemma":"исчезать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отходит and любуется","gloss":"loses himself"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of исчезает","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b12-c9-s41","source":"Эта страстная жажда даже могла на миг подавить не только страх ареста, но и самые угрызения совести!","translation":"This passionate craving could even, for a moment, smother not only the fear of arrest but the very pangs of conscience!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только страх… но и самые угрызения","title":"Correlative «не только… но и»","body":"«не только… но и» ('not only… but also') is a paired correlative conjunction, here escalating from «страх ареста» to «самые угрызения совести». «самые» means 'the very' (intensifier), not 'most'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жажда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"страстная","lemma":"страстный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жажда","gloss":"passionate"},{"surface":"жажда","lemma":"жажда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"craving"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подавить","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"подавить","lemma":"подавить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"smother"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не только...но и","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"страх","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подавить","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"ареста","lemma":"арест","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страх","gloss":"of arrest"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies угрызения","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"угрызения","lemma":"угрызение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with страх","gloss":"pangs"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies угрызения","gloss":"of conscience"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b12-c9-s42","source":"На миг, о, только на миг!","translation":"For a moment, oh, only for a moment!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На миг, о, только на миг","title":"Verbless exclamatory fragment","body":"An elliptical, verbless exclamation echoing the end of s41 — Russian freely drops the verb in such emotive repetitions. «на миг» ('for a moment', «миг» = instant) is fronted bare for rhetorical effect."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, parallel to миг","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the second на миг","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with миг","gloss":"a moment"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b12-c9-s43","source":"Я представляю себе тогдашнее состояние души преступника в бесспорном рабском подчинении трем элементам, подавившим ее совершенно: во-первых, пьяное состояние, чад и гам, топот пляски, визг песен, и она, она, раскрасневшаяся от вина, поющая и пляшущая, пьяная и смеющаяся ему!","translation":"I picture to myself the state of the criminal’s soul at that time as held in unquestionable, slavish thrall to three elements that overwhelmed it utterly: first, the drunken state, the fumes and the din, the stamp of the dancing, the shriek of the songs, and she, she, flushed with wine, singing and dancing, drunk and laughing at him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"раскрасневшаяся… поющая и пляшущая… смеющаяся","title":"A cascade of active participles","body":"«раскрасневшаяся» (past, 'flushed'), then present participles «поющая», «пляшущая», «смеющаяся» ('singing, dancing, laughing'), all feminine nominative agreeing with «она». The pile-up turns Grushenka into a swirl of simultaneous, intoxicating action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в… рабском подчинении трем элементам","title":"Dative after «подчинение»; numeral + noun","body":"«подчинение чему-либо» ('subjection to something') governs the dative «трём элементам». The numeral «три» also takes a special case form of its noun; in the dative the whole phrase «трём элементам» declines together."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чад и гам, топот пляски, визг песен","title":"Sensory nouns of the carousal","body":"A drumroll of vivid nouns: «гам» (din, hubbub), «топот» (stamping of feet), «пляска» (folk-dance), «визг» (shriek, squeal). Their clipped, onomatopoeic quality recreates the sensory overload of the Mokroe revel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of представляю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"представляю","lemma":"представлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"picture"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представляю","gloss":"to myself"},{"surface":"тогдашнее","lemma":"тогдашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состояние","gloss":"of that time"},{"surface":"состояние","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of представляю","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies состояние","gloss":"of the soul"},{"surface":"преступника","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies души","gloss":"of the criminal"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подчинении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бесспорном","lemma":"бесспорный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подчинении","gloss":"unquestionable"},{"surface":"рабском","lemma":"рабский","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подчинении","gloss":"slavish"},{"surface":"подчинении","lemma":"подчинение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состояние","gloss":"thrall"},{"surface":"трем","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"quantifies элементам","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"элементам","lemma":"элемент","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подчинении","gloss":"elements"},{"surface":"подавившим","lemma":"подавить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, dative, perfective","role":"clause modifying элементам","gloss":"that overwhelmed"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подавившим","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подавившим","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom во-первых, introduces the enumeration","gloss":"first","note":"во-первых ('firstly') is a single idiom split into two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom во-первых, introduces the enumeration","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"пьяное","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состояние","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"состояние","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"first item in apposition to элементам","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"чад","lemma":"чад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with состояние","gloss":"fumes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гам","lemma":"гам","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with состояние","gloss":"din"},{"surface":"топот","lemma":"топот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with состояние","gloss":"the stamp"},{"surface":"пляски","lemma":"пляска","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies топот","gloss":"of dancing"},{"surface":"визг","lemma":"визг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with состояние","gloss":"shriek"},{"surface":"песен","lemma":"песня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies визг","gloss":"of songs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with состояние","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to она, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"раскрасневшаяся","lemma":"раскраснеться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying она","gloss":"flushed"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вина","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вина","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of раскрасневшаяся","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"поющая","lemma":"петь","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with раскрасневшаяся","gloss":"singing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пляшущая","lemma":"плясать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поющая","gloss":"dancing"},{"surface":"пьяная","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with раскрасневшаяся","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смеющаяся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пьяная","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеющаяся","gloss":"at him"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b12-c9-s44","source":"Во-вторых, ободряющая отдаленная мечта о том, что роковая развязка еще далеко, по крайней мере не близко, — разве на другой только день, лишь наутро придут и возьмут его.","translation":"Second, the heartening, far-off dream that the fatal reckoning was still a long way off — not close, at any rate — that surely not before the next day, not before morning, would they come and take him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве на другой только день… придут и возьмут его","title":"Perfective futures; particle «разве»","body":"«придут и возьмут» are perfective futures ('they will come and take him'), the subjectless 'they' of impersonal narration. «разве» here softens to 'surely only', voicing the consoling self-deception that arrest is far off."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"роковая развязка","title":"«развязка» — the dénouement","body":"«развязка» (literally an 'untying') is the resolution or climax of a drama or plot — and by extension a fateful outcome. «роковая развязка» ('the fatal dénouement') keeps the chapter's running metaphor of Mitya's life as a poem or play hurtling to its end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"во-вторых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom во-вторых, introduces the enumeration","gloss":"second","note":"во-вторых ('secondly') is a single idiom split into two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"вторых","lemma":"во-вторых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom во-вторых, introduces the enumeration","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"ободряющая","lemma":"ободряющий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мечта","gloss":"heartening"},{"surface":"отдаленная","lemma":"отдалённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мечта","gloss":"far-off"},{"surface":"мечта","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"parallel item to состояние (s43), head noun of the sentence","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мечта","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of далеко","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"роковая","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies развязка","gloss":"fatal"},{"surface":"развязка","lemma":"развязка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of далеко","gloss":"reckoning"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies далеко","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate describing развязка","gloss":"far off"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"least","note":"по крайней мере is a fixed idiom meaning 'at least.'"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies близко","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"близко","lemma":"близко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with далеко","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies день","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies день","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придут","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наутро","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"наутро","lemma":"наутро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придут","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"придут","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with далеко","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возьмут","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with придут","gloss":"will take"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возьмут","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b12-c9-s45","source":"Стало быть, несколько часов, это много, ужасно много!","translation":"So then, several hours — that is a great deal, an awful lot!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стало быть, несколько часов","title":"«стало быть» — discourse 'so then'","body":"«стало быть» is a fossilized phrase ('so then, consequently, that is to say'), drawing a conclusion in a colloquial, reasoning voice. It opens the verbless exclamation «несколько часов, это много», where «это» resumes the topic before the comment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"so","note":"стало быть is a fixed idiom meaning 'so, that means.'"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Стало, part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часов","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"parallel clause to Стало","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of много","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to Стало","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"awfully"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with много","gloss":"much"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b12-c9-s46","source":"В несколько часов можно много придумать.","translation":"In a few hours one can think up a great deal.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно много придумать","title":"Impersonal «можно» of possibility","body":"«можно… придумать» is the subjectless 'one can think up [a great deal]', with the perfective infinitive «придумать» viewing the inventing as an achievable result. A generic, experiencer-less statement."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часов","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часов","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of можно","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придумать","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"придумать","lemma":"придумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"think up"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b12-c9-s47","source":"Я представляю себе, что с ним было нечто похожее на то, когда преступника везут на смертную казнь, на виселицу: еще надо проехать длинную-длинную улицу, да еще шагом, мимо тысяч народа, затем будет поворот в другую улицу и в конце только этой другой улицы страшная площадь!","translation":"I picture to myself that something happened to him like what befalls a criminal being carried to execution, to the gallows: there is still a long, long street to drive down, and at a walking pace at that, past thousands of people, then there will be a turn into another street, and only at the end of that other street the dreadful square!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда преступника везут на смертную казнь","title":"Impersonal 'they carry'; animate accusative","body":"«преступника везут» uses the subjectless third-plural «везут» ('they carry') for a generic agent, with «преступника» the animate accusative object. «везти» again marks unidirectional conveyance toward the gallows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"длинную-длинную улицу","title":"Reduplication for intensity","body":"Repeating the adjective — «длинную-длинную» ('a long, long street') — is a colloquial Russian intensifier conveying extreme degree, far more vivid than a single «очень длинную». It mimics the dragging subjective sense of the endless road."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of представляю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"представляю","lemma":"представлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"picture"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представляю","gloss":"to myself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нечто","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нечто","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нечто","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"clausal complement of представляю","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"похожее","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of похожее","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of везут","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"преступника","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of везут","gloss":"a criminal"},{"surface":"везут","lemma":"везти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"is carried"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking казнь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"смертную","lemma":"смертный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies казнь","gloss":"capital"},{"surface":"казнь","lemma":"казнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of везут","gloss":"execution"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виселицу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"виселицу","lemma":"виселица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with казнь, oblique complement of везут","gloss":"the gallows"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate introducing проехать","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"проехать","lemma":"проехать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"travel down"},{"surface":"длинную","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улицу","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"длинную","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улицу, intensifying repetition","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"улицу","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of проехать","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шагом","gloss":"at that"},{"surface":"шагом","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies проехать","gloss":"at a walking pace"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысяч","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of мимо","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"народа","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тысяч","gloss":"of people"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with надо","gloss":"there will be"},{"surface":"поворот","lemma":"поворот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"a turn"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улицу","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"улицу","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поворот","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конце","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies площадь","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этой","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of улицы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улицы","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"улицы","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies конце","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"страшная","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies площадь","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"площадь","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with поворот, head noun of the final clause","gloss":"square"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b12-c9-s48","source":"Мне именно кажется, что в начале шествия осужденный, сидя на позорной своей колеснице, должен именно чувствовать, что пред ним еще бесконечная жизнь.","translation":"It seems to me precisely that at the start of the procession the condemned man, seated in his cart of shame, must feel precisely that an endless life still lies before him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"должен именно чувствовать, что пред ним еще бесконечная жизнь","title":"Short adjective «должен»; archaic «пред»","body":"«должен… чувствовать» is the short-adjective modal of obligation ('must feel'). «пред» is the bookish/poetic variant of «перед» ('before'), governing the instrumental «ним» — a touch of elevated register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"позорной своей колеснице","title":"«колесница позора» — the cart of shame","body":"«колесница» is a lofty word for a chariot or cart (cf. biblical/triumphal chariots); «позорная колесница» is the tumbrel in which the condemned were paraded to execution. The grand word ironically dignifies the cart of disgrace."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of кажется","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кажется","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начале","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"начале","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувствовать","gloss":"the start"},{"surface":"шествия","lemma":"шествие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начале","gloss":"of the procession"},{"surface":"осужденный","lemma":"осужденный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"the condemned man"},{"surface":"сидя","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on должен","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колеснице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"позорной","lemma":"позорный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies колеснице","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of колеснице","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"колеснице","lemma":"колесница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидя","gloss":"cart"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of кажется","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чувствовать","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"чувствовать","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жизнь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бесконечная","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"бесконечная","lemma":"бесконечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"endless"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b12-c9-s49","source":"Но вот, однако же, уходят дома, колесница всё подвигается — о, это ничего, до поворота во вторую улицу еще так далеко, и вот он всё еще бодро смотрит направо и налево и на эти тысячи безучастно любопытных людей, приковавшихся к нему взглядами, и ему всё еще мерещится, что он такой же, как и они, человек.","translation":"But there — the houses keep slipping away, the cart keeps moving on — oh, that is nothing, the turn into the second street is still so far off, and look, he still gazes briskly to right and left at these thousands of idly curious people who fasten their eyes upon him, and it still seems to him that he is a man like them, like any of them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уходят дома, колесница всё подвигается","title":"Historic present + iterative «всё»","body":"Imperfective presents «уходят» ('keep slipping away') and «подвигается» ('keeps moving on') render continuous process; «всё» here is the adverb 'continually, all the while', not the pronoun 'everything'. The -ся of «подвигается» gives the middle 'moves itself along'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему всё еще мерещится, что он… человек","title":"Dative experiencer with «мерещиться»","body":"«мерещится» ('it seems, it is fancied') is an impersonal experiencer verb taking the dative «ему» — 'it still seems to him'. The -ся verb has no nominative subject; the person to whom it appears stands in the dative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безучастно любопытных","title":"«безучастный» — indifferent, detached","body":"«безучастный» (from «без участия», 'without participation/sympathy') means detached, indifferent, taking no part. «безучастно любопытных» captures the crowd's idle, uninvolved curiosity — gawking without compassion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уходят","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to уходят, part of the idiom однако же","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако, part of the idiom однако же","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"уходят","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slip away"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of уходят","gloss":"the houses"},{"surface":"колесница","lemma":"колесница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подвигается","gloss":"the cart"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подвигается","gloss":"keeps"},{"surface":"подвигается","lemma":"подвигаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уходят","gloss":"moves on"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to подвигается","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ничего","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"is nothing"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поворота","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"поворота","lemma":"поворот","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of далеко","gloss":"the turn"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"вторую","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улицу","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"улицу","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поворота","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies далеко","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, parallel to ничего","gloss":"far off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотрит, part of the idiom всё еще","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бодро, part of the idiom всё еще","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"бодро","lemma":"бодро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"briskly"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уходят","gloss":"gazes"},{"surface":"направо","lemma":"направо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"налево","lemma":"налево","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with направо","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячи","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячи","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрит","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"безучастно","lemma":"безучастно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любопытных","gloss":"indifferently"},{"surface":"любопытных","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"приковавшихся","lemma":"приковаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying людей","gloss":"who fasten"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приковавшихся","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"взглядами","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of приковавшихся","gloss":"their eyes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of мерещится","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще, part of the idiom всё еще","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мерещится, part of the idiom всё еще","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"мерещится","lemma":"мерещиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уходят","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of такой","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of такой","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of мерещится","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with они","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies они","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"oblique complement of такой","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, coordinated with такой","gloss":"a man"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b12-c9-s50","source":"Но вот уже и поворот в другую улицу — о! это ничего, ничего, еще целая улица.","translation":"But now comes the turn into the other street — oh, that is nothing, nothing, there is a whole street yet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это ничего, ничего, еще целая улица","title":"«ничего» as 'it's all right'","body":"Here «ничего» is the idiomatic 'it's nothing, never mind, it's all right' — not the negative pronoun. The repeated «ничего, ничего» plus verbless «еще целая улица» ('a whole street yet') voice the condemned man's self-soothing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поворот","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поворот","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поворот","lemma":"поворот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the turn"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улицу","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"улицу","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поворот","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ничего","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is nothing"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"coordinated with ничего, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целая","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"целая","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улица","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"улица","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ничего","gloss":"street"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b12-c9-s51","source":"И сколько бы ни уходило домов, он всё будет думать: „Еще осталось много домов“.","translation":"And however many houses slip away, he will keep thinking: ‘There are still plenty of houses left.’","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И сколько бы ни уходило домов","title":"Concessive «сколько бы ни» + genitive","body":"«сколько бы ни уходило домов» is the concessive 'however many houses slip away', built from «сколько» + the particles «бы… ни» and a past-form verb. The counted noun «домов» stands in the genitive plural after «сколько»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он всё будет думать","title":"Compound future for ongoing thought","body":"«будет думать» is the imperfective compound future (быть + infinitive) — 'he will keep thinking' — its imperfective aspect stressing the repeated, continuing nature of the consoling thought. «всё» = 'continually'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies уходило, part of the idiom сколько бы ни","gloss":"however many","note":"сколько бы ни is a fixed idiom meaning 'no matter how many.'"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of уходило, part of the idiom сколько бы ни","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уходило, part of the idiom сколько бы ни","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"уходило","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on думать","gloss":"slipped away"},{"surface":"домов","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of уходило","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думать","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"keeps"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of думать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осталось","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"осталось","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to думать","gloss":"are left"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"subject of осталось","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"домов","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"houses"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b12-c9-s52","source":"И так до самого конца, до самой площади.","translation":"And so it goes, right to the very end, right to the square itself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"до самого конца, до самой площади","title":"Intensifier «самый» + genitive of «до»","body":"«самый» here means 'the very' ('right to the very end, the very square'), declining to agree — «самого конца», «самой площади» — both genitives governed by «до» ('up to'). The parallel «до… до…» drives the relentless approach home."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase И","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конца","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конца","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"конца","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking площади","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies площади","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"площади","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with конца","gloss":"square"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b12-c9-s53","source":"Так, представляю себе, было тогда и с Карамазовым.","translation":"So, I picture to myself, it was then with Karamazov too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"было тогда и с Карамазовым","title":"«с» + instrumental of the one affected","body":"«было… с Карамазовым» — 'so it was with Karamazov' — uses «с» plus the instrumental to name the person to whom something happens. The particle «и» here means 'too, also' ('so it was with Karamazov too')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"представляю","lemma":"представлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying было","gloss":"I picture"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представляю","gloss":"to myself"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Карамазовым","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Карамазовым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Карамазовым","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b12-c9-s54","source":"„Еще там не успели, — думает он, — еще можно что-нибудь подыскать, о, еще будет время сочинить план защиты, сообразить отпор, а теперь, теперь — теперь она так прелестна!“","translation":"‘They have not managed it over there yet,’ he thinks, ‘there is still something one might hit upon, oh, there will still be time to compose a plan of defence, to work out a rejoinder — and now, now — now she is so enchanting!’","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Еще там не успели… еще можно что-нибудь подыскать… будет время сочинить","title":"Layered impersonals of hope","body":"A chain of subjectless constructions: «не успели» ('they haven't managed it', impersonal 'they'), «можно подыскать» ('one can hit upon'), «будет время сочинить» ('there will be time to compose'). Together they stage the mind's bargaining with fate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-нибудь подыскать","title":"Indefinite «что-нибудь» — anything at all","body":"«что-нибудь» marks a non-specific 'something, anything at all' — he might hit upon any expedient, not a particular one. Contrast «что-то», which would mean a specific but unnamed thing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успели","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успели","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успели","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"they have managed"},{"surface":"думает","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"he thinks"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with успели","gloss":"one might"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of подыскать","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of подыскать","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"подыскать","lemma":"подыскать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to hit upon"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with можно","gloss":"there will be"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"сочинить","lemma":"сочинить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies время","gloss":"to compose"},{"surface":"план","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сочинить","gloss":"a plan"},{"surface":"защиты","lemma":"защита","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies план","gloss":"of defence"},{"surface":"сообразить","lemma":"сообразить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with сочинить","gloss":"to work out"},{"surface":"отпор","lemma":"отпор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сообразить","gloss":"a rejoinder"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прелестна","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прелестна","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прелестна","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прелестна","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прелестна","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"прелестна","lemma":"прелестный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular, short form","role":"main predicate of the final clause","gloss":"is enchanting"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b12-c9-s55","source":"Смутно и страшно в душе его, но он успевает, однако же, отложить от своих денег половину и где-то их спрятать — иначе я не могу объяснить себе, куда могла исчезнуть целая половина этих трех тысяч, только что взятых им у отца из-под подушки.","translation":"All is dim and dreadful in his soul, yet he manages, all the same, to set aside half of his money and to hide it away somewhere — otherwise I cannot explain to myself where a whole half of those three thousand could have vanished to, money he had only just taken from his father from under the pillow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смутно и страшно в душе его","title":"Impersonal predicate-adverbs of feeling","body":"«Смутно и страшно [было] в душе его» uses the neuter predicative adverbs «смутно» ('dimly, confusedly') and «страшно» ('dreadfully') with no subject — the impersonal way Russian states an inner state ('all is dim and dreadful in his soul')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он успевает… отложить… и… спрятать","title":"«успевать» + perfective infinitive","body":"«успевает отложить… спрятать» — 'he manages to set aside… to hide' — pairs «успевать» ('to have time / manage to') with perfective infinitives that view each action as a completed result. The historic present sustains the on-the-spot immediacy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смутно","lemma":"смутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, coordinated with страшно","gloss":"dim"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Смутно","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Смутно","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успевает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"успевает","lemma":"успевать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"manages"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успевает","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"отложить","lemma":"отложить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успевает","gloss":"to set aside"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking денег","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of денег","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отложить","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отложить","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрятать","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрятать","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of спрятать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"спрятать","lemma":"спрятать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with отложить","gloss":"to hide"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I cannot"},{"surface":"объяснить","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"explain"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of объяснить","gloss":"to myself"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by куда","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"исчезнуть","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"vanish"},{"surface":"целая","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половина","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"половина","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of исчезнуть","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of трех","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies половина","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только что","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взятых","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"взятых","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying тысяч","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of взятых","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взятых","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушки","gloss":"from under"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушки","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"подушки","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взятых","gloss":"pillow"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b12-c9-s56","source":"Он в Мокром уже не раз, он там уже кутил двое суток.","translation":"He has been at Mokroe more than once before; he had already caroused there two days running.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он в Мокром уже не раз, он там уже кутил двое суток","title":"Verbless present vs. imperfective past","body":"The first clause is verbless ('he [has been] at Mokroe more than once', present zero-copula), the second imperfective past «кутил» ('had been carousing') of habitual action. «двое суток» uses the collective numeral «двое» with «сутки» (a 24-hour day), 'two full days'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кутил","title":"«кутить» — to carouse, go on a spree","body":"«кутить» means to revel, drink, and squander money in riotous merrymaking — the verb for a Russian binge or spree («кутёж»). It defines Mitya's whole mode of being at Mokroe."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Он","gloss":"Mokroe"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кутил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кутил","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кутил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"кутил","lemma":"кутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with the first clause","gloss":"was carousing"},{"surface":"двое","lemma":"двое","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on суток","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"суток","lemma":"сутки","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"duration complement of кутил","gloss":"days"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b12-c9-s57","source":"Этот старый, большой деревянный дом ему известен, со всеми сараями, галереями.","translation":"This old, large wooden house is well known to him, with all its outbuildings and galleries.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дом ему известен, со всеми сараями, галереями","title":"Short adjective «известен» + dative","body":"«известен» is the short predicative form of «известный» ('known'), governing the dative «ему» — 'the house is known to him'. The trailing «со всеми сараями, галереями» is «с» + instrumental of accompaniment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сараями, галереями","title":"«сарай», «галерея» — outbuildings","body":"«сарай» is a shed, barn, or outbuilding; «галерея» here a covered passage or veranda running along the house. The detail of a rambling wooden house «со всеми сараями» sets up the prosecutor's theory of where the money was hidden (s58)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дом","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"старый","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with старый","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"деревянный","lemma":"деревянный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"wooden"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of известен","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of известен","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"известен","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"is known"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сараями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of сараями","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сараями","lemma":"сарай","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of известен","gloss":"outbuildings"},{"surface":"галереями","lemma":"галерея","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with сараями","gloss":"galleries"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b12-c9-s58","source":"Я именно предполагаю, что часть денег скрылась тогда же, и именно в этом доме, незадолго пред арестом, в какую-нибудь щель, в расщелину, под какую-нибудь половицу, где-нибудь в углу, под кровлей — для чего?","translation":"I suppose precisely that part of the money was hidden then and there, and precisely in that house, shortly before the arrest — in some crack, in some chink, under some floorboard, somewhere in a corner, beneath the roof — and what for?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"часть денег скрылась","title":"Reflexive «скрыться»; partitive genitive","body":"«скрылась» (perfective of «скрыться», -ся) is the intransitive 'hid itself, vanished'. «часть денег» uses the partitive genitive «денег» after «часть» ('a part of the money'), and «денег» is itself the genitive plural of the pluralia-tantum «деньги'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в какую-нибудь щель, в расщелину, под… половицу","title":"Hiding-places: «щель», «расщелина», «половица»","body":"A precise little inventory: «щель» (a crack, slit), «расщелина» (a cleft, chink), «половица» (a single floorboard), «под кровлей» (beneath the roof, «кровля» = roofing). The indefinite «какую-нибудь» ('some… or other') signals the prosecutor is guessing at an unspecified crevice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предполагаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предполагаю","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"предполагаю","lemma":"предполагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I suppose"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скрылась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"часть","lemma":"часть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of скрылась","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies часть","gloss":"of the money"},{"surface":"скрылась","lemma":"скрыться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of предполагаю","gloss":"was hidden"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скрылась","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of доме","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрылась","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"незадолго","lemma":"незадолго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies арестом","gloss":"shortly"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking арестом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"арестом","lemma":"арест","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрылась","gloss":"the arrest"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking щель","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of щель","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of щель","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"щель","lemma":"щель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрылась","gloss":"crack"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расщелину","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"расщелину","lemma":"расщелина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрылась","gloss":"a chink"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking половицу","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of половицу","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of половицу","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"половицу","lemma":"половица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрылась","gloss":"floorboard"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies углу","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies углу","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрылась","gloss":"a corner"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровлей","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"кровлей","lemma":"кровля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with углу","gloss":"the roof"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical question для чего","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b12-c9-s59","source":"Как для чего?","translation":"What for, indeed?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как для чего?","title":"Echo-question «Как…?»","body":"«Как для чего?» ('What do you mean, what for?') is the rhetorical echo-question: «как» repeats and challenges the previous question «для чего?» of s58, as if scandalized that anyone could ask. A lively oratorical device."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b12-c9-s60","source":"Катастрофа может совершиться сейчас, конечно мы еще не обдумали, как ее встретить, да и некогда нам, да и стучит у нас в голове, да и к ''ней-то'' тянет, ну а деньги? — деньги во всяком положении необходимы!","translation":"The catastrophe may break upon us at any moment now; of course we have not yet thought out how to meet it, and there is no time for us, and our head is pounding, and we are drawn to ''her'' — but the money? — money is indispensable in every situation!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Катастрофа может совершиться сейчас","title":"Reflexive «совершиться» + modal «может»","body":"«может совершиться» — 'may come to pass' — pairs the modal «может» with the perfective reflexive infinitive «совершиться» (-ся, 'to be accomplished, occur'). The catastrophe is framed as happening of itself, agentless."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стучит у нас в голове, да и к ней-то тянет","title":"Impersonal verbs + emphatic «ней-то»","body":"«стучит у нас в голове» ('our head is pounding', subjectless 'it pounds') and «тянет» ('one is drawn', impersonal) are agentless physical-pull verbs. «к ней-то» fastens the emphatic clitic «-то» to the pronoun — 'and toward *her* [we are] drawn'. The chain of «да и…» ('and besides') mimics breathless reasoning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"деньги во всяком положении необходимы","title":"Short adjective «необходимы» as predicate","body":"«необходимы» is the short plural predicative of «необходимый» ('indispensable'), agreeing with «деньги». The aphoristic, dash-punctuated close — 'money is indispensable in every situation' — lands as the prosecutor's cynical summary of Mitya's calculation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катастрофа","lemma":"катастрофа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"The catastrophe"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"совершиться","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"break out"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совершиться","gloss":"at any moment"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обдумали","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обдумали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обдумали","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обдумали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обдумали","lemma":"обдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with может","gloss":"have thought out"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of встретить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of встретить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"встретить","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of обдумали","gloss":"to meet"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"некогда","lemma":"некогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with обдумали","gloss":"there's no time"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"experiencer of некогда","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стучит","lemma":"стучать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with некогда","gloss":"pounds"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of стучит","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стучит","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тянет","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ней","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"тянет","lemma":"тянуть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стучит","gloss":"we are drawn"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the rhetorical question","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of необходимы","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всяком","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of положении","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"положении","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of необходимы","gloss":"situation"},{"surface":"необходимы","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"parallel clause to может","gloss":"is indispensable"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b12-c9-s61","source":"Человек с деньгами — везде человек.","translation":"A man with money is a man anywhere.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Человек с деньгами — везде человек","title":"Zero copula and the dash","body":"Russian uses no verb 'to be' in the present, so the dash «—» stands in for 'is' between two nominatives: «человек … — человек» ('a man … is a man'). Both noun phrases are in the nominative because the link is a present-tense equation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с деньгами","title":"Instrumental after «с» (with)","body":"«с деньгами» ('with money') is the instrumental of accompaniment governed by the preposition «с». «Деньги» is a plurale tantum, so it appears only in the plural, here instrumental «деньгами»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"A man"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies Человек","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"везде","lemma":"везде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"a man"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b12-c9-s62","source":"Может быть, такая расчетливость в такую минуту вам покажется неестественною?","translation":"Perhaps such calculation at such a minute will strike you as unnatural?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вам покажется","title":"Dative experiencer 'will strike you'","body":"«вам покажется неестественною» frames the impression impersonally: the person to whom something seems goes in the dative, «вам» ('to you'). The verb «покажется» is a perfective future ('will appear, will seem')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"неестественною","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"The predicate adjective stands in the instrumental after «показаться» ('to seem [to be]'). The ending «-ою» (for modern «-ой») is the bookish, 19th-century long form, lending the prosecutor's speech its formal cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies покажется","gloss":"Perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of расчетливость","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"расчетливость","lemma":"расчётливость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of покажется","gloss":"calculation"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покажется","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of покажется","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"покажется","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will seem"},{"surface":"неестественною","lemma":"неестественный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of покажется","gloss":"unnatural"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b12-c9-s63","source":"Но ведь уверяет же он сам, что еще за месяц пред тем, в один тоже самый тревожный и роковой для него момент, он отделил от трех тысяч половину и зашил себе в ладонку, и если, конечно, это неправда, что и докажем сейчас, то всё же эта идея Карамазову знакомая, он ее созерцал.","translation":"But after all he assures us himself that a whole month before, in another moment equally anxious and fateful for him, he had set aside half of the three thousand and sewn it into a little amulet bag; and even if this, of course, is untrue — which we shall prove presently — still the idea is one familiar to Karamazov, one he had dwelt upon.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уверяет же он сам","title":"Emphatic particle «же»","body":"«же» here insists and presses the point — 'but he himself does assure us'. Set right after «уверяет», it underlines the verb, a hallmark of the prosecutor's rhetorical needling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зашил себе в ладонку","title":"Dative of interest «себе»","body":"«зашил себе» uses the reflexive pronoun «себе» in the dative — 'sewed [it] for himself, into his own'. It marks the subject as the beneficiary of his own action, a flavour English drops."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если … это неправда, … то всё же","title":"Conditional with correlative «то»","body":"«если … то» is the standard Russian 'if … then' frame; «то всё же» ('then still, all the same') concedes the point even granting the falsehood. «Всё же» is a fixed concessive 'all the same'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"эта идея Карамазову знакомая","title":"Dative with «знакомый» (familiar to)","body":"«знакомая Карамазову» means 'familiar to Karamazov' — the adjective «знакомый» governs the dative of the person to whom something is known. Note the personal name «Карамазову» itself declines in the dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уверяет","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"уверяет","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"assures"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уверяет","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уверяет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отделил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying отделил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момент","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies момент","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тот же самый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies самый","gloss":"equally"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тревожный","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"тревожный","lemma":"тревожный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"anxious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"роковой","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with тревожный","gloss":"fateful"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of роковой","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial complement of отделил","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отделил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отделил","lemma":"отделить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверяет","gloss":"had set aside"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысяч","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отделил","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отделил","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зашил","lemma":"зашить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отделил","gloss":"sewed"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of зашил","gloss":"for himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладонку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ладонку","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашил","gloss":"amulet-pouch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of неправда","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies неправда","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неправда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"неправда","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the conditional clause","gloss":"is untrue"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of докажем","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies докажем","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"докажем","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying неправда","gloss":"we shall prove"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies докажем","gloss":"presently"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the main clause, correlative with если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of идея","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"идея","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of знакомая","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"Карамазову","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of знакомая","gloss":"to Karamazov"},{"surface":"знакомая","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular, short form","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"is familiar"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of созерцал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of созерцал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"созерцал","lemma":"созерцать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знакомая","gloss":"had dwelt upon"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b12-c9-s64","source":"Мало того, когда он уверял потом следователя, что отделил полторы тысячи в ладонку (которой никогда не бывало), то, может быть, и выдумал эту ладонку, тут же мгновенно, именно потому, что два часа пред тем отделил половину денег и спрятал куда-нибудь там в Мокром, на всякий случай, до утра, только чтобы не хранить на себе, по внезапно представившемуся вдохновению.","translation":"What is more, when he afterward assured the investigating magistrate that he had set aside fifteen hundred in a little bag (one that had never existed), it may be that he invented this little bag then and there, on the instant, precisely because two hours before he had set aside half the money and hidden it somewhere there at Mokroe, against all eventualities, until morning, simply so as not to keep it on himself, acting on an inspiration that came to him out of the blue.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Мало того","title":"«Мало того» — 'what is more'","body":"A set discourse connective, literally 'little of that', meaning 'moreover, not only that, what is more'. It piles a further point onto the argument and is typical of formal, oratorical prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которой никогда не бывало","title":"Genitive of negation with «не бывало»","body":"«которой никогда не бывало» — 'which had never existed' — uses the negated existential «не бывало» (iterative of «быть»), which forces its subject into the genitive «которой». «Бывало» conveys 'used to be / ever was', stronger than a plain «не было»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спрятал куда-нибудь","title":"Indefinite «-нибудь» (anywhere at all)","body":"«куда-нибудь» means 'to somewhere or other, anywhere at all' — the «-нибудь» series marks a non-specific, undetermined place, fitting the prosecutor's point that even Mitya did not fix on a spot."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по внезапно представившемуся вдохновению","title":"Past active participle as modifier","body":"«представившемуся» is a past active participle from «представиться» ('to present itself'), agreeing with «вдохновению» in the dative after «по». The whole phrase ('on an inspiration that had presented itself') compresses a который-clause into one adjective — dense, literary syntax."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb, part of fixed phrase Мало того","role":"introduces the sentence (Мало того = 'what is more')","gloss":"What is"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of Мало (fixed phrase Мало того)","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уверял","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уверял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уверял","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying выдумал","gloss":"assured"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверял","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"следователя","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уверял","gloss":"the investigator"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отделил (complement of уверял)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отделил","lemma":"отделить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверял","gloss":"set aside"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отделил","gloss":"thousand","note":"полторы тысячи = 'fifteen hundred'."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладонку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ладонку","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отделил","gloss":"little bag","note":"a small pouch worn around the neck, often to hold money or an icon."},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive subject of negated бывало","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying ладонку","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle introducing the main clause выдумал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying выдумал (может быть = 'perhaps')","gloss":"it may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes выдумал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"выдумал","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"invented"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ладонку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ладонку","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выдумал","gloss":"little bag"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb, part of phrase тут же","role":"modifies выдумал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"мгновенно","lemma":"мгновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выдумал","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb, part of phrase потому что","role":"modifies выдумал","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отделил (потому что = 'because')","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on часа","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial time expression, modifies отделил","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отделил","lemma":"отделить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of потому что","gloss":"set aside"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отделил","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies половину","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спрятал","lemma":"спрятать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отделил","gloss":"hid"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb, part of phrase куда-нибудь","role":"modifies спрятал","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies куда (куда-нибудь = 'somewhere')","gloss":"indefinite marker"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрятал","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"Mokroye","note":"Mokroye, the village where the arrest takes place."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случай","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случай","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрятал (idiom на всякий случай = 'just in case')","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утра","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрятал","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хранить","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хранить","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хранить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хранить","lemma":"хранить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спрятал","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of хранить","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вдохновению","gloss":"acting on"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представившемуся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"представившемуся","lemma":"представиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, reflexive, dative, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"attributive participle modifying вдохновению","gloss":"that had come"},{"surface":"вдохновению","lemma":"вдохновение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition по","gloss":"inspiration"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b12-c9-s65","source":"Две бездны, господа присяжные, вспомните, что Карамазов может созерцать две бездны, и обе разом!","translation":"Two abysses, gentlemen of the jury, remember that Karamazov is capable of contemplating two abysses, and both at once!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вспомните","title":"Polite plural imperative","body":"«вспомните» ('remember!') is the perfective imperative with the «-те» ending that makes it plural or polite — addressed to the «господа присяжные» (gentlemen of the jury)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"две бездны","title":"«бездна» — abyss, and a Karamazov motif","body":"«бездна» ('abyss, chasm') is a charged, near-Biblical word in Dostoevsky. 'Two abysses, both at once' echoes the novel's recurring image of the Karamazov soul holding the ideal of the Madonna and the ideal of Sodom together — sensuality and saintliness in one breast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on бездны","gloss":"Two"},{"surface":"бездны","lemma":"бездна","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory topic phrase","gloss":"abysses"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, head of phrase","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"jurors"},{"surface":"вспомните","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вспомните","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"созерцать","lemma":"созерцать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"contemplate"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on бездны","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"бездны","lemma":"бездна","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of созерцать","gloss":"abysses"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"in apposition to бездны, quantifies the elided noun","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverb modifying the elided verb созерцать","gloss":"at once"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b12-c9-s66","source":"В том доме мы искали, но не нашли.","translation":"In that house we searched, but did not find it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В том доме мы искали, но не нашли","title":"Aspect pair «искали / не нашли»","body":"The imperfective «искали» ('were searching', the drawn-out process) is set against the perfective «не нашли» ('did not find', the completed result). The pairing — long looking, no result — is exactly what aspect exists to draw."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of доме","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of искали","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of искали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"искали","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"searched"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нашли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with искали","gloss":"found"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b12-c9-s67","source":"Может, эти деньги и теперь еще там, а может, и на другой день исчезли и теперь у подсудимого.","translation":"Perhaps that money is still there even now, or perhaps the next day it vanished and is now in the possession of the accused.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у подсудимого","title":"«у» + genitive for possession","body":"«теперь у подсудимого» ('now in the possession of the accused') uses the «у» + genitive frame that Russian prefers to a verb 'to have': literally 'by/at the accused [is]'. «Подсудимого» is a substantivized adjective ('the one on trial')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а может, и … исчезли","title":"Contrastive «а» and concessive «и»","body":"«а может» pivots to the alternative ('or perhaps'); the «а» is the soft contrastive that hinges between two possibilities. The «и» before «исчезли» is the emphatic particle 'even / indeed', not 'and'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying the clause (perhaps)","gloss":"Perhaps"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of the clause (predicate там)","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь (emphatic, 'even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies там","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies там","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverb of the first clause (the money is there)","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying исчезли (perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies день (emphatic, 'even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of исчезли","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"исчезли","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"vanished"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided predicate (is now)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подсудимого","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb (is with the accused)","gloss":"the accused"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b12-c9-s68","source":"Во всяком случае, арестовали его подле нее, перед ней на коленях, она лежала на кровати, он простирал к ней руки и до того забыл всё в ту минуту, что не расслышал и приближения арестующих.","translation":"At any rate, he was arrested beside her, on his knees before her, while she lay upon the bed; he was stretching out his arms to her and had so far forgotten everything at that minute that he did not even hear the approach of those who came to arrest him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"арестовали его подле нее","title":"Subjectless 'they' construction","body":"«арестовали его» is a third-person-plural verb with no stated subject — Russian's impersonal 'they arrested him', i.e. 'he was arrested'. It backgrounds the agents (the arresting party) and foregrounds the victim «его»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подле","title":"«подле» — beside (bookish)","body":"«подле» ('beside, close by', + genitive) is an elevated, somewhat archaic preposition where speech would use «возле» or «рядом с». It lifts the register of this tableau of Mitya kneeling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того забыл всё … что не расслышал","title":"Correlative «до того … что» (so … that)","body":"«до того … что» is the result construction 'so far / to such a degree … that'. «До того» literally 'to that [point]', with «что» opening the consequence clause — a tidy way to register the intensity of his self-forgetting."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приближения арестующих","title":"Substantivized present active participle","body":"«арестующих» is a present active participle ('those arresting / who were arresting') used as a noun in the genitive plural — 'the approach of those coming to arrest'. Turning a participle into a noun like this is a compact, bookish move."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"всяком","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying арестовали (во всяком случае = 'at any rate')","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"арестовали","lemma":"арестовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arrested"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of арестовали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подле","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of арестовали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коленях","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of арестовали (on his knees)","gloss":"his knees"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лежала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"лежала","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause describing simultaneous action","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровати","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"кровати","lemma":"кровать","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежала","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of простирал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"простирал","lemma":"простирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause describing simultaneous action","gloss":"stretched"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простирал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of простирал","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыл (до того...что = 'so much that')","gloss":"that point"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with простирал","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of забыл","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыл","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of расслышал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расслышал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"расслышал","lemma":"расслышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of того (result clause)","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes приближения (even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"приближения","lemma":"приближение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of расслышал","gloss":"the approach"},{"surface":"арестующих","lemma":"арестовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"genitive complement of приближения (those arresting)","gloss":"those arresting"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b12-c9-s69","source":"Он ничего еще не успел приготовить в уме своем для ответа.","translation":"He had not yet had time to make ready in his mind a single word of answer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего еще не успел приготовить","title":"Negative concord with «ничего»","body":"«ничего … не успел» piles the negative pronoun «ничего» onto the negated verb «не успел» — Russian's obligatory negative concord, two negatives making one. «Ничего» is the genitive of «ничто», standard for a negated object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в уме своем","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«в уме своем» ('in his [own] mind') uses «свой», the reflexive possessive that always points back to the clause's subject. Russian prefers «своем» here over «его», which would suggest someone else's mind."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of приготовить","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"приготовить","lemma":"приготовить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"prepare"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приготовить","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уме","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответа","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ответа","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приготовить","gloss":"answer"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b12-c9-s70","source":"И он и ум его были взяты врасплох.","translation":"Both he and his wits had been taken unawares.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"были взяты врасплох","title":"Periphrastic passive with short participle","body":"«были взяты» is the analytic past passive: «быть» plus the short past passive participle «взяты» (from «взять», 'to take'), agreeing in the plural — 'were taken'. «Взяты врасплох» is the fixed idiom 'caught off guard'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"врасплох","title":"«врасплох» — off guard, by surprise","body":"An adverb (now only fixed in this phrase) meaning 'unawares, off guard', almost always with «застать» or «взять». The rhetorical pairing «и он и ум его» ('both he and his wits') splits the man from his intellect for effect."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction, part of phrase и...и (both...and)","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Both"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive взяты","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with он","gloss":"wits"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"determiner of ум","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of взяты","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"взяты","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"врасплох","lemma":"врасплох","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взяты","gloss":"unawares"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b12-c9-s71","source":"И вот он пред своими судьями, пред решителями судьбы своей.","translation":"And here he stands before his judges, before those who will decide his fate.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред своими судьями","title":"Archaic «пред» + instrumental","body":"«пред» is the bookish, abbreviated form of «перед» ('before, in front of'), governing the instrumental «судьями». Throughout this speech Dostoevsky favours «пред» for its solemn, courtroom ring."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"решителями судьбы своей","title":"«решитель» — one who decides","body":"«решители» is an agent noun ('the deciders, those who will decide') from «решить», an elevated coinage; «судьбы своей» is 'of his own fate'. The doubled phrase 'before his judges, before the deciders of his fate' builds rhetorical weight by apposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the clause (presentative)","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (stands)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судьями","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of судьями","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"судьями","lemma":"судья","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"judges"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking решителями, coordinated with the first пред","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"решителями","lemma":"решитель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"those deciding"},{"surface":"судьбы","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies решителями","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of судьбы","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b12-c9-s72","source":"Господа присяжные заседатели, бывают моменты, когда, при нашей обязанности, нам самим становится почти страшно пред человеком, страшно и за человека!","translation":"Gentlemen of the jury, there are moments when, in the discharge of our duty, we ourselves are seized with something almost like dread before a man — dread of him, and dread for him as well!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"становится страшно","title":"Impersonal 'it becomes frightening'","body":"Russian often expresses feeling with an impersonal construction: «нам становится страшно» literally 'to-us it-becomes frightening' — there is no grammatical subject, and the person who feels is in the dative («нам»). Note also the pair «страшно пред человеком» (afraid facing the man) versus «страшно за человека» (afraid for the man): the same adverb plus different prepositions flips the meaning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бывают моменты, когда","title":"Iterative «бывают» (there occur)","body":"«бывают» is the iterative/habitual of «быть» — 'there happen to be, there occur from time to time'. It opens a generalization ('there are moments when…'), a favourite move of the prosecutor stepping back to philosophize."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, head of phrase","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies заседатели","gloss":"jury"},{"surface":"заседатели","lemma":"заседатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Господа (address term)","gloss":"members"},{"surface":"бывают","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"моменты","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of бывают","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of становится","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обязанности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of обязанности","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"обязанности","lemma":"обязанность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of становится","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of становится","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"самим","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"modifies нам (intensifier, 'ourselves')","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"становится","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause verb, modifies моменты","gloss":"becomes"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страшно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"complement of становится","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеком","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with the first страшно (elliptical predicate)","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies за человека (also)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of страшно","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b12-c9-s73","source":"Это минуты созерцания того животного ужаса, когда преступник уже видит, что всё пропало, но всё еще борется, всё еще намерен бороться с вами.","translation":"These are the minutes of contemplating that animal terror, when the criminal already sees that all is lost, yet still struggles, still means to struggle on against you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё пропало","title":"Idiomatic perfective «пропало»","body":"«всё пропало» ('all is lost') uses the neuter past perfective of «пропасть» as a fixed exclamation of ruin. The perfective marks the irrevocable, accomplished loss the criminal suddenly sees."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё еще борется, всё еще намерен бороться","title":"Imperfective of persistence","body":"The imperfectives «борется» ('keeps struggling') and the infinitive «бороться» portray ongoing, unfinished effort. «Всё еще» ('still, yet') reinforces the durative reading — the man who fights on though all is lost."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"These"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate nominal of Это","gloss":"the minutes"},{"surface":"созерцания","lemma":"созерцание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"contemplating"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ужаса","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"животного","lemma":"животный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ужаса","gloss":"animal"},{"surface":"ужаса","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies созерцания","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видит","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"преступник","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видит","gloss":"the criminal"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видит","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"видит","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause verb, modifies минуты","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пропало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пропало","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"пропало","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видит","gloss":"is lost"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle, part of phrase всё еще","role":"modifies борется","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies борется","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"борется","lemma":"бороться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видит (contrastive)","gloss":"struggles"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle, part of phrase всё еще","role":"modifies намерен","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies намерен","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"намерен","lemma":"намеренный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with борется","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"бороться","lemma":"бороться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of намерен","gloss":"struggle"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of бороться","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b12-c9-s74","source":"Это минуты, когда все инстинкты самосохранения восстают в нем разом и он, спасая себя, глядит на вас пронизывающим взглядом, вопрошающим и страдающим, ловит и изучает вас, ваше лицо, ваши мысли, ждет, с которого боку вы ударите, и создает мгновенно в сотрясающемся уме своем тысячи планов, но все-таки боится говорить, боится проговориться!","translation":"These are the minutes when every instinct of self-preservation rises up in him at once, and, saving himself, he looks at you with a piercing gaze, questioning and suffering, catching at you and studying you, your face, your thoughts, waiting to see from which side you will strike, and on the instant frames a thousand schemes in his shaken mind — yet for all that is afraid to speak, afraid of letting something slip!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спасая себя, глядит … ловит … изучает … ждет … создает","title":"Gerund + chain of present verbs","body":"«спасая себя» is an imperfective gerund ('saving himself', simultaneous with the main action), heading a long string of present-tense verbs that all share the one subject — Dostoevsky's breathless, accumulating syntax. «Себя» is the reflexive object pronoun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пронизывающим взглядом, вопрошающим и страдающим","title":"Stacked present active participles","body":"«пронизывающим» ('piercing'), «вопрошающим» ('questioning'), «страдающим» ('suffering') are three present active participles in the instrumental, agreeing with «взглядом» ('gaze'). «Вопрошающим» is itself bookish, from the elevated «вопрошать» ('to interrogate, inquire')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с которого боку вы ударите","title":"Embedded indirect question","body":"«ждет, с которого боку вы ударите» — 'waits [to see] from which side you will strike'. The interrogative «с которого боку» opens an indirect question; «ударите» is a perfective future. «Боку» is the old stressed locative-style form of «бок»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"These"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate nominal of Это","gloss":"the minutes"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of восстают","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of инстинкты","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"инстинкты","lemma":"инстинкт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of восстают","gloss":"instincts"},{"surface":"самосохранения","lemma":"самосохранение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies инстинкты","gloss":"self-preservation"},{"surface":"восстают","lemma":"восставать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on минуты","gloss":"rise up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of восстают","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of восстают","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"спасая","lemma":"спасать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on глядит","gloss":"saving"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of спасая","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"глядит","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with восстают","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of глядит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пронизывающим","lemma":"пронизывающий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"piercing"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядит","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"вопрошающим","lemma":"вопрошать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"attributive participle modifying взглядом","gloss":"questioning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страдающим","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вопрошающим","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"ловит","lemma":"ловить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глядит","gloss":"catches"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"изучает","lemma":"изучать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глядит","gloss":"studies"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of изучает","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with вас (direct object of изучает)","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with вас (direct object of изучает)","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"ждет","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глядит","gloss":"waits"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боку","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of боку","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"боку","lemma":"бок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ударите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ударите","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of ждет","gloss":"will strike"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"создает","lemma":"создавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глядит","gloss":"devises"},{"surface":"мгновенно","lemma":"мгновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies создает","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сотрясающемся","lemma":"сотрясаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, participle, masculine, singular, locative, imperfective","role":"attributive participle modifying уме","gloss":"shaken"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уме","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies планов","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"планов","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of создает","gloss":"schemes"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"particle, part of phrase все-таки","role":"modifies боится","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боится (все-таки = 'nevertheless')","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глядит","gloss":"is afraid"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of боится","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the first боится","gloss":"afraid"},{"surface":"проговориться","lemma":"проговориться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of боится","gloss":"say too much"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b12-c9-s75","source":"Эти унизительные моменты души человеческой, это хождение ее по мытарствам, эта животная жажда самоспасения — ужасны и вызывают иногда содрогание и сострадание к преступнику даже в следователе!","translation":"These humiliating moments of the human soul, this passage of its through torment, this animal craving for self-salvation — they are dreadful, and at times stir even in the investigator a shudder and a compassion for the criminal!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ужасны","title":"Short-form predicate adjective","body":"«ужасны» is the short (predicative) form of «ужасный», agreeing in the plural with the three subjects. The short adjective is bookish and asserts the quality as a verdict — 'are dreadful' — typical of this elevated register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"самоспасения","title":"«самоспасение» — self-salvation","body":"A compound of «само-» ('self-') and «спасение» ('salvation'). The «-ение» noun is bookish, and «спасение» carries a religious charge ('salvation'), so 'animal craving for self-salvation' sounds the theological note the prosecutor keeps striking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of моменты","gloss":"These"},{"surface":"унизительные","lemma":"унизительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies моменты","gloss":"humiliating"},{"surface":"моменты","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of the sentence (predicate ужасны)","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies моменты","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"человеческой","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies души","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of хождение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"хождение","lemma":"хождение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with моменты (compound subject of ужасны)","gloss":"passage"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies хождение","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мытарствам","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"мытарствам","lemma":"мытарство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies хождение","gloss":"torments"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жажда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"животная","lemma":"животный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жажда","gloss":"animal"},{"surface":"жажда","lemma":"жажда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with моменты (compound subject of ужасны)","gloss":"craving"},{"surface":"самоспасения","lemma":"самоспасение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies жажда","gloss":"self-salvation"},{"surface":"ужасны","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вызывают","lemma":"вызывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ужасны","gloss":"stir"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вызывают","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"содрогание","lemma":"содрогание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вызывают","gloss":"shudder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сострадание","lemma":"сострадание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with содрогание","gloss":"compassion"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступнику","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"преступнику","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сострадание","gloss":"the criminal"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies следователе","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking следователе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"следователе","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вызывают","gloss":"the investigator"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b12-c9-s76","source":"И вот мы этому всему были тогда свидетелями.","translation":"And there we all were, witnesses of it all at the time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы … были … свидетелями","title":"Instrumental predicate after «быть»","body":"«были свидетелями» — 'were witnesses' — puts the predicate noun in the instrumental because the linking verb is the past «были». A bare nominative «свидетели» would only be possible in the zero-copula present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"этому всему","title":"Dative governed by «свидетель»","body":"«свидетелями этому всему» — 'witnesses to all this' — takes the dative «этому всему» as the thing witnessed. Fronting «этому всему» before the verb gives it topical weight in the sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мы (presentative)","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the sentence (predicate свидетелями)","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of всему","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of свидетелями","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to свидетелями","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свидетелями","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"свидетелями","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"witnesses"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b12-c9-s77","source":"Сначала он был ошеломлен, и в ужасе у него вырвалось несколько слов, его сильно компрометирующих: „Кровь! Заслужил!“","translation":"At first he was stunned, and in his horror a few words broke from him that gravely compromised him: ‘Blood! I have deserved it!’","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него вырвалось несколько слов","title":"Reflexive «вырвалось» + genitive after «несколько»","body":"«вырвалось» (reflexive, from «вырваться», 'to break/tear loose') is intransitive — 'a few words broke loose from him'. «У него» locates the source; «несколько слов» takes the genitive plural «слов» because the quantifier «несколько» governs it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его сильно компрометирующих","title":"Participle agreeing with «слов»","body":"«компрометирующих» is a present active participle ('compromising') in the genitive plural, agreeing with «слов», with «его» as its object — 'a few words gravely compromising him'. The participle replaces a который-clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Заслужил","title":"«Заслужил» — 'I deserved it'","body":"The bare perfective past «Заслужил!» ('[I] have deserved [it]!') drops the pronoun «я», as the gendered «-л» ending already shows a male speaker. Wrenched out of context, this cry — paired with «Кровь!» — is what 'gravely compromises' Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ошеломлен","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive ошеломлен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of ошеломлен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ошеломлен","lemma":"ошеломить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stunned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ужасе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ужасе","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ошеломлен","gloss":"broke out"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on слов","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"subject of вырвалось","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of компрометирующих","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies компрометирующих","gloss":"gravely"},{"surface":"компрометирующих","lemma":"компрометировать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying слов","gloss":"compromising"},{"surface":"Кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"one-word exclamation, quoted","gloss":"Blood!"},{"surface":"Заслужил","lemma":"заслужить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted exclamation (elliptical subject я)","gloss":"I deserved it!"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b12-c9-s78","source":"Но он быстро сдержал себя.","translation":"But he quickly mastered himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сдержал себя","title":"«себя» as full object pronoun","body":"«сдержал себя» ('mastered/restrained himself') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» as a genuine direct object — distinct from a bound «-ся» verb. The perfective «сдержал» marks the single, decisive act of self-control."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сдержал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сдержал","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"сдержал","lemma":"сдержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mastered"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сдержал","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b12-c9-s79","source":"Что сказать, как ответить — всё это пока ещё у него не готово, но готово лишь одно голословное отрицание: „В смерти отца не виновен!“","translation":"What to say, how to answer — none of it is ready for him as yet; ready is only one bare denial: ‘I am not guilty of my father’s death!’","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что сказать, как ответить","title":"Dative-less infinitive deliberation","body":"«что сказать, как ответить» ('what to say, how to answer') uses bare infinitives to render an open deliberative question — what is there to say? The implied experiencer is «ему» (for him), supplied later in «у него не готово»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голословное отрицание","title":"«голословный» — unsupported, bare","body":"«голословный» (from «голый» 'bare' + «слово» 'word') means 'unsubstantiated, mere assertion'. A «голословное отрицание» is a flat denial backed by nothing — exactly the prosecutor's charge against Mitya's 'I am not guilty'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готово","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ответить","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сказать","gloss":"to answer"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of готово","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ещё","gloss":"as yet"},{"surface":"ещё","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies готово","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of готово","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies готово","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"готово","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"готово","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with готово","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies отрицание","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"голословное","lemma":"голословный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отрицание","gloss":"bare"},{"surface":"отрицание","lemma":"отрицание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of готово","gloss":"denial"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновен","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виновен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the quoted sentence","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b12-c9-s80","source":"Вот пока наш забор, а там, за забором, мы, может быть, еще что и устроим, какую-нибудь баррикаду.","translation":"There, for the time being, is our fence, and beyond it, behind that fence, we may yet contrive something, some barricade.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"забор … баррикаду","title":"«забор» / «баррикада» — defensive metaphor","body":"«забор» is a plain wooden 'fence', «баррикада» a borrowed 'barricade'. The prosecutor likens Mitya's bare denial to a flimsy fence behind which he hopes 'to contrive' («устроим») some sturdier barricade — a sustained military-defensive image."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще что и устроим, какую-нибудь баррикаду","title":"Indefinite «что» and «какую-нибудь»","body":"«что» here is the indefinite 'something' (colloquial for «что-нибудь»), and «какую-нибудь баррикаду» ('some barricade or other') uses the non-specific «-нибудь». Together they convey vague, not-yet-formed scheming."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пока","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"for the time being"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of забор","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"забор","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пока","gloss":"fence"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb in apposition with за забором","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забором","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"забором","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of за, in apposition to там","gloss":"fence"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of устроим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть), modifies устроим","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of устроим","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies устроим","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"устроим","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"we'll contrive"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of баррикаду","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of баррикаду","gloss":"some","note":"combines with какую to form the indefinite pronoun 'какой-нибудь' = 'some kind of'."},{"surface":"баррикаду","lemma":"баррикада","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with забор","gloss":"barricade"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b12-c9-s81","source":"Компрометирующие первые восклицания свои он спешит, предупреждая вопросы наши, объяснить тем, что считает себя виновным лишь в смерти слуги Григория.","translation":"Forestalling our questions, he hastens to explain those first compromising exclamations of his by saying that he holds himself guilty only of the death of the servant Grigory.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"предупреждая вопросы наши","title":"Imperfective gerund «предупреждая»","body":"«предупреждая» is a present (imperfective) gerund — 'forestalling / anticipating [our questions]', an action simultaneous with the main verb «спешит». «Предупреждать» here means not 'to warn' but 'to get in ahead of'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"виновным лишь в смерти слуги Григория","title":"«виновен в» + prepositional","body":"«виновным в смерти» — 'guilty of the death' — the adjective «виновный» governs «в» + prepositional («в смерти»). It appears in the instrumental «виновным» because «считает себя» ('holds himself [to be]') takes an instrumental predicate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Компрометирующие","lemma":"компрометировать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies восклицания","gloss":"compromising"},{"surface":"первые","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies восклицания","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"восклицания","lemma":"восклицание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of спешит","gloss":"exclamations"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of восклицания","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спешит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"спешит","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hastens"},{"surface":"предупреждая","lemma":"предупреждать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спешит","gloss":"forestalling"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of предупреждая","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of вопросы","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"объяснить","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with предупреждая","gloss":"to explain"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of объяснить","gloss":"by the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of считает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"считает","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"he considers"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of считает","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"виновным","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of считает","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновным","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"слуги","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to слуги","gloss":"Grigory"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b12-c9-s82","source":"„В этой крови виновен, но кто же убил отца, господа, кто убил? Кто же мог убить его, ''если не я?''“","translation":"‘Of that blood I am guilty, but who killed my father, gentlemen, who killed him? Who could have killed him, ''if not I?''’","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто же убил отца … кто убил?","title":"Insistent «же» in a question","body":"«кто же убил?» — 'but who then killed?' — the particle «же» sharpens the interrogative into an exasperated challenge. «Отца» is the animate accusative (= genitive) of «отец»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если не я","title":"Elliptical conditional 'if not I'","body":"«если не я» ('if not I') keeps the pronoun in the nominative «я», not «меня», because it stands as the elided subject of an unspoken «убил» ('[killed], if not I [killed]'). This little phrase becomes the prosecutor's centrepiece in the next segment."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of крови","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновен","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the quoted sentence","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with виновен","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"repeats the question, coordinated with убил (w8)","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause modifying мог убить","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (if not I)","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b12-c9-s83","source":"Слышите это: спрашивает он нас же, нас же, пришедших к нему самому с этим самым вопросом!","translation":"Do you hear that: he puts the question to us, to us, who had come to him with that very question!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спрашивает он нас же, нас же","title":"Emphatic «же» on a repeated object","body":"«нас же, нас же» ('us, of all people, us!') doubles the object «нас» with the particle «же» for indignant emphasis — the very men who came to question him are now being questioned. The repetition is pure courtroom rhetoric."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пришедших к нему","title":"Past active participle «пришедших»","body":"«пришедших» is the past active participle of the prefixed motion verb «прийти» ('to come, arrive'), in the genitive plural agreeing with «нас» — 'us, who had come to him'. «При-» + «-йти» yields the perfective 'arrive'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышите","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Слышите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"спрашивает","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Слышите","gloss":"he asks"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спрашивает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of спрашивает","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with нас","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"пришедших","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying нас","gloss":"who had come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришедших","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies нему","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этим","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of вопросом","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопросом","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"вопросом","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришедших","gloss":"question"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b12-c9-s84","source":"Слышите вы это забегающее вперед словечко: „если не я“, эту животную хитрость, эту наивность и эту карамазовскую нетерпеливость?","translation":"Do you hear that little phrase that runs ahead of itself, ‘if not I’ — that animal cunning, that naïveté, that Karamazov impatience?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"словечко","title":"«словечко» — diminutive of «слово»","body":"«словечко» is the diminutive of «слово» ('word'), here faintly contemptuous and knowing — 'that little phrase, that telltale word'. The suffix «-ечк-» colours the prosecutor's pouncing tone as he isolates «если не я»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"карамазовскую нетерпеливость","title":"«карамазовский» — adjective from the name","body":"«карамазовский» turns the surname into an adjective — 'the Karamazov [impatience]', i.e. that family trait. Building an «-ский» adjective from a person's name to name a whole temperament is a recurring device in the novel and its criticism."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"забегающее вперед словечко","title":"Present active participle as epithet","body":"«забегающее вперед» ('running ahead [of itself]') is a present active participle agreeing with neuter «словечко». «Забегать вперёд» is an idiom for getting ahead of oneself — the phrase betrays Mitya by anticipating the very accusation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышите","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Слышите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of словечко","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"забегающее","lemma":"забегать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying словечко","gloss":"running ahead"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забегающее","gloss":"ahead"},{"surface":"словечко","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Слышите","gloss":"little phrase"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the quoted conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"quoted phrase in apposition to словечко","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of хитрость","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"животную","lemma":"животный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies хитрость","gloss":"animal"},{"surface":"хитрость","lemma":"хитрость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with словечко","gloss":"cunning"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of наивность","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"наивность","lemma":"наивность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with словечко","gloss":"naïveté"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of нетерпеливость","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"карамазовскую","lemma":"карамазовский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нетерпеливость","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"нетерпеливость","lemma":"нетерпеливость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with словечко","gloss":"impatience"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b12-c9-s85","source":"Не я убил, и думать не моги, что я: „Хотел убить, господа, хотел убить, — признается он поскорее (спешит, о, спешит ужасно!), — но всё же неповинен, не я убил!“","translation":"I did not kill him, and do not dare to think that I did: ‘I wanted to kill him, gentlemen, I wanted to kill him,’ he hastens to admit (he is in a hurry, oh, in a dreadful hurry!), ‘but all the same I am not guilty, it was not I who killed him!’","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"думать не моги","title":"Folk imperative «не моги»","body":"«не моги» is a colloquial, folksy negative imperative of «мочь» ('to be able') — 'don't you dare'. The prosecutor ventriloquizes Mitya in plain, popular speech: «и думать не моги, что я» ('and don't even dare think that I [did it]')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"признается он поскорее","title":"Reflexive «-ся» verb «признаётся»","body":"«признаётся» ('admits, confesses') is the reflexive partner of the existing non-reflexive «признавать/признать» ('to recognize, acknowledge'); the «-ся» gives the 'confess/own up' sense. «Поскорее» is the comparative adverb 'as quickly as possible, all the sooner', stressing the haste the prosecutor mocks."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неповинен","title":"«неповинен» — guiltless (short form)","body":"«неповинен» is the short predicative form of «неповинный» ('innocent, not guilty'), bookish and absolute beside the plainer «не виновен». The short adjective frames innocence as a stated verdict on his state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on моги","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies моги","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"моги","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, imperfective (archaic/colloquial)","role":"main verb of the second clause (imperative 'dare not')","gloss":"dare","note":"'не моги' is an archaic/colloquial imperative meaning 'don't you dare'."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of Хотел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of убил","gloss":"I wanted"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Хотел","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Хотел","gloss":"I wanted"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"признается","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to убил","gloss":"he admits"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of признается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"поскорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies признается","gloss":"hastily"},{"surface":"спешит","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to признается","gloss":"he hurries"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with спешит","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"спешит","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спешит","gloss":"hurries"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спешит","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of adverbial phrase всё же, modifies неповинен","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of adverbial phrase всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"неповинен","lemma":"неповинный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"predicate adjective (implied subject я, inside the quoted first-person speech), coordinated with признается","gloss":"not guilty"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"killed him"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b12-c9-s86","source":"Он уступает нам, что хотел убить: видите, дескать, сами, как я искренен, ну так тем скорее поверьте, что не я убил.","translation":"He concedes to us that he wanted to kill: see for yourselves, he as good as says, how sincere I am — so the sooner you should believe that it was not I who killed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — reported-speech particle","body":"«дескать» flags that the surrounding words are the speaker's mocking paraphrase of what the accused 'as good as says' — a hearsay/quotative particle with no English equivalent, conveying ironic distance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем скорее поверьте","title":"Correlative «тем» + comparative","body":"«тем скорее» ('all the sooner, so much the more readily') uses the «тем» + comparative pattern that answers an implied «чем». «Поверьте» is the polite imperative 'believe'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уступает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уступает","lemma":"уступать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"concedes"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of уступает","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of уступает","gloss":"he wanted"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to убить","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle (reporting/discourse marker)","role":"discourse marker, parenthetical","gloss":"as if to say","note":"'дескать' is an invariant discourse particle marking reported/paraphrased speech, roughly 'he as good as says'."},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies видите (emphatic)","gloss":"for yourselves"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of искренен","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of искренен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"искренен","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of clause, complement of видите","gloss":"sincere"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверьте","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of correlative phrase тем скорее","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверьте","gloss":"sooner"},{"surface":"поверьте","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with уступает","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of поверьте","gloss":"killed"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b12-c9-s87","source":"О, в этих случаях преступник становится иногда неимоверно легкомыслен и легковерен.","translation":"Oh, in such cases the criminal becomes at times incredibly frivolous and credulous.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"становится … легкомыслен и легковерен","title":"Short adjectives after «становится»","body":"«легкомыслен» and «легковерен» are short predicative adjectives ('frivolous', 'credulous') following «становится» ('becomes'). The short form is normal in such 'becomes [adj.]' predicates and rings bookish here."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"легкомыслен … легковерен","title":"«легко-» compounds: light-minded, light-believing","body":"Both words are «легко-» ('light, easy') compounds: «легкомысленный» 'light-minded, frivolous' (light + thought) and «легковерный» 'credulous' (light + faith). The near-rhyme pairs them as twin failings of the cornered criminal."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to становится","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of случаях","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of становится","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"преступник","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of становится","gloss":"the criminal"},{"surface":"становится","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"becomes"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легкомыслен","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"неимоверно","lemma":"неимоверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легкомыслен","gloss":"incredibly"},{"surface":"легкомыслен","lemma":"легкомысленный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of становится","gloss":"frivolous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"легковерен","lemma":"легковерный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with легкомыслен","gloss":"credulous"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b12-c9-s88","source":"И вот тут, совсем как бы нечаянно, следствие вдруг задало ему самый простодушный вопрос: „Да не Смердяков ли убил?“","translation":"And here, just then, as though quite by chance, the investigation suddenly put to him the most artless of questions: ‘Was it not Smerdyakov, perhaps, who killed him?’","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы нечаянно","title":"«как бы» — 'as if, as it were'","body":"«как бы» softens and hedges — 'as though, as it were' — here marking the investigators' show of innocence: 'as though quite by chance'. It contains the irrealis particle «бы» but functions as a fixed hedging phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да не Смердяков ли убил?","title":"Yes/no question with «ли»","body":"«не Смердяков ли убил?» — 'was it not Smerdyakov, perhaps, who killed?' — uses the interrogative enclitic «ли», fronting the focused «Смердяков». The opening «да» is a softening conversational particle ('and… now…'), not 'yes'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задало","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нечаянно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"нечаянно","lemma":"нечаянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to задало","gloss":"by chance"},{"surface":"следствие","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of задало","gloss":"the investigation"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задало","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"задало","lemma":"задать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of задало","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies простодушный","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"простодушный","lemma":"простодушный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"artless"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of задало","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the quoted question","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the yes/no question","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"killed"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b12-c9-s89","source":"Так и случилось, чего мы ожидали: он страшно рассердился за то, что предупредили его и поймали врасплох, когда он еще не успел приготовить, выбрать и ухватить тот момент, когда вывести Смердякова будет всего вероятнее.","translation":"And it fell out just as we expected: he flew into a terrible rage that we had forestalled him and caught him unawares, before he had had time to prepare, to choose and seize the moment when bringing Smerdyakov forward would be most plausible of all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего мы ожидали","title":"Genitive object of «ожидать»","body":"«ожидать» ('to expect, await') governs the genitive, so 'what we expected' is «чего мы ожидали» («чего», genitive of «что»), not «что». The clause «так и случилось, чего мы ожидали» means 'it fell out just as we expected'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассердился за то, что","title":"Reflexive «-ся» + «за то, что» (because)","body":"«рассердился» ('grew angry') is a «-ся» change-of-state verb. «За то, что» ('for the fact that, because') is the causal frame, with «за» + the correlative «то» pointing forward to the «что»-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вывести Смердякова будет всего вероятнее","title":"Superlative «всего вероятнее»","body":"«всего вероятнее» ('most plausible of all') is the comparative «вероятнее» plus «всего», a common way to form a superlative-of-all ('more probable than anything'). «Вывести» here is 'to bring forward / produce' (a culprit)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ожидали","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ожидали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"ожидали","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of случилось","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассердился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассердился","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"рассердился","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to случилось","gloss":"flew into a rage"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассердился","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предупредили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"предупредили","lemma":"предупредить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"had forestalled"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предупредили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поймали","lemma":"поймать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with предупредили","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"врасплох","lemma":"врасплох","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поймали","gloss":"unawares"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of успел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поймали","gloss":"had had time"},{"surface":"приготовить","lemma":"приготовить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to prepare"},{"surface":"выбрать","lemma":"выбрать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with приготовить","gloss":"to choose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ухватить","lemma":"ухватить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with приготовить","gloss":"to seize"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of момент","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ухватить","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будет вероятнее","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вывести","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject clause of будет вероятнее","gloss":"to bring forward"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вывести","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula of вероятнее","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вероятнее","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"вероятнее","lemma":"вероятный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"predicate complement of будет","gloss":"plausible"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b12-c9-s90","source":"По натуре своей он тотчас же бросился в крайность и сам начал нас изо всех сил уверять, что Смердяков не мог убить, не способен убить.","translation":"True to his nature, he rushed at once to the opposite extreme and began assuring us with all his might that Smerdyakov could not have killed, was incapable of killing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"По натуре своей","title":"«по» + dative; reflexive «своей»","body":"«по натуре своей» ('true to his nature, by his nature') uses «по» governing the dative «натуре», with the reflexive possessive «своей» ('his own'). It is a fixed adverbial of characterization."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"изо всех сил","title":"«изо всех сил» — with all one's might","body":"A frozen idiom: «изо» (a phonetic variant of «из», + genitive) governs «всех сил» ('all [one's] strengths') — 'with all his might'. «Изо» appears before consonant clusters like «вс-»."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking натуре","gloss":"true to"},{"surface":"натуре","lemma":"натура","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of натуре","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крайность","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"крайность","lemma":"крайность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"the opposite extreme"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он (emphatic), subject of начал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросился","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of начал","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сил","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of уверять","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"уверять","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to assure"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of уверять","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have killed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies способен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"способен","lemma":"способный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of способен","gloss":"of killing"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b12-c9-s91","source":"Но не верьте ему, это лишь его хитрость: он вовсе; вовсе еще не отказывается от Смердякова, напротив, он еще его выставит, потому что кого же ему выставить как не его, но он сделает это в другую минуту, потому что теперь это дело пока испорчено.","translation":"But do not believe him, it is merely his cunning: he is by no means, by no means giving up on Smerdyakov yet; on the contrary, he will bring him forward later, for whom else is there for him to bring forward but Smerdyakov, only he will do it at another moment, because for the present this game has been spoiled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кого же ему выставить как не его","title":"Dative + infinitive of necessity","body":"«кого ему выставить» — 'whom is there for him to put forward' — pairs the dative experiencer «ему» with a bare infinitive to express obligation/possibility with no nominative subject. «Кого» is the animate accusative of «кто»; «же» adds insistence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он вовсе, вовсе еще не отказывается","title":"Intensified negation «вовсе не»","body":"«вовсе не отказывается» — 'by no means gives up' — uses «вовсе» to intensify the negation «не» ('not at all, by no means'). The doubling «вовсе, вовсе» is rhetorical reinforcement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верьте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верьте","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of верьте","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, predicate is хитрость","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хитрость","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of хитрость","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"хитрость","lemma":"хитрость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"cunning"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отказывается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отказывается","gloss":"by no means"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отказывается (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"by no means"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отказывается","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отказывается","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отказывается","lemma":"отказываться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"is giving up"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отказывается","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to выставит","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выставит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выставит","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выставит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"выставит","lemma":"выставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отказывается","gloss":"will bring forward"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of выставит","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of выставить","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of выставить","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"выставить","lemma":"выставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the потому-что clause","gloss":"to bring forward"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces как-не comparison with его","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies его","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"compared object in the как не clause","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сделает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сделает","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выставит","gloss":"will do"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделает","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделает","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of испорчено","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испорчено","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive испорчено","gloss":"game"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испорчено","gloss":"for the present"},{"surface":"испорчено","lemma":"испортить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of дело, reason clause on сделает","gloss":"has been spoiled"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b12-c9-s92","source":"Он выставит его только, может быть, завтра или даже через несколько дней, приискав момент, в который сам же крикнет нам: „Видите, я сам отрицал Смердякова больше, чем вы, вы сами это помните, но теперь и я убедился: это он убил, и как же не он!“","translation":"He will bring him forward only, perhaps, tomorrow, or even after a few days, having hit upon the moment to cry out to us himself: ‘You see, I myself denied Smerdyakov more than you did, you remember it yourselves, but now I too am convinced: it was he who killed, and how could it not have been he!’","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приискав момент","title":"Perfective past gerund «приискав»","body":"«приискав» is a perfective past gerund — 'having sought out / having hit upon [the moment]', an action completed before the main verb «выставит». «Приискать» ('to find by searching') is a bookish prefixed perfective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же не он!","title":"Rhetorical «как же не»","body":"«как же не он!» — 'how could it not be he!' — is an exclamatory rhetorical denial-of-the-negative, with «же» giving the indignant force. It mimics Mitya's anticipated future outburst."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я сам отрицал … вы сами это помните","title":"Intensive «сам» (-self)","body":"«сам» / «сами» ('[my]self, [your]selves') is the intensifier that underscores the agent: 'I myself denied… you yourselves remember'. It agrees in gender/number with its noun but is distinct from the reflexive «себя»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выставит","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"выставит","lemma":"выставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will bring forward"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выставит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завтра","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to завтра","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выставит","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дней","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дней","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дней","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with завтра","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"приискав","lemma":"приискать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on выставит","gloss":"having hit upon"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приискав","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking который","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнет","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying крикнет","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"крикнет","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on момент","gloss":"cry out"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"нам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of крикнет","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to отрицал","gloss":"You see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отрицал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying отрицал","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"отрицал","lemma":"отрицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of quoted clause","gloss":"denied"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отрицал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрицал","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вы","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"oblique complement of больше","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of помните","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сами","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"clause modifying помните","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помните","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отрицал","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убедился","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убедился","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убедился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убедился","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отрицал","gloss":"am convinced"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic pronoun (cleft: it was he who)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to убедился","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces rhetorical question with не он","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b12-c9-s93","source":"А пока он впадает с нами в мрачное и раздражительное отрицание, нетерпение и гнев подсказывают ему, однако, самое неумелое и неправдоподобное объяснение о том, как он глядел отцу в окно и как он почтительно отошел от окна.","translation":"And for the present he sinks with us into a sullen, irritable denial; impatience and rage prompt him, however, to the clumsiest and least probable explanation — of how he looked at his father through the window and how he respectfully withdrew from it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"впадает … в … отрицание","title":"Aspectual present 'he sinks into'","body":"«впадает в … отрицание» ('lapses/sinks into denial') uses «в» + accusative for motion into a state. The historic present «впадает» keeps the prosecutor's reconstruction vivid and immediate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самое неумелое и неправдоподобное объяснение","title":"Superlative with «самый»","body":"«самое неумелое и неправдоподобное» — 'the clumsiest and least probable' — forms the superlative periphrastically with «самое» agreeing with neuter «объяснение». The negative «не-» prefixes pile up the prosecutor's scorn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"глядел отцу в окно","title":"Dative «отцу» of the affected party","body":"«глядел отцу в окно» — literally 'looked to-father into the window', i.e. 'looked at his father through the window'. The dative «отцу» marks the person whose space is intruded upon, an idiomatic Russian framing."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of впадает","gloss":"for the present"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of впадает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"впадает","lemma":"впадать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sinks"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"нами","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of впадает","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отрицание","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"мрачное","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отрицание","gloss":"sullen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раздражительное","lemma":"раздражительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with мрачное","gloss":"irritable"},{"surface":"отрицание","lemma":"отрицание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of впадает","gloss":"denial"},{"surface":"нетерпение","lemma":"нетерпение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with отрицание","gloss":"impatience"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гнев","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отрицание","gloss":"rage"},{"surface":"подсказывают","lemma":"подсказывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with впадает","gloss":"prompt"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подсказывают","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to объяснение","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies неумелое","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"неумелое","lemma":"неумелый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies объяснение","gloss":"clumsiest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неправдоподобное","lemma":"неправдоподобный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with неумелое","gloss":"least probable"},{"surface":"объяснение","lemma":"объяснение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with впадает","gloss":"explanation"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"том","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies объяснение","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of глядел","gloss":"at father"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окно","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies отошел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"почтительно","lemma":"почтительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отошел","gloss":"respectfully"},{"surface":"отошел","lemma":"отойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with глядел","gloss":"withdrew"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отошел","gloss":"the window"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b12-c9-s94","source":"Главное, он еще не знает обстоятельств, степени показаний очнувшегося Григория.","translation":"The chief thing is that he does not yet know the circumstances, the extent of the testimony given by Grigory now that he has come to.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не знает обстоятельств, степени показаний","title":"Genitive of negation","body":"Under the negated «не знает», the objects shift to the genitive: «обстоятельств» and «степени показаний» ('the circumstances, the extent of the testimony'). This genitive-of-negation is automatic with abstract objects of «не знать»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"очнувшегося Григория","title":"Past active participle «очнувшегося»","body":"«очнувшегося» is the past active participle of the «-ся» verb «очнуться» ('to come to, regain consciousness'), in the animate genitive agreeing with «Григория» — 'Grigory, now that he has come to'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to знает","gloss":"The chief thing"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"обстоятельств","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"the circumstances"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with обстоятельств","gloss":"the extent"},{"surface":"показаний","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"of the testimony"},{"surface":"очнувшегося","lemma":"очнуться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies Григория","gloss":"come to"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies показаний","gloss":"Grigory"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b12-c9-s95","source":"Мы приступаем к осмотру и обыску.","translation":"We proceed to the examination and the search.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осмотру и обыску","title":"«осмотр» / «обыск» — examination and search","body":"Two legal-procedural terms in the dative after «приступаем к»: «осмотр» is the formal 'examination/inspection' of a scene or object, «обыск» the 'search' of a person or premises. Both belong to the investigative vocabulary that pervades this courtroom chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of приступаем","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"приступаем","lemma":"приступать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"proceed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking осмотру","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"осмотру","lemma":"осмотр","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приступаем","gloss":"the examination"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обыску","lemma":"обыск","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with осмотру","gloss":"the search"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b12-c9-s96","source":"Осмотр гневит его, но и ободряет: всех трех тысяч не разыскали, разысканы только полторы.","translation":"The search angers him, but also heartens him: the whole three thousand was not found, only fifteen hundred was found.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всех трех тысяч не разыскали","title":"Genitive of negation with a numeral phrase","body":"«всех трех тысяч не разыскали» ('did not find the whole three thousand') puts the entire quantified phrase «всех трех тысяч» into the genitive under negation. Contrast the affirmative «разысканы … полторы» that follows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разысканы только полторы","title":"Short passive participle «разысканы»","body":"«разысканы» is the short past passive participle of «разыскать» ('to track down'), agreeing in the plural — 'only fifteen hundred were found'. The short passive states the result. «Полторы» ('one and a half [thousand]') is the special numeral for 1½."}],"words":[{"surface":"Осмотр","lemma":"осмотр","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of гневит","gloss":"The search"},{"surface":"гневит","lemma":"гневить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"angers"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of гневит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ободряет","lemma":"ободрять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with гневит","gloss":"heartens"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of трех","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of разыскали","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разыскали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разыскали","lemma":"разыскать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to ободряет","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"разысканы","lemma":"разыскать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with разыскали","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полторы","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of passive разысканы","gloss":"fifteen hundred"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b12-c9-s97","source":"И уж конечно, лишь в этот момент гневливого молчания и отрицания вскакивает ему в голову в первый раз в жизни идея об ладонке.","translation":"And of course it is only at this moment of wrathful silence and denial that the idea of the little amulet bag leaps into his head for the first time in his life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ладанка / ладонка","title":"ладонка — a little amulet bag","body":"A «ладанка» (here spelled «ладонка») is a small cloth pouch worn on the chest, traditionally holding incense («ладан»), a holy relic, or a written charm. Mitya claims he sewed half his money into such a bag. A flat rendering like ‘a little bag’ loses the religious overtone of something worn next to the body like a talisman, so we render it ‘little amulet bag’ to keep the devotional sense the Russian carries."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскакивает ему в голову … идея","title":"Dative «ему» of the affected mind","body":"«вскакивает ему в голову идея» — 'the idea leaps into his head' — uses the dative «ему» to mark the person in whose head it happens, with «в голову» (accusative, motion-into). «Идея» is the nominative subject placed last for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to вскакивает","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момент","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of момент","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскакивает","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"гневливого","lemma":"гневливый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies молчания","gloss":"of wrathful"},{"surface":"молчания","lemma":"молчание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отрицания","lemma":"отрицание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with молчания","gloss":"denial"},{"surface":"вскакивает","lemma":"вскакивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leaps"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of вскакивает","gloss":"into his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскакивает","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for the"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскакивает","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"his life"},{"surface":"идея","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскакивает","gloss":"the idea"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладонке","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ладонке","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies идея","gloss":"the little amulet bag"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b12-c9-s98","source":"Без сомнения, он чувствует сам всю невероятность выдумки и мучится, страшно мучится, как бы сделать ее вероятнее, так сочинить, чтоб уж вышел целый правдоподобный роман.","translation":"Without a doubt he feels for himself the whole improbability of the invention and torments himself, torments himself dreadfully, as to how to make it more plausible, how to compose it so that it might come out a whole, credible romance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мучится, страшно мучится, как бы сделать ее вероятнее","title":"«-ся» verb «мучится» + «как бы» + infinitive","body":"«мучится» ('torments himself') is a «-ся» verb of inner state. «Как бы сделать» ('how to make') uses «как бы» plus an infinitive to render anxious deliberation; «вероятнее» is the comparative 'more plausible'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так сочинить, чтоб … вышел … роман","title":"Purpose clause «чтоб» + past form","body":"«чтоб … вышел» ('so that … might come out') is the contracted «чтобы» governing a past-form verb «вышел» — the irrealis required in purpose/result clauses. «Роман» here means a fabricated 'romance / tall tale', not a real love affair."}],"words":[{"surface":"Без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сомнения","gloss":"Without"},{"surface":"сомнения","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of чувствует","gloss":"a doubt"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствует","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чувствует","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying чувствует","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of невероятность","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"невероятность","lemma":"невероятность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of чувствует","gloss":"improbability"},{"surface":"выдумки","lemma":"выдумка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies невероятность","gloss":"of the invention"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мучится","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with чувствует","gloss":"torments himself"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучится","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"мучится","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with чувствует","gloss":"torments himself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on мучится","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вероятнее","lemma":"вероятный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделать","gloss":"more plausible"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сочинить","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сочинить","lemma":"сочинить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделать","gloss":"to compose"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышел","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сочинить","gloss":"come out"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роман","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"правдоподобный","lemma":"правдоподобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роман","gloss":"credible"},{"surface":"роман","lemma":"роман","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"romance"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b12-c9-s99","source":"В этих случаях самое первое дело, ''самая'' главная задача следствия — не дать приготовиться, накрыть неожиданно, чтобы преступник высказал заветные идеи свои во всем выдающем их простодушии, неправдоподобности и противоречии.","translation":"In such cases the very first task, ''the'' chief task of the investigation, is to give no chance to prepare, to catch him off guard, so that the criminal blurts out his cherished ideas in all the simplicity, implausibility, and self-contradiction that gives them away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не дать приготовиться, накрыть неожиданно","title":"Infinitives defining the task","body":"A string of perfective infinitives names the task: «не дать приготовиться» ('to give no chance to prepare'), «накрыть неожиданно» ('to catch unexpectedly'). «Приготовиться» is the «-ся» reflexive 'to get oneself ready'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы преступник высказал заветные идеи свои","title":"«чтобы» with the irrealis past","body":"«чтобы … высказал» ('so that the criminal might blurt out') again pairs «чтобы» with a past-form verb to express willed purpose. «Свои» is the reflexive possessive, and the noun «преступник» — though logically the subject — sits inside the purpose clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заветные идеи","title":"«заветный» — cherished, secret","body":"«заветный» means 'cherished, dearly held, secret' — of a hope or thought guarded in the heart. The prosecutor's «заветные идеи свои» casts Mitya's invented alibi as a treasured private fiction."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of случаях","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies первое","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"первое","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"task"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies задача","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"главная","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies задача","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"задача","lemma":"задача","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with дело","gloss":"task"},{"surface":"следствия","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies задача","gloss":"of the investigation"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on задача","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"приготовиться","lemma":"приготовиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дать","gloss":"to prepare"},{"surface":"накрыть","lemma":"накрыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with приготовиться","gloss":"to catch"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накрыть","gloss":"off guard"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of высказал","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"преступник","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of высказал","gloss":"the criminal"},{"surface":"высказал","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on дать","gloss":"blurts out"},{"surface":"заветные","lemma":"заветный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies идеи","gloss":"cherished"},{"surface":"идеи","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of высказал","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of идеи","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking простодушии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of простодушии","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"выдающем","lemma":"выдавать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, locative, imperfective","role":"modifies простодушии","gloss":"betraying"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of выдающем","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"простодушии","lemma":"простодушие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition во, modified by выдающем","gloss":"the simplicity"},{"surface":"неправдоподобности","lemma":"неправдоподобность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with простодушии","gloss":"implausibility"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"противоречии","lemma":"противоречие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with простодушии","gloss":"self-contradiction"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b12-c9-s100","source":"Заставить же говорить преступника можно лишь внезапным и как бы нечаянным сообщением ему какого-нибудь нового факта, какого-нибудь обстоятельства дела, которое по значению своему колоссально, но которого он до сих пор ни за что не предполагал и никак не мог усмотреть.","translation":"And the criminal can be made to speak only by the sudden and, as it were, accidental communication to him of some new fact, some circumstance of the case, colossal in its significance, but which until that moment he had not for anything supposed and could in no way have foreseen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Заставить же говорить преступника можно лишь","title":"Impersonal «можно» + infinitive","body":"«заставить … можно лишь» — 'one can only force [him]…' — is an impersonal modal construction: «можно» ('it is possible') plus the infinitive «заставить», with no nominative subject. «Заставить говорить» means 'to make [someone] speak'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого … ни за что не предполагал и никак не мог усмотреть","title":"Stacked negative intensifiers","body":"«ни за что не предполагал» ('did not for anything suppose') and «никак не мог» ('could in no way') stack «ни»-phrases onto the «не»-verb — Russian negative concord at full stretch. «Которого» is genitive, the object of the negated «предполагал»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Заставить","lemma":"заставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Заставить","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"преступника","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Заставить","gloss":"the criminal"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies внезапным","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"внезапным","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сообщением","gloss":"by the sudden"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нечаянным","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"нечаянным","lemma":"нечаянный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сообщением","gloss":"accidental"},{"surface":"сообщением","lemma":"сообщение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of можно","gloss":"communication"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщением","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of факта","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of факта","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нового","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies факта","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"факта","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сообщением","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обстоятельства","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обстоятельства","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"обстоятельства","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with факта","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обстоятельства","gloss":"of the case"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of колоссально","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking значению","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"значению","lemma":"значение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of колоссально","gloss":"significance"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of значению","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"колоссально","lemma":"колоссальный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of которое (relative clause on обстоятельства)","gloss":"colossal"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предполагал (genitive of negation)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предполагал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom ни за что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of предполагал","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предполагал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"предполагал","lemma":"предполагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог, contrasted with можно by но","gloss":"had supposed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предполагал","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"усмотреть","lemma":"усмотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have foreseen"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b12-c9-s101","source":"Этот факт был у нас наготове, о, уже давно наготове: это показание очнувшегося слуги Григория об отворенной двери, из которой выбежал подсудимый.","translation":"Such a fact was ready to our hand, oh, long since ready: it was the testimony of the servant Grigory, now recovered, about the open door through which the accused had run out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"об отворенной двери, из которой выбежал подсудимый","title":"Passive participle + relative «который»","body":"«отворенной» is a past passive participle ('opened, standing open') agreeing with «двери». The relative «из которой» ('out of which') takes the genitive after «из»; «выбежал» is the perfective prefixed motion verb 'ran out'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"очнувшегося слуги Григория","title":"Participle agreeing with «слуги»","body":"«очнувшегося слуги Григория» — 'the servant Grigory, now recovered' — the past active participle «очнувшегося» (from «очнуться») agrees in the animate genitive with «слуги». Recurs as the prosecution's key witness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of факт","gloss":"Such a"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наготове","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to наготове","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of наготове","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"наготове","lemma":"наготове","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of факт","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to наготове","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наготове","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"наготове","lemma":"наготове","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with наготове (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic, predicate is показание","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"the testimony"},{"surface":"очнувшегося","lemma":"очнуться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies слуги","gloss":"now recovered"},{"surface":"слуги","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"of the servant"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слуги","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"отворенной","lemma":"отворённый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies двери","gloss":"the open"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слуги","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбежал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"выбежал","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on двери","gloss":"had run out"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выбежал","gloss":"the accused"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b12-c9-s102","source":"Про эту дверь он совсем забыл, а что Григорий мог ее видеть, и не предполагал.","translation":"He had quite forgotten about that door, and that Grigory could have seen it he had never supposed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Про эту дверь он совсем забыл","title":"Fronted «про» + accusative for topic","body":"«про эту дверь» ('about that door') is «про» + accusative, a colloquial 'about/concerning'. Fronting it before the subject makes 'that door' the topic — 'as for that door, he had quite forgotten it'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что Григорий мог ее видеть, и не предполагал","title":"Fronted clause + emphatic «и … не»","body":"The whole «что»-clause ('that Grigory could have seen it') is fronted as the object, and «и не предполагал» ('he had not even supposed') uses «и» as 'even' intensifying the negation — a marked, topic-comment word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверь","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дверь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыл (object of про)","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had forgotten"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (object of предполагал)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предполагал","gloss":"even","note":"Here 'и' is an emphatic particle ('had not even supposed'), not a coordinating conjunction."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предполагал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"предполагал","lemma":"предполагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"second main verb (shared subject он)","gloss":"had supposed"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b12-c9-s103","source":"Эффект вышел колоссальный.","translation":"The effect was colossal.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"колоссальный","title":"«колоссальный» — colossal","body":"A Greek-derived loanword ('colossal, enormous'), slightly grandiose in tone. Its repetition across this passage («значению … колоссально», «Эффект вышел колоссальный») is part of the prosecutor's heightened, theatrical diction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эффект","lemma":"эффект","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"The effect"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"колоссальный","lemma":"колоссальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of вышел","gloss":"colossal"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b12-c9-s104","source":"Он вскочил и вдруг закричал нам: „Это Смердяков убил, Смердяков!“ — и вот выдал свою заветную, свою основную мысль, в самой неправдоподобной форме ее, ибо Смердяков мог убить лишь после того, как он поверг Григория и убежал.","translation":"He leapt up and suddenly shouted at us: ‘It was Smerdyakov who killed him, Smerdyakov!’ — and so betrayed his cherished, his fundamental idea, in the most implausible form it could take, for Smerdyakov could only have killed after he had struck Grigory down and run off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочил … закричал … выдал","title":"Chain of perfective past verbs","body":"Three perfective pasts — «вскочил» (leapt up), «закричал» (cried out), «выдал» (gave away) — move the narrative forward as a sequence of single completed events, the engine of Russian storytelling against an imperfective backdrop."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — 'for, because' (archaic)","body":"«ибо» is a high, bookish causal conjunction ('for, inasmuch as'), the kind of period-elevated word a 19th-century prosecutor wields. Plain speech would say «потому что» or «так как»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лишь после того, как он поверг Григория","title":"Temporal «после того, как»","body":"«после того, как» ('after [the point that]') introduces a temporal clause with the correlative «того». «Поверг» is the perfective past of the bookish «повергнуть» ('to strike/cast down'), heightening the violence of Mitya's blow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leapt up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закричал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of закричал","gloss":"at us"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject of cleft, with убил","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamatory repetition restating the subject","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"выдал","lemma":"выдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"betrayed"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"заветную","lemma":"заветный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"cherished"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"основную","lemma":"основной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"fundamental"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выдал","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking форме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies неправдоподобной (superlative marker)","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"неправдоподобной","lemma":"неправдоподобный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies форме","gloss":"implausible"},{"surface":"форме","lemma":"форма","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выдал","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, possessive, feminine","role":"possessive modifier of форме","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the ибо-clause (explains why the form is implausible)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies после","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of после","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поверг","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поверг","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поверг","lemma":"повергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"struck down"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поверг","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убежал","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поверг","gloss":"ran off"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b12-c9-s105","source":"Когда же мы ему сообщили, что Григорий видел отпертую дверь раньше своего падения, а выходя из своей спальни, слышал стонущего за перегородкой Смердякова — Карамазов был воистину раздавлен.","translation":"And when we informed him that Grigory had seen the door open before his own fall, and that, coming out of his bedroom, he had heard Smerdyakov groaning behind the partition — Karamazov was truly crushed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выходя из своей спальни, слышал","title":"Imperfective gerund «выходя»","body":"«выходя» is a present (imperfective) gerund from the prefixed motion verb «выходить» ('to come out') — 'as he was coming out [of his bedroom]', simultaneous with «слышал» ('heard'). It shares Grigory's subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стонущего за перегородкой Смердякова","title":"Present active participle «стонущего»","body":"«стонущего» ('groaning') is a present active participle in the animate accusative agreeing with «Смердякова» — 'heard Smerdyakov groaning'. The participle compresses 'who was groaning' into one word. «За перегородкой» is «за» + instrumental for location."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воистину раздавлен","title":"«воистину» — verily; «раздавлен»","body":"«воистину» ('verily, truly') is a Church-Slavonic-flavoured intensifier, famous from the Easter greeting «Воистину воскресе!». «Раздавлен» is the short passive participle 'crushed' — together, 'truly crushed', with a near-liturgical weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause (modifies раздавлен)","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Когда","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сообщили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сообщили","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"informed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сообщили","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"отпертую","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies дверь","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"раньше","lemma":"раньше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of падения","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"падения","lemma":"падение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of раньше","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выходя","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on слышал","gloss":"coming out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спальни","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of спальни","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"спальни","lemma":"спальня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходя","gloss":"bedroom"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"стонущего","lemma":"стонущий","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies Смердякова","gloss":"groaning"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking перегородкой","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"перегородкой","lemma":"перегородка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стонущего","gloss":"partition"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слышал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive раздавлен","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of раздавлен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздавлен","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"раздавлен","lemma":"раздавить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the sentence (with был)","gloss":"crushed"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b12-c9-s106","source":"Сотрудник мой, наш почтенный и остроумный Николай Парфенович, передавал мне потом, что в это мгновение ему стало его жалко до слез.","translation":"My colleague, our worthy and quick-witted Nikolay Parfenovitch, told me afterward that at that instant he felt sorry for him to the point of tears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему стало его жалко до слез","title":"Dative experiencer 'felt sorry'","body":"«ему стало … жалко» — 'he came to feel pity' — is the dative-subject pattern: the one who pities is in the dative «ему», the object pitied «его» in the genitive after «жалко». No nominative subject at all. «До слез» = 'to the point of tears'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сотрудник","lemma":"сотрудник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of передавал","gloss":"colleague"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Сотрудник","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Николай","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"почтенный","lemma":"почтенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Николай","gloss":"worthy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"остроумный","lemma":"остроумный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with почтенный","gloss":"quick-witted"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Сотрудник","gloss":"Nikolay"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovitch"},{"surface":"передавал","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of передавал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передавал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновение","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стало","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of стало","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of передавал","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of жалко (pity for him)","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"жалко","lemma":"жалко","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"sorry"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слез","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"слез","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of жалко","gloss":"tears"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b12-c9-s107","source":"И вот в это-то мгновение, чтоб поправить дело, он и спешит нам сообщить об этой пресловутой ладонке: так и быть, дескать, услышьте эту повесть!","translation":"And it is at that very instant, to mend matters, that he hastens to tell us of this celebrated little bag: so be it, he as good as says, hear this tale!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в это-то мгновение … он и спешит","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» and «и»","body":"«в это-то мгновение» uses the topic-emphasizing clitic «-то» ('this very instant'), and the «и» in «он и спешит» underlines the verb ('he does hasten'). Both tiny particles spotlight the decisive moment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пресловутой … так и быть … повесть","title":"«пресловутый», «так и быть», «повесть»","body":"«пресловутый» is 'notorious, much-talked-of' (ironic 'celebrated'); «так и быть» is a fixed concession 'so be it, all right then'; «повесть» is a 'tale, story' (also a literary genre), here Mitya's grudgingly offered yarn about the bag."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спешит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to это (это-то)","gloss":"very","note":"Colloquial emphatic '-то' attached to это, meaning 'this very instant'."},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"temporal complement of спешит","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поправить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"поправить","lemma":"поправить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on спешит","gloss":"mend"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поправить","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спешит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спешит","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"спешит","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hastens"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of спешит","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"сообщить","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of спешит","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладонке","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ладонке","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пресловутой","lemma":"пресловутый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ладонке","gloss":"celebrated"},{"surface":"ладонке","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сообщить","gloss":"little bag"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom так и быть (so be it)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom так и быть","gloss":"and","note":"Was glossed 'be' — that meaning belongs to быть (w21), not to и. Glosses for w20/w21 were swapped, apparently aligned to the English idiom 'so be it' word-position instead of the actual Russian lexemes: и does not mean 'be'."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom так и быть (so be it)","gloss":"be","note":"Was glossed 'it' — быть is the infinitive 'to be', not 'it'. See w20: the two glosses were swapped."},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle marking reported/mocking speech","gloss":"as if to say","note":"Colloquial particle marking quoted or mocking reported speech, roughly 'as if to say'."},{"surface":"услышьте","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"imperative verb of the quoted exclamation","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of повесть","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"повесть","lemma":"повесть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of услышьте","gloss":"tale"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b12-c9-s108","source":"Господа присяжные, я уже выразил вам мои мысли, почему считаю всю эту выдумку об зашитых за месяц перед тем деньгах в ладонку не только нелепицей, но и самым неправдоподобным измышлением, которое только можно было приискать в данном случае.","translation":"Gentlemen of the jury, I have already laid before you my reasons for considering the whole of this invention — the money sewn a month earlier into a little bag — to be not merely an absurdity, but the most implausible fabrication that could possibly have been hit upon in the given case.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"об зашитых … деньгах","title":"Past passive participle «зашитых»","body":"«зашитых» is a past passive participle ('sewn[-in]') from «зашить», in the prepositional plural agreeing with «деньгах» after «об» — 'about the money sewn [into the bag]'. The participle does the work of a whole relative clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только нелепицей, но и … измышлением","title":"«не только … но и» + instrumental","body":"«не только … но и» ('not only … but also') is the standard correlative pair. Both predicate nouns stand in the instrumental («нелепицей», «измышлением») because «считаю … [быть]» governs an instrumental complement. «Нелепица» = 'absurdity', «измышление» = 'fabrication'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, head noun","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to Господа (vocative)","gloss":"jurors"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выразил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"выразил","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have laid before"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of выразил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of выразил","gloss":"reasons"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies считаю","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"считаю","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause explaining мысли","gloss":"consider"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of выдумку","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of выдумку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"выдумку","lemma":"выдумка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of считаю","gloss":"invention"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"зашитых","lemma":"зашить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, locative, perfective","role":"clause modifying деньгах","gloss":"sewn"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашитых","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase за месяц перед тем (a month before that)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"деньгах","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of считаю","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладонку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ладонку","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашитых","gloss":"little bag"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of correlative не только...но и","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"нелепицей","lemma":"нелепица","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of считаю","gloss":"an absurdity"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но и (but also)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies неправдоподобным (superlative marker)","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"неправдоподобным","lemma":"неправдоподобный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies измышлением","gloss":"implausible"},{"surface":"измышлением","lemma":"измышление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нелепицей","gloss":"fabrication"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of можно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"relative clause on измышлением","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"приискать","lemma":"приискать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"hit upon"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"данном","lemma":"данный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"the given"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приискать","gloss":"case"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b12-c9-s109","source":"Если б даже искать на пари: что можно сказать и представить неправдоподобнее, — то и тогда нельзя бы было выдумать хуже этого.","translation":"If one were even to look, for a wager, for the most implausible thing that could be said and imagined — even then one could not have invented anything worse than this.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если б даже искать … то и тогда нельзя бы было выдумать","title":"Counterfactual with «бы» twice","body":"A full counterfactual: «если б … искать» ('if one were even to look') with the irrealis «б»(ы), answered by «нельзя бы было выдумать» ('one could not have invented'). The mobile «бы» appears in both halves; «нельзя» is the impersonal 'it is impossible'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на пари","title":"«на пари» — for a wager","body":"«пари» is an indeclinable borrowing ('a bet, wager'); «на пари» means 'for a bet, on a wager'. The flourish — 'if one searched, for a wager, for the most implausible thing' — is the prosecutor's sardonic hyperbole."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the если-conditional clause","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with Если","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies искать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"искать","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-conditional clause","gloss":"to search"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пари","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"пари","lemma":"пари","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of искать","gloss":"a wager"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause naming the object of искать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"verb of the что-clause (object of искать)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"be said"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказать","gloss":"imagined"},{"surface":"неправдоподобнее","lemma":"неправдоподобный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies сказать/представить","gloss":"more implausible"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause (correlative with Если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the main clause","gloss":"one could not"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of нельзя","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"выдумать","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"invented","note":"выдумать is the perfective infinitive ('to invent/think up', completed), paired with imperfective выдумывать — not imperfective."},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies выдумать","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хуже","gloss":"than this"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b12-c9-s110","source":"Тут, главное, можно осадить и в прах разбить торжествующего романиста подробностями, теми самыми подробностями, которыми всегда так богата действительность и которые всегда, как совершенно будто бы незначащая и ненужная мелочь, пренебрегаются этими несчастными и невольными сочинителями и даже никогда не приходят им в голову.","translation":"Here, above all, one can floor the triumphant romancer and shatter him to dust with details — those very details in which reality is always so rich, and which, as something supposedly quite insignificant and unnecessary, a trifle, are always neglected by these wretched, involuntary inventors and never so much as enter their heads.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"осадить и в прах разбить торжествующего романиста","title":"Present active participle as object","body":"«торжествующего романиста» ('the triumphant romancer') has the present active participle «торжествующий» modifying «романист», both in the animate accusative. «Осадить» (cut down to size) and «в прах разбить» (smash to dust) are the vivid perfective infinitives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пренебрегаются этими … сочинителями","title":"Reflexive passive + instrumental agent","body":"«пренебрегаются» is an imperfective passive in «-ся» ('are neglected'), and the agent stands in the instrumental: «этими … сочинителями» ('by these inventors'). «Пренебрегать» itself governs the instrumental, reinforcing the case."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мелочь / сочинители","title":"«мелочь», «сочинитель»","body":"«мелочь» is a 'trifle, small detail' (also 'small change'); «сочинитель» is a faintly disparaging 'maker-up, fabricator' (from «сочинять», 'to compose/invent'). The prosecutor's contempt rests on these word choices."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"Here","note":"Lemma should be lowercase like other non-sentence-initial-significant lemmas in this batch (cf. Про→про, Это→это); capitalization is just orthographic (sentence-initial), not part of the lemma."},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical modifier of можно","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"осадить","lemma":"осадить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"floor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links осадить and разбить","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прах","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"прах","lemma":"прах","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разбить","gloss":"dust"},{"surface":"разбить","lemma":"разбить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with осадить, depends on можно","gloss":"shatter"},{"surface":"торжествующего","lemma":"торжествующий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies романиста","gloss":"triumphant"},{"surface":"романиста","lemma":"романист","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разбить","gloss":"novelist"},{"surface":"подробностями","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of разбить (means)","gloss":"with details"},{"surface":"теми","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of подробностями","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"самыми","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies подробностями","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"подробностями","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to the first подробностями","gloss":"details"},{"surface":"которыми","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of богата","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies богата","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies богата","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"богата","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"relative clause on подробностями","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"действительность","lemma":"действительность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of богата","gloss":"reality"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пренебрегаются","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пренебрегаются","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the predicate comparison (as a trifle)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies незначащая","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase будто бы, modifies незначащая","gloss":"as if","note":"'будто бы' is a fixed idiom, 'supposedly, as if', casting doubt on the claim."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase будто бы","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"незначащая","lemma":"незначащий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мелочь","gloss":"insignificant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ненужная","lemma":"ненужный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with незначащая","gloss":"unnecessary"},{"surface":"мелочь","lemma":"мелочь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of the как-comparison","gloss":"a trifle"},{"surface":"пренебрегаются","lemma":"пренебрегать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive-passive, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the которые-clause","gloss":"are neglected"},{"surface":"этими","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of сочинителями","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"несчастными","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies сочинителями","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"невольными","lemma":"невольный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with несчастными","gloss":"involuntary"},{"surface":"сочинителями","lemma":"сочинитель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"agent complement of пренебрегаются","gloss":"inventors"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies никогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходят","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приходят","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пренебрегаются","gloss":"occur"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of приходят","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходят (idiom: 'come to mind')","gloss":"mind"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b12-c9-s111","source":"О, им в ту минуту не до того, их ум создает лишь грандиозное целое — и вот смеют им предлагать этакую мелочь!","translation":"Oh, at such a minute they have no thought to spare for that; their mind frames only the grandiose whole — and here someone dares to offer them so paltry a trifle!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"им … не до того","title":"Idiom «не до» + genitive (dative experiencer)","body":"«им не до того» — 'they have no thought to spare for that' — is the idiom «не до» + genitive, with the dative «им» naming the person. Literally 'to them [it is] not up to that', a compact, subjectless turn for 'they can't be bothered with it'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смеют им предлагать этакую мелочь","title":"Subjectless «смеют» + colloquial «этакую»","body":"«смеют … предлагать» ('[they] dare to offer') is again a subjectless 3rd-plural ('someone dares'). «Этакую» is the colloquial, indignant variant of «такую» ('such a, a mere'), dripping with the inventor's offended scorn."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, exclamation","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative experiencer in idiom не до того","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal complement (modifies не до того)","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom не до того","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того (idiom не до того)","gloss":"time for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of до (idiom не до того)","gloss":"that","note":"'не до того' is a set idiom: 'no time/thought to spare for that'."},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of ум","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of создает","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"создает","lemma":"создавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"frames"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies целое","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"грандиозное","lemma":"грандиозный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies целое","gloss":"grandiose"},{"surface":"целое","lemma":"целое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of создает","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеют","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"смеют","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with создает","gloss":"dare","note":"смеют is present tense (3pl) of the imperfective сметь ('to dare'), which has no perfective partner — not future/perfective."},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of предлагать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"предлагать","lemma":"предлагать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смеют","gloss":"to offer"},{"surface":"этакую","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мелочь","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"мелочь","lemma":"мелочь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предлагать","gloss":"trifle"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b12-c9-s112","source":"Но на этом-то их и ловят!","translation":"But it is on this very thing that they are caught!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на этом-то их и ловят","title":"Topic «-то» + emphatic «и» + subjectless verb","body":"«на этом-то их и ловят» — 'it is on this very thing that they are caught'. The clitic «-то» spotlights «на этом», «и» reinforces «ловят», and «ловят» is the subjectless 3rd-plural ('one catches them'). A dense little cluster of particles for maximum emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ловят","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to этом (этом-то)","gloss":"very","note":"Colloquial emphatic '-то' attached to этом, meaning 'this very thing'."},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ловят","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ловят","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ловят","lemma":"ловить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"catch"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b12-c9-s113","source":"Задают подсудимому вопрос: „Ну, а где вы изволили взять материал для вашей ладонки, кто вам сшил ее?“ — „Сам зашил“. — „А полотно где изволили взять?“","translation":"The accused is asked: ‘Well, and where were you pleased to get the material for your little bag, who sewed it for you?’ — ‘I sewed it myself.’ — ‘And where were you pleased to get the linen?’","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"где вы изволили взять","title":"«изволить» + infinitive — mock courtesy","body":"«изволили взять» ('were pleased to get') uses the archaic deferential «изволить» plus infinitive, an exaggeratedly polite officialese the magistrate deploys ironically. The repeated «изволили» needles the accused with false courtesy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто вам сшил ее","title":"Dative of interest «вам»","body":"«кто вам сшил ее» — 'who sewed it for you' — the dative «вам» marks the beneficiary. «Сшил» is the perfective past of «сшить» ('to sew up [completed]')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Задают","lemma":"задавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"They ask"},{"surface":"подсудимому","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Задают","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Задают","gloss":"a question"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the quoted question","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изволили","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of изволили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"изволили","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the quoted question (content of вопрос)","gloss":"were pleased","note":"изволить ('to be pleased to') is an imperfective verb of etiquette with no common perfective counterpart — not perfective."},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of изволили","gloss":"to get"},{"surface":"материал","lemma":"материал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладонки","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ладонки","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ладонки","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies материал","gloss":"little bag"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of сшил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сшил","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"сшил","lemma":"сшить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second quoted question","gloss":"sewed","note":"сшил is the past tense of the perfective сшить ('to sew together/finish sewing'), paired with imperfective шить — not imperfective."},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сшил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зашил","gloss":"Myself"},{"surface":"зашил","lemma":"зашить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted reply","gloss":"sewed it"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"полотно","lemma":"полотно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"linen"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изволили","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"изволили","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the third quoted question","gloss":"were pleased","note":"Same verb, same fix as w8: изволить is imperfective."},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of изволили","gloss":"to get"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b12-c9-s114","source":"Подсудимый уже обижается, он считает это почти обидною для себя мелочью и, верите ли, искренно, искренно!","translation":"The accused is already offended; he takes this for an almost insulting trifle, and, would you believe it, sincerely, sincerely so!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обижается … считает … обидною … мелочью","title":"«-ся» verb and instrumental predicate","body":"«обижается» ('takes offence') is a «-ся» verb of feeling. «Считает … обидною … мелочью» ('regards [it] as an insulting trifle') puts the predicate in the instrumental after «считать». «Обидною» is the bookish «-ою» long-form instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"верите ли","title":"Question particle «ли» as appeal","body":"«верите ли» ('would you believe it?') is the interrogative enclitic «ли» on «верите», here a rhetorical aside drawing the jury in rather than a real question. The repeated «искренно, искренно!» drives home the irony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обижается","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обижается","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"обижается","lemma":"обижаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is offended"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of считает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"считает","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обижается","gloss":"takes"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of считает","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обидною","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"обидною","lemma":"обидный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мелочью","gloss":"insulting"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of обидною","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"мелочью","lemma":"мелочь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of считает","gloss":"a trifle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"верите","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause, would you believe it","gloss":"would you believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верите","gloss":"(question)","note":"Marks верите ли as a rhetorical yes/no question, 'would you believe it'."},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обижается","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with искренно (w15), emphatic repetition","gloss":"sincerely"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b12-c9-s115","source":"Но таковы все они.","translation":"But they are all like that.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"таковы все они","title":"Short demonstrative «таковы»","body":"«таковы» is the short predicative form of «таков» ('such, like that'), agreeing in the plural with «они» — 'such are they all, they are all like that'. The short «таков» is a bookish, sententious predicate, fronted for aphoristic weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"таковы","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, short form, predicative, plural","role":"predicate of они","gloss":"are like that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of они","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of таковы","gloss":"they"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b12-c9-s116","source":"„Я от рубашки моей оторвал“. — „Прекрасно-с. Стало быть, в вашем белье мы завтра же отыщем эту рубашку с вырванным из нее клочком“.","translation":"‘I tore it from my shirt.’ — ‘Excellent. Then in your linen we shall find tomorrow that very shirt with a piece torn out of it.’","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Прекрасно-с","title":"The deferential particle «-с»","body":"«-с» appended to «Прекрасно» ('Excellent, sir') is the «словоерс» — a contraction of «сударь» ('sir') tacked onto words as a marker of deference or, as here, sly mock-politeness. It is a vivid period speech-tic, untranslatable but tonally crucial."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стало быть","title":"«Стало быть» — 'therefore, so then'","body":"«Стало быть» (literally 'it became to be') is a fixed inferential connective, 'consequently, so then', drawing a conclusion. It opens the magistrate's logical trap: 'so then we shall find that very shirt tomorrow'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с вырванным из нее клочком","title":"Past passive participle «вырванным»","body":"«вырванным» is a past passive participle ('torn out') in the instrumental after «с», agreeing with «клочком» ('scrap, piece') — 'with a piece torn out of it'. «Из нее» (genitive) points back to the shirt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of оторвал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рубашки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"рубашки","lemma":"рубашка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оторвал","gloss":"shirt"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of рубашки","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"оторвал","lemma":"оторвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tore"},{"surface":"Прекрасно","lemma":"прекрасно","morphology":"adverb, exclamatory","role":"exclamation, stands alone","gloss":"excellent"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic polite suffix","role":"attached politeness particle on Прекрасно","gloss":"(polite)","note":"Archaic deferential suffix ('-s'), a shortened form of 'сударь' (sir)."},{"surface":"Стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть, introduces the next clause","gloss":"so","note":"Стало быть is a fixed phrase meaning 'so, consequently, that is to say'."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Стало, part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking белье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вашем","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of белье","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"белье","lemma":"бельё","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отыщем","gloss":"linen"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отыщем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отыщем","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завтра","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"отыщем","lemma":"отыскать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will find"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of рубашку","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"рубашку","lemma":"рубашка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отыщем","gloss":"shirt"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking клочком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вырванным","lemma":"вырвать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, instrumental, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying клочком","gloss":"torn out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырванным","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"клочком","lemma":"клочок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отыщем","gloss":"a piece"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b12-c9-s117","source":"И сообразите, господа присяжные, ведь если бы только мы нашли в самом деле эту рубашку (а как бы ее не найти в его чемодане или комоде, если бы такая рубашка в самом деле существовала), — то ведь это уж факт, факт осязательный в пользу справедливости его показаний!","translation":"And consider, gentlemen of the jury, if only we had actually found that shirt (and how could we fail to find it, in his trunk or chest of drawers, had such a shirt actually existed) — why, that would be a fact, a tangible fact in favour of the truth of his testimony!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы только мы нашли … то ведь это уж факт","title":"Counterfactual «если бы … то»","body":"«если бы … нашли … то» is a past counterfactual ('if only we had found … then'), the past-form verb plus «бы» supplying the irrealis. «Ведь» and «уж» in the apodosis appeal to the jury — 'why, that would surely be a fact'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы ее не найти … если бы … существовала","title":"Embedded counterfactual within parenthesis","body":"«как бы ее не найти» ('how could we fail to find it') is a rhetorical 'how not to', and «если бы … существовала» ('had such a shirt existed') is a nested counterfactual with «бы». Two layers of hypothesis stacked inside the parenthesis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сообразите","title":"Polite imperative «сообразите»","body":"«сообразите» ('consider, work it out!') is the perfective polite imperative addressed to the jury — «сообразить» means 'to grasp, figure out, put two and two together', a verb the prosecutor uses again and again of what Mitya cannot do."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сообразите","lemma":"сообразить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consider"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, apposition with присяжные","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition with господа, vocative address","gloss":"jurors"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"correlates with то...факт","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нашли","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of нашли","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нашли","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of нашли","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying факт","gloss":"had found"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нашли","gloss":"indeed","note":"'в самом деле' is a fixed idiom meaning 'indeed, actually'."},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of рубашку","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"рубашку","lemma":"рубашка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of нашли","gloss":"shirt"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies найти","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"(would)"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of найти","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies найти","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"найти","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"verb of the rhetorical question как бы не найти","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чемодане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of чемодане","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"чемодане","lemma":"чемодан","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of найти","gloss":"trunk"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"комоде","lemma":"комод","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with чемодане","gloss":"chest of drawers"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of существовала","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of существовала","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of рубашка","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"рубашка","lemma":"рубашка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of существовала","gloss":"shirt"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of существовала","gloss":"actually","note":"'в самом деле' idiom, 'actually/indeed'."},{"surface":"существовала","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional clause modifying найти","gloss":"had existed"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle resuming ведь, introduces факт clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies факт","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of факт","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies факт","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of это","gloss":"a fact"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with факт (w39), in apposition","gloss":"a fact"},{"surface":"осязательный","lemma":"осязательный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies факт (w40)","gloss":"tangible"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пользу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пользу","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осязательный","gloss":"favor"},{"surface":"справедливости","lemma":"справедливость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пользу","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of показаний","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"показаний","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies справедливости","gloss":"testimony"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b12-c9-s118","source":"Но этого он не может сообразить.","translation":"But this he cannot work out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"этого он не может сообразить","title":"Fronted genitive object under negation","body":"«этого … не может сообразить» — 'this he cannot work out' — fronts the genitive «этого» (genitive of negation, from «это») for topical contrast with the foregoing. Word order makes 'this' the emphatic theme."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сообразить","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"сообразить","lemma":"сообразить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"work out"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b12-c9-s119","source":" — „Я не помню, может, не от рубашки, я в хозяйкин чепчик зашил“. — „В какой такой чепчик?“ — „Я у ней взял, у нее валялся, старая коленкоровая дрянь“. — „И вы это твердо помните?“ — „Нет, твердо не помню…“","translation":" ‘I don’t remember, perhaps it wasn’t from a shirt, I sewed it into the landlady’s cap.’ — ‘What sort of a cap was that?’ — ‘I took it from her, it was lying about at her place, an old calico rag.’ — ‘And do you remember that for certain?’ — ‘No, I don’t remember it for certain…’","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я в хозяйкин чепчик зашил","title":"Possessive adjective «хозяйкин»","body":"«хозяйкин» is a possessive adjective formed from «хозяйка» ('landlady') with the suffix «-ин» — 'the landlady's [cap]'. Such «-ин/-ов» possessives, built from a person, are colloquial and very much alive in Mitya's plain speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чепчик … коленкоровая дрянь","title":"«чепчик», «коленкор», «дрянь»","body":"«чепчик» is a soft indoor 'cap, bonnet' (diminutive of «чепец»); «коленкоровый» means 'made of calico' («коленкор»), a cheap cotton cloth; «дрянь» is 'rubbish, trash'. The cluster paints the bag's origin as a worthless old scrap."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у нее валялся","title":"«у нее» possession + «валялся»","body":"«у нее валялся» — 'was lying about at her place' — pairs «у» + genitive «нее» (location/possession) with «валяться» ('to lie around, lie neglected'), a «-ся» verb. The whole register is offhand, spoken."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, means 'perhaps'","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies от рубашки","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рубашки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"рубашки","lemma":"рубашка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement, contrastive with зашил","gloss":"a shirt"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of зашил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чепчик","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"хозяйкин","lemma":"хозяйкин","morphology":"adjective, possessive, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чепчик","gloss":"landlady's"},{"surface":"чепчик","lemma":"чепчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of зашил","gloss":"cap"},{"surface":"зашил","lemma":"зашить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"sewed"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чепчик","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of чепчик","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of чепчик","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"чепчик","lemma":"чепчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of В, elliptical","gloss":"cap"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of валялся","gloss":"her place"},{"surface":"валялся","lemma":"валяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, subject implied (чепчик)","gloss":"was lying about"},{"surface":"старая","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дрянь","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"коленкоровая","lemma":"коленкоровый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дрянь","gloss":"calico"},{"surface":"дрянь","lemma":"дрянь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition with чепчик","gloss":"rag"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of помните","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помните","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помните","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker, answer","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"remember"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b12-c9-s120","source":"И сердится, сердится, а между тем представьте: как бы это не помнить?","translation":"And he gets angry, gets angry, and yet just imagine: how could he not remember it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы это не помнить?","title":"Rhetorical «как бы … не» + infinitive","body":"«как бы это не помнить?» — 'how could one not remember it?' — is a rhetorical-question idiom, «как бы … не» plus infinitive, expressing the impossibility of the alternative. The «бы» lends the hypothetical, incredulous tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сердится, сердится","title":"Reflexive «сердится» (gets angry)","body":"«сердится» ('gets/is angry') is a «-ся» verb of emotional state, doubled for intensity. The imperfective present, in the prosecutor's vivid reconstruction, keeps Mitya's mounting irritation alive before the jury."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сердится","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gets angry"},{"surface":"сердится","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сердится (w2), emphatic repetition","gloss":"gets angry"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"mean-"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of представьте","gloss":"-while","note":"'между тем' is a fixed idiom meaning 'meanwhile, yet'."},{"surface":"представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помнить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"(would)"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помнить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помнить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помнить","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"verb of the rhetorical question как бы не помнить","gloss":"remember"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b12-c9-s121","source":"В самые страшные минуты человеческие, ну на казнь везут, вот именно эти-то мелочи и запоминаются.","translation":"In a man's most terrible moments — say, when he is being carted off to his execution — it is precisely these little things that lodge in the memory.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на казнь везут","title":"Subjectless «везут»","body":"«везут» is third-person plural with no stated subject — the indefinite-personal construction, 'they cart [one] off', which Russian uses where English reaches for a passive ('when one is being carted off'). The bare verb implies an unnamed 'they'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"эти-то мелочи и запоминаются","title":"The focus clitic «-то» and reflexive «-ся»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «эти-то» foregrounds 'these very' trifles as the known topic, while the emphatic «и» ('precisely') points the spotlight. «запоминаются» is a middle-voice «-ся» verb: the trifles 'get themselves remembered', an event happening to them rather than a deliberate act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"казнь","title":"«казнь» — execution","body":"A bookish, weighty noun for capital punishment (feminine, soft-stem). The colloquial framing «ну на казнь везут» ('say, they're carting you off to the scaffold') drops it abruptly into the prosecutor's musing, heightening the menace."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies страшные","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"страшные","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"object of the preposition В","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"человеческие","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"a man's"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking казнь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"казнь","lemma":"казнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of везут","gloss":"execution"},{"surface":"везут","lemma":"везти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (example)","gloss":"carted off"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мелочи, forms вот именно","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вот","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мелочи","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to эти","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"мелочи","lemma":"мелочь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of запоминаются","gloss":"little things"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying запоминаются","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"запоминаются","lemma":"запоминаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get remembered"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b12-c9-s122","source":"Он обо всем забудет, а какую-нибудь зеленую кровлю, мелькнувшую ему по дороге, или галку на кресте — вот это он запомнит.","translation":"He will forget everything else, but some green roof that flickered past him on the road, or a jackdaw on a cross — that he will remember.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он обо всем забудет, а какую-нибудь зеленую кровлю… вот это он запомнит","title":"Contrastive «а» and topic-comment word order","body":"The mild contrastive «а» pivots from 'everything' to 'some one little thing', and the fronted object «какую-нибудь зеленую кровлю» is left dangling until «вот это он запомнит» picks it up — a left-dislocation that throws all the weight onto the remembered detail."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какую-нибудь зеленую кровлю","title":"Non-specific «-нибудь» and accusative object","body":"«-нибудь» marks 'some roof or other', any unspecified one, against specific «-то». Both noun and adjective stand in the accusative (feminine «-ую») as the object of «запомнит»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мелькнувшую ему по дороге","title":"Past active participle «мелькнувшую»","body":"«мелькнувшую» is a past active participle from perfective «мелькнуть» ('to flash by'), agreeing with «кровлю» in feminine accusative — it compresses 'a roof that had flashed past him on the road' into a single modifier, the hallmark of literary description."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"галку на кресте","title":"«галка» — jackdaw","body":"A jackdaw (a small crow); perched 'on a cross' (a church or graveyard cross), the trivial bird becomes the kind of meaningless detail the condemned mind fixes on. «галку» is animate accusative, «на кресте» prepositional after «на» for location."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забудет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"обо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of забудет","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"забудет","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will forget"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кровлю","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"attached to какую, forms indefinite determiner","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"зеленую","lemma":"зелёный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кровлю","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"кровлю","lemma":"кровля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"fronted, resumed by это as direct object of запомнит","gloss":"roof"},{"surface":"мелькнувшую","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying кровлю","gloss":"that flickered"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of мелькнувшую","gloss":"past him"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнувшую","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"галку","lemma":"галка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кровлю","gloss":"jackdaw"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"кресте","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на, modifies галку","gloss":"cross"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of запомнит, resumes кровлю/галку","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запомнит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"запомнит","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, contrasted with забудет","gloss":"will remember"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b12-c9-s123","source":"Ведь он, зашивая ладонку свою, прятался от домашних, он должен был помнить, как унизительно страдал он от страху с иглой в руках, чтобы к нему не вошли и его не накрыли; как при первом стуке вскакивал и бежал за перегородку (в его квартире есть перегородка)…","translation":"After all, when he stitched up his little amulet, he hid from the household; he must have remembered how humiliatingly he suffered, in his fright, with the needle in his hands, lest someone come in and catch him at it; how at the first knock he sprang up and ran behind the partition (there is a partition in his lodging)…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь он, зашивая ладонку свою, прятался","title":"Appeal-particle «ведь» and an imperfective gerund","body":"«Ведь» opens the sentence appealing to shared knowledge — 'after all, you'll recall…'. «зашивая» is an imperfective present gerund ('while sewing up'), naming the action going on simultaneously with «прятался», and sharing its subject «он»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ладонку свою","title":"Reflexive possessive «свою»","body":"«свою» ('his own') refers back to the clause's subject «он» — the amulet belongs to him. Using «его» instead would point to someone else's. The order, noun before possessive, gives a faintly colloquial, intimate weight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ладонку","title":"«ладанка» — a little amulet","body":"A small cloth pouch worn round the neck holding a relic, prayer, or — originally — incense («ладан»). Here the defendant Dmitri (Mitya) Karamazov's '«ладонка»' (Dostoevsky's spelling) is the little bag of money the accused claims to have sewn. The «-к-» suffix lends a homely diminutive smallness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы к нему не вошли и его не накрыли","title":"Negative purpose with «чтобы… не»","body":"«чтобы» plus the past-form verbs «вошли… накрыли» builds an irrealis purpose clause; with «не» it means 'lest' / 'so that nobody would come in and catch him'. The subjectless plural verbs again imply an indefinite 'they'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"за перегородку","title":"«перегородка» — partition","body":"A thin partition wall dividing one room into two — a marker of cramped, poor lodging. «за перегородку» takes the accusative after «за» for motion behind it ('ran behind the partition'); the parenthetical «есть перегородка» repeats the word for grim emphasis on the shabby setting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прятался","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прятался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"зашивая","lemma":"зашивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прятался","gloss":"sewing"},{"surface":"ладонку","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of зашивая","gloss":"amulet"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ладонку","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"прятался","lemma":"прятаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was hiding"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking домашних","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"домашних","lemma":"домашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of прятался","gloss":"the household"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, main verb of the clause","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"помнить","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of страдал, object of помнить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"унизительно","lemma":"унизительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страдал","gloss":"humiliatingly"},{"surface":"страдал","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of помнить","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of страдал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страху","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"страху","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of страдал","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иглой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"иглой","lemma":"игла","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of страдал, manner","gloss":"needle"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies иглой","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вошли","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вошли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вошли","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying прятался","gloss":"come in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of накрыли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies накрыли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"накрыли","lemma":"накрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with вошли","gloss":"catch him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вскакивал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стуке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"первом","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стуке","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"стуке","lemma":"стук","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскакивал","gloss":"knock"},{"surface":"вскакивал","lemma":"вскакивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second как-clause, parallel to страдал","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бежал","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вскакивал","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking перегородку","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"перегородку","lemma":"перегородка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежал","gloss":"partition"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking квартире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of квартире","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"квартире","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"lodging"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"перегородка","lemma":"перегородка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"partition"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b12-c9-s124","source":"Но, господа присяжные, для чего я вам это всё сообщаю, все эти подробности, мелочи! — воскликнул вдруг Ипполит Кириллович. — А вот именно потому, что подсудимый стоит упорно на всей этой нелепице до самой сей минуты!","translation":"But, gentlemen of the jury, why am I telling you all this, all these particulars, these trifles! — Ippolit Kirillovich suddenly exclaimed. — For this very reason: that the accused clings stubbornly to all this absurdity right up to the present minute!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"для чего я вам это всё сообщаю","title":"Imperfective «сообщаю» as live process","body":"The imperfective present «сообщаю» ('am telling') frames the act as ongoing before the jury's eyes — 'why am I telling you all this?' — fitting the orator's self-interruption. «вам» is the dative indirect object, «это всё» the accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до самой сей минуты","title":"Archaic demonstrative «сей»","body":"«сей» ('this') is a bookish, archaic demonstrative, already old-fashioned in Dostoevsky's day and reserved for elevated or legal-rhetorical speech. Here «до самой сей минуты» ('right up to this very minute') gives the prosecutor's outburst a deliberately formal, oratorical ring."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нелепице","title":"«нелепица» — absurd nonsense","body":"A dismissive noun for a piece of arrant nonsense or absurdity (from «нелепый», 'absurd'). The prosecutor brands the defendant's whole story as «нелепица», a cocky, contemptuous word-choice. Here in the prepositional «на… нелепице» after «стоит на» ('clings to')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"discourse marker, introduces exclamation","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, apposition with присяжные","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies господа, vocative address","gloss":"jurors"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сообщаю","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сообщаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сообщаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сообщаю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сообщаю, in apposition with это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сообщаю","lemma":"сообщать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am telling"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of подробности","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of подробности","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition with это всё, object of сообщаю","gloss":"particulars"},{"surface":"мелочи","lemma":"мелочь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with подробности","gloss":"trifles"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"Кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies именно","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial head, reason clause follows (что...)","gloss":"for this reason"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стоит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подсудимый","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"clings"},{"surface":"упорно","lemma":"упорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"stubbornly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нелепице","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of нелепице","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of нелепице","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нелепице","lemma":"нелепица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоит","gloss":"absurdity"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сей","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоит","gloss":"minute"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b12-c9-s125","source":"Во все эти два месяца, с той самой роковой для него ночи, он ничего не разъяснил, ни одного объяснительного реального обстоятельства к прежним фантастическим показаниям своим не прибавил; всё это, дескать, мелочи, а вы верьте на честь!","translation":"In all these two months, from the very night that proved fatal for him, he has clarified nothing, has not added a single explanatory, real circumstance to his earlier fantastical testimony; it is all trifles, he says, and you must take it on faith!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни одного объяснительного реального обстоятельства… не прибавил","title":"Genitive of negation","body":"Under the negated «не прибавил» the object goes into the genitive: «ни одного… обстоятельства» ('not a single circumstance'). The intensifier «ни» drives the negative concord, and the genitive marks the total absence of any such addition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не разъяснил","title":"Negative pronoun with concord","body":"«ничего» (genitive of «ничто») plus «не» is the standard double negation: 'he clarified nothing'. Russian requires the verb to keep «не» even when a «ни»-word is present — one meaning carried by two negatives."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — reported-speech particle","body":"A colloquial quotative particle meaning roughly 'so he says / as he would have it', flagging that the words are someone else's claim, voiced with skepticism. Here the prosecutor mockingly ventriloquizes the defendant: 'it's all trifles, «дескать»'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а вы верьте на честь","title":"Imperative «верьте»","body":"«верьте» is the plural/polite imperative of imperfective «верить» ('believe!'). The sarcastic command, still in the defendant's imagined voice, demands the jury take it all 'on faith' («на честь», on [his] word of honour)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяца","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of месяца","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of месяца","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies месяца","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of the preposition Во","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночи","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночи","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"роковой","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночи","gloss":"fatal"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of роковой","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ночи","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of the preposition с","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разъяснил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of разъяснил","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разъяснил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разъяснил","lemma":"разъяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"clarified"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies обстоятельства","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"объяснительного","lemma":"объяснительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обстоятельства","gloss":"explanatory"},{"surface":"реального","lemma":"реальный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обстоятельства","gloss":"real"},{"surface":"обстоятельства","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прибавил","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking показаниям","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"прежним","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies показаниям","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"фантастическим","lemma":"фантастический","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies показаниям","gloss":"fantastical"},{"surface":"показаниям","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of прибавил","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of показаниям","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разъяснил","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical marking reported speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"мелочи","lemma":"мелочь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"trifles"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of верьте","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"верьте","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking честь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верьте","gloss":"faith"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b12-c9-s126","source":"О, мы рады верить, мы жаждем верить, хотя бы даже на честь!","translation":"Oh, we should be glad to believe, we thirst to believe, even on his bare word!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы даже на честь","title":"Concessive «хотя бы»","body":"«хотя бы» ('even if only', 'if only') is a concessive built on the particle «бы»; reinforced by «даже» ('even') it concedes the minimum: 'glad to believe — even just on his bare word'. The «бы» lends the whole the flavour of a wished-for hypothetical."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жаждем","title":"«жаждать» — to thirst (for)","body":"An elevated, slightly archaic verb meaning 'to thirst, crave' (literally and figuratively). Its bookish, almost biblical colour suits the prosecutor's rising rhetoric — 'we thirst to believe' — and sets up the «шакалы, жаждущие крови» of the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of рады","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"рады","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"верить","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of рады","gloss":"to believe"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of жаждем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"жаждем","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рады","gloss":"thirst"},{"surface":"верить","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of жаждем","gloss":"to believe"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы даже","gloss":"even","note":"хотя бы даже is an idiom meaning \"if only, even\"."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы даже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы даже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking честь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верить","gloss":"word"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b12-c9-s127","source":"Что же мы, шакалы, жаждущие крови человеческой?","translation":"Are we, then, jackals thirsting for human blood?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же мы, шакалы…?","title":"Insistent «же» and zero copula","body":"The rhetorical question has no verb 'to be' — present-tense equational sentences in Russian simply juxtapose «мы» and «шакалы» ('are we jackals?'). The particle «же» loads the «что» with indignant insistence: 'What ARE we, then — jackals?'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"жаждущие крови человеческой","title":"Present active participle «жаждущие»","body":"«жаждущие» is a present active participle of «жаждать» ('thirsting'), agreeing with «шакалы» in nominative plural; «крови человеческой» is its genitive object ('thirsting for human blood'). The post-posed adjective «человеческой» gives a solemn, bookish cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of мы","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"шакалы","lemma":"шакал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to мы","gloss":"jackals"},{"surface":"жаждущие","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying шакалы","gloss":"thirsting for"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of жаждущие","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"человеческой","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies крови","gloss":"human"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b12-c9-s128","source":"Дайте, укажите нам хоть один факт в пользу подсудимого, и мы обрадуемся, — но факт осязательный, реальный, а не заключение по выражению лица подсудимого родным его братом или указание на то, что он, бия себя в грудь, непременно должен был на ладонку указывать, да еще в темноте.","translation":"Give us, point out to us, just one fact in the prisoner's favor, and we shall rejoice — but a palpable, real fact, not an inference drawn from the expression on the accused's face by his own brother, nor a suggestion that, when he beat his breast, he must necessarily have been pointing to the amulet, and in the dark at that.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дайте, укажите нам хоть один факт","title":"Paired perfective imperatives","body":"«Дайте… укажите» are plural/polite imperatives from perfective «дать» and «указать», urging a single decisive act: 'give, point out to us'. «нам» is the dative; «хоть один» means 'even just one'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"родным его братом","title":"Instrumental of the agent","body":"«родным его братом» is in the instrumental because it names the agent of the verbal noun «заключение… родным братом» ('an inference drawn… by his own brother') — the instrumental marks who does the inferring, parallel to a passive's agent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бия себя в грудь","title":"Archaic gerund «бия»","body":"«бия» ('beating') is an old imperfective gerund of «бить», long since replaced in living speech but still found in 19th-century bookish prose — 'while beating himself on the breast'. «себя» is the reflexive object pointing back to the subject «он»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осязательный","title":"«осязательный» — palpable","body":"Literally 'tangible, that can be touched' (from «осязать», 'to feel by touch'), used figuratively for hard, concrete evidence. Paired with «реальный» it underlines the prosecutor's demand for fact you could lay a hand on, against mere psychological 'inference'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дайте","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"укажите","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Дайте","gloss":"point out"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of укажите","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies один","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies факт","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of укажите","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пользу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пользу","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies факт","gloss":"favor"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пользу","gloss":"of the accused"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обрадуемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"обрадуемся","lemma":"обрадоваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with укажите","gloss":"shall rejoice"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"elliptical direct object of укажите, in apposition to факт (w6)","gloss":"a fact"},{"surface":"осязательный","lemma":"осязательный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies факт (attributive, not predicate)","gloss":"palpable"},{"surface":"реальный","lemma":"реальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with осязательный","gloss":"real"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заключение","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заключение","lemma":"заключение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with факт","gloss":"an inference"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выражению","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"выражению","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies заключение","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражению","gloss":"of the face"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лица","gloss":"of the accused"},{"surface":"родным","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies братом","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies братом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"братом","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of заключение","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"указание","lemma":"указание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with заключение","gloss":"a suggestion"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies указание","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бия","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, converb, present, imperfective","role":"converb clause modifying должен","gloss":"beating"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of бия","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грудь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"грудь","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бия","gloss":"the chest"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"necessarily"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должен","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of он","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладонку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ладонку","lemma":"ладонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывать","gloss":"the amulet"},{"surface":"указывать","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"to point"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies темноте","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"темноте","lemma":"темнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывать","gloss":"the dark"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b12-c9-s129","source":"Мы обрадуемся новому факту, мы первые откажемся от нашего обвинения, мы поспешим отказаться.","translation":"We shall rejoice at a new fact, we shall be the first to drop our charge, we shall hasten to drop it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы обрадуемся… откажемся… поспешим","title":"Perfective futures in series","body":"All three verbs are perfective presents reading as simple futures — «обрадуемся» ('we shall rejoice'), «откажемся» ('shall renounce'), «поспешим» ('shall hasten') — each a single completed act. The drumbeat of perfectives projects swift, decisive future action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы первые откажемся","title":"Predicate «первые» — 'the first to'","body":"«первые» stands as a nominative predicate adjective agreeing with «мы» — 'we [will be] the first to renounce', a common Russian way of saying 'be the first to do X' by simply pairing the adjective with the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обрадуемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"обрадуемся","lemma":"обрадоваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall rejoice"},{"surface":"новому","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies факту","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"факту","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of обрадуемся","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of откажемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"первые","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"откажемся","lemma":"отказаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with обрадуемся","gloss":"shall drop"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обвинения","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обвинения","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"обвинения","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of откажемся","gloss":"charge"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поспешим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"поспешим","lemma":"поспешить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with обрадуемся","gloss":"shall hasten"},{"surface":"отказаться","lemma":"отказаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of поспешим","gloss":"to drop it"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b12-c9-s130","source":"Теперь же вопиет справедливость, и мы настаиваем, мы ни от чего отказаться не можем».","translation":"But now justice cries out, and we hold firm; we can drop nothing.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Теперь же вопиет справедливость","title":"Inversion and the particle «же»","body":"«же» here marks the contrastive 'but now', and the verb-then-subject order («вопиет справедливость») throws the new, emphatic subject 'justice' into final, climactic position — a rhetorical inversion typical of oratory."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы ни от чего отказаться не можем","title":"Negative concord with «ни… не»","body":"«ни от чего… не можем» chains two negatives ('we cannot renounce anything'); «ни от чего» is the genitive «ничего» split around the preposition «от», as «ни»-words obligatorily are. The verb keeps «не» — one meaning, several negatives."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вопиет","title":"«вопиёт» — cries out (Church-Slavonic)","body":"A Church-Slavonic verb, 'cries aloud, clamours', loud with biblical resonance (the blood that 'cries out from the ground', Gen. 4:10). Its archaic «-иет» form lifts 'justice cries out' to a prophetic, scriptural pitch — and it returns in «вопиял», «вопиющую» below."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вопиет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Теперь","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вопиет","lemma":"вопиять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cries out"},{"surface":"справедливость","lemma":"справедливость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вопиет","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of настаиваем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"настаиваем","lemma":"настаивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вопиет","gloss":"hold firm"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of можем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отказаться","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"отказаться","lemma":"отказаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можем","gloss":"give up"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"можем","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with настаиваем","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b12-c9-s131","source":"Ипполит Кириллович перешел тут к финалу.","translation":"Here Ippolit Kirillovich passed on to his peroration.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"перешел тут к финалу","title":"Perfective «перешёл» moves the narration on","body":"«перешёл» (perfective past of «перейти», a prefixed verb of motion) marks a single completed transition — 'passed over [to the finale]'. Against the imperfective background of description, such perfectives step the narrative forward event by event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перешел","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"Кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"перешел","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed on"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перешел","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking финалу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"финалу","lemma":"финал","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перешел","gloss":"his peroration"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b12-c9-s132","source":"Он был как в лихорадке, он вопиял за пролитую кровь, за кровь отца, убитого сыном «с низкою целью ограбления».","translation":"He was as if in a fever; he cried out for the blood that had been spilled, for the blood of a father murdered by his son \"with the base aim of robbery.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за кровь отца, убитого сыном","title":"Past passive participle «убитого»","body":"«убитого» is a past passive participle from perfective «убить» ('killed'), agreeing with «отца» in masculine animate genitive; «сыном» is the instrumental of the agent — 'a father killed by his son'. The construction packs the whole crime into one phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он был как в лихорадке","title":"Past «был» + locative simile","body":"The past «был» links subject to a prepositional phrase «как в лихорадке» ('as if in a fever') rather than a plain predicate noun — Russian readily renders 'he was as if feverish' by an «как в» + prepositional simile."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вопиял","title":"«вопиял» — cried out (elevated)","body":"Past tense of the Church-Slavonic «вопиять» (see «вопиёт» above), here applied to the prosecutor himself — 'he cried out for the spilled blood'. The narrator's choice of this scriptural verb wryly inflates Ippolit Kirillovich's fever-pitch as quasi-prophetic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to лихорадке","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking лихорадке","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лихорадке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лихорадке","lemma":"лихорадка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a fever"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вопиял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вопиял","lemma":"вопиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"пролитую","lemma":"пролить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies кровь","gloss":"spilled"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вопиял","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кровь","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кровь","gloss":"of a father"},{"surface":"убитого","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying отца","gloss":"murdered"},{"surface":"сыном","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of убитого","gloss":"by his son"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"низкою","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies целью","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"целью","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убитого","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"ограбления","lemma":"ограбление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies целью","gloss":"of robbery"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b12-c9-s133","source":"Он твердо указывал на трагическую и вопиющую совокупность фактов.","translation":"He pointed firmly to the tragic and clamorous accumulation of facts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на трагическую и вопиющую совокупность","title":"Participle «вопиющую» turned adjective","body":"«вопиющую» is the present active participle of «вопиять» used adjectivally ('crying out, flagrant'), agreeing with «совокупность» in feminine accusative — a fossilised participle that now means 'glaring, egregious'. It chimes with «вопиёт/вопиял» to bind the passage."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"совокупность","title":"«совокупность» — aggregate","body":"An abstract noun in «-ость» meaning 'the totality, the sum, the whole body' of things taken together. The bookish legalese 'the tragic and flagrant «совокупность фактов»' (aggregate of facts) is the prosecutor's calculated lawyer's diction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of указывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указывал","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"указывал","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pointed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking совокупность","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"трагическую","lemma":"трагический","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies совокупность","gloss":"tragic"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вопиющую","lemma":"вопиющий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with трагическую","gloss":"clamorous"},{"surface":"совокупность","lemma":"совокупность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывал","gloss":"accumulation"},{"surface":"фактов","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies совокупность","gloss":"of facts"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b12-c9-s134","source":"«И что бы вы ни услышали от знаменитого своим талантом защитника подсудимого, — не удержался Ипполит Кириллович, — какие бы ни раздались здесь красноречивые и трогательные слова, бьющие в вашу чувствительность, всё же вспомните, что в эту минуту вы в святилище нашего правосудия.","translation":"\"And whatever you may hear from the defending counsel, famed for his talent, — Ippolit Kirillovich could not restrain himself, — whatever eloquent and moving words may ring out here, striking at your sensibility, still remember that at this minute you are in the sanctuary of our justice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И что бы вы ни услышали… какие бы ни раздались","title":"Concessive «что/какой бы ни»","body":"The «… бы ни» pattern builds a universal concession: «что бы ни услышали» ('whatever you may hear'), «какие бы ни раздались» ('whatever words may ring out'). The «бы» makes it hypothetical, «ни» generalises it to 'no matter what' — and the verbs are perfective futures."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знаменитого своим талантом защитника","title":"Instrumental of respect: «знаменитого… талантом»","body":"«своим талантом» is in the instrumental specifying the respect in which the counsel is famous — 'famed for his talent'. Adjectives like «знаменитый», «известный», «богатый» govern this instrumental of respect; «своим» reflexively ties the talent to the counsel himself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бьющие в вашу чувствительность","title":"Present active participle «бьющие»","body":"«бьющие» (present active participle of «бить») agrees with «слова» — 'words striking at your sensibility'. This very phrase is what one onlooker later quotes mockingly («биющих-то на чувствительность»), so the participle is worth fixing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"святилище нашего правосудия","title":"«святилище» — sanctuary","body":"A solemn, sacral word for an inner sanctum or holy place. Applying «святилище» to a courtroom — 'the sanctuary of our justice' — sacralises secular law, the very inflation the later onlookers find overdone."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of услышали","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что бы ни","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of услышали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что бы ни","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"услышали","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"may hear"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking защитника","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"знаменитого","lemma":"знаменитый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying защитника","gloss":"famed"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of талантом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"талантом","lemma":"талант","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаменитого","gloss":"for his talent"},{"surface":"защитника","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of услышали","gloss":"the defender"},{"surface":"подсудимого","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies защитника","gloss":"of the accused"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удержался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"удержался","lemma":"удержаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"could not restrain himself"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удержался","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"Кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какие бы ни","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какие бы ни","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"раздались","lemma":"раздаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the какие-clause","gloss":"may ring out"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздались","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"красноречивые","lemma":"красноречивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"eloquent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"трогательные","lemma":"трогательный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with красноречивые","gloss":"moving"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of раздались","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"бьющие","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying слова","gloss":"striking"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувствительность","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of чувствительность","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"чувствительность","lemma":"чувствительность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бьющие","gloss":"sensibility"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"вспомните","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of святилище","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adjunct of the clause","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking святилище","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"святилище","lemma":"святилище","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of вы","gloss":"the sanctuary"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of правосудия","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"правосудия","lemma":"правосудие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies святилище","gloss":"of justice"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b12-c9-s135","source":"Вспомните, что вы защитники правды нашей, защитники священной нашей России, ее основ, ее семьи, ее всего святого!","translation":"Remember that you are the defenders of our truth, the defenders of our sacred Russia, of her foundations, of her family, of everything she holds holy!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"защитники священной нашей России, ее основ, ее семьи, ее всего святого","title":"Genitive chain after «защитники»","body":"«защитники» ('defenders [of]') governs a cascade of genitives: «России… основ… семьи… всего святого» — each 'of her X'. The frozen possessive «ее» ('her') and the mounting parallel structure build the oratorical crescendo."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вспомните","title":"Imperative «вспомните»","body":"«Вспомните» is the plural/polite imperative of perfective «вспомнить» ('call to mind!'), anaphorically repeated across these lines («Вспомните… Не мучьте… не копите») to hammer the jury with successive commands."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вспомните","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of защитники","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of защитники","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"защитники","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"clausal complement of Вспомните","gloss":"defenders"},{"surface":"правды","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies защитники","gloss":"of truth"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правды","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"защитники","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with защитники","gloss":"defenders"},{"surface":"священной","lemma":"священный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies России","gloss":"sacred"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of России","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies защитники","gloss":"of Russia"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of основ","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"основ","lemma":"основа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with России","gloss":"foundations"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of семьи","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"семьи","lemma":"семья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with России","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of святого","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies святого","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"святого","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with защитники","gloss":"holy"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b12-c9-s136","source":"Да, вы здесь представляете Россию в данный момент, и не в одной только этой зале раздастся ваш приговор, а на всю Россию, и вся Россия выслушает вас как защитников и судей своих и будет ободрена или удручена приговором вашим.","translation":"Yes, here and now you represent Russia, and your verdict will resound not in this hall alone but throughout all Russia, and all of Russia will hear you out as her defenders and her judges, and will be heartened or cast down by your verdict.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будет ободрена или удручена","title":"Compound future passive with short participles","body":"«будет ободрена или удручена» joins the future of «быть» to short-form past passive participles ('will be heartened or cast down'). The short feminine «-а» endings agree with «вся Россия», and the whole is a periphrastic future passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не в одной только этой зале раздастся ваш приговор, а на всю Россию","title":"Inversion for rhetorical weight","body":"The verb «раздастся» (perfective future, 'will resound') precedes its subject «ваш приговор», and the «не… а» frame ('not… but') contrasts the narrow hall with all Russia. Fronting the negated phrase maximises the rhetorical sweep."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приговор","title":"«приговор» — verdict / sentence","body":"The court's verdict and sentence. Note the dramatic claim that «ваш приговор» will resound «на всю Россию» — the prosecutor stakes the nation's fate on a provincial jury, the grandiosity Dostoevsky is quietly satirising."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of представляете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представляете","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"представляете","lemma":"представлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"represent"},{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of представляете","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момент","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"данный","lemma":"данный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of представляете","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зале","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies зале","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этой","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of зале","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздастся","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"раздастся","lemma":"раздаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with представляете","gloss":"will resound"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of приговор","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"приговор","lemma":"приговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздастся","gloss":"verdict"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Россию","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Россию","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with зале","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Россия","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Россия","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выслушает","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"выслушает","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with представляете","gloss":"will hear out"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of выслушает","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking защитников","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"защитников","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выслушает","gloss":"defenders"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"судей","lemma":"судья","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with защитников","gloss":"judges"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of защитников","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of ободрена","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"ободрена","lemma":"ободрить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выслушает","gloss":"heartened"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"удручена","lemma":"удручить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ободрена","gloss":"cast down"},{"surface":"приговором","lemma":"приговор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of ободрена/удручена","gloss":"by your verdict"},{"surface":"вашим","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of приговором","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b12-c9-s137","source":"Не мучьте же Россию и ее ожидания, роковая тройка наша несется стремглав и, может, к погибели.","translation":"Do not torment Russia, then, and her hopes; our fateful troika is racing headlong, and perhaps to its ruin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не мучьте же Россию","title":"Negative imperative with appealing «же»","body":"«Не мучьте» is a negated imperfective imperative ('do not torment'); negated imperatives in Russian normally take the imperfective. The softening «же» turns the command into an urgent appeal — 'do not, then, torment Russia'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стремглав","title":"«стремглав» — headlong","body":"An adverb meaning 'at breakneck speed, headlong' (literally 'head-first'), bookish and vivid. 'Our fateful troika races «стремглав»' — the word's rush matches the runaway image of Russia hurtling toward «погибель» (perdition)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мучьте","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"мучьте","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мучьте","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of мучьте","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ожидания","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ожидания","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with Россию","gloss":"hopes"},{"surface":"роковая","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тройка","gloss":"fateful"},{"surface":"тройка","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of несется","gloss":"troika"},{"surface":"наша","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тройка","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"несется","lemma":"нестись","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"is racing"},{"surface":"стремглав","lemma":"стремглав","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несется","gloss":"headlong"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying the clause","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking погибели","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"погибели","lemma":"погибель","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of несется","gloss":"its ruin"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b12-c9-s138","source":"И давно уже в целой России простирают руки и взывают остановить бешеную, беспардонную скачку.","translation":"And throughout all Russia hands have long been stretched out, crying to halt this frenzied, reckless gallop.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"простирают руки и взывают остановить","title":"Subjectless plural verbs","body":"«простирают… взывают» are third-person plurals with no named subject — 'hands are stretched out and [people] cry to halt', the indefinite-personal pattern. «остановить» is a perfective infinitive of purpose after «взывают» ('cry [out to] halt')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"взывают","title":"«взывать» — to cry out, appeal","body":"An elevated verb 'to call out, to appeal imploringly', biblical in colour (the vox clamantis). With «простирают руки» ('stretch out their hands') it paints all Russia in a posture of prophetic supplication — the prosecutor's pulpit register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беспардонную","title":"«беспардонный» — shameless","body":"'Unceremonious, shameless, brazen' — from French 'pardon', literally 'giving no quarter'. Yoked to «бешеную» ('frenzied'), it brands the runaway gallop as reckless and impudent, intensifying the moral alarm."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простирают","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простирают","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking России","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"целой","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies России","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простирают","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"простирают","lemma":"простирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stretch out"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of простирают","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взывают","lemma":"взывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with простирают","gloss":"cry out"},{"surface":"остановить","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of взывают","gloss":"to halt"},{"surface":"бешеную","lemma":"бешеный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies скачку","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"беспардонную","lemma":"беспардонный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with бешеную","gloss":"reckless"},{"surface":"скачку","lemma":"скачка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of остановить","gloss":"gallop"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b12-c9-s139","source":"И если сторонятся пока еще другие народы от скачущей сломя голову тройки, то, может быть, вовсе не от почтения к ней, как хотелось поэту, а просто от ужаса — это заметьте.","translation":"And if the other nations still step aside for now from the headlong-racing troika, it may be not at all out of respect for her, as the poet would have it, but simply out of terror — mark that.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И если сторонятся… то, может быть, вовсе не от почтения","title":"Correlative «если… то»","body":"The conditional «если» is answered by the correlative «то» ('if X… then…'), a standard Russian frame. «сторонятся» is a «-ся» verb ('they step aside'); the negated «не от почтения… а просто от ужаса» contrasts two motives, both in the genitive after «от»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"скачущей сломя голову тройки","title":"Participle «скачущей» + frozen gerund «сломя голову»","body":"«скачущей» is a present active participle ('galloping') in feminine genitive after «от», modifying «тройки». Embedded in it is «сломя голову», a fossilised gerund phrase ('breaking one's head') that survives only as the idiom 'headlong, recklessly'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как хотелось поэту","title":"Dative-experiencer «хотелось поэту»","body":"Impersonal «хотелось» with the dative «поэту» ('as the poet would have wished') — no nominative subject; the wish simply 'happened to' the poet. The «-ся» reflexive plus dative is Russia's characteristic experiencer construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сторонятся","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"сторонятся","lemma":"сторониться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"step aside"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сторонятся","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies народы","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"народы","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сторонятся","gloss":"nations"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тройки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"скачущей","lemma":"скакать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies тройки","gloss":"racing"},{"surface":"сломя","lemma":"сломя","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"modifies скачущей","gloss":"headlong","note":"idiom \"сломя голову\" = \"at breakneck speed\" (literally \"having broken one's head\")"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сломя","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"тройки","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of от","gloss":"troika"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlates with если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"forms parenthetical \"может быть\" (perhaps)","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates от почтения","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking почтения","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"почтения","lemma":"почтение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of быть","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies почтения","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотелось","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies почтения","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"поэту","lemma":"поэт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of хотелось","gloss":"poet"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ужаса","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ужаса","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ужаса","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with почтения","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметьте","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"заметьте","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mark"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b12-c9-s140","source":"От ужаса, а может, и от омерзения к ней, да и то еще хорошо, что сторонятся, а пожалуй, возьмут да и перестанут сторониться, и станут твердою стеной перед стремящимся видением, и сами остановят сумасшедшую скачку нашей разнузданности, в видах спасения себя, просвещения и цивилизации!","translation":"Out of terror, and perhaps out of revulsion toward her, and it is well enough that they merely step aside — yet they may well take it into their heads to stop stepping aside, to stand like a firm wall before the onrushing apparition, and to halt of their own accord this mad gallop of our unbridled license, for the sake of saving themselves, their enlightenment and their civilization!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"возьмут да и перестанут сторониться","title":"The «взять да и» construction","body":"«возьмут да и перестанут» is the idiomatic «взять да и» + verb, conveying a sudden, willful 'they'll just up and stop' — an unexpected decisive act. Both verbs are perfective futures; «да и» here is not 'and' but part of the set turn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"станут твердою стеной","title":"Instrumental of the predicate after «стать»","body":"After «станут» ('they will become/stand') the predicate «твердою стеной» ('a firm wall') takes the instrumental, not the nominative — the standard rule for «стать/быть» complements. The «-ою» on «твердою» is the older, bookish instrumental ending for «-ая»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разнузданности","title":"«разнузданность» — unbridled license","body":"An abstract noun 'unbridledness, dissoluteness' — literally 'having the bridle («узда») taken off', a horse-image that loops back to the runaway troika. 'The mad gallop of our «разнузданность»' fuses the equine metaphor with moral abandon."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в видах спасения себя","title":"«в видах» — for the sake of","body":"A bookish, slightly bureaucratic idiom 'with a view to, for the sake of', governing the genitive «спасения себя, просвещения и цивилизации». «себя» is the reflexive object ('saving themselves')."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ужаса","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ужаса","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of От","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical: perhaps","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking омерзения","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"омерзения","lemma":"омерзение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ужаса","gloss":"revulsion"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies омерзения","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of хорошо","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of то","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сторонятся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сторонятся","lemma":"сторониться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal subject complement of хорошо","gloss":"they step aside"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to возьмут","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"возьмут","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the new clause","gloss":"go and","note":"idiom \"возьмут да и\" = \"they'll just up and (do)\""},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom возьмут да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"перестанут","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьмут","gloss":"stop"},{"surface":"сторониться","lemma":"сторониться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестанут","gloss":"stepping aside"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"станут","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьмут","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"твердою","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стеной","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"стеной","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of станут","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видением","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"стремящимся","lemma":"стремиться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies видением","gloss":"onrushing"},{"surface":"видением","lemma":"видение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of перед","gloss":"apparition"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes the subject of остановят","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"остановят","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with станут","gloss":"will halt"},{"surface":"сумасшедшую","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies скачку","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"скачку","lemma":"скачка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of остановят","gloss":"gallop"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of разнузданности","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"разнузданности","lemma":"разнузданность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies скачку","gloss":"license"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видах","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"видах","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"adjunct of остановят (purpose)","gloss":"sake","note":"idiom \"в видах X\" = \"for the sake/purpose of X\""},{"surface":"спасения","lemma":"спасение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies видах","gloss":"saving"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"object of спасения","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"просвещения","lemma":"просвещение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with себя","gloss":"enlightenment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"цивилизации","lemma":"цивилизация","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with себя","gloss":"civilization"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b12-c9-s141","source":"Эти тревожные голоса из Европы мы уже слышали.","translation":"These uneasy voices from Europe we have already heard.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Эти тревожные голоса из Европы мы уже слышали","title":"Object fronting for topic","body":"The accusative object «эти тревожные голоса» is fronted before subject «мы» and verb «слышали» — topic first, so the sentence is 'about' these voices, with 'we have already heard' as the comment. Free word order makes this reordering purely about emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of голоса","gloss":"These"},{"surface":"тревожные","lemma":"тревожный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies голоса","gloss":"uneasy"},{"surface":"голоса","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of слышали","gloss":"voices"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Европы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Европы","lemma":"Европа","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies голоса","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слышали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышали","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have heard"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b12-c9-s142","source":"Они раздаваться уже начинают.","translation":"They are already beginning to ring out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Они раздаваться уже начинают","title":"Imperfective infinitive «раздаваться» of an inceptive","body":"«начинают» ('are beginning') governs the imperfective infinitive «раздаваться» — verbs of beginning, continuing, and ceasing always take the imperfective. «-ся» makes it 'ring out, resound'; the fronted infinitive throws emphasis onto the act of sounding."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of начинают","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"раздаваться","lemma":"раздаваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинают","gloss":"to ring out"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинают","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"начинают","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are beginning"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b12-c9-s143","source":"Не соблазняйте же их, не копите их всё нарастающей ненависти приговором, оправдывающим убийство отца родным сыном!..»","translation":"Do not, then, tempt them; do not heap up their ever-mounting hatred with a verdict that acquits the murder of a father by his own son!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не соблазняйте же их, не копите их… ненависти","title":"Negated imperatives with «же»","body":"Two negated imperfective imperatives ('do not tempt… do not heap up'), each softened by appealing «же». Negated commands favour the imperfective, naming an activity to refrain from rather than a single act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приговором, оправдывающим убийство","title":"Instrumental of means + participle «оправдывающим»","body":"«приговором» is the instrumental of means ('with a verdict'), and «оправдывающим» is a present active participle agreeing with it in instrumental ('a verdict that acquits the murder'). The participle compresses a relative clause into the noun phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies соблазняйте","gloss":"Do not"},{"surface":"соблазняйте","lemma":"соблазнять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tempt"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies соблазняйте","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of соблазняйте","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies копите","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"копите","lemma":"копить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with соблазняйте","gloss":"heap up"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"determiner, invariant","role":"determiner of ненависти","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нарастающей","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"нарастающей","lemma":"нарастать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies ненависти","gloss":"mounting"},{"surface":"ненависти","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of копите","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"приговором","lemma":"приговор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of копите","gloss":"verdict"},{"surface":"оправдывающим","lemma":"оправдывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"clause modifying приговором","gloss":"acquitting"},{"surface":"убийство","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of оправдывающим","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убийство","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"родным","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сыном","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"сыном","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оправдывающим","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b12-c9-s144","source":"Одним словом, Ипполит Кириллович хоть и очень увлекся, но кончил-таки патетически — и, действительно, впечатление, произведенное им, было чрезвычайное.","translation":"In a word, Ippolit Kirillovich, though he had let himself be carried away too far, ended on a pathetic note all the same — and the impression he produced was, in truth, extraordinary.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и очень увлекся, но кончил-таки","title":"Concessive «хоть и… но»","body":"«хоть и… но» frames a concession: 'though he did get carried away, he nevertheless ended…'. The clitic «-таки» on «кончил-таки» adds 'after all, all the same', confirming the outcome against expectation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"впечатление, произведенное им","title":"Past passive participle «произведённое»","body":"«произведённое» is a past passive participle from perfective «произвести» ('produced'), agreeing with «впечатление» (neuter); «им» is the instrumental agent — 'the impression produced by him'. A compact, bookish substitute for a relative clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"патетически","title":"«патетически» — on a 'pathetic' note","body":"Here 'pathetic' in the older rhetorical sense — full of pathos, impassioned, emotionally heightened — not 'pitiful'. A false friend for English readers: 'he ended «патетически»' means he closed with stirring emotional force."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies словом","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical modifier of the sentence","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увлекся","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"Кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of увлекся","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хоть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увлекся","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"увлекся","lemma":"увлечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got carried away"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with увлекся","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кончил","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"патетически","lemma":"патетически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончил","gloss":"pathetically"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of the clause","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of чрезвычайное","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"произведенное","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying впечатление","gloss":"produced"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of произведенное","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to чрезвычайное","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"чрезвычайное","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"extraordinary"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b12-c9-s145","source":"Сам он, окончив речь свою, поспешно вышел и, повторяю, почти упал в другой комнате в обморок.","translation":"He himself, having finished his speech, hurried out and, I repeat, all but fainted away in the next room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"окончив речь свою, поспешно вышел","title":"Perfective past gerund «окончив»","body":"«окончив» is a perfective past gerund ('having finished'), naming a prior completed action before the main verb «вышел» ('went out'). It shares the subject «он» and is a staple of literary narration. «речь свою» uses reflexive «свою» for 'his own speech'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повторяю","title":"The narrator's «повторяю» — 'I repeat'","body":"«повторяю» (imperfective present, 1st sg.) breaks the frame to insert the chronicler-narrator's own voice — 'I repeat'. This intrusive first-person narrator, a townsman recounting the trial, is a signature device of the novel's courtroom books."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"почти упал… в обморок","title":"«упасть в обморок» — to faint","body":"The idiom «упасть в обморок» means 'to faint, fall in a swoon'; «почти упал… в обморок» = 'all but fainted away'. «обморок» (a swoon) takes the accusative after «в» for the motion into that state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"окончив","lemma":"окончить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вышел","gloss":"having finished"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of окончив","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"поспешно","lemma":"поспешно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"hastily"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifier of упал","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упал","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"упал","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вышел","gloss":"fell","note":"idiom \"упасть в обморок\" = \"to faint\""},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of в","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обморок","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"обморок","lemma":"обморок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of в","gloss":"faint"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b12-c9-s146","source":"Зала не аплодировала, но серьезные люди были довольны.","translation":"The hall did not applaud, but the serious people were satisfied.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зала не аплодировала, но серьезные люди были довольны","title":"Short adjective «довольны»","body":"«довольны» is the short-form predicate adjective ('satisfied'), used because it states a predicate, not an attribute — short forms can only predicate. The plural «-ы» agrees with «люди». Such short forms carry a faintly bookish, definitive ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зала","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of аплодировала","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies аплодировала","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"аплодировала","lemma":"аплодировать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"applaud"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"серьезные","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of довольны","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to довольны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"довольны","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"satisfied"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b12-c9-s147","source":"Не так довольны были только одни дамы, но всё же и им понравилось красноречие, тем более что за последствия они совсем не боялись и ждали всего от Фетюковича: «наконец-то он заговорит и, уж конечно, всех победит!»","translation":"Only the ladies were rather less satisfied, though even they enjoyed the eloquence, the more so as they had no fears whatever about the consequences and expected everything from Fetyukovich: \"At last he will speak out and, of course, defeat them all!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем более что за последствия они совсем не боялись","title":"Causal «тем более что» + «-ся» verb","body":"«тем более что» ('the more so as / especially since') introduces a reinforcing cause. «боялись» is a verb that exists only in the «-ся» form ('to fear'), here governing «за последствия» ('feared for the consequences') with «за» + accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"наконец-то он заговорит и… всех победит","title":"Inceptive «заговорит» and perfective future","body":"«заговорит» is a perfective future with the inceptive prefix «за-» ('will begin to speak, will speak out'); «победит» is likewise perfective future ('will defeat'). «наконец-то» ('at last') carries the emphatic «-то» clitic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies довольны","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"довольны","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"satisfied"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to довольны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одни","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies дамы","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of довольны","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of понравилось","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"понравилось","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with довольны","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"красноречие","lemma":"красноречие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of понравилось","gloss":"eloquence"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"correlates with что","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with что","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking последствия","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"последствия","lemma":"последствие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of боялись","gloss":"consequences"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of боялись","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боялись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боялись","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause","gloss":"feared"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ждали","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with боялись","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ждали","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Фетюковича","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Фетюковича","lemma":"Фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждали","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase наконец-то","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase наконец-то","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заговорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"заговорит","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"quoted clause","gloss":"will speak"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of победит","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of победит","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"победит","lemma":"победить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заговорит","gloss":"will defeat"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b12-c9-s148","source":"Все поглядывали на Митю; всю речь прокурора он просидел молча, сжав руки, стиснув зубы, потупившись.","translation":"Everyone kept glancing at Mitya; throughout the prosecutor's whole speech he had sat in silence, his hands clenched, his teeth set, his eyes cast down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сжав руки, стиснув зубы, потупившись","title":"Three perfective gerunds of attendant state","body":"A chain of perfective past gerunds — «сжав» (having clenched), «стиснув» (having set), «потупившись» (having cast down [his eyes]) — each describing the posture in which Mitya 'sat through' the speech. «потупившись» also carries «-ся». Such gerund-strings are the texture of Dostoevsky's narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всю речь прокурора он просидел","title":"Accusative of duration + «про-» of spanning time","body":"«всю речь» is an accusative of extent ('throughout the whole speech'), and «просидел» uses the prefix «про-» meaning to spend/sit-through a span of time — 'he sat [it] out for the whole speech'. The fronted time-phrase sets the scene as topic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поглядывали","gloss":"Everyone"},{"surface":"поглядывали","lemma":"поглядывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of на","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of просидел","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies речь","gloss":"prosecutor's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of просидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"просидел","lemma":"просидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поглядывали","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просидел","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"сжав","lemma":"сжать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on просидел","gloss":"clenching"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of сжав","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"стиснув","lemma":"стиснуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on просидел","gloss":"clenching"},{"surface":"зубы","lemma":"зуб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of стиснув","gloss":"teeth"},{"surface":"потупившись","lemma":"потупиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on просидел","gloss":"eyes downcast"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b12-c9-s149","source":"Изредка только подымал голову и прислушивался.","translation":"Only now and then did he raise his head and listen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Изредка только подымал голову и прислушивался","title":"Imperfective of repeated action","body":"Subjectless but understood «он»; «подымал… прислушивался» are imperfective pasts conveying the iterative 'now and then he would raise his head and listen'. «изредка» ('occasionally') cues the habitual reading, and «подымал» is the bookish variant of «поднимал»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Изредка","lemma":"изредка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подымал","gloss":"now and then"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подымал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"подымал","lemma":"подымать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подымал","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прислушивался","lemma":"прислушиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подымал","gloss":"listened"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b12-c9-s150","source":"Особенно, когда заговорили о Грушеньке.","translation":"Especially when the talk turned to Grushenka.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда заговорили о Грушеньке","title":"Subjectless «заговорили» + prepositional of topic","body":"«заговорили» is a perfective-inceptive plural with no subject ('when they began to speak / the talk turned'). «о Грушеньке» is the prepositional of topic after «о» ('about Grushenka'); the name itself is an affectionate diminutive of Agrafena."}],"words":[{"surface":"Особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорили","gloss":"Especially"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заговорили","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"заговорили","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they spoke"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорили","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b12-c9-s151","source":"Когда прокурор передавал о ней мнение Ракитина, в лице его выразилась презрительная и злобная улыбка, и он довольно слышно проговорил: «Бернары!»","translation":"When the prosecutor relayed Rakitin's opinion of her, a contemptuous and spiteful smile came over his face, and he said, quite audibly, \"The Bernards!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в лице его выразилась… улыбка","title":"«-ся» middle + inverted subject","body":"«выразилась» ('expressed itself, came over') is a «-ся» middle verb; its subject «презрительная и злобная улыбка» follows it, so the new information — the smile — lands last. «в лице его» ('on his face') is the prepositional of location."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of передавал","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of передавал","gloss":"prosecutor"},{"surface":"передавал","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on выразилась","gloss":"related"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of передавал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of передавал","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мнение","gloss":"Rakitin's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of в","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of лице","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"выразилась","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"презрительная","lemma":"презрительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбка","gloss":"contemptuous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"злобная","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with презрительная","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"улыбка","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выразилась","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"слышно","lemma":"слышно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"audibly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выразилась","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Бернары","lemma":"бернар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"quoted object of проговорил","gloss":"Bernards","note":"sneering shorthand for a coldly rationalizing materialist, echoing the physiologist Claude Bernard, invoked earlier in the novel by Rakitin"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b12-c9-s152","source":"Когда же Ипполит Кириллович сообщал о том, как он допрашивал и мучил его в Мокром, Митя поднял голову и прислушивался со страшным любопытством.","translation":"But when Ippolit Kirillovich recounted how he had interrogated and tormented him at Mokroye, Mitya raised his head and listened with terrible curiosity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как он допрашивал и мучил его","title":"Imperfective pasts of drawn-out action","body":"«допрашивал… мучил» are imperfective pasts conveying the prolonged process of 'interrogating and tormenting' — not a single act but an ordeal that went on. The «как» clause reports the manner ('how he interrogated…')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сообщал","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Когда","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сообщал","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"Кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"сообщал","lemma":"сообщать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поднял","gloss":"recounted"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сообщал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying том","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of допрашивал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"допрашивал","lemma":"допрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"interrogated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мучил","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with допрашивал","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мучил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of в","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прислушивался","lemma":"прислушиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страшным","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of со","gloss":"curiosity"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b12-c9-s153","source":"В одном месте речи как будто хотел даже вскочить и что-то крикнуть, но, однако, осилил себя и только презрительно вскинул плечами.","translation":"At one point in the speech he seemed about to leap up and shout something, but he mastered himself after all and only gave a contemptuous shrug of his shoulders.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто хотел даже вскочить и что-то крикнуть, но… осилил себя","title":"«как будто» + perfective infinitives, then «но»","body":"«как будто» ('as if, seemingly') softens 'he even wanted to leap up'; the perfective infinitives «вскочить… крикнуть» name the single impulses checked by «но… осилил себя» ('but he mastered himself'). «себя» is the reflexive object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то крикнуть","title":"Specific-unknown «что-то»","body":"«что-то» ('something [or other]') marks a definite but unspecified thing he meant to shout — the «-то» series, as against non-specific «что-нибудь». Here the narrator doesn't know what Mitya would have cried, so the something is real but unidentified."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies месте","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of В","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вскочить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вскочить","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to jump up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase что-то, direct object of крикнуть","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"крикнуть","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочить","gloss":"to shout"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of осилил","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"осилил","lemma":"осилить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"mastered"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of осилил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies презрительно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"презрительно","lemma":"презрительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскинул","gloss":"contemptuously"},{"surface":"вскинул","lemma":"вскинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"shrugged"},{"surface":"плечами","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"instrumental complement of вскинул","gloss":"shoulders"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b12-c9-s154","source":"Про этот финал речи, именно про подвиги прокурора в Мокром, при допросе преступника, потом у нас в обществе говорили и над Ипполитом Кирилловичем подсмеивались: «Не утерпел, дескать, человек, чтобы не похвастаться своими способностями».","translation":"About this finale of the speech, namely the prosecutor's exploits at Mokroye in interrogating the criminal, people in our circle talked afterward and poked fun at Ippolit Kirillovich: \"The man couldn't help himself, they said, he had to show off his abilities.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потом у нас в обществе говорили и… подсмеивались","title":"Subjectless imperfectives of report","body":"«говорили… подсмеивались» are subjectless plural imperfectives ('people talked… poked fun'), the indefinite-personal pattern again. «у нас в обществе» ('in our circle') situates the gossip among the narrator's townsfolk. «подсмеивались» carries «-ся»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не утерпел… человек, чтобы не похвастаться","title":"«не утерпеть, чтобы не…» — couldn't help but","body":"The double-negative idiom «не утерпел, чтобы не похвастаться» literally 'didn't refrain so as not to boast' = 'couldn't help boasting'. «чтобы… не» builds the irrealis clause, and the two negatives combine to an affirmative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подвиги","title":"«подвиги» — exploits (here ironic)","body":"«подвиг» normally means a heroic feat or noble deed; here 'the prosecutor's «подвиги» at Mokroye' is dryly ironic — the narrator borrows the gossips' mock-heroic tone for what was merely showing off."}],"words":[{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking финал","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of финал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"финал","lemma":"финал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"finale"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies финал","gloss":"of the speech"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подвиги","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подвиги","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"подвиги","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"restates финал, object of про","gloss":"exploits"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подвиги","gloss":"the prosecutor's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подвиги","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking допросе","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"допросе","lemma":"допрос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подвиги, parallel to в Мокром","gloss":"the interrogation"},{"surface":"преступника","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies допросе","gloss":"of the criminal"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"обществе","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"our circle"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links говорили and подсмеивались","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ипполитом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ипполитом","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подсмеивались","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кирилловичем","lemma":"Кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполитом","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"подсмеивались","lemma":"подсмеиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорили","gloss":"poked fun"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утерпел","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"утерпел","lemma":"утерпеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"couldn't restrain himself"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical on утерпел","gloss":"they said"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of утерпел","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of похвастаться","gloss":"so as (not) to"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies похвастаться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"похвастаться","lemma":"похвастаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on утерпел","gloss":"show off"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of способностями","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"способностями","lemma":"способность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of похвастаться","gloss":"abilities"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b12-c9-s155","source":"Заседание было прервано, но на очень короткий срок, на четверть часа, много на двадцать минут.","translation":"The session was adjourned, but only for a very short while, a quarter of an hour, twenty minutes at most.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Заседание было прервано","title":"Periphrastic past passive","body":"«было прервано» is the periphrastic passive — past «быть» plus the short past passive participle «прервано» (neuter, from perfective «прервать») — 'the session was adjourned/interrupted', stating a completed result."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"много на двадцать минут","title":"«много» — 'at most'","body":"Here «много» does not mean 'much' but functions adverbially as 'at the most' — 'a quarter of an hour, «много» twenty minutes' = twenty minutes at the outside. A colloquial usage worth noting against the ordinary 'many/much'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Заседание","lemma":"заседание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive прервано","gloss":"the session"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of прервано","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"прервано","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"adjourned"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking срок","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies короткий","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"короткий","lemma":"короткий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies срок","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"срок","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прервано","gloss":"a while"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking четверть","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"четверть","lemma":"четверть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"restates срок","gloss":"a quarter"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies четверть","gloss":"of an hour"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies на двадцать минут","gloss":"at most"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минут","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on минут","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"restates срок, object of на","gloss":"minutes"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b12-c9-s156","source":"В публике раздавались разговоры и восклицания.","translation":"Among the public, conversations and exclamations broke out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В публике раздавались разговоры и восклицания","title":"«-ся» verb with following subject","body":"«раздавались» (imperfective «-ся», 'rang out, broke out') stands before its plural subject «разговоры и восклицания», so the new information — what broke out — comes last. «в публике» is the prepositional of location."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking публике","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"публике","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздавались","gloss":"the public"},{"surface":"раздавались","lemma":"раздаваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke out"},{"surface":"разговоры","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of раздавались","gloss":"conversations"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"восклицания","lemma":"восклицание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with разговоры","gloss":"exclamations"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b12-c9-s157","source":"Я иные запомнил:","translation":"Some of them I remember:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я иные запомнил","title":"Bookish «иные» for 'some'","body":"«иные» ('some, certain ones') is a slightly bookish substantivised pronoun-adjective in the accusative plural, object of «запомнил» ('I remembered'). The narrator's «я… запомнил» again foregrounds the chronicler's first-person voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of запомнил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of запомнил","gloss":"some of them"},{"surface":"запомнил","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b12-c9-s158","source":"— Серьезная речь! — нахмуренно заметил господин в одной группе.","translation":"\"A serious speech!\" — remarked a gentleman in one group, with a frown.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нахмуренно заметил господин","title":"Adverb «нахмуренно» from a participle","body":"«нахмуренно» ('with a frown, frowningly') is an adverb derived from the past passive participle «нахмуренный»; such participle-based adverbs of manner are common in Dostoevsky's stage directions for speech. Verb «заметил» precedes its subject «господин»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Серьезная","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies речь","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"нахмуренно","lemma":"нахмуренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"with a frown"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"a gentleman"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking группе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies группе","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"группе","lemma":"группа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"group"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b12-c9-s159","source":"— Психологии навертел уж много, — раздался другой голос.","translation":"\"He twisted in rather too much psychology,\" — another voice rang out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Психологии навертел уж много","title":"«навертеть» — to twist/spin in a lot","body":"«навертел» (perfective, prefix «на-» of accumulation) literally 'twisted/wound on a quantity' — colloquially 'he spun in / piled on a lot of psychology'. «психологии» is genitive (partitive 'a lot of'), and «уж» adds a weary 'rather too'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"раздался другой голос","title":"Perfective «раздался» + inverted subject","body":"«раздался» (perfective past of «раздаться», 'rang out') precedes its subject «другой голос», a single completed event introducing each new speaker — a recurring frame in this overheard-voices passage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Психологии","lemma":"психология","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive object of навертел","gloss":"psychology"},{"surface":"навертел","lemma":"навертеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"twisted in"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies много","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies навертел","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"раздался","lemma":"раздаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голос","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздался","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b12-c9-s160","source":"— Да ведь всё правда, неотразимая истина!","translation":"\"But it's all true, the irrefutable truth!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь всё правда","title":"Stacked particles «да ведь» + zero copula","body":"«Да ведь» piles two particles — affirming «да» and the appealing «ведь» ('but after all, you know') — onto a copula-less equation «всё правда» ('it's all true'). This particle-cluster is exactly the spoken texture Russian uses where English needs intonation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of правда","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with истина","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"неотразимая","lemma":"неотразимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies истина","gloss":"irrefutable"},{"surface":"истина","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"truth"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b12-c9-s161","source":"— Да, это он мастер.","translation":"\"Yes, he's a master at it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да, это он мастер","title":"Zero-copula equation","body":"No verb 'to be' — present-tense «это он мастер» simply equates 'he [is] a master [at it]', with «мастер» a bare nominative predicate. The colloquial «это он» fronts and emphasises 'he, now, is a master'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to мастер","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with мастер","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мастер","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мастер","lemma":"мастер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a master"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b12-c9-s162","source":"— Итог подвел.","translation":"\"He summed it all up.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Итог подвел","title":"Object-fronted perfective «подвёл итог»","body":"The idiom «подвести итог» means 'to sum up, draw the bottom line'. Here the object «итог» is fronted before the perfective past «подвёл» for emphasis, and the subject 'he' is dropped — 'summed it all up [he did]'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Итог","lemma":"итог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подвел","gloss":"the sum"},{"surface":"подвел","lemma":"подвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"summed up"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b12-c9-s163","source":"— И нам, и нам тоже итог подвел, — присоединился третий голос, — в начале-то речи, помните, что все такие же, как Федор Павлович?","translation":"\"And he summed us up too, us as well,\" — a third voice chimed in — \"at the beginning of the speech, remember, that we're all just the same as Fyodor Pavlovich?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в начале-то речи","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «в начале-то» highlights the known topic — 'at the beginning [of the speech], you'll recall' — a colloquial nudge to shared memory, distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что все такие же, как Федор Павлович","title":"«такой же… как» comparison","body":"«такие же… как» frames an equation of likeness — 'just the same as Fyodor Pavlovich'. «же» here intensifies the 'same', and «все такие» ('all such') has no copula in the present."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of подвел","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of подвел","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подвел","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"итог","lemma":"итог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подвел","gloss":"the sum"},{"surface":"подвел","lemma":"подвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"summed up"},{"surface":"присоединился","lemma":"присоединиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"chimed in"},{"surface":"третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голос","gloss":"a third"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of присоединился","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начале","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"начале","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of помните","gloss":"the beginning"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on начале","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies начале","gloss":"of the speech"},{"surface":"помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, introduces что-clause","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of такие","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of такие","gloss":"we all"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"clausal complement of помните","gloss":"just the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такие","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with Федор Павлович","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of такие","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b12-c9-s164","source":"— И в конце тоже. Только он это соврал.","translation":"\"And at the end too. Only there he was lying.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"соврал","title":"«соврать» — to lie/fib","body":"«соврал» (perfective of «врать») is a colloquial, slightly contemptuous 'told a lie, fibbed' — earthier than the neutral «солгать». 'Only there he «соврал»' dismisses the prosecutor's grand finale as plain falsehood."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конце","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial, parallel to the previous clause","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies соврал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of соврал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of соврал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"соврал","lemma":"соврать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lied"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b12-c9-s165","source":"— Да и неясности были.","translation":"\"And there were some obscure bits, too.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да и неясности были","title":"Additive «да и» + existential «были»","body":"«Да и» here is the additive 'and also, what's more', tacking on a further point. «неясности были» ('there were obscurities') is an existential with the subject after the verb, focusing on what existed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"неясности","lemma":"неясность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"obscure bits"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to неясности","gloss":"there were"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b12-c9-s166","source":"— Увлекся маленько.","translation":"\"He got a little carried away.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Увлекся маленько","title":"«маленько» — colloquial 'a bit'","body":"«маленько» is a folksy, diminutive-flavoured adverb for 'a little, a wee bit', plainer-people's speech against standard «немного». With «увлёкся» ('got carried away', a «-ся» verb) it gives an indulgent, conversational shrug."}],"words":[{"surface":"Увлекся","lemma":"увлечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got carried away"},{"surface":"маленько","lemma":"маленько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Увлекся","gloss":"a little"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b12-c9-s167","source":"— Несправедливо, несправедливо-с.","translation":"\"Unfair, unfair, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"несправедливо-с","title":"The deferential particle «-с»","body":"The clitic «-с» appended to «несправедливо-с» is the «словоер», a vestige of «сударь» ('sir') tacked on for politeness or ingratiating deference. By Dostoevsky's day it already signalled obsequiousness or social inferiority; here it colours the speaker as deferential ('unfair, sir')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Несправедливо","lemma":"несправедливый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, short-form, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"unfair"},{"surface":"несправедливо","lemma":"несправедливый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, short-form, singular","role":"coordinated with Несправедливо","gloss":"unfair"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (archaic deferential suffix)","role":"attached to несправедливо","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b12-c9-s168","source":"— Ну нет, все-таки ловко. Долго ждал человек, а вот и сказал, хе-хе!","translation":"\"Well, no, it was deft all the same. The man waited a long while, and now he's had his say, heh-heh!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Долго ждал человек, а вот и сказал","title":"Imperfective «ждал» vs perfective «сказал»","body":"«ждал» (imperfective, 'waited' as a drawn-out process, with «долго») contrasts with «сказал» (perfective, 'and now he's said [it]', a single completed act) — a textbook aspect pairing. The «а вот и» turns the corner to 'and there now, he's had his say'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"negation response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки, modifies ловко","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки, modifies ловко","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"ловко","lemma":"ловко","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"deft"},{"surface":"Долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ждал","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ждал","gloss":"said it"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе-хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"heh"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе-хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"heh"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b12-c9-s169","source":"— Что-то защитник скажет?","translation":"\"What will the defense have to say, I wonder?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что-то защитник скажет?","title":"«что-то» as 'I wonder what'","body":"Here «что-то» is not 'something' but a musing 'I wonder what' — the «-то» colouring the question «что… скажет?» with curiosity. «скажет» is a perfective future ('will say'); subject «защитник» is fronted before it for the topic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of скажет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Что","gloss":"I wonder"},{"surface":"защитник","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скажет","gloss":"the defense"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will say"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b12-c9-s170","source":"В другой группе:","translation":"In another group:","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking группе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies группе","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"группе","lemma":"группа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"group"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b12-c9-s171","source":"— А петербургского-то он напрасно сейчас задел: «биющих-то на чувствительность» помните?","translation":"\"He needn't have jabbed at the Petersburg man just now: that bit about 'those who strike at the sensibilities,' remember?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"петербургского-то он напрасно сейчас задел","title":"Fronted genitive object + topic «-то»","body":"«петербургского» is a substantivised adjective ('the Petersburg man') in animate accusative-genitive, fronted before subject «он» with the highlighting clitic «-то». «задел» (perfective, 'needled, jabbed at') is the comment that lands last after «напрасно» ('needlessly')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"биющих-то на чувствительность","title":"Garbled participle «биющих»","body":"The onlooker mangles the prosecutor's «бьющие в чувствительность» into a folksy «биющих… на чувствительность» — an unschooled, half-archaic form of the participle, a small touch of social comedy in the overheard chatter. «-то» again flags the remembered phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"петербургского","lemma":"петербургский","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of задел","gloss":"the Petersburg man"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on петербургского","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"напрасно","lemma":"напрасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задел","gloss":"needlessly"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задел","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"задел","lemma":"задеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"jabbed at"},{"surface":"биющих","lemma":"бьющий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, accusative, plural, imperfective","role":"direct object of помните","gloss":"those who strike"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on биющих","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувствительность","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"чувствительность","lemma":"чувствительность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of биющих","gloss":"the sensibilities"},{"surface":"помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b12-c9-s172","source":"— Да, это он неловко.","translation":"\"Yes, that was clumsy of him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это он неловко","title":"Colloquial elliptical predicate","body":"A clipped spoken construction: «это он неловко [сделал/поступил]» — 'that [was] clumsy of him', with the verb left out and «неловко» functioning as the predicate adverb. Russian conversation freely omits an understood verb of doing. «он» is a nominative subject, «неловко» an adverbial predicate — no dative experiencer here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to неловко","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with неловко","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of неловко","gloss":"of him"},{"surface":"неловко","lemma":"неловкий","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"clumsy"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b12-c9-s173","source":"— Поспешил.","translation":"\"He was too hasty.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поспешил","title":"One-word perfective with dropped subject","body":"A single perfective past «поспешил» ('he was too hasty / hurried') stands as a whole utterance, subject 'he' understood from context — the laconic, clipped exchange of overheard voices. The perfective marks it as a completed lapse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поспешил","lemma":"поспешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was too hasty"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b12-c9-s174","source":"— Нервный человек-с.","translation":"\"A nervous man, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Нервный человек-с","title":"Deferential «-с» again","body":"Another «словоер»: «человек-с» = 'a nervous man, sir'. The repeated «-с» characterises this speaker as habitually obsequious, the petty-deferential note Dostoevsky catches in his minor townsfolk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нервный","lemma":"нервный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"nervous"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (archaic deferential suffix)","role":"attached to человек","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b12-c9-s175","source":"— Вот мы смеемся, а каково подсудимому?","translation":"\"Here we are laughing, but how must the accused feel?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а каково подсудимому?","title":"Dative-experiencer «каково подсудимому»","body":"«каково подсудимому?» is an impersonal experiencer construction: the dative «подсудимому» ('to the accused') with the neuter «каково» and no verb — 'how must it be for the accused?'. There is no nominative subject; the feeling simply befalls him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеемся","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смеемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"смеемся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are laughing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"каково","lemma":"каков","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the second clause","gloss":"how must it be"},{"surface":"подсудимому","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of каково","gloss":"for the accused"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b12-c9-s176","source":"— Да-с. Митеньке-то каково?","translation":"\"Just so, sir. How must poor Mitenka feel?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митеньке","title":"«Митенька» — affectionate diminutive","body":"«Митенька» is a tender, pitying diminutive of Дмитрий (Дмитрий → Митя → Митенька), built with the affectionate «-еньк-» suffix. The speaker's 'how must poor «Митеньке» feel?' drips compassion — the diminutive itself does the emotional work."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митеньке-то каково?","title":"Dative diminutive + «-то»","body":"«Митеньке» is in the dative as the experiencer of «каково» ('how is it for [poor] Mitenka?'), echoing the impersonal frame of the previous line, with the topicalising «-то» tying it back to 'we laugh, but…'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to каково","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (archaic deferential suffix)","role":"attached to Да","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Митеньке","lemma":"Митенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of каково","gloss":"Mitenka"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on Митеньке","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"каково","lemma":"каков","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"how must it be"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b12-c9-s177","source":"— А вот что-то защитник скажет?","translation":"\"And what will the defense have to say, I wonder?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А вот что-то защитник скажет?","title":"Refrain: «что-то… скажет?»","body":"The earlier musing 'I wonder what the defence will say' returns almost verbatim as a refrain across the groups, «что-то» again carrying the 'I wonder' nuance and «скажет» the perfective future. The repetition knits the eavesdropped scene together."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажет","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of скажет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to что","gloss":"I wonder"},{"surface":"защитник","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скажет","gloss":"the defense"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will say"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b12-c9-s178","source":"В третьей группе:","translation":"In a third group:","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking группе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"третьей","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies группе","gloss":"a third"},{"surface":"группе","lemma":"группа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"group"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b12-c9-s179","source":"— Это какая такая дама, с лорнетом, толстая, с краю сидит?","translation":"\"Who is that lady, the stout one with the lorgnette, sitting at the edge there?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это какая такая дама… с краю сидит?","title":"«какая такая» — emphatic 'who on earth'","body":"«какая такая» doubles two question-words for an insistent, colloquial 'just what / who on earth is that lady?'. The verb «сидит» (imperfective present, 'is sitting') closes the string of descriptive phrases pinning her down."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with дама","gloss":"who's"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дама","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дама","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"дама","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лорнетом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"лорнетом","lemma":"лорнет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дама","gloss":"a lorgnette"},{"surface":"толстая","lemma":"толстый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дама","gloss":"stout"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking краю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"краю","lemma":"край","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"the edge"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate, modifies дама","gloss":"sitting"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b12-c9-s180","source":"— Это генеральша одна, разводка, я ее знаю.","translation":"\"That's a certain general's wife, a divorcee, I know her.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"генеральша","title":"«генеральша» — a general's wife","body":"The feminine «-ша» suffix forms 'the wife of a [general]' — «генеральша» = a general's lady. Such rank-derived titles for wives were the everyday currency of status in imperial Russia; her standing is given entirely by her husband's office."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разводка","title":"«разводка» — a divorcée (colloquial)","body":"A colloquial, faintly disreputable term for a divorced woman (from «развод», 'divorce'). The speaker's casual «разводка, я ее знаю» drops a whiff of scandal — divorce being socially marked in this provincial milieu."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject, predicate генеральша","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"генеральша","lemma":"генеральша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, head of the phrase","gloss":"a general's wife"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies генеральша","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"разводка","lemma":"разводка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with генеральша","gloss":"a divorcee"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b12-c9-s181","source":"— То-то, с лорнетом.","translation":"\"That's why — the lorgnette.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"То-то","title":"«То-то» — that's just it","body":"A colloquial particle-cluster of confirmation, here roughly \"that's exactly why / there you have it\". It picks up the previous speaker's point and clinches it, a very spoken hinge in Dostoevsky's overheard chatter."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"head of the phrase, forms idiom То-то with то","gloss":"that's it"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"repeated, forms idiom То-то with То","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лорнетом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"лорнетом","lemma":"лорнет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies То-то","gloss":"the lorgnette"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b12-c9-s182","source":"— Шушера.","translation":"\"A frump.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Шушера","title":"«Шушера» — riffraff, a nobody","body":"A dismissive, low-register word for worthless trash or insignificant people; applied to a woman here it sneers \"a frump / a nonentity\". The bald one-word verdict is the texture of catty crowd-talk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Шушера","lemma":"шушера","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a frump"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b12-c9-s183","source":"— Ну нет, пикантненькая.","translation":"\"Well, no, rather piquant.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пикантненькая","title":"«пикантненькая» — a double diminutive","body":"From the French loan «пикантный» (piquant, spicy-attractive) with a doubled affectionate suffix -еньк-: \"rather a cute little spicy thing\". The diminutive adds a leering, appraising warmth to the gallant's correction of «шушера»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну нет","title":"«Ну нет» — the soft contradiction","body":"The filler particle «ну» plus «нет» opens a gentle objection, \"well, no…\", before the speaker offers his own appraisal. «Ну» is one of Russian's busiest conversational particles, here softening disagreement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"negation response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"пикантненькая","lemma":"пикантненький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"piquant"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b12-c9-s184","source":"— Подле нее через два места сидит блондиночка, та лучше.","translation":"\"Two seats along from her sits a little blonde; she's the better-looking one.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"блондиночка","title":"«блондиночка» — a little blonde","body":"The French loan «блондинка» with the diminutive -очка: a fond, appraising \"little blonde\". The suffix again colours the leering register of the spectators."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подле нее через два места сидит блондиночка","title":"Verb-before-subject presentation","body":"The clause opens with the location («подле нее через два места») and the verb «сидит», holding the subject «блондиночка» for the end. Russian's free word order lets new information land last — the blonde is the news."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подле нее","title":"«подле» + genitive","body":"«Подле» (beside, near) is a slightly bookish preposition governing the genitive, here «нее» (with the prepositional н-). It is one of the cluster of placement prepositions that demand the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of Подле","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter","role":"depends on места","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"seats"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sits"},{"surface":"блондиночка","lemma":"блондиночка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сидит","gloss":"a little blonde"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лучше","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the second clause","gloss":"is better-looking"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b12-c9-s185","source":"— А ловко они его тогда в Мокром накрыли, а?","translation":"\"They caught him neatly back then at Mokroye, eh?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"накрыли","title":"«накрыли» — perfective of the catch","body":"Perfective past of «накрыть», literally \"to cover\", in the slangy sense \"to catch / nab red-handed\". The perfective frames the arrest as a single decisive, completed event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а?","title":"Tag particle «а?»","body":"The final «а?» is an appeal for agreement, \"eh? / right?\", inviting the listener to share the speaker's admiration of the neat capture. A staple of Dostoevsky's buttonholing dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ловко","lemma":"ловко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накрыли","gloss":"neatly"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of накрыли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of накрыли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накрыли","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of накрыли","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"накрыли","lemma":"накрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"tag-question particle","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b12-c9-s186","source":"— Ловко-то ловко. Опять рассказал. Ведь он про это здесь по домам уж сколько рассказывал.","translation":"\"Neat enough, to be sure. He told it all again. After all, he's already told the story of it here in any number of houses.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ловко-то ловко","title":"Concessive «X-то X»","body":"Repeating the word with the clitic «-то» between forms a concessive \"neat enough, sure — but…\", conceding the point before the speaker qualifies it. This «-то» emphasises a granted topic rather than making it indefinite."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь он про это здесь по домам уж сколько рассказывал","title":"«ведь» — appeal to shared knowledge","body":"The particle «ведь» means \"after all, you know\", taking for granted that the listener too has heard the prosecutor's repeated tale. It carries the speaker's knowing, slightly weary tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассказывал","title":"Imperfective of repeated telling","body":"«Рассказывал» (imperfective past) against the earlier perfective «рассказал» marks a habitual, repeated action — he has told the story over and over, «по домам» (from house to house). Aspect alone carries the \"again and again\" sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ловко","lemma":"ловко","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the emphatic repetition Ловко-то ловко, head of the phrase","gloss":"neat enough"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on Ловко","gloss":"to be sure"},{"surface":"ловко","lemma":"ловко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Ловко","gloss":"neat"},{"surface":"Опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told it"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказывал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking домам","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"домам","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of рассказывал","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"so many times"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the last clause","gloss":"had told"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b12-c9-s187","source":"— И теперь не утерпел. Самолюбие.","translation":"\"And now he couldn't resist either. Vanity.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не утерпел","title":"«не утерпел» — perfective negated","body":"Perfective past of «утерпеть» (to hold out, refrain) under negation: \"he couldn't help himself\". The perfective makes the failure to resist a single, accomplished slip."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Самолюбие","title":"«самолюбие» — self-regard, vanity","body":"Literally \"self-love\" (само- + любие), the bare abstract noun thrown out as a diagnosis: \"[it's] vanity\". A favourite Dostoevskian motive-word for wounded pride and amour-propre."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утерпел","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утерпел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"утерпел","lemma":"утерпеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"couldn't resist"},{"surface":"Самолюбие","lemma":"самолюбие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"vanity"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b12-c9-s188","source":"— Обиженный человек, хе-хе!","translation":"\"An aggrieved man, heh-heh!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Обиженный человек","title":"«обиженный» — an aggrieved man","body":"Past passive participle of «обидеть» (to wrong, offend) used adjectivally: a man who has been slighted and nurses the grievance. «Обида» — injury, offence taken — is a key emotional register throughout the novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обиженный","lemma":"обиженный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"aggrieved"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе-хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"heh"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе-хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"heh"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b12-c9-s189","source":"— И обидчивый. Да и реторики много, фразы длинные.","translation":"\"And touchy. And too much rhetoric, the sentences too long.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обидчивый","title":"«обидчивый» — touchy","body":"Where «обиженный» (s188) is the man who has been wronged, «обидчивый» is the man prone to take offence — the -чивый suffix marks a disposition. The two near-twins are set side by side for a sly play on his thin skin."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"реторики","title":"«реторика» — old spelling of rhetoric","body":"Period spelling of «риторика» (rhetoric), here in the genitive «реторики» after the quantity word «много». Used dismissively: too much oratorical flourish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"реторики много","title":"Genitive after «много»","body":"Quantifiers like «много» (much, many) govern the genitive — «реторики» is genitive singular of «реторика». The same rule then shapes «фразы длинные», the long sentences he complains of."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обидчивый","lemma":"обидчивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"touchy"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"реторики","lemma":"реторика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of много","gloss":"rhetoric"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, governs реторики","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"фразы","lemma":"фраза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of длинные","gloss":"the sentences"},{"surface":"длинные","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of фразы","gloss":"long"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b12-c9-s190","source":"— Да и пугает, заметьте, всё пугает. Про тройку-то помните? «Там Гамлеты, а у нас еще пока Карамазовы!» Это он ловко.","translation":"\"And he frightens you, mark it, he's forever frightening you. Remember that bit about the troika? 'There they have Hamlets, but with us so far it's still Karamazovs!' That was deft of him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пугает, заметьте, всё пугает","title":"Imperfective «всё пугает»","body":"The imperfective «пугает» (frightens, present) repeated with «всё» (\"keeps on, all the time\") paints a continual, habitual action — he is forever scaring his audience. The inserted imperative «заметьте» (mark it, notice) buttonholes the listener."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Про тройку-то помните?","title":"Topic «тройку-то»","body":"The clitic «-то» pins «тройку» as the known topic — \"the troika, you remember?\". Fronting the «про»-phrase before the verb makes the troika the theme the whole question hangs on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"пугает","lemma":"пугать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"frightens"},{"surface":"заметьте","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel to пугает","gloss":"mark it"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies second пугает","gloss":"constantly"},{"surface":"пугает","lemma":"пугать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пугает","gloss":"keeps frightening"},{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тройку","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тройку","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помните","gloss":"the troika"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to тройку","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"Гамлеты","lemma":"Гамлет","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Там","gloss":"Hamlets"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"parallel structure to Там","gloss":"with us"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пока","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Карамазовы","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"Карамазовы","lemma":"Карамазовы","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"Karamazovs"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with ловко","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ловко","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ловко","lemma":"ловко","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"deft"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b12-c9-s191","source":"— Это он либерализму подкуривал. Боится!","translation":"\"That was him pandering to liberalism. He's afraid!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"либерализму подкуривал","title":"«подкуривать» — to flatter, smoke up to","body":"Literally \"to waft incense / smoke toward\", figuratively to flatter and curry favour — here \"he was pandering to liberalism\". The object «либерализму» stands in the dative, the person/cause being flattered."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with подкуривал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подкуривал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"либерализму","lemma":"либерализм","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подкуривал","gloss":"to liberalism"},{"surface":"подкуривал","lemma":"подкуривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was pandering"},{"surface":"Боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he's afraid"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b12-c9-s192","source":"— Да и адвоката боится.","translation":"\"And he's afraid of the defense lawyer too.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"адвоката боится","title":"«бояться» + genitive","body":"The reflexive-only verb «бояться» (to fear) governs the genitive of what is feared: «адвоката» is genitive of «адвокат» (the defence lawyer). Note the verb exists only in its -ся form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"адвоката","lemma":"адвокат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive object of боится","gloss":"the lawyer"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he's afraid of"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b12-c9-s193","source":"— Да, что-то скажет господин Фетюкович?","translation":"\"Yes, what will Mr. Fetyukovich have to say?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то скажет","title":"«что-то» — here just 'what'","body":"In this context «что-то» reads as «что» with the colouring particle «-то», \"what(ever) will Mr. Fetyukovich say?\", not the indefinite \"something\". The perfective «скажет» is a simple future — a single, awaited utterance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to что","gloss":"I wonder","note":"Colloquial enclitic -то adds emphasis to что; it isn't a separate pronoun."},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скажет","gloss":"Mister"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господин","gloss":"Fetyukovich"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b12-c9-s194","source":"— Ну, что бы ни сказал, а наших мужичков не прошибет.","translation":"\"Well, whatever he says, he won't get through to our peasants.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что бы ни сказал","title":"Concessive «что бы ни» — whatever he says","body":"The frame «что бы ни» + past/perfective verb means \"no matter what he says\". It fuses the irrealis particle «бы» with the intensifying «ни» of negative concord — a fixed bookish concessive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наших мужичков","title":"«мужичков» — our little peasants","body":"Diminutive (genitive/accusative plural) of «мужик», peasant. The -ок diminutive plus «наших» (our) gives a fond, slightly patronising \"our good peasants\" — the jurors, plain folk Fetyukovich must win over."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не прошибет","title":"«прошибить» — to get through to","body":"Colloquial perfective «прошибить», literally \"to break/knock through\", here \"won't get through to / won't crack\" the stolid peasants. Under negation it states a firm prediction of failure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the concessive construction with ни","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"no matter"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the concessive clause introduced by что бы ни","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мужичков","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"мужичков","lemma":"мужичок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of прошибет","gloss":"peasants"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прошибет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прошибет","lemma":"прошибить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with сказал via а","gloss":"will get through to"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b12-c9-s195","source":"— Вы думаете?","translation":"\"You think so?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы думаете?","title":"Bare «Вы думаете?»","body":"A two-word skeptical question, \"you think (so)?\", with the dropped object understood from context. The retained pronoun «вы» (here polite/plural) carries a faint challenge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you think"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b12-c9-s196","source":"В четвертой группе:","translation":"In a fourth group:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В четвертой группе","title":"«в четвёртой группе» — prepositional of location","body":"The ordinal-plus-noun phrase stands in the prepositional after «в» to mark location: \"in a fourth group\". The ordinal «четвёртой» agrees with feminine «группе» in case and gender."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking группе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"четвертой","lemma":"четвёртый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies группе","gloss":"fourth"},{"surface":"группе","lemma":"группа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"group"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b12-c9-s197","source":"— А про тройку-то ведь у него хорошо, это где про народы-то.","translation":"\"That bit about the troika was good, though, the part about the nations.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"про тройку-то ведь у него хорошо","title":"Stacked particles «-то … ведь»","body":"Two particles colour one short clause: «-то» flags «тройку» as the known topic, «ведь» appeals to shared memory (\"that bit about the troika — it really was good, you know\"). The impersonal «хорошо» needs no verb \"to be\"."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где про народы-то","title":"«где» pointing to a passage","body":"Colloquial «где» here loosely means \"the place where / the part where\", introducing the passage about the «народы» (peoples, nations). The clipped grammar mimics live, associative speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тройку","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тройку","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of the preposition про","gloss":"the troika"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to тройку","gloss":"indeed","note":"Colloquial enclitic -то, not a separate pronoun."},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хорошо","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"was good"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the second clause","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народы","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"народы","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"object of the preposition про","gloss":"the nations"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to народы","gloss":"indeed","note":"Colloquial enclitic -то, not a separate pronoun."}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b12-c9-s198","source":"— И ведь правда, помнишь, где он говорит, что народы не будут ждать.","translation":"\"And it's true, remember, where he says the nations won't wait.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"народы не будут ждать","title":"Compound (imperfective) future","body":"«Не будут ждать» is the imperfective future: «будут» (future of «быть») plus the imperfective infinitive «ждать» — \"the nations will not [go on] waiting\". The construction names an ongoing future state, fittingly here a refusal to keep waiting."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"И ведь правда, помнишь","title":"«И ведь правда»","body":"«Ведь» again leans on shared experience — \"and it's true, after all\" — while «помнишь» (you remember, informal ты) buttonholes the companion. The familiar «помнишь» marks intimate, equal interlocutors."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with помнишь","gloss":"it's true"},{"surface":"помнишь","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of помнишь","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ждать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"народы","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ждать","gloss":"the nations"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ждать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of ждать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорит","gloss":"wait"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b12-c9-s199","source":"— А что?","translation":"\"How so?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"А что?","title":"«А что?» — how so? / what of it?","body":"A tiny idiomatic query opening with contrastive «а», prompting the other to explain or justify: \"how so? / what do you mean?\". Constant in Russian back-and-forth dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b12-c9-s200","source":"— Да в английском парламенте уж один член вставал на прошлой неделе, по поводу нигилистов, и спрашивал министерство: не пора ли ввязаться в варварскую нацию, чтобы нас образовать. Ипполит это про него, я знаю, что про него. Он на прошлой неделе об этом говорил.","translation":"\"Why, in the English parliament a member stood up only last week, on the subject of the nihilists, and asked the ministry whether it wasn't time to step in among a barbarous nation and educate us. Ippolit meant him, I know it was him he meant. He was talking about this very thing last week.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"один член вставал на прошлой неделе","title":"Imperfective «вставал» for the reported event","body":"«Вставал» (imperfective past of «вставать») reports that a member \"was getting up / stood up\" — the imperfective lends a vague, general recollection rather than a sharply completed act. «На прошлой неделе» (last week) is prepositional of time."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не пора ли ввязаться","title":"«не пора ли» — isn't it time?","body":"The interrogative particle «ли» follows the focused «пора» to form an embedded yes/no question: whether it isn't \"time to step in\". «Пора» + infinitive is an impersonal \"(it's) time to\"."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы нас образовать","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«Чтобы» introduces purpose — \"in order to educate us\". With a single shared subject it takes the bare infinitive «образовать» rather than a past-form verb; «нас» is the accusative object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"варварскую нацию","title":"«варварская нация» — a barbarous nation","body":"The imagined Englishman's contemptuous phrase for Russia, reported with bristling irony. «Варварский» (barbarous) and the Latinate «нация» set up the wounded national pride the chapter dwells on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking парламенте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"английском","lemma":"английский","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies парламенте","gloss":"English"},{"surface":"парламенте","lemma":"парламент","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вставал","gloss":"parliament"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies член","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"член","lemma":"член","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вставал","gloss":"member"},{"surface":"вставал","lemma":"вставать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неделе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"прошлой","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies неделе","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"неделе","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вставал","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нигилистов","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"поводу","lemma":"повод","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по поводу","gloss":"the subject"},{"surface":"нигилистов","lemma":"нигилист","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вставал","gloss":"the nihilists"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спрашивал","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вставал","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"министерство","lemma":"министерство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of спрашивал","gloss":"the ministry"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пора","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пора","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the embedded question","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пора","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ввязаться","lemma":"ввязаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on пора","gloss":"to get involved"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нацию","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"варварскую","lemma":"варварский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нацию","gloss":"barbarous"},{"surface":"нацию","lemma":"нация","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ввязаться","gloss":"nation"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of образовать","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of образовать","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"образовать","lemma":"образовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ввязаться","gloss":"educate"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"copula-like link between Ипполит and про него","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of это, object of про","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of него","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неделе","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"прошлой","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies неделе","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"неделе","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was talking"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b12-c9-s201","source":"— Далеко куликам.","translation":"\"They've a long way to go yet.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Далеко куликам","title":"«Далеко куликам» — they've far to fly yet","body":"An elliptical, proverb-flavoured jibe: a «кулик» is a sandpiper/snipe (a small marsh bird), and the dative «куликам» means roughly \"the little birds have a long way to go\" — i.e. the English are in no position to school Russia."}],"words":[{"surface":"Далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"a long way"},{"surface":"куликам","lemma":"кулик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"for the sandpipers","note":"Idiom (from \"далеко кулику до Петрова дня\") meaning someone still has a long way to go."}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b12-c9-s202","source":"— Каким куликам? Почему далеко?","translation":"\"A long way for whom? Why a long way?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Каким куликам?","title":"«каким» — interrogative in the dative","body":"The puzzled echo picks up the dative «куликам» and questions it with «каким» (dative plural of «какой», \"which / what\"), agreeing in case and number only — gender is not distinguished in the plural: \"a long way for which sandpipers?\"."}],"words":[{"surface":"Каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of куликам","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"куликам","lemma":"кулик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sandpipers"},{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies далеко","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"a long way"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b12-c9-s203","source":"— А мы запрем Кронштадт да и не дадим им хлеба. Где они возьмут?","translation":"\"Why, we'll close Kronstadt and give them no grain. Where will they get it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не дадим им хлеба","title":"Genitive of negation «хлеба»","body":"Under the negated «не дадим» (we won't give), the object «хлеб» shifts to the genitive «хлеба» — \"we'll give them no grain\". A classic genitive of negation; «им» is the dative recipient."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"запрём … да и не дадим","title":"Perfective futures of the plan","body":"Both «запрём» (we'll lock/close) and «дадим» (we'll give) are perfective verbs conjugated as simple futures — two single, decisive future acts. The folksy «да и» (\"and just\") chains them."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of запрем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"запрем","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will close"},{"surface":"Кронштадт","lemma":"кронштадт","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of запрем","gloss":"Kronstadt"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дадим","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дадим","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with запрем","gloss":"will give"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дадим","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"хлеба","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дадим","gloss":"grain"},{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возьмут","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of возьмут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"возьмут","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will get"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b12-c9-s204","source":"— А в Америке? Теперь в Америке.","translation":"\"And in America? They get it in America now.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А в Америке? Теперь в Америке.","title":"Elliptical prepositional retort","body":"Both fragments rely on «в» + prepositional «Америке» for location, with the verb (\"they get it\") left unspoken — \"And in America? In America now [they do].\" The case ending alone carries the locative sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Америке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Америке","lemma":"америка","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"America"},{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Америке","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Америке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Америке","lemma":"америка","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"America"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b12-c9-s205","source":"— Врешь.","translation":"\"Nonsense.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Врёшь","title":"«Врёшь!» — you're lying / nonsense!","body":"Second-person singular present of «врать» (to lie, talk rubbish), flung out as a one-word rebuff. Far blunter than English \"nonsense\", the familiar «ты»-form marks the rough intimacy of the bystanders."}],"words":[{"surface":"Врешь","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you're lying"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b12-c9-s206","source":"Но зазвонил колокольчик, всё бросилось на места. Фетюкович взошел на кафедру.","translation":"But the bell rang out, and everyone rushed back to their places. Fetyukovich mounted the rostrum.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зазвонил колокольчик","title":"Inceptive perfective «зазвонил»","body":"The prefix за- on «звонить» gives «зазвонить», \"to begin to ring / ring out\" — a perfective marking the onset of the sound. Subject «колокольчик» follows its verb, the new event leading the sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё бросилось на места","title":"Reflexive «бросилось» + neuter «всё»","body":"«Бросилось» is the reflexive -ся perfective of «бросить» (to throw), here \"everyone rushed / flung themselves\"; the neuter singular «всё» (\"everything/everyone\") triggers neuter agreement «бросилось». The -ся gives the intransitive, self-directed motion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"взошёл на кафедру","title":"«взойти на кафедру» — to mount the rostrum","body":"«Взошёл» (perfective of «взойти», to ascend) plus «кафедра» (here the speaker's tribune/rostrum, also \"pulpit\" or academic \"chair\") — Fetyukovich steps up to deliver the defence. The slightly solemn verb dignifies the moment the courtroom has awaited."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зазвонил","lemma":"зазвонить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"колокольчик","lemma":"колокольчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зазвонил","gloss":"the bell"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бросилось","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"бросилось","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with зазвонил","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of бросилось","gloss":"their places"},{"surface":"Фетюкович","lemma":"фетюкович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взошел","gloss":"Fetyukovich"},{"surface":"взошел","lemma":"взойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mounted"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кафедру","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"кафедру","lemma":"кафедра","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взошел","gloss":"the rostrum"}]}]}