{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b2-c1","title":{"source":"I. Приехали в монастырь","translated":"They Arrive at the Monastery"},"section":"Book II — An Unfortunate Gathering","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b2-c1","lines":112},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/elders","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b2-c2","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b2-c1-s1","source":"Выдался прекрасный, теплый и ясный день.","translation":"It turned out to be a beautiful day, warm and clear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выдался","title":"Perfective «выдаться» + subject-last word order","body":"«Выдался» is the perfective past of «выдаться», a reflexive verb meaning (of weather, a day) \"to turn out, to come off as.\" The sentence opens with the verb and saves the subject «день» for the end — a topic-comment inversion that lands the new information, the kind of day, in the stressed final position. The reflexive «-ся» here is the impersonal-middle type, not a true reflexive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прекрасный, теплый и ясный","title":"Three long-form adjectives agreeing with «день»","body":"All three adjectives carry the masculine nominative singular ending to agree with «день»: «прекрасный, тёплый, ясный». These are the long (attributive) forms, declined for gender, number, and case, as opposed to the bookish short predicate forms."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выдался","lemma":"выдаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"прекрасный","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"теплый","lemma":"тёплый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прекрасный","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ясный","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прекрасный","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Выдался","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b2-c1-s2","source":"Был конец августа.","translation":"It was the end of August.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"конец августа","title":"Genitive of «of»: «августа»","body":"«Августа» is the genitive of «август», giving the \"of\" relation: \"the end of August.\" The bare noun phrase «конец августа» needs no preposition — the genitive ending alone does the work English spreads across the word \"of.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Был","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"августа","lemma":"август","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конец","gloss":"of August"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b2-c1-s3","source":"Свидание со старцем условлено было сейчас после поздней обедни, примерно к половине двенадцатого.","translation":"The meeting with the elder had been arranged for directly after the late Mass, around half past eleven.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старец","title":"starets (the elder)","body":"A «старец» is not merely an old man but an \"elder\": a spiritually experienced monk recognized as a guide of souls. We render it \"elder\" throughout. The word names a real Orthodox institution of guidance («старчество»), central to this novel through Father Zossima."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"условлено было","title":"Short passive participle + «было»: \"had been arranged\"","body":"«Условлено» is the short (predicative) neuter form of the past passive participle of «условить» (to agree, arrange); joined to «было» it forms a periphrastic passive in the past, \"had been arranged.\" The neuter «-о» agrees with the neutral, deferred subject «свидание». This past-passive construction is a staple of formal narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к половине двенадцатого","title":"Telling time: «половина двенадцатого» = half past eleven","body":"Russian counts the hour toward the one approaching: «половина двенадцатого» is literally \"half of the twelfth (hour),\" i.e. half past eleven. «Двенадцатого» is the genitive of the ordinal «двенадцатый», and the whole phrase sits in the dative after «к» (\"toward, by\")."}],"words":[{"surface":"Свидание","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of условлено","gloss":"the meeting"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"старцем","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Свидание","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"условлено","lemma":"условить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arranged"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to условлено","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies условлено","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обедни","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"поздней","lemma":"поздний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обедни","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"обедни","lemma":"обедня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of условлено","gloss":"Mass"},{"surface":"примерно","lemma":"примерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies половине","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking половине","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"половине","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of условлено","gloss":"half past"},{"surface":"двенадцатого","lemma":"двенадцатый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies половине","gloss":"eleven","note":"Russian tells time by the coming hour: половина двенадцатого is literally 'half of the twelfth [hour]', i.e. half past eleven."}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b2-c1-s4","source":"Наши посетители монастыря к обедне, однако, не пожаловали, а приехали ровно к шапочному разбору.","translation":"Our visitors, however, had not appeared for the Mass at all, but arrived just as it was all breaking up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не пожаловали","title":"«пожаловать» — to deign to come (ironic here)","body":"«Пожаловать» is an elevated, courtly verb for \"to come, to arrive (graciously),\" the same root as in «добро пожаловать» (welcome). Negated and applied to these unceremonious guests it is dryly ironic: they did not \"deign\" to come to the Mass."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"однако","title":"The contrastive «однако» and parenthetical «а»","body":"«Однако» (\"however\") is dropped in mid-sentence as a parenthetical concession, set off by commas. The following «а» is the mild contrastive conjunction — \"and/but\" marking a shift — pivoting from what they failed to do to what they actually did."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of посетители","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"посетители","lemma":"посетитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of пожаловали","gloss":"visitors"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies посетители","gloss":"of the monastery"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обедне","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"обедне","lemma":"обедня","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies посетители","gloss":"the Mass"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies пожаловали","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пожаловали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пожаловали","lemma":"пожаловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had appeared"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"приехали","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with пожаловали","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехали (timing)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разбору","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"шапочному","lemma":"шапочный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разбору","gloss":"hat"},{"surface":"разбору","lemma":"разбор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приехали","gloss":"breaking-up","note":"«к шапочному разбору» is an idiom, literally 'to the sorting of hats', meaning arriving just as an event is ending."}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b2-c1-s5","source":"Приехали они в двух экипажах; в первом экипаже, в щегольской коляске, запряженной парой дорогих лошадей, прибыл Петр Александрович Миусов со своим дальним родственником, очень молодым человеком, лет двадцати, Петром Фомичом Калгановым.","translation":"They came in two carriages; in the first, a dapper barouche drawn by a pair of costly horses, arrived Pyotr Alexandrovich Miusov together with a distant relative of his, a very young man of about twenty, Pyotr Fomich Kalganov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в двух экипажах","title":"Numeral «два» + genitive singular, then prepositional","body":"«Два» governs the genitive singular, so the base phrase is «два экипажа»; but under «в» the whole quantified phrase shifts to the prepositional plural «в двух экипажах» (location). Russian numerals control the case of what they count, and that case is itself overridden by a governing preposition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"щегольской коляске","title":"«щегольская коляска» — a dapper barouche","body":"A «коляска» is an open four-wheeled carriage (a barouche/calash); «щегольской» means \"dandified, foppish, showily smart,\" from «щёголь» (a dandy). The phrase signals Miusov's vanity and money before he says a word — set against the Karamazovs' rattletrap a few lines on."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"запряженной парой дорогих лошадей","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental of means","body":"«Запряжённой» is a past passive participle (\"harnessed, drawn\") agreeing in the feminine instrumental with «коляске». «Парой дорогих лошадей» is the instrumental of means — drawn BY a pair — with «лошадей» in the genitive plural after «пара». The chained participle is typical literary compression of a который-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приехали","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Приехали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking экипажах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies экипажах","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"экипажах","lemma":"экипаж","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Приехали","gloss":"carriages"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking экипаже","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первом","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies экипаже","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"экипаже","lemma":"экипаж","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибыл","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коляске","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"щегольской","lemma":"щегольской","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies коляске","gloss":"dapper"},{"surface":"коляске","lemma":"коляска","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибыл","gloss":"barouche"},{"surface":"запряженной","lemma":"запрячь","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"clause modifying коляске","gloss":"drawn (by)"},{"surface":"парой","lemma":"пара","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent of запряженной","gloss":"a pair"},{"surface":"дорогих","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лошадей","gloss":"costly"},{"surface":"лошадей","lemma":"лошадь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies парой","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"прибыл","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Приехали","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибыл","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"Александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"patronymic of Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"surname of Петр","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родственником","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of родственником","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"дальним","lemma":"дальний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies родственником","gloss":"distant"},{"surface":"родственником","lemma":"родственник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибыл","gloss":"relative"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молодым","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"молодым","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to родственником","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies двадцати in age phrase for человеком","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"двадцати","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"of twenty"},{"surface":"Петром","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человеком","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Фомичом","lemma":"Фомич","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"patronymic of Петром","gloss":"Fomich"},{"surface":"Калгановым","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"surname of Петром","gloss":"Kalganov"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b2-c1-s6","source":"Этот молодой человек готовился поступить в университет; Миусов же, у которого он почему-то пока жил, соблазнял его с собою за границу, в Цюрих или в Иену, чтобы там поступить в университет и окончить курс.","translation":"This young man was preparing to enter the university; Miusov, with whom for some reason he was meanwhile living, kept tempting him to go abroad with him, to Zurich or Jena, to enroll there and finish his studies.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Миусов же","title":"The emphatic particle «же»","body":"Postpositive «же» here is contrastive-emphatic: it sets Miusov off against the young man just described (\"Miusov, for his part…\"). One of the small modal particles that English renders only with stress or word order, «же» is a constant texturing device in Dostoevsky's prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у которого он … жил","title":"Relative «который» in a prepositional phrase","body":"«У которого» opens a relative clause: «который» agrees in gender/number with its antecedent Miusov but takes the case its own role demands — here genitive after «у» (\"at whose place he was living\"). The clause is fenced off by commas in the standard way."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"соблазнял … чтобы … поступить","title":"Imperfective «соблазнял» of repeated tempting + purpose «чтобы»","body":"The imperfective past «соблазнял» (\"kept tempting\") views the action as repeated, ongoing pressure, not a single event. «Чтобы» then opens a purpose clause; after «чтобы» Russian normally uses the past form or, as here with a shared subject, the infinitive «поступить … и окончить»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of готовился","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"готовился","lemma":"готовиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was preparing"},{"surface":"поступить","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готовился","gloss":"to enter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking университет","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"университет","lemma":"университет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поступить","gloss":"the university"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of соблазнял","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Миусов","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жил","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of compound)","role":"modifies жил","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"adverb (part 2 of compound)","role":"modifies жил","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жил","gloss":"for the time being"},{"surface":"жил","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on родственником","gloss":"was living"},{"surface":"соблазнял","lemma":"соблазнять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with готовился","gloss":"kept tempting"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of соблазнял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of соблазнял","gloss":"him(self)"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking границу","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"границу","lemma":"граница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соблазнял","gloss":"the border"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Цюрих","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Цюрих","lemma":"Цюрих","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with границу as destination","gloss":"Zurich"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иену","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Иену","lemma":"Иена","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Цюрих","gloss":"Jena"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of соблазнял","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступить","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"поступить","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on соблазнял","gloss":"enroll"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking университет","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"университет","lemma":"университет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поступить","gloss":"the university"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"окончить","lemma":"окончить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with поступить","gloss":"finish"},{"surface":"курс","lemma":"курс","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of окончить","gloss":"his studies"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b2-c1-s7","source":"Молодой человек еще не решился.","translation":"The young man had not yet made up his mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще не решился","title":"Reflexive «решиться» + «не» = had not yet decided","body":"«Решился» is the perfective past of the reflexive «решиться» (\"to make up one's mind, resolve\"), a change-of-state middle use of «-ся». With «ещё не» it states that the resolution has not yet been reached — the perfective under negation denying that the completed act has happened."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решился","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решился","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates решился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had made up his mind"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b2-c1-s8","source":"Он был задумчив и как бы рассеян.","translation":"He was pensive and as though absent-minded.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был задумчив … рассеян","title":"Short-form predicate adjectives after «был»","body":"«Задумчив» and «рассеян» are short (predicative) adjective forms, used only as predicates and carrying a slightly bookish, state-describing flavor very common in 19th-century prose. They take only gender/number endings (here masculine, zero) and cannot stand before a noun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как бы","title":"«как бы» — \"as though, sort of\"","body":"«Как бы» is a hedging particle meaning \"as it were, as though, kind of,\" softening the assertion: he was distracted, or seemed so. It recurs throughout the novel as a marker of the narrator's tentative, qualifying voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задумчив","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to задумчив","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"задумчив","lemma":"задумчивый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"pensive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifying рассеян","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"рассеян","lemma":"рассеянный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with задумчив","gloss":"absent-minded"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b2-c1-s9","source":"Лицо его было приятное, сложение крепкое, рост довольно высокий.","translation":"His face was pleasant, his build sturdy, his height fairly tall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лицо его было приятное, сложение крепкое, рост довольно высокий","title":"Parallel zero-copula clauses with «его» possessive","body":"Three balanced clauses share one shape — noun + (зero) copula + adjective — with the past «было» stated once and felt across all three. The invariable genitive pronoun «его» (\"his\") never changes form, unlike the agreeing possessives «мой/твой». The rhythm sketches the young man in three quick strokes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of приятное","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to приятное","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"приятное","lemma":"приятный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"сложение","lemma":"сложение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of крепкое (elided было)","gloss":"his build"},{"surface":"крепкое","lemma":"крепкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with приятное","gloss":"sturdy"},{"surface":"рост","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of высокий (elided был)","gloss":"his height"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высокий","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"высокий","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with крепкое","gloss":"tall"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b2-c1-s10","source":"Во взгляде его случалась странная неподвижность: подобно всем очень рассеянным людям, он глядел на вас иногда в упор и подолгу, а между тем совсем вас не видел.","translation":"There was a strange fixity in his gaze: like all very absent-minded people, he would sometimes stare straight at you and for a long while, yet meanwhile not see you at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"случалась странная неподвижность","title":"Imperfective «случалась» of recurrence, subject after verb","body":"«Случалась» is imperfective past — a recurring, habitual happening (\"there would occur\"), not one event — agreeing as feminine with the postposed subject «неподвижность». Placing the subject after the verb keeps the new, characterizing detail in the weighted position."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подобно всем очень рассеянным людям","title":"Dative after «подобно»","body":"«Подобно» (\"like, similar to\") governs the dative, so the whole phrase «всем очень рассеянным людям» stands in the dative plural, every word agreeing. It is a slightly bookish alternative to «как»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а между тем","title":"Contrastive «а» + «между тем» = \"and yet, meanwhile\"","body":"«А» is the soft contrastive conjunction; with «между тем» (\"meanwhile\") it pivots to the paradox — he stares straight at you yet does not see you. This «а» of gentle contrast is one of Russian's untranslatable hinges."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"взгляде","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случалась","gloss":"his gaze"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of взгляде","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"случалась","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was (would occur)"},{"surface":"странная","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies неподвижность","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"неподвижность","lemma":"неподвижность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of случалась","gloss":"fixity"},{"surface":"подобно","lemma":"подобно","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людям","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of людям","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассеянным","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"рассеянным","lemma":"рассеянный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies людям","gloss":"absent-minded"},{"surface":"людям","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подобно","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with случалась","gloss":"would stare"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упор","gloss":"[fixedly]"},{"surface":"упор","lemma":"упор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase в упор, modifying глядел","gloss":"point-blank"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подолгу","lemma":"подолгу","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with в упор, modifying глядел","gloss":"for a long while"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"[meanwhile]"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase между тем, modifying видел","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates видел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глядел","gloss":"would see"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b2-c1-s11","source":"Был он молчалив и несколько неловок, но бывало, — впрочем не иначе как с кем-нибудь один на один, — что он вдруг станет ужасно разговорчив, порывист, смешлив, смеясь бог знает иногда чему.","translation":"He was taciturn and a little awkward, but it would happen — never, though, except one-on-one with someone — that all at once he would grow terribly talkative, impulsive, prone to laughter, sometimes laughing God knows at what.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он вдруг станет ужасно разговорчив","title":"Perfective present-future «станет» for a typical sudden turn","body":"«Станет» is the perfective of «стать» conjugated like a present, yielding future/potential meaning — here a vivid \"gnomic\" future inside an imperfective frame «бывало» (\"it would happen that…\"), capturing a thing that characteristically suddenly occurs. The predicate adjectives «разговорчив, порывист, смешлив» are short forms."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смеясь … чему","title":"Imperfective gerund «смеясь» (laughing)","body":"«Смеясь» is the present (imperfective) деепричастие of «смеяться» — an indeclinable verb-adverb meaning \"while laughing,\" describing the manner of his talk and sharing its subject. «Чему» is the dative governed by «смеяться над»? — here the bare dative of the thing laughed at: \"laughing at God knows what.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с кем-нибудь один на один","title":"Non-specific «-нибудь»: with just anyone","body":"«Кем-нибудь» is the instrumental of «кто-нибудь», the non-specific indefinite (\"with someone, anyone at all\"), as opposed to specific «кто-то». The «-нибудь» series marks an open, unspecified referent — appropriate to a habitual \"whenever he was alone with anyone.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to молчалив","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчалив","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"молчалив","lemma":"молчаливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Был","gloss":"taciturn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неловок","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"неловок","lemma":"неловкий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with молчалив","gloss":"awkward"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter/impersonal, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, introduces the clause of станет","gloss":"it would happen"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying иначе clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates иначе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase не иначе как","gloss":"otherwise (than)"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase не иначе как, introduces с кем-нибудь","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем-нибудь","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental (part 1 of compound)","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"кто-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental (part 2 of compound)","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"[indefinite]"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of phrase один на один)","role":"part of the phrase один на один, modifies станет","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase один на один","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"adverb (part 2 of phrase один на один)","role":"part of the phrase один на один","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of станет, complement of бывало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of станет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies станет","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"станет","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"would grow"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разговорчив","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"разговорчив","lemma":"разговорчивый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"complement of станет","gloss":"talkative"},{"surface":"порывист","lemma":"порывистый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with разговорчив","gloss":"impulsive"},{"surface":"смешлив","lemma":"смешливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with разговорчив","gloss":"prone to laughter"},{"surface":"смеясь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, reflexive, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on станет","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying чему","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеясь","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеясь","gloss":"at what"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b2-c1-s12","source":"Но одушевление его столь же быстро и вдруг погасало, как быстро и вдруг нарождалось.","translation":"But his animation died down just as quickly and suddenly as it had flared up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"погасало … нарождалось","title":"Paired imperfectives «погасало / нарождалось»","body":"Both verbs are imperfective past in «-ся» middle voice — «погасало» (was dying down) and «нарождалось» (was being born, flaring up) — and the imperfective lets the clause compare two ongoing processes for their shared speed and suddenness. The correlative here is «столь же … как» ('just as … as'), where «как» introduces the second term of comparison."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"одушевление","title":"«одушевление» — animation, enlivenment","body":"«Одушевление» is a bookish abstract noun in «-ение» meaning \"animation, enthusiasm, the becoming-alive of the spirit,\" from «душа» (soul). Such «-ение/-ие» nouns give the prose its reflective, slightly elevated texture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"одушевление","lemma":"одушевление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of погасало","gloss":"his animation"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of одушевление","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies быстро","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes столь","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погасало","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погасало","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"погасало","lemma":"погасать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"died down"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause of нарождалось","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нарождалось","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with быстро","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"нарождалось","lemma":"нарождаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"comparison clause on погасало","gloss":"had flared up"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b2-c1-s13","source":"Был он одет всегда хорошо и даже изысканно: он уже имел некоторое независимое состояние и ожидал еще гораздо большего.","translation":"He was always well, even fastidiously, dressed: he already had a certain independent fortune and expected a far greater one to come.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Был он одет всегда хорошо","title":"Short passive participle «одет» + inverted «был он»","body":"«Одет» is the short past passive participle of «одеть» (\"dressed\"), forming a stative passive with «был»: \"he was dressed.\" The inversion «был он» (verb before pronoun) opens the sentence on the predicate, a characterizing rhythm Dostoevsky favors in these portrait sentences."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ожидал … гораздо большего","title":"Comparative «большего» in the genitive object","body":"«Большего» is the genitive of «больший», the suppletive comparative of «большой» (\"greater\"), intensified by «гораздо» (\"far, much\"). It stands in the genitive as the object of «ожидал» (to expect/await, which governs the genitive of an abstract awaited thing)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of одет","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of одет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"одет","lemma":"одеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одет","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изысканно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"изысканно","lemma":"изысканно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with хорошо","gloss":"fastidiously"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to одет","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of состояние","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"независимое","lemma":"независимый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состояние","gloss":"independent"},{"surface":"состояние","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"fortune"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ожидал","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with имел","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гораздо большего","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies большего","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"большего","lemma":"больший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ожидал","gloss":"a greater [fortune]"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b2-c1-s14","source":"С Алешей был приятелем.","translation":"He was a friend of Alyosha's.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С Алешей был приятелем","title":"Instrumental of company «с Алёшей» + predicate instrumental «приятелем»","body":"Two instrumentals do different jobs: «с Алёшей» is the instrumental of accompaniment after «с» (\"with Alyosha\"), while «приятелем» is the predicate instrumental after the elided «был он» — the complement of \"to be\" in the past goes in the instrumental (\"was a friend\"). The dropped subject is recoverable from context."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приятелем","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to приятелем","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"приятелем","lemma":"приятель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a friend"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b2-c1-s15","source":"В весьма ветхой, дребезжащей, но поместительной извозчичьей коляске, на паре старых сиво-розовых лошадей, сильно отстававших от коляски Миусова, подъехали и Федор Павлович с сынком своим Иваном Федоровичем.","translation":"In an exceedingly rickety, rattling, but roomy hired carriage, drawn by a pair of old roan-pink horses that lagged far behind Miusov's barouche, Fyodor Pavlovich also drove up, with his little son Ivan Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В весьма ветхой, дребезжащей, но поместительной … коляске","title":"Stacked modifiers, including the participle «дребезжащей»","body":"A long prepositional phrase front-loads the sentence with three modifiers of «коляске», all agreeing in feminine prepositional: the adjectives «ветхой», «поместительной» and the present active participle «дребезжащей» (\"rattling,\" from «дребезжать»). The participle behaves exactly like an adjective, condensing \"which rattles\" into one word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сильно отстававших от коляски","title":"Past active participle «отстававших»","body":"«Отстававших» is the past active participle of imperfective «отставать» (\"to lag behind\"), in the genitive plural to agree with «лошадей». Imperfective stem gives an ongoing past sense — horses that were continually lagging. «От коляски» is genitive after «от»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с сынком своим","title":"Diminutive «сынок» + reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«Сынок» is the affectionate diminutive of «сын» (\"little son, sonny\") — here faintly ironic of the grown, cold Ivan. «Своим» is the reflexive possessive «свой», pointing the possession back to the clause's own subject Fyodor Pavlovich (\"his own son\")."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коляске","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ветхой","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"ветхой","lemma":"ветхий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies коляске","gloss":"rickety"},{"surface":"дребезжащей","lemma":"дребезжащий","morphology":"adjective/participle, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ветхой","gloss":"rattling"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"поместительной","lemma":"поместительный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ветхой","gloss":"roomy"},{"surface":"извозчичьей","lemma":"извозчичий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies коляске","gloss":"hired (cabman's)"},{"surface":"коляске","lemma":"коляска","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подъехали","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking паре","gloss":"drawn by"},{"surface":"паре","lemma":"пара","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подъехали","gloss":"a pair"},{"surface":"старых","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лошадей","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"сиво","lemma":"сиво-розовый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural (part 1 of compound)","role":"modifies лошадей","gloss":"roan-"},{"surface":"розовых","lemma":"сиво-розовый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural (part 2 of compound)","role":"modifies лошадей","gloss":"pink"},{"surface":"лошадей","lemma":"лошадь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies паре","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отстававших","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"отстававших","lemma":"отставать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, genitive, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying лошадей","gloss":"lagging behind"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коляски","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"коляски","lemma":"коляска","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отстававших","gloss":"the barouche"},{"surface":"Миусова","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies коляски","gloss":"Miusov's"},{"surface":"подъехали","lemma":"подъехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drove up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Федор Павлович","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подъехали","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"patronymic of Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сынком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сынком","lemma":"сынок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подъехали","gloss":"little son"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сынком","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"Иваном","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сынком","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"patronymic of Иваном","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b2-c1-s16","source":"Дмитрию Федоровичу еще накануне сообщен был и час и срок, но он запоздал.","translation":"Dmitri Fyodorovich had been told the hour and the appointed time the day before, but he was late.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дмитрию Федоровичу … сообщен был","title":"Dative recipient + short passive participle","body":"«Дмитрию Фёдоровичу» is the dative of the person told (\"to Dmitri it had been communicated\"), fronted for emphasis; «сообщён был» is a short past passive participle with «был» forming the periphrastic passive. Russian readily makes the recipient the topic while keeping it dative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и час и срок","title":"Coordinating «и … и» = both… and","body":"Repeated «и … и» means \"both… and,\" coordinating «час» (the hour) and «срок» (the appointed time/term) as two communicated facts. The doubling adds emphatic completeness — he had been told everything, and still came late."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщен","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"patronymic of Дмитрию","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накануне","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"накануне","lemma":"накануне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщен","gloss":"the day before"},{"surface":"сообщен","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been told"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of сообщен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"[both]"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сообщен","gloss":"the hour"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"срок","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with час","gloss":"the appointed time"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запоздал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"запоздал","lemma":"запоздать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сообщен, main clause of contrast","gloss":"was late"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b2-c1-s17","source":"Посетители оставили экипажи у ограды, в гостинице, и вошли в монастырские ворота пешком.","translation":"The visitors left their carriages by the wall, at the hostelry, and went in through the monastery gates on foot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вошли в монастырские ворота","title":"Prefixed motion verb «войти» + accusative of destination","body":"«Вошли» is the perfective of «войти» (\"to go in, enter\"), a prefixed motion verb where the prefix «в-» supplies direction and makes the verb an ordinary perfective. «В … ворота» takes the accusative for motion-toward (the gates as destination)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Посетители","lemma":"посетитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of оставили","gloss":"the visitors"},{"surface":"оставили","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"экипажи","lemma":"экипаж","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of оставили","gloss":"their carriages"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ограды","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ограды","lemma":"ограда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставили","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостинице","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"гостинице","lemma":"гостиница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"parallel oblique complement of оставили","gloss":"the hostelry"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вошли","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with оставили","gloss":"went in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ворота","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"монастырские","lemma":"монастырский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies ворота","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"ворота","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of вошли","gloss":"gates"},{"surface":"пешком","lemma":"пешком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вошли","gloss":"on foot"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b2-c1-s18","source":"Кроме Федора Павловича, остальные трое, кажется, никогда не видали никакого монастыря, а Миусов так лет тридцать, может быть, и в церкви не был.","translation":"Apart from Fyodor Pavlovich, the other three had apparently never seen any monastery at all, and Miusov for some thirty years, perhaps, had not so much as set foot in a church.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда не видали никакого монастыря","title":"Negative concord: «никогда … не … никакого»","body":"Three negatives make one meaning: «никогда» (never), «не» on the verb, and «никакого монастыря» (not any monastery). Russian requires this negative concord — the verb keeps «не» even when ни-words are present — and the negated object «монастыря» stands in the genitive of negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лет тридцать","title":"Approximation by inversion: «лет тридцать»","body":"Putting the noun before the numeral — «лет тридцать» instead of «тридцать лет» — signals approximation: \"some thirty years, about thirty years.\" «Лет» is the genitive plural used for counting years (the suppletive plural of «год»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федора Павловича","gloss":"apart from"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Кроме","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"patronymic of Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"остальные","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies трое","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"трое","lemma":"трое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of видали","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying видали","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видали","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates видали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видали","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монастыря","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видали","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лет тридцать","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"part of the phrase лет тридцать, modifies был","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"тридцать","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective (part 1 of может быть)","role":"parenthetical modifying лет тридцать","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective (part 2 of может быть)","role":"parenthetical modifying лет тридцать","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в церкви","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церкви","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"church"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates был","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with видали","gloss":"had been"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b2-c1-s19","source":"Он озирался с некоторым любопытством не лишенным некоторой напущенной на себя развязности.","translation":"He looked about him with a certain curiosity, not without a certain casualness deliberately put on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"озирался","title":"Imperfective reflexive «озираться» (to look about)","body":"«Озирался» is the imperfective past of the «-ся» verb «озираться» (\"to look around, gaze about\"), the «-ся» giving a self-directed, middle sense. The imperfective renders the looking as an ongoing process, in keeping with the durative \"was looking about.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"напущенной на себя развязности","title":"«развязность» + «напустить на себя» (put on)","body":"«Развязность» is a slightly pejorative noun for unbuttoned, over-familiar ease of manner — \"breezy casualness, free-and-easiness.\" The idiom «напустить на себя» means to affect or assume a manner deliberately; here the participle «напущенной» marks Miusov's nonchalance as a studied pose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of озирался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"озирался","lemma":"озираться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked about"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"некоторым","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of любопытством","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of озирался","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates лишенным","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"лишенным","lemma":"лишённый","morphology":"adjective/participle, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"lacking"},{"surface":"некоторой","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of развязности","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"напущенной","lemma":"напущенный","morphology":"adjective/participle, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies развязности","gloss":"put-on"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"on(to)"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of напущенной","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"развязности","lemma":"развязность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of лишенным","gloss":"casualness"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b2-c1-s20","source":"Но для наблюдательного его ума кроме церковных и хозяйственных построек, весьма, впрочем, обыкновенных, во внутренности монастыря ничего не представлялось.","translation":"But to his observant mind nothing presented itself within the monastery beyond the church and household buildings, which were, moreover, quite ordinary.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не представлялось","title":"Impersonal «-ся» + genitive «ничего»","body":"«Представлялось» is the imperfective «-ся» middle (\"presented itself, appeared\"), used impersonally with the negated «ничего» (nothing) in the genitive — the genitive of negation for an absent subject. The whole frame is the Russian impersonal turn: nothing offered itself to his mind."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для … его ума","title":"Dative-of-interest sense via «для» + genitive","body":"«Для наблюдательного его ума» (\"to/for his observant mind\") uses «для» + genitive to mark the perceiver. Note the split word order «наблюдательного его ума», with the possessive «его» tucked between adjective and noun — a bookish, slightly archaic placement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"наблюдательного","lemma":"наблюдательный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ума","gloss":"observant"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ума","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of для","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking построек","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"церковных","lemma":"церковный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies построек","gloss":"church"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хозяйственных","lemma":"хозяйственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with церковных","gloss":"household"},{"surface":"построек","lemma":"постройка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of кроме","gloss":"buildings"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обыкновенных","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying обыкновенных","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"обыкновенных","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies построек","gloss":"ordinary"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking внутренности","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"внутренности","lemma":"внутренность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of представлялось","gloss":"the interior"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies внутренности","gloss":"of the monastery"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of представлялось","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates представлялось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"представлялось","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"presented itself"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b2-c1-s21","source":"Проходил последний народ из церкви, снимая шапки и крестясь.","translation":"The last of the people were filing out of the church, taking off their caps and crossing themselves.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"снимая шапки и крестясь","title":"Two imperfective gerunds: «снимая» and «крестясь»","body":"Both are present деепричастия sharing the subject «народ»: «снимая» (taking off, from «снимать») and «крестясь» (crossing themselves, from reflexive «креститься», with the gerund «-сь» after a vowel). They paint the simultaneous attendant actions of the departing crowd."}],"words":[{"surface":"Проходил","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was filing out"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies народ","gloss":"the last of"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Проходил","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церкви","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Проходил","gloss":"the church"},{"surface":"снимая","lemma":"снимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Проходил","gloss":"taking off"},{"surface":"шапки","lemma":"шапка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of снимая","gloss":"their caps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крестясь","lemma":"креститься","morphology":"verb, present, reflexive, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with снимая","gloss":"crossing themselves"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b2-c1-s22","source":"Между простонародьем встречались и приезжие более высшего общества, две-три дамы, один очень старый генерал, все они стояли в гостинице.","translation":"Among the common folk there were also visitors of a higher class — two or three ladies, one very old general — all of them lodging at the hostelry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"простонародье","title":"«простонародье» — the common folk","body":"«Простонародье» is a collective noun (literally \"simple-folk\") for the common people, the lower social orders. Here in the instrumental «между простонародьем» (\"among the common folk\") it is set against «приезжие более высшего общества\" — the class divide the scene keeps drawing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"более высшего общества","title":"Layered comparatives «более высшего»","body":"«Высшего» is already the comparative/elevated form of «высокий» (\"higher, upper\"); preceding it with «более» (\"more\") doubles the comparison, a slightly loose colloquial intensification: \"of a (more) higher class.\" «Общества» is genitive (\"of … society\")."}],"words":[{"surface":"Между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking простонародьем","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"простонародьем","lemma":"простонародье","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of Между","gloss":"the common folk"},{"surface":"встречались","lemma":"встречаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were to be found"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приезжие","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"приезжие","lemma":"приезжий","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of встречались","gloss":"visitors"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высшего","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"высшего","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular, comparative","role":"modifies общества","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"общества","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies приезжие","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"quantifies дамы","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies дамы","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to приезжие","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies генерал","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старый","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"старый","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies генерал","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"генерал","lemma":"генерал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to приезжие","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of они","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стояли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"стояли","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with встречались","gloss":"were staying"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостинице","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"гостинице","lemma":"гостиница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояли","gloss":"the inn"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b2-c1-s23","source":"Нищие обступили наших посетителей тотчас же, но им никто ничего не дал.","translation":"The beggars surrounded our visitors at once, but no one gave them anything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"им никто ничего не дал","title":"Triple negation + dative «им»","body":"Classic negative concord: «никто … ничего … не дал» — \"nobody gave anything,\" three negatives, one meaning. «Им» is the dative of the recipients (the beggars), fronted as topic. «Ничего» is the genitive form of «ничто», standard for the negated object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нищие","lemma":"нищий","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of обступили","gloss":"The beggars"},{"surface":"обступили","lemma":"обступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"surrounded"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of посетителей","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"посетителей","lemma":"посетитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of обступили","gloss":"visitors"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обступили","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обступили","gloss":"gave"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b2-c1-s24","source":"Только Петруша Калганов вынул из портмоне гривенник и, заторопившись и сконфузившись бог знает отчего, поскорее сунул одной бабе, быстро проговорив: «Разделить поровну»","translation":"Only little Petrusha Kalganov took a ten-copeck piece from his purse and, hurrying and growing flustered God knows why, hastily thrust it at one of the women, saying quickly: \"Divide it equally\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гривенник","title":"A гривенник (ten-copeck coin)","body":"«Гривенник» is the colloquial name for a ten-copeck coin (one tenth of a rouble). Russian has many such single-word coin names («пятак» = five copecks, «полтинник» = fifty copecks). We expand it here to \"a ten-copeck piece,\" since English has no one-word equivalent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заторопившись и сконфузившись","title":"Two perfective past gerunds in «-вшись»","body":"«Заторопившись» and «сконфузившись» are perfective past деепричастия (in «-вшись», from reflexive verbs) expressing prior, completed actions attendant on the main verb: \"having begun to hurry and grown flustered, he thrust…\" The perfective gerund marks the action as completed just before the main one."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Петруша … одной бабе","title":"Diminutive «Петруша»; «баба» for a peasant woman","body":"«Петруша» is the tender diminutive of «Пётр» (\"little Petrusha\"), matching his shy, blushing impulse. «Баба» is a plain, slightly rough word for a peasant or married woman of the lower classes — not the polite «женщина» — fixing the recipient's social world."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Петруша","gloss":"Only"},{"surface":"Петруша","lemma":"Петруша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вынул","gloss":"Petrusha"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петруша","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking портмоне","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"портмоне","lemma":"портмоне","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынул","gloss":"his purse"},{"surface":"гривенник","lemma":"гривенник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"a ten-copeck piece"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заторопившись","lemma":"заторопиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сунул","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сконфузившись","lemma":"сконфузиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with заторопившись","gloss":"growing flustered"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying сконфузившись","gloss":"knows","note":"«бог знает отчего» is a fixed idiom, \"God knows why.\""},{"surface":"отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies сунул","gloss":"hastily"},{"surface":"сунул","lemma":"сунуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынул","gloss":"thrust it"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies бабе","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"бабе","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сунул","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорив","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"проговорив","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сунул","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"Разделить","lemma":"разделить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"quoted speech, complement of проговорив","gloss":"Divide"},{"surface":"поровну","lemma":"поровну","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Разделить","gloss":"equally"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b2-c1-s25","source":"Никто ему на это ничего из его сопутников не заметил, так что нечего было ему конфузиться, но, заметив это, он еще больше сконфузился.","translation":"None of his companions made any remark about it, so there was nothing for him to be embarrassed by; but, noticing this, he grew all the more embarrassed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никто ему на это ничего … не заметил","title":"Dense negative concord with scattered constituents","body":"«Никто … ничего … не заметил» again stacks negatives for one meaning (\"no one remarked anything\"). The constituents «ему», «на это», and the partitive «из его сопутников» are strewn through the clause — free word order let by the case endings — keeping «никто» in topic position."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нечего было ему конфузиться","title":"Impersonal «нечего» + dative subject + infinitive","body":"«Нечего было ему конфузиться» is the impersonal negative construction: «нечего» (\"there is nothing to\") with the experiencer in the dative «ему» and an infinitive — \"there was nothing for him to be embarrassed about.\" «Конфузиться» is the imperfective «-ся» verb \"to be/feel embarrassed.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заметив это","title":"Perfective gerund «заметив» (having noticed)","body":"«Заметив» is the perfective past деепричастие of «заметить» — \"having noticed (this)\" — a completed action just preceding the main verb «сконфузился». The neat irony turns on aspect: noticing (perfective) triggers the further embarrassment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"No one"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of заметил","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сопутников","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сопутников","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сопутников","lemma":"сопутник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"partitive complement of Никто","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of нечего","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"pronoun, predicative (nothing-to)","role":"clausal complement of заметил","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нечего","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of конфузиться","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"конфузиться","lemma":"конфузиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"to be embarrassed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"заметив","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сконфузился","gloss":"noticing"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметив","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сконфузился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies сконфузился","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"сконфузился","lemma":"сконфузиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заметил","gloss":"grew embarrassed"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b2-c1-s26","source":"Было, однако, странно; их по-настоящему должны бы были ждать и, может быть, с некоторым даже почетом один недавно еще тысячу рублей пожертвовал, а другой был богатейшим помещиком и образованнейшим, так сказать, человеком, от которого все они тут отчасти зависели по поводу ловель рыбы в реке, вследствие оборота, какой мог принять процесс.","translation":"It was strange, however; by rights they ought to have been awaited, and perhaps even with some ceremony: one of them had not long ago donated a thousand roubles, while another was a most wealthy landowner and, so to speak, a most cultivated man, on whom they all here partly depended in the matter of fishing rights in the river, depending on the turn the lawsuit might take.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"должны бы были ждать","title":"Conditional «бы» softening obligation","body":"«Должны бы были ждать» layers the particle «бы» onto «должны были» (\"ought to have been\") to make a softened, irrealis obligation: \"by rights they ought to have awaited them.\" The «бы» turns plain duty into a counterfactual reproach — they should have, but did not."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"богатейшим … образованнейшим","title":"Bookish superlative suffix «-ейший»","body":"«Богатейшим» and «образованнейшим» are synthetic superlatives in «-ейший» (\"a most wealthy… a most cultivated\"), a bookish formation against the everyday periphrastic «самый богатый». Both stand in the instrumental as predicate complements of «был»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от которого все они … зависели","title":"Relative «который» governed by «от» + «зависеть от»","body":"The verb «зависеть» takes «от» + genitive (\"to depend on\"), so the relative «который» appears as «от которого» in the genitive, agreeing in masculine singular with its antecedent (the landowner). It opens a long subordinate clause, comma-fenced as usual."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"It was"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies странно","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of Было","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ждать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase настоящему","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"настоящему","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должны","gloss":"rights"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural, predicative","role":"main predicate (impersonal, understood subject 'they')","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"softens должны","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должны","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with должны","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking почетом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"некоторым","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of почетом","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почетом","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"почетом","lemma":"почёт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждать","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пожертвовал","gloss":"one (of them)"},{"surface":"недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожертвовал","gloss":"recently"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недавно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"тысячу","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of пожертвовал","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"пожертвовал","lemma":"пожертвовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of один, coordinated with был","gloss":"had donated"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking другой to помещиком","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"богатейшим","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies помещиком","gloss":"wealthiest"},{"surface":"помещиком","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"landowner"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"образованнейшим","lemma":"образованный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"most cultivated"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical modifying человеком","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with помещиком, predicate complement of был","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зависели","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of они","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of зависели","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зависели","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"отчасти","lemma":"отчасти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зависели","gloss":"partly"},{"surface":"зависели","lemma":"зависеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on человеком","gloss":"depended"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поводу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"поводу","lemma":"повод","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зависели","gloss":"regard"},{"surface":"ловель","lemma":"ловля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"complement of поводу","gloss":"the fishing"},{"surface":"рыбы","lemma":"рыба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ловель","gloss":"fish"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking реке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"реке","lemma":"река","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ловель","gloss":"the river"},{"surface":"вследствие","lemma":"вследствие","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оборота","gloss":"depending on"},{"surface":"оборота","lemma":"оборот","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of вследствие","gloss":"the turn"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принять (referring back to оборота)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on оборота","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"процесс","lemma":"процесс","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"the case"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b2-c1-s27","source":"И вот, однако ж, никто из официальных лиц их не встречает.","translation":"And yet, for all that, none of the official persons came out to meet them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"однако ж","title":"«однако ж» — adversative «however» plus «ж»","body":"«Однако ж» is «однако» (\"however, yet\") reinforced by the clipped particle «ж» (a form of «же»), heightening the indignant contrast: \"and yet, for all that.\" The clitic «ж/же» repeatedly carries the narrator's editorializing pressure in this passage."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто … не встречает","title":"Switch to the imperfective present «встречает»","body":"Mid-narration the verb shifts to the imperfective present tense «встречает» (\"comes out to meet\"), a vivid present that pulls the reader into the scene's ongoing slight. With «никто … не» it again forms negative concord."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies встречает","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встречает","gloss":"for all that"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes однако","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of встречает","gloss":"none"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лиц","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"официальных","lemma":"официальный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лиц","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"лиц","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"partitive complement of никто","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of встречает","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies встречает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"встречает","lemma":"встречать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"meets"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b2-c1-s28","source":"Миусов рассеянно смотрел на могильные камни около церкви и хотел было заметить, что могилки эти, должно быть, обошлись дорогонько хоронившим за право хоронить в таком «святом» месте, но промолчал: простая либеральная ирония перерождалась в нем почти что уж в гнев.","translation":"Miusov gazed absent-mindedly at the gravestones around the church and was about to remark that these little graves must have cost a pretty penny to those who buried their dead for the right to do so in such a \"holy\" spot, but he held his tongue: his simple liberal irony was turning in him into something almost like anger.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел было заметить","title":"The particle «было» of an interrupted intention","body":"«Хотел было заметить» uses the special unstressed «было» — frozen from the past of «быть» — to mark an action begun or just intended and then checked or undone: \"he was about to remark… but held his tongue.\" It is a distinctively Russian device for the act that almost happened."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обошлись дорогонько хоронившим","title":"Dative «хоронившим» (the past active participle as a noun)","body":"«Хоронившим» is the past active participle of «хоронить» (\"to bury\") used substantivally and standing in the dative plural — \"to those who buried (their dead).\" «Обойтись» + dative + a sum/adverb means \"to cost someone\"; the affectionate diminutive adverb «дорогонько» softens \"dear, pricey\" into a wry \"a pretty penny.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"либеральная ирония перерождалась … в гнев","title":"«перерождаться в» — to be reborn into / turn into","body":"«Перерождалась» (imperfective «-ся») literally means \"was being re-born,\" \"was transforming\" — «пере-» (over/again) + «рождаться» (to be born). The metaphor of rebirth, applied to Miusov's fashionable \"liberal irony\" curdling into «гнев» (anger/wrath), carries a faint theological edge in this monastery setting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"рассеянно","lemma":"рассеянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"absent-mindedly"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking камни","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"могильные","lemma":"могильный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies камни","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"камни","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церкви","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"the church"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрел","gloss":"was about"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle (unfulfilled intention)","role":"marks хотел as an abandoned intention","gloss":"about to"},{"surface":"заметить","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"remark"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обошлись","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"могилки","lemma":"могилка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of обошлись","gloss":"graves"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of могилки","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies обошлись","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"обошлись","lemma":"обойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заметить","gloss":"had cost"},{"surface":"дорогонько","lemma":"дорогонько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обошлись","gloss":"dearly"},{"surface":"хоронившим","lemma":"хоронить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, dative, imperfective","role":"indirect object of обошлись","gloss":"those who buried"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking право","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обошлись","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"хоронить","lemma":"хоронить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies право","gloss":"to bury"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking святом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of святом","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"святом","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хоронить","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"промолчал","lemma":"промолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смотрел","gloss":"held his tongue"},{"surface":"простая","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ирония","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"либеральная","lemma":"либеральный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ирония","gloss":"liberal"},{"surface":"ирония","lemma":"ирония","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of перерождалась","gloss":"irony"},{"surface":"перерождалась","lemma":"перерождаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with промолчал","gloss":"was turning"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перерождалась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гнев","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase почти","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies перерождалась","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гнев","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"гнев","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перерождалась","gloss":"anger"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b2-c1-s29","source":"— Черт, у кого здесь, однако, спросить, в этой бестолковщине… Это нужно бы решить, потому что время уходит, — промолвил он вдруг, как бы говоря про себя.","translation":"\"The devil — whom does one ask here, anyway, in this muddle… This really needs settling, because time is getting on,\" he muttered suddenly, as though speaking to himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у кого … спросить","title":"«у кого спросить» — interrogative + infinitive of deliberation","body":"«У кого спросить» pairs the interrogative «кто» (here genitive «кого» after «у») with a bare infinitive to express deliberation: \"whom is one to ask?\" The infinitive-question, often with an implied dative subject, is the Russian way of voicing \"what/whom should I…\"."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это нужно бы решить","title":"Impersonal «нужно» + «бы» softening","body":"«Нужно бы решить» is an impersonal necessity construction («нужно» + infinitive) softened by «бы» — \"this really ought to be settled.\" Such subjectless «нужно/надо» + infinitive frames are everywhere in Russian; the «бы» adds a tentative, fretting tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бестолковщине","title":"«бестолковщина» — muddle, senseless confusion","body":"«Бестолковщина» is an expressive, faintly contemptuous noun (suffix «-щина», which lumps a phenomenon into a disparaging mass) from «бестолковый» (\"muddle-headed, senseless\"). It conveys Miusov's irritated sense of disorganized chaos: \"this muddle, this senseless mess.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы говоря про себя","title":"Gerund «говоря» + reflexive «про себя»","body":"«Говоря» is the imperfective gerund of «говорить» (\"speaking\"), under the hedge «как бы» (\"as though\"). «Про себя» (\"to oneself\") uses the reflexive pronoun «себя», which points back to the subject and has no nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation heading the sentence","gloss":"The devil"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"complement of у, depends on спросить","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросить","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросить","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"impersonal infinitive clause, complement of Черт","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бестолковщине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of бестолковщине","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"бестолковщине","lemma":"бестолковщина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросить","gloss":"muddle"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нужно","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"predicative adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"needs"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"softens нужно","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"решить","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нужно","gloss":"settling"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause with что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of уходит","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"уходит","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on решить","gloss":"is getting on"},{"surface":"промолвил","lemma":"промолвить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of промолвил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies промолвил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on промолвил","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of говоря","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b2-c1-s30","source":"Вдруг подошел к ним один пожилой лысоватый господин в широком летнем пальто и с сладкими глазками.","translation":"Suddenly an elderly, balding gentleman in a loose summer overcoat, with sugary little eyes, came up to them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подошел к ним","title":"Prefixed motion «подойти» + dative after «к»","body":"«Подошёл» is the perfective of «подойти» (\"to come up to, approach\"), the prefix «под-» giving \"up to.\" It governs «к» + dative «к ним» (\"to them\") — the standard frame for approaching a person."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лысоватый … с сладкими глазками","title":"Suffix «-оват» (somewhat) and diminutive «глазки»","body":"«Лысоватый» uses «-оват-», the suffix of mitigated degree (\"somewhat balding, baldish\"). «Глазками» is the diminutive of «глаза» (\"little eyes\"), and «сладкие» (sweet/sugary) makes them cloying — Dostoevsky's expressive morphology sketches Maximov as fawning before he speaks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подошел","gloss":"Suddenly"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies господин","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"пожилой","lemma":"пожилой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies господин","gloss":"elderly"},{"surface":"лысоватый","lemma":"лысоватый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies господин","gloss":"balding"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальто","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"широком","lemma":"широкий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пальто","gloss":"loose"},{"surface":"летнем","lemma":"летний","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пальто","gloss":"summer"},{"surface":"пальто","lemma":"пальто","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies господин","gloss":"overcoat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сладкими","lemma":"сладкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазками","gloss":"sugary"},{"surface":"глазками","lemma":"глазок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with пальто","gloss":"little eyes"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b2-c1-s31","source":"Приподняв шляпу, медово присюсюкивая, отрекомендовался он всем вообще тульским помещиком Максимовым.","translation":"Lifting his hat and lisping sweetly, he introduced himself to all of them in general as Maximov, a landowner from Tula.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приподняв шляпу","title":"Perfective gerund «приподняв» (having raised)","body":"«Приподняв» is the perfective past деепричастие of «приподнять» (\"to raise a little\") — a completed action just before the main verb: \"having lifted his hat… he introduced himself.\" The chain of an opening gerund into the main clause is a hallmark of the literary narrative sentence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"медово присюсюкивая","title":"«присюсюкивая» — lisping/mincing sweetly","body":"«Присюсюкивая» is the imperfective gerund of «присюсюкивать», an onomatopoeic, faintly mocking verb for a soft, lisping, mincing way of speaking; «медово» (\"honeyedly\") doubles down on the cloying manner. The word itself, full of hissing sibilants, performs the sound it names."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отрекомендовался … тульским помещиком Максимовым","title":"Predicate instrumental after «отрекомендоваться»","body":"After the reflexive «отрекомендоваться» (\"to introduce oneself as\"), the role assumed goes in the instrumental: «тульским помещиком Максимовым» — \"as Maximov, a landowner from Tula.\" This is the instrumental of the predicate, framing an assumed identity, with all three words agreeing in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приподняв","lemma":"приподнять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отрекомендовался","gloss":"Lifting"},{"surface":"шляпу","lemma":"шляпа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Приподняв","gloss":"his hat"},{"surface":"медово","lemma":"медово","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies присюсюкивая","gloss":"sweetly"},{"surface":"присюсюкивая","lemma":"присюсюкивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Приподняв","gloss":"lisping"},{"surface":"отрекомендовался","lemma":"отрекомендоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"introduced himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрекомендовался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of отрекомендовался","gloss":"to everyone"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всем","gloss":"in general"},{"surface":"тульским","lemma":"тульский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies помещиком","gloss":"Tula"},{"surface":"помещиком","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрекомендовался","gloss":"landowner"},{"surface":"Максимовым","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to помещиком","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b2-c1-s32","source":"Он мигом вошел в заботу наших путников.","translation":"He entered at once into our travelers' difficulty.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вошел в заботу","title":"«войти в заботу» — to enter into someone's concern","body":"«Вошёл в заботу наших путников» is an idiomatic \"entered into our travelers' difficulty/concern\" — i.e. busied himself helpfully with their problem. «Путники» (wayfarers, travelers) is a slightly elevated, almost storybook word, gently coloring the narrator's amused tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заботу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"заботу","lemma":"забота","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"the trouble"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of путников","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"путников","lemma":"путник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies заботу","gloss":"travelers'"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b2-c1-s33","source":"— Старец Зосима живет в скиту, в скиту наглухо, шагов четыреста от монастыря, через лесок, через лесок…","translation":"\"The elder Zossima lives in the hermitage, shut away in the hermitage, some four hundred paces from the monastery, through the little wood, through the little wood…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"шагов четыреста","title":"Approximation by inversion: «шагов четыреста»","body":"Noun-before-numeral «шагов четыреста» (rather than «четыреста шагов») again marks approximation — \"some four hundred paces.\" «Шагов» is the genitive plural governed by the large numeral."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лесок","title":"Diminutive «лесок» (little wood)","body":"«Лесок» is the diminutive of «лес» (\"a little wood, copse\"), and Maximov's giddy repetition «через лесок, через лесок» catches his breathless, ingratiating manner. The diminutive makes the path sound small and homely."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of живет","gloss":"The elder"},{"surface":"Зосима","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Старец","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"живет","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скиту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"скиту","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of живет","gloss":"the hermitage"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скиту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"скиту","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with скиту","gloss":"the hermitage"},{"surface":"наглухо","lemma":"наглухо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies живет","gloss":"shut away"},{"surface":"шагов","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"quantified by четыреста","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"четыреста","lemma":"четыреста","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter","role":"modifies живет (measure phrase)","gloss":"four hundred"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of от","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лесок","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"лесок","lemma":"лесок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with скиту (path phrase)","gloss":"the little wood"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лесок","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"лесок","lemma":"лесок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"repeated for emphasis","gloss":"the little wood"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b2-c1-s34","source":"— Это и я знаю-с, что через лесок, — ответил ему Федор Павлович, — да дорогу-то мы не совсем помним, давно не бывали.","translation":"\"That much I know myself, sir, that it's through the little wood,\" Fyodor Pavlovich answered him, \"but we don't quite remember the way — it's been a long time since we were here.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"-с (знаю-с)","title":"The deferential particle -с","body":"The little «-с» tacked onto «знаю» (\"I know, sir\") is the slovoers, a clitic contracted from «сударь» (\"sir\"). Added to words it signals deference, politeness, or sometimes ironic obsequiousness. It has no English equivalent — we suggest it here with \"sir\"; in Dostoevsky it richly colors a speaker's social tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дорогу-то","title":"The emphatic topic clitic «-то»","body":"Hyphenated «-то» on «дорогу» is the topic-emphasis clitic, distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то»: it foregrounds \"the way\" as the known thing now in question — \"but the way, that we don't quite remember.\" It is colloquial and very characteristic of Fyodor Pavlovich's chatty register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"давно не бывали","title":"Iterative «бывать» in the imperfective","body":"«Бывали» is the past of «бывать», the iterative/habitual counterpart of «быть» (\"to be repeatedly, to frequent\"). With «давно … не» it means \"we haven't been (here) in a long time\" — the imperfective fitting the open, repeated non-visiting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (archaic deferential suffix, \"sir\")","role":"attaches to знаю","gloss":"sir","note":"Archaic enclitic \"-с\" (from сударь, \"sir\") added for deferential politeness; not a separate word in speech."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ответил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лесок","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"лесок","lemma":"лесок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаю","gloss":"the little wood"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ответил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помним","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of помним","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"emphasizes дорогу","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of помним","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помним","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"помним","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ответил","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывали","gloss":"a long time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бывали","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with помним","gloss":"been"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b2-c1-s35","source":"— А вот в эти врата, и прямо леском… леском.","translation":"\"In through these gates here, and straight on through the little wood… the little wood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"врата","title":"«врата» — the Church-Slavonic doublet of «ворота»","body":"«Врата» is the elevated, Church-Slavonic non-pleophonic doublet of plain «ворота» (\"gates\"); compare «град/город», «глас/голос». Here, of a monastery's gates, the solemn form quietly sacralizes the threshold the visitors are crossing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"леском","title":"Instrumental of route: «леском»","body":"«Леском» (the diminutive «лесок» in the instrumental) expresses the path taken — the \"instrumental of route\": \"go straight through/by the little wood.\" Russian uses a bare instrumental for the way one travels (cf. «идти лесом, полем»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies врата","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking врата","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of врата","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"врата","lemma":"врата","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"complement of в","gloss":"gates"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies леском","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"леском","lemma":"лесок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"path phrase, coordinated with в эти врата","gloss":"through the little wood"},{"surface":"леском","lemma":"лесок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with леском","gloss":"through the little wood"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b2-c1-s36","source":"Пойдемте.","translation":"Come along.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пойдемте","title":"First-person plural imperative «пойдёмте»","body":"«Пойдёмте» is the hortative \"let's go\": the perfective future first-person plural «пойдём» plus the polite/plural «-те». Russian forms \"let us…\" either this way or with «давай(те)» + future/infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пойдемте","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, imperative, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Let's go"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b2-c1-s37","source":"Не угодно ли… мне самому… я сам… Вот сюда, сюда…","translation":"Would you allow me… myself… I myself… This way, this way…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не угодно ли","title":"Polite formula «не угодно ли» with «ли»","body":"«Не угодно ли (вам)…» is a courtly, deferential offer — \"would you be so good as to…, might it please you to…\" — built on the impersonal «угодно» (pleasing) + the dative addressee + the interrogative particle «ли». Maximov's mincing politeness shows in this archaic-polite turn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне самому… я сам","title":"The intensifier «сам» (myself)","body":"«Сам» is the intensifier \"oneself, in person\": «мне самому» is the dative (\"to me myself\") agreeing with the elided dative of the polite offer, and «я сам» the nominative (\"I myself\"). His broken, repeated «сам» conveys flustered eagerness to escort them personally."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Не угодно ли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the phrase","gloss":"be pleased"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle (question)","role":"modifies угодно","gloss":"perhaps","note":"«Не угодно ли...» is a polite formula, \"Would you care to...\""},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of угодно","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сюда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with сюда","gloss":"this way"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b2-c1-s38","source":"Они вышли из врат и направились лесом.","translation":"They went out through the gates and set off through the wood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вышли из врат … направились лесом","title":"Prefixed motion + genitive «из», then instrumental of route","body":"«Вышли» (perfective «выйти», prefix «вы-» = out) governs «из» + genitive «из врат» (\"out of the gates\"). «Направились» is the reflexive perfective \"set off,\" and «лесом» is again the bare instrumental of route — \"through the wood.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вышли","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"вышли","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking врат","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"врат","lemma":"врата","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural (pluralia tantum)","role":"oblique complement of вышли","gloss":"the gates"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"направились","lemma":"направиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with вышли","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"лесом","lemma":"лес","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направились","gloss":"through the wood"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b2-c1-s39","source":"Помещик Максимов, человек лет шестидесяти, не то что шел, а, лучше сказать, почти бежал сбоку, рассматривая их всех с судорожным, невозможным почти любопытством.","translation":"The landowner Maximov, a man of about sixty, did not so much walk as — better put — almost run alongside, scrutinizing them all with a twitching, almost impossible curiosity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то что шел, а … почти бежал","title":"Correlative «не то что… а» (not so much… as)","body":"«Не то что шёл, а … почти бежал» is the correlative \"not so much walked as almost ran,\" with the contrastive «а» pivoting between the rejected and the truer description. Both verbs are imperfective past, viewing the gait as an ongoing process."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассматривая их всех","title":"Imperfective gerund «рассматривая» (scrutinizing)","body":"«Рассматривая» is the present gerund of «рассматривать» (\"to scrutinize, examine\"), describing the manner accompanying his near-running and sharing its subject. «Их всех» is the accusative direct object (\"them all\")."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"человек лет шестидесяти","title":"Approximate age in the genitive: «лет шестидесяти»","body":"\"A man of about sixty\" is rendered with the noun-before-numeral approximation «лет шестидесяти», the whole phrase in the genitive describing «человек» (a man «of» some sixty years). «Лет» is the counting-genitive plural of «год»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помещик","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шел","gloss":"The landowner"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Помещик","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Помещик","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies человек (age)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"шестидесяти","lemma":"шестьдесят","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"sixty"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the не то что...а construction, modifies шел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlates with а in the не то что...а construction","gloss":"so much","note":"'не то что X, а Y' is an idiom meaning 'not so much X as Y'."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause with шел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the не то что clause","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause 'лучше сказать'","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бежал","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"бежал","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with шел","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"сбоку","lemma":"сбоку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бежал","gloss":"alongside"},{"surface":"рассматривая","lemma":"рассматривать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бежал","gloss":"scrutinizing"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of рассматривая","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with их, direct object of рассматривая","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"судорожным","lemma":"судорожный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"twitching"},{"surface":"невозможным","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with судорожным","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невозможным","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассматривая","gloss":"curiosity"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b2-c1-s40","source":"В глазах его было что-то лупоглазое.","translation":"There was something goggle-eyed in his eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то лупоглазое","title":"Indefinite «что-то» + neuter adjective","body":"«Что-то лупоглазое» is the specific-but-unidentified indefinite «что-то» (\"something\") with a neuter adjective agreeing with it — \"something goggle-eyed.\" «Лупоглазый» (pop-eyed, bug-eyed) is an expressive colloquial compound from «лупить глаза» (to goggle)."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глазах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential 'there was')","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"first half of что-то, subject of было","gloss":"something","note":"что-то ('something') is one indefinite pronoun split into two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"second half of что-то, combines with что as subject of было","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"лупоглазое","lemma":"лупоглазый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective modifying что-то","gloss":"goggle-eyed"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b2-c1-s41","source":"— Видите ли, мы к этому старцу по своему делу, — заметил строго Миусов, — мы, так сказать, получили аудиенцию «у сего лица», а потому хоть и благодарны вам за дорогу, но вас уж не попросим входить вместе.","translation":"\"You see, we are going to this elder on business of our own,\" Miusov observed sternly, \"we have, so to speak, been granted an audience 'with the said personage,' and so, although we are grateful to you for showing us the way, we will not ask you to go in with us.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Видите ли","title":"«видите ли» — \"you see\" with particle «ли»","body":"«Видите ли» is a softening conversational opener (\"you see, you understand\"), built on the polite imperative/present «видите» plus the particle «ли». It frames Miusov's pointedly cool dismissal with surface courtesy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть … но","title":"Concessive «хоть… но» (although… yet)","body":"«Хоть (и) благодарны вам… но вас уж не попросим» pairs concessive «хоть(и)» (\"although\") with adversative «но» (\"yet\"): a balanced although-but structure. «Благодарны» is a short predicate adjective; «попросим» the perfective future \"we will (not) ask.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of 'Видите ли' (you see)","gloss":"You see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Видите, forms the idiom 'видите ли'","gloss":"indeed","note":"'видите ли' is a discourse idiom meaning 'you see'."},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the clause (implied verb of motion)","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старцу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"старцу","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"goal of the clause, governed by к","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of делу","gloss":"our own"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of по, adjunct of the clause","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical quotative clause","gloss":"observed"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"sternly"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of получили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause 'так сказать'","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"получили","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"аудиенцию","lemma":"аудиенция","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of получили","gloss":"an audience"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лица","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сие","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лица","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of получили","gloss":"personage"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благодарны","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благодарны","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies благодарны","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"благодарны","lemma":"благодарный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate of the concessive clause","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of благодарны","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дорогу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of благодарны","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of попросим","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies попросим","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies попросим","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"попросим","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"will ask"},{"surface":"входить","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of попросим","gloss":"to go in"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies входить","gloss":"together"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b2-c1-s42","source":"— Я был, был, я уже был… Un chevalier parfait! — и помещик пустил на воздух щелчок пальцем","translation":"\"I've been, I've been, I've already been… Un chevalier parfait!\" — and the landowner snapped his fingers in the air","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был, был, я уже был","title":"Imperfective «быть» of bare experience","body":"Maximov's stammering «был, был, я уже был» uses imperfective «быть» in the past for plain \"I have been (there),\" the imperfective stating the bare fact of an experience having occurred at least once — the natural aspect for \"I've been.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Un","lemma":"un","morphology":"word (French)","role":"determiner of chevalier (French phrase)","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"chevalier","lemma":"chevalier","morphology":"word (French)","role":"head of the French exclamation","gloss":"knight"},{"surface":"parfait","lemma":"parfait","morphology":"word (French)","role":"modifies chevalier","gloss":"perfect"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помещик","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пустил","gloss":"the landowner"},{"surface":"пустил","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воздух","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"воздух","lemma":"воздух","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустил","gloss":"the air"},{"surface":"щелчок","lemma":"щелчок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пустил","gloss":"a snap"},{"surface":"пальцем","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies щелчок (means)","gloss":"with his finger"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b2-c1-s43","source":"— Кто это chevalier? — спросил Миусов.","translation":"\"Who is this chevalier?\" Miusov asked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто это chevalier?","title":"Interrogative «кто» + presentative «это»","body":"«Кто это…?» (\"who is this…?\") combines the interrogative «кто» (which always takes masculine agreement and has no gender) with the invariable presentative «это» — the standard frame for \"who/what is this?\" Note the zero copula: no \"is\" is spoken."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicate nominal, asks the identity of chevalier","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle, demonstrative copula","role":"links Кто and chevalier","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"chevalier","lemma":"chevalier","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"chevalier"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"quotative clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Miusov"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b2-c1-s44","source":"— Старец, великолепный старец, старец.","translation":"\"The elder, the magnificent elder, the elder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"великолепный старец","title":"«великолепный» — magnificent, splendid","body":"«Великолепный» (\"magnificent, splendid,\" literally \"great-glorious\") is gushing praise; Maximov's threefold repetition «старец… старец… старец» mimics his breathless, fawning enthusiasm. The word's grandeur sits oddly applied to an ascetic monk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"The elder"},{"surface":"великолепный","lemma":"великолепный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старец","gloss":"magnificent"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Старец","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Старец","gloss":"elder"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b2-c1-s45","source":"Честь и слава монастырю Зосима.","translation":"The honor and glory of the monastery — Zossima.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Честь и слава монастырю","title":"Dative of beneficiary: «монастырю»","body":"«Честь и слава монастырю» — \"honor and glory to the monastery\" — uses the dative «монастырю» for the one to whom honor accrues, in a verbless exclamatory blessing. The construction is faintly liturgical, echoing church acclamations."}],"words":[{"surface":"Честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Honor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слава","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Честь","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"монастырю","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"recipient of Честь и слава","gloss":"to the monastery"},{"surface":"Зосима","lemma":"зосима","morphology":"proper noun, indeclinable, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to монастырю","gloss":"of Zosima"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b2-c1-s46","source":"Это такой старец…","translation":"Such an elder he is…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это такой старец…","title":"Exclamatory «такой» (such a…)","body":"«Такой» here is the exclamatory intensifier \"such a (one), so very much a…\", left trailing off — \"such an elder he is…\". It agrees like an adjective and leans on intonation to do the rest, a hallmark of excited spoken Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of старец","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старец","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"an elder"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b2-c1-s47","source":"Но беспорядочную речь его перебил догнавший путников монашек, в клобуке, невысокого росту, очень бледный и испитой.","translation":"But his disjointed speech was cut short by a little monk who had caught up with the travelers — in a cowl, of no great height, very pale and gaunt.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"догнавший путников монашек","title":"Past active participle «догнавший» before its noun","body":"«Догнавший путников» is the perfective past active participle of «догнать» (\"to catch up with\"), with its own accusative object «путников», placed attributively before «монашек» — \"a little monk who had caught up with the travelers.\" The participial phrase compresses a который-clause, typical literary economy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"монашек … в клобуке","title":"Diminutive «монашек»; the «клобук» (cowl)","body":"«Монашек» is the diminutive of «монах» (\"a little monk\"), faintly affectionate and stressing his smallness, reinforced by «невысокого росту, бледный и испитой.\" The «клобук» is the tall cylindrical Orthodox monastic head-covering with a veil — a precise marker of his order and rank."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"невысокого росту","title":"Genitive of description «невысокого росту»","body":"«Невысокого росту» (\"of no great height\") is a genitive of description, with «росту» showing the old partitive/genitive «-у» ending of «рост» beside the modern «роста» — a slightly archaic flavor. The whole phrase characterizes the monk like an apposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"беспорядочную","lemma":"беспорядочный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies речь","gloss":"disjointed"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of перебил","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies речь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"перебил","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cut short"},{"surface":"догнавший","lemma":"догнать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participle modifying монашек ('who had caught up')","gloss":"who had caught up with"},{"surface":"путников","lemma":"путник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of догнавший","gloss":"the travelers"},{"surface":"монашек","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебил","gloss":"a little monk"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking клобуке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"клобуке","lemma":"клобук","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монашек (descriptive phrase)","gloss":"a cowl"},{"surface":"невысокого","lemma":"невысокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies росту","gloss":"not great"},{"surface":"росту","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive of characteristic modifying монашек","gloss":"height"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бледный","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"бледный","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монашек, coordinated with испитой","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"испитой","lemma":"испитой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бледный, modifies монашек","gloss":"gaunt"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b2-c1-s48","source":"Федор Павлович и Миусов остановились.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovich and Miusov stopped.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"остановились","title":"Perfective change-of-state «остановиться»","body":"«Остановились» is the perfective past of the reflexive «остановиться» (\"to stop, come to a halt\"), the «-ся» marking an intransitive change of state. The perfective records the single completed event of their halting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановились","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Федор","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"остановились","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b2-c1-s49","source":"Монах с чрезвычайно вежливым, почти поясным поклоном произнес:","translation":"With an exceedingly polite, almost waist-deep bow, the monk pronounced:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"произнес","title":"«произнести» — to utter, pronounce","body":"«Произнёс» (perfective «произнести») is a more formal, weighted verb than plain «сказал» — \"pronounced, uttered\" — fitting the monk's ceremonious delivery of the abbot's invitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Монах","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"The monk"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поклоном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вежливым","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"вежливым","lemma":"вежливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклоном","gloss":"polite"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поясным","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"поясным","lemma":"поясной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклоном","gloss":"waist-deep"},{"surface":"поклоном","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнес (means)","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pronounced"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b2-c1-s50","source":"— Отец игумен, после посещения вашего в ските покорнейше просит вас всех, господа, у него откушать.","translation":"\"The Father Superior most humbly begs you all, gentlemen, after your visit to the hermitage, to dine with him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"покорнейше просит","title":"Superlative adverb «покорнейше» (most humbly)","body":"«Покорнейше» is the bookish superlative adverb in «-ейше» from «покорный» (\"humble, submissive\") — \"most humbly begs.\" Such «-ейше» adverbs belong to elevated, ceremonious speech, exactly suiting a monastic invitation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"откушать","title":"«откушать» — to dine (deferential archaism)","body":"«Откушать» is a courteous, old-fashioned verb for \"to eat, to dine\" (the prefixed perfective of «кушать»), used in polite invitations — \"to partake of a meal.\" It carries an obliging, ceremonious tone now archaic, perfectly in register for the monk's errand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of просит","gloss":"The Father"},{"surface":"игумен","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Отец","gloss":"Superior"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking посещения","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"посещения","lemma":"посещение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of просит (via после)","gloss":"the visit"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of посещения","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ските","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ските","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посещения (via в)","gloss":"the hermitage"},{"surface":"покорнейше","lemma":"покорнейше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просит","gloss":"most humbly"},{"surface":"просит","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asks"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of просит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with вас, direct object of просит","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to вас всех (address)","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of откушать","gloss":"his place"},{"surface":"откушать","lemma":"откушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with просит","gloss":"to dine"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b2-c1-s51","source":"У него в час, не позже.","translation":"At his place at one o'clock, no later.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в час, не позже","title":"Time «в час» (accusative) + comparative «позже»","body":"«В час» — \"at one o'clock\" — uses «в» + accusative for clock time. «Позже» is the predicative comparative of «поздно/поздний» (\"later\"); «не позже» means \"no later.\" The comparative here is the invariable adverbial form."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"his place"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в (time)","gloss":"one o'clock"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позже","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"позже","lemma":"поздний","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"elliptical clause, modifies the implied time","gloss":"later"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b2-c1-s52","source":"И вас также, — обратился он к Максимову.","translation":"And you also,\" he said, turning to Maximov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обратился он к Максимову","title":"Reflexive «обратиться к» + dative","body":"«Обратился» (perfective «обратиться», \"to turn to, address\") is a «-ся» verb governing «к» + dative — «к Максимову» (\"turning to Maximov\"). The same frame recurs at the chapter's close; it is the standard way Russian marks a shift of addressee in dialogue tags."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"object of the elliptical clause ('I invite you too')","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"также","lemma":"также","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical clause","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Максимову","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Максимову","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b2-c1-s53","source":"— Это я непременно исполню! — вскричал Федор Павлович, ужасно обрадовавшись приглашению, — непременно.","translation":"\"That I shall certainly do!\" cried Fyodor Pavlovich, terribly delighted by the invitation, \"certainly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это я непременно исполню!","title":"Perfective future «исполню» fronting «это»","body":"«Исполню» is the perfective simple future of «исполнить» (\"I will carry out, do [it completely]\") — the perfective present-form yielding completed future meaning. Fronting the object «это» gives the emphatic \"That I shall certainly do!\", placing the topic first and the new commitment last."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ужасно обрадовавшись приглашению","title":"Perfective gerund «обрадовавшись» + dative object","body":"«Обрадовавшись» is the perfective past gerund of reflexive «обрадоваться» (\"to be delighted, rejoice at\"), describing Fyodor Pavlovich's state as he cries out. The verb governs the dative «приглашению» (\"delighted at the invitation\"). «Ужасно» (\"terribly\") is his characteristic hyperbole."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of исполню (fronted)","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of исполню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исполню","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"исполню","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will do"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"quotative clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обрадовавшись","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"обрадовавшись","lemma":"обрадоваться","morphology":"verb, past, reflexive, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскричал","gloss":"delighted"},{"surface":"приглашению","lemma":"приглашение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of обрадовавшись","gloss":"by the invitation"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"standalone exclamation, repeats непременно","gloss":"certainly"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b2-c1-s54","source":"И знаете, мы все дали слово вести себя здесь порядочно… А вы, Петр Александрович, пожалуете?","translation":"And you know, we have all given our word to behave ourselves properly here… And you, Pyotr Alexandrovich, will you come?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дали слово вести себя","title":"Idiom «дать слово» + reflexive «себя»","body":"«Дали слово» (\"gave (our) word, promised\") is followed by the infinitive «вести себя» (\"to behave, conduct oneself\"), where «себя» is the reflexive object pronoun pointing back to the subject. The promise to behave \"properly\" is dramatic irony — the scene exists to be wrecked."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пожалуете?","title":"Polite «пожаловать» as future, with «вы»","body":"«Пожалуете?» is the perfective future of «пожаловать» used courteously — \"will you (be so good as to) come?\" — addressed with the polite «вы» (here in the full name+patronymic «Пётр Александрович»). The same elevated verb that opened the chapter ironically («не пожаловали») recurs, now sincerely polite."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"дали","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дали","gloss":"our word"},{"surface":"вести","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of дали","gloss":"to conduct"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of вести","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вести (location)","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"порядочно","lemma":"порядочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вести (manner)","gloss":"properly"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пожалуете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"пожалуете","lemma":"пожаловать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you come"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b2-c1-s55","source":"— Да еще же бы нет?","translation":"\"Why ever should I not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да еще же бы нет?","title":"A pile-up of particles: «да… же… бы»","body":"Miusov's retort heaps up modal particles for an emphatic rhetorical \"why ever should I not?\": «да» (here an emphatic opener, not \"yes\"), «же» (insistent emphasis), and «бы» (the irrealis tinge). Such particle clusters are the very texture of Dostoevsky's spoken Russian, where attitude lives in tiny untranslatable words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"opens the rhetorical question","gloss":"Why","note":"'Да еще же бы нет?' is an idiomatic rhetorical question, rendered 'Why ever should I not?'."},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative predicative","role":"main predicate of the rhetorical question","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b2-c1-s56","source":"Да я зачем же сюда и приехал. как не видеть все их здешние обычаи.","translation":"What did I come here for, after all, if not to see all their customs of the place.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зачем же сюда и приехал","title":"«зачем же… и» — rhetorical \"what for, after all\"","body":"«Зачем же … и приехал» is a rhetorical question — \"what on earth did I even come here for?\" — with «же» adding indignant emphasis and «и» (\"even, at all\") intensifying. «Приехал» is the perfective past of arrival. The question implies its own answer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как не видеть","title":"«как не…» + infinitive = \"how could I not…\"","body":"«Как не видеть» is the rhetorical \"how (could one) not see\" — the infinitive with «как не» asserting the obvious purpose. «Все их здешние обычаи» is the accusative plural object (\"all their local customs\")."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зачем","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приехал (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did I come"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces видеть clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видеть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive clause, complement of приехал (purpose)","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of обычаи","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of обычаи","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"здешние","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies обычаи","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"обычаи","lemma":"обычай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"customs"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b2-c1-s57","source":"Я одним только затрудняюсь, именно тем, что я теперь с вами, Федор Павлович…","translation":"There is only one thing I find awkward, namely that I am at present in your company, Fyodor Pavlovich…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я одним только затрудняюсь","title":"Reflexive «затрудняться» + instrumental «одним»","body":"«Затрудняюсь» (reflexive «-ся», \"I am troubled/find difficult\") governs the instrumental of the thing that troubles: «одним только» (\"by one thing only\"), picked up by «именно тем, что…» (\"namely by the fact that…\"). The instrumental of cause/respect is typical of this verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем, что я … с вами","title":"Correlative «тем, что» introducing the cause","body":"«Тем, что…» is the instrumental of the correlative «то» plus the conjunction «что», pointing forward to the trouble: \"namely [by] the fact that I am at present in your company.\" Such «то, что» correlatives let Russian nominalize a whole clause and slot it into a case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of затрудняюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of затрудняюсь","gloss":"by one thing"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одним","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"затрудняюсь","lemma":"затрудняться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am troubled"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of затрудняюсь, correlate of что","gloss":"by the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause correlating with тем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause ('I am with you')","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of the elliptical clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b2-c1-s58","source":"— Да, Дмитрия Федоровича еще не существует.","translation":"\"Yes — Dmitri Fyodorovich does not yet exist.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дмитрия Федоровича еще не существует","title":"Genitive of negated existence «Дмитрия Фёдоровича»","body":"With negated «не существует» the logical subject goes obligatorily into the genitive: «Дмитрия Фёдоровича … не существует» — \"Dmitri Fyodorovich does not (yet) exist.\" This is the genitive of negation governing an absent subject, here Fyodor Pavlovich's cruel joke that the late Dmitri might as well not be born."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to существует","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of существует (genitive of negation)","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies существует","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies существует","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"существует","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exists"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b2-c1-s59","source":"— Да и отлично бы было, если б он манкировал, мне приятно, что ли, вся эта ваша мазня, да еще с вами на придачу?","translation":"\"And it would be just as well if he failed to turn up — do you suppose I find it pleasant, all this mess of yours, and you on top of it into the bargain?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отлично бы было, если б он манкировал","title":"Conditional «бы… если б» (would be… if he failed to come)","body":"Both halves carry the irrealis particle: «отлично бы было» (\"it would be excellent\") and «если б он манкировал» (\"if he failed to turn up\"), with «если б» the clipped «если бы» and a past-form verb. This is the standard counterfactual conditional — past-tense verb plus «бы» in each clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"манкировал … мазня","title":"Gallicism «манкировать»; slangy «мазня»","body":"«Манкировать» (from French manquer) is a gentry Gallicism for \"to fail to appear, to neglect, to play truant\" — fashionable borrowed slang. «Мазня» (literally \"a daub, smear,\" from «мазать») is contemptuous for a messy botched affair: Miusov sneers at \"all this mess of yours.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ли","title":"The dubitative tag «что ли»","body":"«Что ли» is a colloquial particle tag of doubt or rhetorical incredulity (\"do you suppose…?, or what?\"), built on the interrogative «что» + «ли». Here «мне приятно, что ли…?» throws scorn on the idea that he could be enjoying himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"opens the sentence","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отлично","lemma":"отлично","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of было","gloss":"just as well"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"modifies манкировал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of манкировал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"манкировал","lemma":"манкировать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если clause (conditional protasis)","gloss":"skipped it"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of приятно","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"приятно","lemma":"приятный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, short form, singular","role":"predicate of the rhetorical question","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the tag question 'что ли'","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with что as a tag question","gloss":"what","note":"'что ли' is a colloquial tag meaning roughly 'or what', 'I suppose'."},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мазня","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мазня","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ваша","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мазня","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мазня","lemma":"мазня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"topic, referent of приятно","gloss":"mess"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause","gloss":"what's more"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with мазня","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking придачу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"придачу","lemma":"придача","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase, modifies the whole clause ('into the bargain')","gloss":"the bargain"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b2-c1-s60","source":"Так к обеду будем, поблагодарите отца игумена, — обратился он к монашку.","translation":"So we'll come to dinner — thank the Father Superior,\" he said, turning to the little monk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к обеду будем","title":"Compound future «будем» (we will be there)","body":"«Будем» here is the conjugated future of «быть» standing alone (\"we will be (there) for dinner\"), the same form that builds the imperfective compound future. «К обеду» is «к» + dative for \"by/for dinner.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поблагодарите отца игумена","title":"Polite imperative «поблагодарите» + animate accusative","body":"«Поблагодарите» is the perfective imperative (\"thank, give thanks to\") with the polite/plural «-те». Its object «отца игумена» shows the animate accusative borrowing the genitive form («отца», not «отец») — how Russian keeps animate object distinct."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будем","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обеду","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"обеду","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of будем","gloss":"dinner"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause (elliptical: we'll come)","gloss":"we'll come"},{"surface":"поблагодарите","lemma":"поблагодарить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"thank"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поблагодарите","gloss":"the Father"},{"surface":"игумена","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"Superior"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"quotative clause","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монашку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"монашку","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"the little monk"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b2-c1-s61","source":"— Нет, уж я вас обязан руководить к самому старцу, — ответил монах.","translation":"\"No, it is my duty to conduct you to the elder himself,\" the monk replied.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж я вас обязан","title":"The particle «уж» and short predicate «обязан»","body":"«Уж» here is an insistent, slightly resigned particle ('I really am bound to…'), softening the refusal. «Обязан» is a short-form adjective/participle used predicatively with an infinitive — 'am obliged to' — the bookish short form that can only stand as a predicate."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старцу","title":"«старец» — the elder","body":"Not merely an 'old man' but a «старец», the spiritual elder of Orthodox monasticism — a monk of recognized holiness to whom others submit their souls in obedience. The whole scene turns on the gravity of being conducted to him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"opens the sentence","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обязан","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обязан","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"object of руководить (fronted)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обязан","lemma":"обязанный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, main verb equivalent of the sentence","gloss":"am obliged"},{"surface":"руководить","lemma":"руководить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of обязан","gloss":"to guide"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старцу","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"старцу","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of руководить","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"quotative clause","gloss":"replied"},{"surface":"монах","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"the monk"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b2-c1-s62","source":"— А я, коль так, к отцу игумену, я тем временем прямо к отцу игумену, — защебетал помещик Максимов.","translation":"\"And I, if that's how it is, will go to the Father Superior — in the meantime I'll go straight to the Father Superior,\" twittered the landowner Maximov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коль так","title":"«коль» — archaic 'if'","body":"«Коль» (от «коли») is a folksy, archaic conditional conjunction equal to «если» ('if'). It marks Maximov's speech as a touch old-fashioned and provincial, fitting the fussy little landowner."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"защебетал","title":"«защебетал» — twittered","body":"Literally 'began to twitter/chirp' (of birds), the prefix «за-» marking the onset of the action. Applied to a man it is vividly belittling — Maximov chatters like a small bird — and Dostoevsky chooses it to make the landowner faintly ridiculous."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (\"will go\")","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause with так","gloss":"if","note":"Archaic/folksy for \"если\" (if)."},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the small clause introduced by коль (\"коль так\" = \"if that's how it is\")","gloss":"that's how it is"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the title phrase, object of к","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"игумену","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отцу","gloss":"Superior"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (\"will go\")","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of временем (idiom тем временем)","gloss":"in the","note":"\"Тем временем\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"meanwhile.\""},{"surface":"временем","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of the elided verb (idiom \"тем временем\" = meanwhile)","gloss":"meantime"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb (\"will go\")","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the title phrase, object of к","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"игумену","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отцу","gloss":"Superior"},{"surface":"защебетал","lemma":"защебетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"twittered"},{"surface":"помещик","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of защебетал","gloss":"landowner"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to помещик","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b2-c1-s63","source":"— Отец игумен в настоящий час занят, но как вам будет угодно… — нерешительно произнес монах.","translation":"\"The Father Superior is occupied at the present hour, but as you please…\" the monk pronounced irresolutely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как вам будет угодно","title":"«как вам будет угодно» — impersonal politeness","body":"A frozen polite formula, 'as you please / as it will be agreeable to you.' It is a dative-experiencer construction: «вам» (to you) is dative, «угодно» an invariable predicate, with no nominative subject — the deferential idiom Russian builds impersonally."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нерешительно","title":"«нерешительно» — irresolutely","body":"An adverb from «нерешительный» ('indecisive'), itself negation «не-» + «решительный» ('resolute'). The monk speaks haltingly, caught between the rule and the guests' will."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the title phrase, subject of занят","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"игумен","lemma":"игумен","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Отец","gloss":"Superior"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"настоящий","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial of time with занят","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"занят","lemma":"занятый","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"occupied"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of угодно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"experiencer of угодно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to угодно","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодный","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the subordinate clause introduced by как","gloss":"pleasing"},{"surface":"нерешительно","lemma":"нерешительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"irresolutely"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the quotation","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"монах","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"monk"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b2-c1-s64","source":"— Преназойливый старичишка, — заметил вслух Миусов, когда помещик Максимов побежал обратно к монастырю.","translation":"\"A most importunate little old man,\" Miusov remarked aloud, when the landowner Maximov had run back toward the monastery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Преназойливый старичишка","title":"«пре-» intensifier + the contemptuous «-ишк-»","body":"Two expressive morphemes pile on at once. The prefix «пре-» intensifies («назойливый» importunate → 'most importunate'), while «старичишка» fits «старик» with the pejorative suffix «-ишк-», a contemptuous 'wretched little old man.' Miusov's disdain is built into the morphology."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда помещик Максимов побежал обратно","title":"Perfective past «побежал» — a single completed dart","body":"«Побежал» is perfective ('set off running, ran back'), the prefix «по-» marking the inception of a single, bounded action. Against the imperfective background it moves the narrative one step: Maximov scuttles off and the moment is over."}],"words":[{"surface":"Преназойливый","lemma":"преназойливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старичишка","gloss":"most importunate"},{"surface":"старичишка","lemma":"старичишка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"little old man"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the quotation","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of побежал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"помещик","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побежал","gloss":"landowner"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to помещик","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"had run"},{"surface":"обратно","lemma":"обратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежал","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырю","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"монастырю","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of к","gloss":"monastery"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b2-c1-s65","source":"— На фон Зона похож, — проговорил вдруг Федор Павлович.","translation":"\"He looks like von Sohn,\" Fyodor Pavlovich said suddenly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На фон Зона похож","title":"Short adjective «похож» + «на» + accusative","body":"'Resembles' is built on the short predicative adjective «похож» ('similar'), which governs «на» + accusative («на фон Зона»). Fronting the phrase before «похож» throws the emphasis onto von Sohn — Russian's free word order signaling the new, comic point."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing the name фон Зона, partners with похож","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"фон","lemma":"фон","morphology":"particle","role":"indeclinable part of the name фон Зона","gloss":"von","note":"Von Sohn (Иван фон Зон) was an elderly former official murdered in a notorious 1869 St. Petersburg brothel case that scandalized the press for its depravity — he was the victim, not a swindler; Dostoevsky's characters invoke the name as shorthand for dissolute old age, not for con-artistry."},{"surface":"Зона","lemma":"Зон","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of На","gloss":"Sohn"},{"surface":"похож","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate describing the elided subject он","gloss":"looks like"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b2-c1-s66","source":"— Вы только это и знаете… С чего он похож на фон Зона?","translation":"\"That's all you ever know… How does he look like von Sohn?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы только это и знаете","title":"The «только… и» frame — 'that's all you…'","body":"The pairing «только… и» before the verb means 'that's the only thing you do' — here, dismissively, 'that's all you ever know.' «Это» is the fronted accusative object, and the construction concentrates scorn on the narrowness of Fyodor's repertoire."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"С чего он похож","title":"«с чего» — 'on what grounds / how come'","body":"«С чего» is «с» + genitive of «что» ('from what'), an idiomatic colloquial 'why / how come / on what basis?' It is sharper and more exasperated than a plain «почему», pressing Fyodor to justify the absurd comparison."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle with знаете","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего (idiom \"с чего\" = why/how)","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of С","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of похож","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"похож","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate describing он","gloss":"looks like"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing the name фон Зона","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"фон","lemma":"фон","morphology":"particle","role":"indeclinable part of the name фон Зона","gloss":"von"},{"surface":"Зона","lemma":"Зон","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of на","gloss":"Sohn"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b2-c1-s67","source":"Вы сами-то видели фон Зона?","translation":"Have you yourself even seen von Sohn?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы сами-то видели","title":"Emphatic «сами» + topicalizing clitic «-то»","body":"«Сами» ('yourself') intensifies the pronoun «вы», and the clitic «-то» pins it as the known topic — roughly 'you, for your part, have you actually seen…'. The «-то» here is the emphatic topic-marker, not the indefinite suffix on interrogatives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes Вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to сами","gloss":"even","note":"Enclitic «-то» adds emphasis (\"even you yourself\")."},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"фон","lemma":"фон","morphology":"particle","role":"indeclinable part of the name фон Зона","gloss":"von"},{"surface":"Зона","lemma":"Зон","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видели","gloss":"Sohn"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b2-c1-s68","source":"— Его карточку видел.","translation":"\"I've seen his photograph.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его карточку видел","title":"Dropped subject, fronted object","body":"The pronoun «я» is dropped — the masculine past «видел» already shows it — and the object «его карточку» (accusative) is fronted as the answer's focus: 'his photo I've seen.' Compact, colloquial topic-comment ordering."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"карточку","title":"«карточка» — a photograph","body":"Diminutive of «карта», but in 19th-century usage «карточка» is the everyday word for a photographic portrait (the carte de visite). 'His photograph,' not 'his little card.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of карточку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"карточку","lemma":"карточка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"photograph"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have seen"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b2-c1-s69","source":"Хоть не чертами лица, так чем-то неизъяснимым.","translation":"If not in the features of the face, then in something inexpressible.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хоть не чертами лица, так чем-то","title":"Concessive «хоть… так» + instrumental of respect","body":"«Хоть… так» sets up a concession: 'if not by X, then by Y.' Both «чертами» (features) and «чем-то» (something) stand in the instrumental, the case of the means or respect in which the resemblance holds — 'alike in something.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неизъяснимым","title":"«неизъяснимый» — inexpressible","body":"A bookish, elevated adjective: «не-» + «изъяснимый» (from «изъяснить», to explain/expound). 'Inexpressible, beyond explaining' — mock-solemn diction lending Fyodor's silly comparison a falsely lofty air."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive-conditional clause, paired with так","gloss":"even if","note":"\"Хоть не X, так Y\" is a paired construction: \"if not by X, then by Y.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чертами","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"чертами","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental of means, complement of the elided verb (recognize)","gloss":"by the features"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чертами","gloss":"of the face"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative adverb pairing with Хоть, introduces чем-то","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun чем-то (\"something\")","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle forming чем-то (\"something\") with чем","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"неизъяснимым","lemma":"неизъяснимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чем-то (\"something inexpressible\")","gloss":"inexpressible"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b2-c1-s70","source":"Чистейший второй экземпляр фон Зона.","translation":"A purest second copy of von Sohn.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чистейший второй экземпляр","title":"Superlative «-ейш-»: «чистейший»","body":"«Чистейший» is the bookish synthetic superlative of «чистый» ('pure'), formed with «-ейш-»: 'purest, most absolute.' This suffixal superlative is more emphatic and literary than the periphrastic «самый чистый»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"экземпляр","title":"«экземпляр» — specimen/copy","body":"A loanword (Latin exemplar) meaning a 'copy' or 'specimen,' as of a book or biological type. Calling a person a «второй экземпляр» — a 'second copy' of von Sohn — is dehumanizing and comic, treating the man as a duplicate print."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чистейший","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies экземпляр","gloss":"purest"},{"surface":"второй","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies экземпляр","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"экземпляр","lemma":"экземпляр","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (predicate nominal, elided \"is\")","gloss":"copy"},{"surface":"фон","lemma":"фон","morphology":"particle","role":"indeclinable part of the name фон Зона","gloss":"von"},{"surface":"Зона","lemma":"Зон","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of экземпляр (\"copy of von Sohn\")","gloss":"Sohn"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b2-c1-s71","source":"Я это всегда по одной только физиономии узнаю.","translation":"I always recognize the type from the face alone.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по одной только физиономии узнаю","title":"«по» + dative of basis; imperfective habit","body":"«По» governs the dative «физиономии» in the sense 'by, going by' — recognizing 'by the face alone.' The imperfective present «узнаю» states a habitual ability ('I always recognize'), reinforced by «всегда»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"физиономии","title":"«физиономия» — physiognomy/mug","body":"A loanword for 'face,' but with the period flavor of physiognomy — the pseudo-science of reading character from facial features. Fyodor's boast that he 'recognizes the type from the face alone' parodies that fashionable notion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of узнаю","gloss":"the type"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнаю","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking физиономии","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies физиономии","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies физиономии","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"физиономии","lemma":"физиономия","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"object of по","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"узнаю","lemma":"узнавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recognize"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b2-c1-s72","source":"— А пожалуй; вы в этом знаток.","translation":"\"Well, perhaps; you're a connoisseur in such matters.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А пожалуй","title":"Concessive «а пожалуй»","body":"«Пожалуй» is a particle of grudging assent ('perhaps, I dare say, very well'), and the leading «а» is the soft contrastive conjunction that shifts the topic — together a reluctant 'well, perhaps.' Miusov half-concedes the joke before turning to his warning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы в этом знаток","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"'You are a connoisseur in this' has no verb 'to be' — Russian drops the present copula, leaving subject «вы» and predicate noun «знаток» both in the nominative. The link is purely juxtaposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаток","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies знаток","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"знаток","lemma":"знаток","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of вы (elided \"are\")","gloss":"connoisseur"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b2-c1-s73","source":"Только вот что, Федор Павлович, вы сами сейчас изволили упомянуть, что мы дали слово вести себя прилично, помните.","translation":"Only here is the thing, Fyodor Pavlovich — you yourself just now were so good as to mention that we had given our word to behave decently, remember.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"изволили упомянуть","title":"«изволить» + infinitive — mock-deferential past","body":"«Изволили» is the polite/archaic «изволить» ('to deign, be so good as to') plus the infinitive «упомянуть»; the plural «-и» is the formal 'you.' The phrasing is heavily ironic-courtly — Miusov needling Fyodor with exaggerated deference."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вести себя прилично","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя» with «вести»","body":"«Вести себя» — literally 'to lead oneself' — is the fixed idiom 'to behave.' «Себя» is the reflexive object pronoun (no nominative form), pointing back to the subject; here it underlies the 'word' they gave to conduct themselves decently."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы дали слово","title":"Perfective «дали слово» — a single pledge","body":"«Дали» is perfective ('gave', completed), and «дать слово» is the set phrase 'to give one's word, to promise.' The completed aspect frames the promise as a fixed prior fact Miusov is now holding Fyodor to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вот","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the idiom вот что (\"here's the thing\") with что","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase вот что","gloss":"the thing"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of изволили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изволили","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"изволили","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were so good as"},{"surface":"упомянуть","lemma":"упомянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of изволили","gloss":"to mention"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"дали","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of упомянуть","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дали","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"вести","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of дали (\"дать слово вести себя\")","gloss":"to conduct"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of вести","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"прилично","lemma":"прилично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вести","gloss":"decently"},{"surface":"помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"independent parenthetical imperative","gloss":"remember"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b2-c1-s74","source":"Говорю вам, удержитесь.","translation":"I'm telling you, restrain yourself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"удержитесь","title":"Imperative of the reflexive «удержаться»","body":"«Удержитесь» is the polite/plural imperative of the perfective reflexive «удержаться» ('to restrain oneself, hold back'). The «-сь» (post-vowel form of «-ся») turns the verb on its own subject, and the perfective demands a decisive, once-and-for-all restraint."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm telling"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of Говорю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"удержитесь","lemma":"удержаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"second clause, paratactic with Говорю","gloss":"restrain yourself"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b2-c1-s75","source":"А начнете шута из себя строить, так я не намерен, чтобы меня с вами на одну доску здесь поставили… Видите, какой человек, — обратился он к монаху, — я вот с ним боюсь входить к порядочным людям.","translation":"If you start playing the buffoon, then I have no intention of being put on the same footing with you here… You see what sort of man this is,\" he said, turning to the monk, \"I'm actually afraid to go in among decent people with him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А начнете шута из себя строить","title":"Perfective future as condition + idiom «строить из себя»","body":"«Начнёте» is a perfective future (conjugated form, future meaning) used conditionally — 'if you (will) start.' «Строить из себя шута» is the idiom 'to play the fool of oneself,' with «из себя» literally 'out of oneself' (genitive of the reflexive «себя»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не намерен, чтобы меня… поставили","title":"«чтобы» + past form for a willed/feared outcome","body":"After «не намерен» ('I do not intend'), «чтобы» introduces the result clause with a past-form verb «поставили» — the irrealis pattern for a willed or refused outcome. The plural «поставили» is also impersonal ('that they put me…' = 'that I be put…')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на одну доску… поставили","title":"«поставить на одну доску» — to put on the same footing","body":"Literally 'to set on one board/plank,' the idiom means to rank two people as equals — here, with distaste, to be lumped together with Fyodor. The image is of two things laid side by side on the same surface."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"боюсь входить","title":"«бояться» + infinitive; verb of motion «входить»","body":"«Боюсь» is from the «-ся»-only verb «бояться» ('to fear'). «Входить» is the imperfective prefixed motion verb 'to enter, go in' (пара «входить/войти»), here a general 'I'm afraid to go in among decent people.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause, paired with так","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"начнете","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"start"},{"surface":"шута","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of строить","gloss":"buffoon"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"object of из, part of the idiom строить из себя (\"play the part of\")","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"строить","lemma":"строить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начнете","gloss":"act like"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative adverb pairing with А","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of намерен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies намерен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"намерен","lemma":"намеренный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the apodosis (paired with так)","gloss":"intend"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поставили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поставили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies меня (\"me [together] with you\")","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доску","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies доску","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"доску","lemma":"доска","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of на (idiom \"same footing\")","gloss":"footing"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поставили","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"поставили","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of намерен","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object clause of Видите (\"what kind of man [he is]\")","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"he said, turning"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монаху","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"монаху","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of к","gloss":"the monk"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боюсь (emphatic)","gloss":"actually"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"accompanies входить (\"with him\")","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"am afraid"},{"surface":"входить","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of боюсь","gloss":"to go in"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людям","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"порядочным","lemma":"порядочный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies людям","gloss":"decent"},{"surface":"людям","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"object of к","gloss":"people"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b2-c1-s76","source":"На бледных, бескровных губах монашка показалась тонкая, молчальная улыбочка, не без хитрости в своем роде, но он ничего не ответил, и слишком ясно было, что промолчал из чувства собственного достоинства.","translation":"On the little monk's pale, bloodless lips there appeared a faint, silent little smile, not without a cunning of its own, but he answered nothing, and it was all too plain that he had held his tongue out of a sense of his own dignity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На бледных, бескровных губах… показалась… улыбочка","title":"Reflexive «показалась» + fronted locative","body":"«Показалась» is the reflexive/middle 'appeared, showed itself' (the «-ся» making it intransitive). The sentence opens with the prepositional locative «на… губах», delaying the grammatical subject «улыбочка» to the end — the new image arriving last, as Russian word order likes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"улыбочка","title":"«улыбочка» and «монашка» — pointed diminutives","body":"«Улыбочка» is a diminutive of «улыбка» ('smile') — a 'little smile,' faint and knowing — while «монашка» (gen. «монашка»/«монашек») softens «монах» to 'the little monk.' Both shrink their referents, lending the moment an intimate, slightly ironic close-up."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"промолчал из чувства собственного достоинства","title":"«из» + genitive of cause; reflexive possessive «собственного»","body":"«Из» + genitive «чувства» names the motive — 'out of a feeling of.' «Собственного достоинства» ('his own dignity') uses «собственный», a reinforcing 'own' akin to «свой», stressing that the dignity is the monk's own and self-possessed."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"бледных","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies губах","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"бескровных","lemma":"бескровный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"coordinated with бледных","gloss":"bloodless"},{"surface":"губах","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"object of На","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"монашка","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies губах (\"lips of the little monk\")","gloss":"the little monk's"},{"surface":"показалась","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"тонкая","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбочка","gloss":"faint"},{"surface":"молчальная","lemma":"молчальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тонкая","gloss":"silent"},{"surface":"улыбочка","lemma":"улыбочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of показалась","gloss":"little smile"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies без","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хитрости","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"хитрости","lemma":"хитрость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбочка (\"smile not without cunning\")","gloss":"cunning"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хитрости (idiom \"в своем роде\" = of its own kind)","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of ответил","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with показалась","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ясно","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"predicate with было (impersonal \"it was clear\")","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ясно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of промолчал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"промолчал","lemma":"промолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"subject clause of ясно было (\"that he had held his tongue\")","gloss":"had kept silent"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувства","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of из","gloss":"a sense"},{"surface":"собственного","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies достоинства","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"достоинства","lemma":"достоинство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"dignity"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b2-c1-s77","source":"Миусов еще больше наморщился.","translation":"Miusov frowned all the more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще больше наморщился","title":"Comparative «больше» + perfective reflexive «наморщился»","body":"«Больше» ('more') is the suppletive comparative of «много/большой», and «ещё больше» means 'all the more.' «Наморщился» is the perfective reflexive 'frowned, knit his brow,' the «-ся» turning the wrinkling on the subject's own face."}],"words":[{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наморщился","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наморщился","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"наморщился","lemma":"наморщиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"frowned"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b2-c1-s78","source":"«О, черт их всех дери, веками лишь выработанная наружность, а в сущности шарлатанство и вздор!» — пронеслось у него в голове.","translation":"\"Oh, the devil take the whole lot of them — a mere outer manner worked up over centuries, and at bottom charlatanism and nonsense!\" flashed through his head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"черт их всех дери","title":"Optative imperative «дери» — 'the devil take them'","body":"A curse in the form of a wish: «дери» is the imperative of «драть» ('to tear/flay'), with «чёрт» as notional subject — 'may the devil flay them all.' «Их всех» is the animate accusative object. The imperative used as an exclamatory optative is a feature of vehement speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"веками лишь выработанная наружность","title":"Past passive participle «выработанная»","body":"«Выработанная» is a past passive participle (perfective «выработать», 'to work out') agreeing with «наружность» — 'an outward manner worked up.' The instrumental «веками» ('over centuries') gives the means/time; «лишь» ('merely') deflates it to a mere veneer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пронеслось у него в голове","title":"Reflexive «пронеслось» — flashed through his head","body":"«Пронеслось» is the perfective reflexive 'rushed/flashed past' (neuter, agreeing with the quoted thought). The idiom «у него в голове» ('in his head') frames the interior thought — Russian reports inner speech with this 'flashed through the mind' formula."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дери","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of дери","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"quantifies их (\"them all\")","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"дери","lemma":"драть","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, active, imperfective","role":"main verb of the curse clause (\"черт дери\" = devil take)","gloss":"take","note":"\"Чёрт дери\" is a fixed archaic curse, literally \"may the devil tear/take [them].\""},{"surface":"веками","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies выработанная (\"over the centuries\")","gloss":"over centuries"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выработанная","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"выработанная","lemma":"выработать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, nominative, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies наружность","gloss":"worked-up"},{"surface":"наружность","lemma":"наружность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head noun of the exclamatory clause, parallel to черт... дери","gloss":"outer manner"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"idiom \"в сущности\" = at bottom, introduces the predicate clause","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сущности","lemma":"сущность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of в (idiom \"в сущности\" = at bottom)","gloss":"essence"},{"surface":"шарлатанство","lemma":"шарлатанство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun, parallel to наружность (elided \"is\")","gloss":"charlatanism"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with шарлатанство","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"пронеслось","lemma":"пронестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the quoted thought","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него (idiom \"у него в голове\")","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of у","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of в","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b2-c1-s79","source":"— Вот и скит, дошли! — крикнул Федор Павлович, — ограда и врата запертые.","translation":"\"Here's the hermitage, we've arrived!\" cried Fyodor Pavlovich, \"the wall and gates shut.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дошли","title":"Prefixed motion verb «дойти» — 'arrived (on foot)'","body":"«Дошли» is the perfective past of «дойти» ('to reach, get to on foot'), prefix «до-» marking arrival at the goal. It belongs to the prefixed-motion system, where «до-» specifically means reaching a destination — 'we've made it here.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"врата запертые","title":"Past passive participle «запертые» + archaic «врата»","body":"«Запертые» is a past passive participle ('locked, shut') in attributive long form. «Врата» is the Church-Slavonic/elevated word for 'gates' (vs. everyday «ворота»), fitting the sacred threshold of the hermitage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скит","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скит","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hermitage"},{"surface":"дошли","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with скит","gloss":"we've arrived"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the quotation","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"ограда","lemma":"ограда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of запертые","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"врата","lemma":"врата","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with ограда","gloss":"gates"},{"surface":"запертые","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"predicate of ограда и врата (elided \"were\")","gloss":"shut"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b2-c1-s80","source":"И он пустился класть большие кресты пред святыми, написанными над вратами и сбоку врат.","translation":"And he set about making large signs of the cross before the saints painted above the gates and on either side of them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пустился класть","title":"«пуститься» + infinitive — 'set about, fell to'","body":"«Пустился» (perfective reflexive of «пуститься») + the imperfective infinitive «класть» means 'set about / launched into' an activity — here, energetically crossing himself. The construction marks the impulsive start of an ongoing action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред святыми, написанными над вратами","title":"Archaic «пред» + past passive participle «написанными»","body":"«Пред» is the bookish/archaic form of «перед» ('before'), governing the instrumental «святыми». «Написанными» is a past passive participle ('painted/depicted') agreeing in instrumental — 'before the saints painted above the gates.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пустился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пустился","lemma":"пуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set about"},{"surface":"класть","lemma":"класть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пустился","gloss":"making"},{"surface":"большие","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies кресты","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"кресты","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of класть","gloss":"signs of the cross"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking святыми","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"святыми","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), instrumental, plural","role":"object of пред","gloss":"the saints"},{"surface":"написанными","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies святыми","gloss":"painted"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вратами","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"вратами","lemma":"врата","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"object of над","gloss":"gates"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сбоку","lemma":"сбоку","morphology":"adverb (governs genitive)","role":"governs врат (\"on the side of\")","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"врат","lemma":"врата","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"object of сбоку","gloss":"gates"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b2-c1-s81","source":"— В чужой монастырь со своим уставом не ходят, — заметил он.","translation":"\"One does not go into another's monastery with one's own rule,\" he remarked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В чужой монастырь со своим уставом не ходят","title":"Impersonal generic «не ходят» + «свой»","body":"The 3rd-plural «ходят» with no subject is the generic impersonal 'one does not go' — Russian's way of stating a rule about people-in-general. «Со своим уставом» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» ('one's own'), pointing to whoever the implied subject is."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"чужой","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монастырь","gloss":"another's"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of В","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уставом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уставом","gloss":"one's own"},{"surface":"уставом","lemma":"устав","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of со","gloss":"rule","note":"Idiom: \"В чужой монастырь со своим уставом не ходят\" ≈ \"When in Rome, do as the Romans do.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ходят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ходят","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal \"one\")","gloss":"does one go"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the quotation","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b2-c1-s82","source":"— Всех здесь в скиту двадцать пять святых спасаются, друг на друга смотрят и капусту едят.","translation":"\"Twenty-five saints are saving their souls here in the hermitage — they look at one another and eat cabbage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"двадцать пять святых спасаются","title":"Genitive plural after a numeral; reflexive «спасаются»","body":"After «двадцать пять» the counted noun takes the genitive plural «святых» (compound numbers ending in 5+ govern the genitive plural). «Спасаются» is the reflexive imperfective 'are saving themselves / their souls,' the religious sense of «спасаться»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies святых (\"all twenty-five\")","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спасаются","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скиту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"скиту","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of в","gloss":"hermitage"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on пять","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on святых","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"святых","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), genitive, plural","role":"subject of спасаются","gloss":"saints"},{"surface":"спасаются","lemma":"спасаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are saving their souls"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun","role":"part of the idiom друг на друга (\"one another\")","gloss":"each other"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom друг на друга","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the idiom друг на друга, object of смотрят","gloss":"each other"},{"surface":"смотрят","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спасаются","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"капусту","lemma":"капуста","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of едят","gloss":"cabbage"},{"surface":"едят","lemma":"есть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрят","gloss":"eat"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b2-c1-s83","source":"И ни одной-то женщины в эти врата не войдет, вот что особенно замечательно.","translation":"And not a single woman will pass through these gates — that's what is especially remarkable.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни одной-то женщины… не войдет","title":"Genitive of negation + «ни… не» concord","body":"Under the negation «не войдёт», the absent subject goes genitive: «ни одной женщины» ('not a single woman'). «Ни» intensifies and obligatorily co-occurs with «не» — Russian negative concord. The clitic «-то» on «одной» adds insistent emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не войдет","title":"Perfective future «войдёт» — gnomic 'will (ever) pass'","body":"«Войдёт» is the perfective future of the motion verb «войти» ('to enter'), here used in a near-timeless, rule-stating sense: not a single woman will ever pass through. The perfective future readily expresses such generalized impossibility."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одной","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщины (\"not a single\")","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to одной","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of войдет (genitive under negation)","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking врата","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of врата","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"врата","lemma":"врата","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"object of в","gloss":"gates"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies войдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"войдет","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pass through"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the idiom вот что (\"that's what\") with что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of замечательно, head of вот что","gloss":"is what"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замечательно","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"замечательно","lemma":"замечательный","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"predicate describing что","gloss":"remarkable"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b2-c1-s84","source":"И это ведь действительно так.","translation":"And this really is so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И это ведь действительно так","title":"The appeal-particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'this really is so, after all / you know.' Untranslatable with a single English word, it nudges the listener to grant a point already known; here Fyodor half-seriously concedes the truth of the rule."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase (predicate)","gloss":"is so"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b2-c1-s85","source":"Только как же я слышал, что старец дам принимает? — обратился он вдруг к монашку.","translation":"Only how is it I heard that the elder receives ladies?\" he said, suddenly turning to the little monk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же я слышал, что старец дам принимает","title":"Emphatic «же»; «что»-clause; animate accusative «дам»","body":"«Же» after «как» adds insistent surprise — 'how is it, then, that I heard…'. «Что» opens the reported-fact clause, in which «дам» is the animate accusative plural object of «принимает» ('receives ladies') — animates take genitive-shaped accusatives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обратился он вдруг к монашку","title":"«обратиться» + «к» + dative","body":"«Обратился к» ('turned to / addressed') governs «к» + dative «монашку» (the diminutive 'little monk'). The directional preposition «к» always takes the dative — the person turned toward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как (emphatic: как же = \"how is it that\")","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принимает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принимает","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, accusative (animate, = genitive form), feminine, plural","role":"direct object of принимает","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"принимает","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, complement of слышал","gloss":"receives"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"turned","note":"обратиться к + dative = to turn to/address someone."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монашку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"монашку","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"the little monk"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b2-c1-s86","source":"— Из простонародья женский пол и теперь тут, вон там, лежат у галерейки, ждут.","translation":"\"The womenfolk of the common people are here even now — over there, look, lying by the little gallery, waiting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Из простонародья женский пол","title":"«простонародье» and «женский пол»","body":"«Простонародье» is the 'common people, the lower folk' (просто- 'plain' + народ 'people'), with a faintly condescending official ring. «Женский пол» literally 'the female sex,' here a slightly coarse collective for 'womenfolk.' The monk is classing the peasant women by station."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"у галерейки","title":"«галерейка» — diminutive of gallery","body":"A double diminutive: «галерея» → «галерейка», a 'little gallery' (covered porch/walkway). The cozy diminutive suits the humble peasant women lying and waiting beside it. «У» + genitive marks the location 'by, beside.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking простонародья","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"простонародья","lemma":"простонародье","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пол (\"from among the common folk\")","gloss":"the common folk"},{"surface":"женский","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пол","gloss":"female"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежат and ждут","gloss":"sex","note":"женский пол idiomatically = \"the womenfolk.\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverbial, modifies лежат/ждут","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies там","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with тут","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"лежат","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are lying"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking галерейки","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"галерейки","lemma":"галерейка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежат","gloss":"the little gallery"},{"surface":"ждут","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лежат","gloss":"are waiting"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b2-c1-s87","source":"А для высших дамских лиц пристроены здесь же на галерее, но вне ограды, две комнатки, вот эти самые окна, и старец выходит к ним внутренним ходом, когда здоров, то есть все же за ограду.","translation":"But for ladies of higher rank, two little rooms have been built right here on the gallery, though outside the wall — those very windows there — and the elder comes out to them by an inner passage when he is well; that is, still beyond the wall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пристроены здесь же… две комнатки","title":"Short passive participle «пристроены» — a stated result","body":"«Пристроены» is the short-form past passive participle of «пристроить» ('to build on, annex'), agreeing with «две комнатки» — 'two little rooms have been built on.' The short passive states a completed result, the standard Russian way of saying something 'has been built.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"старец выходит к ним внутренним ходом","title":"Instrumental of route «внутренним ходом»","body":"«Внутренним ходом» ('by an inner passage') is the instrumental of means/route — the way by which the elder comes out. «Выходит к ним» pairs the prefixed motion verb «выходить» with «к» + dative ('comes out to them')."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лиц","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"высших","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, comparative, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лиц","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"дамских","lemma":"дамский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лиц","gloss":"ladies'"},{"surface":"лиц","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition для, purpose complement of пристроены","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"пристроены","lemma":"пристроить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have been built"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пристроены","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking галерее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"галерее","lemma":"галерея","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пристроены","gloss":"the gallery"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вне","lemma":"вне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ограды","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"ограды","lemma":"ограда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition вне","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"quantifies комнатки","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"комнатки","lemma":"комнатка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пристроены (quantified by две)","gloss":"little rooms"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эти","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of окна","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies окна","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"in apposition to комнатки","gloss":"windows"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выходит","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"выходит","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of second clause, coordinated with пристроены","gloss":"comes out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of выходит","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"внутренним","lemma":"внутренний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ходом","gloss":"inner"},{"surface":"ходом","lemma":"ход","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходит","gloss":"passage"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of здоров","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"здоров","lemma":"здоровый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the когда-clause, modifies выходит","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же, modifies за ограду","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies все","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ограду","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"ограду","lemma":"ограда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходит, understood in the elliptical clause after то есть","gloss":"the wall"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b2-c1-s88","source":"Вот и теперь одна барыня, помещица харьковская, госпожа Хохлакова, дожидается со своею расслабленною дочерью.","translation":"Just now, too, one lady is waiting, a landowner from Kharkov, Madame Khokhlakova, with her crippled daughter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"барыня, помещица харьковская","title":"«барыня» and «помещица»","body":"«Барыня» is the courtesy title for a lady of the gentry/mistress of an estate; «помещица» is the feminine of «помещик», a landowner. 'A landowner from Kharkov' places Madame Khokhlakova socially — a provincial gentry lady. «Харьковская» (feminine adjective) marks her by the city of Kharkov."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"со своею расслабленною дочерью","title":"Archaic instrumental endings «-ою/-ою»","body":"«Со своею расслабленною дочерью» shows the older literary instrumental feminine «-ою» (modern «-ой») on «своею» and «расслабленною». These fuller endings are a 19th-century bookish flavor. «Расслабленная» is a past passive participle, 'enfeebled/paralyzed' — the crippled daughter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal adverbial, modifies дожидается","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies барыня","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"барыня","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дожидается","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"помещица","lemma":"помещица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to барыня","gloss":"landowner"},{"surface":"харьковская","lemma":"харьковский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies помещица","gloss":"of Kharkov"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to помещица","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"дожидается","lemma":"дожидаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is waiting"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дочерью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, possessive, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дочерью","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"расслабленною","lemma":"расслабленный","morphology":"adjective (participle), instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дочерью","gloss":"crippled"},{"surface":"дочерью","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дожидается (object of preposition со)","gloss":"daughter"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b2-c1-s89","source":"Вероятно, обещал к ним выйти, хотя в последние времена столь расслабел, что и к народу едва появляется.","translation":"Most likely he has promised to come out to them, although of late he has grown so feeble that he scarcely appears even to the common people.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь расслабел, что… едва появляется","title":"Bookish «столь… что» result clause","body":"«Столь» is the elevated equivalent of «так/настолько» ('so'), setting up a «что» result clause: 'so feeble that…'. «Расслабел» is perfective ('grew feeble'); «появляется» imperfective present ('scarcely appears'), describing his present habitual state."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в последние времена","title":"«в последние времена» — of late","body":"Idiomatic 'lately, of late, in recent times.' Note the plural «времена» (irregular plural of «время»), distinct from the singular «время» ('time'). The phrase carries a faint solemn ring, almost 'in these latter days.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Вероятно","lemma":"вероятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обещал","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"обещал","lemma":"обещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has promised"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of выйти","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of обещал","gloss":"to come out"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of расслабел","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времена","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies времена","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"времена","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of расслабел (time expression)","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расслабел","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"расслабел","lemma":"расслабеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate verb of the хотя-clause, modifies обещал","gloss":"has grown feeble"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of появляется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies народу","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"народу","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of появляется","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"едва","lemma":"едва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появляется","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"появляется","lemma":"появляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-result clause","gloss":"appears"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b2-c1-s90","source":"— Значит, всё же лазеечка к барыням-то из скита проведена.","translation":"\"So a little loophole to the ladies has been driven out of the hermitage after all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лазеечка к барыням-то… проведена","title":"Short passive «проведена» + emphatic «-то»","body":"«Проведена» is a short-form past passive participle ('has been driven/laid through'), feminine to agree with «лазеечка». The clitic «-то» on «барыням» topicalizes them sarcastically — 'a little loophole to the ladies, of all things.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лазеечка","title":"«лазеечка» — a little loophole","body":"Diminutive of «лазейка» (from «лазить», to crawl/clamber): a 'bolt-hole, loophole, way to sneak through.' The diminutive sharpens Fyodor's insinuation that the monks have quietly contrived a back door for the ladies despite the rule."}],"words":[{"surface":"Значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"discourse particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же, modifies проведена","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"лазеечка","lemma":"лазеечка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive проведена","gloss":"little loophole"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барыням","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"барыням","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies лазеечка","gloss":"the ladies"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to барыням","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скита","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"скита","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проведена","gloss":"the hermitage"},{"surface":"проведена","lemma":"провести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has been driven"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b2-c1-s91","source":"Не подумайте, отец святой, что я что-нибудь, я только так.","translation":"Don't think anything of it, holy father — I mean nothing by it, I'm just talking.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не подумайте… что я что-нибудь","title":"Negative imperative + indefinite «что-нибудь»","body":"«Не подумайте» is the polite negative imperative ('don't think'). «Что-нибудь» is the non-specific indefinite ('anything at all'), built with «-нибудь»; Fyodor trails off — 'that I mean anything' — leaving the insinuation unfinished."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"я только так","title":"«я только так» — 'I'm just talking'","body":"«Так» here is the dismissive colloquial 'just so, for no reason, idly.' «Я только так» = 'I'm just saying / I mean nothing by it' — the mock-innocent backpedal after a barbed remark."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумайте","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"подумайте","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of отец святой","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"святой","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отец (vocative)","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause complement of подумайте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (что-нибудь as object)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, accusative, neuter","role":"part of что-нибудь (indefinite pronoun), object of the elided verb","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix)","role":"combines with что to form the indefinite pronoun что-нибудь","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of так (elliptical second clause)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the second clause (я...так), parallel to подумайте","gloss":"so","note":"colloquial я только так = \"I'm just saying, no reason.\""}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b2-c1-s92","source":"Знаете, на Афоне, это вы слышали ль, не только посещения женщин не полагается, но и совсем не полагается женщин и никаких даже существ женского рода, курочек, индюшечек, телушечек…","translation":"You know, on Athos — you've heard this, have you? — not only are women's visits forbidden, but no women are allowed at all, nor any creatures of the female sex whatever: no little hens, no little turkey-hens, no little heifers…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это вы слышали ль","title":"The interrogative particle «ль» (=«ли»)","body":"«Ль» is the reduced enclitic «ли», forming a yes/no question after the focused word «слышали» — 'have you heard this?' The shortened «ль» is a colloquial/metrical variant, woven into Fyodor's rambling speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только… не полагается, но и совсем не полагается","title":"Impersonal «не полагается» — 'is not permitted'","body":"«Полагается» is the impersonal reflexive 'is proper / is allowed,' negated to 'is not permitted.' There is no nominative subject — what is forbidden («посещения», «существ») hangs off the impersonal verb, in the genitive of negation for the absent things."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"курочек, индюшечек, телушечек","title":"Strings of comic diminutives","body":"«Курочек» (little hens), «индюшечек» (little turkey-hens), «телушечек» (little heifers) — diminutives of «курица», «индюшка», «тёлка», all in the genitive plural after the negation. The cozy '-ечк-' suffixes make the absurd list of banned female animals sound absurdly tender, heightening Fyodor's ridicule."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Афоне","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Афоне","lemma":"Афон","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"topic-fronted PP, associated with the не полагается clause","gloss":"Athos"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слышали","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слышали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical question","gloss":"have heard"},{"surface":"ль","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, interrogative","role":"interrogative particle attached to слышали","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"посещения","lemma":"посещение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of полагается","gloss":"visits"},{"surface":"женщин","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies посещения","gloss":"women's"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полагается","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"полагается","lemma":"полагаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first не только-clause","gloss":"is allowed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полагается","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"полагается","lemma":"полагаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second но и-clause","gloss":"is allowed"},{"surface":"женщин","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of полагается (genitive of negation)","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of существ","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies существ","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"существ","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with женщин","gloss":"creatures"},{"surface":"женского","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рода","gloss":"female"},{"surface":"рода","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies существ","gloss":"sex"},{"surface":"курочек","lemma":"курочка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with существ (example)","gloss":"little hens"},{"surface":"индюшечек","lemma":"индюшечка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with существ (example)","gloss":"little turkey-hens"},{"surface":"телушечек","lemma":"телушечка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with существ (example)","gloss":"little heifers"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b2-c1-s93","source":"— Федор Павлович, я ворочусь и вас брошу здесь одного, и вас без меня отсюда выведут за руки, это я вам предрекаю.","translation":"\"Fyodor Pavlovich, I shall turn back and leave you here alone, and without me you'll be led out of here by the arms — that I prophesy to you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ворочусь и вас брошу здесь одного","title":"Perfective futures «ворочусь… брошу»","body":"«Ворочусь» (reflexive, 'I'll turn back') and «брошу» ('I'll abandon') are both perfective futures — conjugated perfective verbs with future meaning — naming two decisive completed acts. «Ворочусь» is a colloquial variant of «возвращусь»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вас… выведут за руки","title":"Impersonal 3rd-plural «выведут» + «за» + accusative","body":"«Выведут» is a subjectless 3rd-person-plural ('they'll lead you out' = 'you'll be led out') — Russian's common agentless impersonal. «За руки» ('by the arms') uses «за» + accusative in its 'grasping by' sense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"предрекаю","title":"«предрекать» — to prophesy","body":"A solemn, bookish verb 'to foretell, prophesy' (пред- 'fore-' + рекать, an archaic root for 'speak,' cf. Church-Slavonic «рече»). Miusov's mock-grand 'that I prophesy to you' borrows the elevated register to threaten Fyodor with eviction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of the phrase","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ворочусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ворочусь","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"will turn back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of брошу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"брошу","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of second clause, coordinated with ворочусь","gloss":"will leave"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies брошу","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вас (predicate: alone)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of выведут","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of выведут","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"отсюда","lemma":"отсюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выведут","gloss":"from here"},{"surface":"выведут","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of third clause","gloss":"will lead out"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выведут","gloss":"the arms"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предрекаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предрекаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of предрекаю","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"предрекаю","lemma":"предрекать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of final clause","gloss":"prophesy"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b2-c1-s94","source":"— А чем я вам мешаю, Петр Александрович.","translation":"\"And how am I troubling you, Pyotr Alexandrovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А чем я вам мешаю","title":"«мешать» + dative; instrumental «чем»","body":"«Мешать» ('to hinder, get in the way of') governs the dative — «вам» ('to you'). «Чем» is the instrumental of «что» ('by what / how') — 'how am I troubling you?' The dative object is the person inconvenienced."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мешаю (interrogative: how)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мешаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of мешаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мешаю","lemma":"мешать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am troubling"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of the phrase","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"Александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b2-c1-s95","source":"Посмотрите-ка, — вскричал он вдруг, шагнув за ограду скита, — посмотрите, в какой они долине роз проживают!","translation":"Just look,\" he cried suddenly, stepping inside the hermitage wall, \"look what a vale of roses they live in!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Посмотрите-ка","title":"Imperative softened by «-ка»","body":"«Посмотрите» is the polite/plural imperative ('look'), and the clitic «-ка» softens and familiarizes it — 'go on, have a look.' «-ка» lends a coaxing, casual tone to commands and is a staple of lively spoken Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"шагнув за ограду","title":"Perfective gerund «шагнув»","body":"«Шагнув» is a perfective past gerund («деепричастие») from «шагнуть» ('to take a step'): 'having stepped, on stepping inside the wall.' It names a prior action sharing the main subject (he stepped, then cried out) — a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в какой они долине роз проживают","title":"Exclamatory «какой» + genitive «роз»","body":"«В какой… долине» is the exclamatory 'what a vale!', «какой» agreeing with «долине» in prepositional case (after «в»). «Роз» is the genitive plural of «роза» ('of roses'), the zero-ending genitive plural typical of «-а» nouns."}],"words":[{"surface":"Посмотрите","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"ка","lemma":"ка","morphology":"particle","role":"enclitic particle attached to Посмотрите","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"шагнув","lemma":"шагнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскричал","gloss":"stepping"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ограду","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"ограду","lemma":"ограда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагнув","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"скита","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ограду","gloss":"of the hermitage"},{"surface":"посмотрите","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second quoted clause","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking долине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, interrogative, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies долине","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of проживают","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"долине","lemma":"долина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживают","gloss":"valley"},{"surface":"роз","lemma":"роза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies долине","gloss":"of roses"},{"surface":"проживают","lemma":"проживать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded clause, complement of посмотрите","gloss":"they live"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b2-c1-s96","source":"Действительно, хоть роз теперь и не было, но было множество редких и прекрасных осенних цветов везде, где только можно было их насадить.","translation":"Indeed, though there were no roses now, there was a multitude of rare and beautiful autumn flowers everywhere it had been possible to plant them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть роз теперь и не было","title":"Concessive «хоть… и» + genitive of negation","body":"«Хоть… и» ('though, even though') concedes a point. With «не было» the absent subject «роз» stands in the genitive — the genitive of negation in a negated existential ('there were no roses'). «Было» is fixed neuter singular in such negatives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где только можно было их насадить","title":"Impersonal «можно было» + infinitive","body":"«Можно было… насадить» is an impersonal possibility construction ('it was possible to plant'), with no nominative subject and a perfective infinitive. «Их» (accusative, 'them') is the object of the infinitive — wherever it was possible to plant them."}],"words":[{"surface":"Действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было (main clause)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause with было","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"роз","lemma":"роза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"roses"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не было (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the хоть-clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"множество","lemma":"множество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"a multitude"},{"surface":"редких","lemma":"редкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies цветов","gloss":"rare"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прекрасных","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with редких","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"осенних","lemma":"осенний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies цветов","gloss":"autumn"},{"surface":"цветов","lemma":"цветок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies множество","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"везде","lemma":"везде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying везде","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (modal predicate)","role":"predicate of the где-clause","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of насадить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"насадить","lemma":"насадить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to plant"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b2-c1-s97","source":"Лелеяла их, видимо, опытная рука.","translation":"An experienced hand had evidently tended them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лелеяла их… опытная рука","title":"Verb-first order; fronted object «их»","body":"The sentence opens with the imperfective verb «лелеяла» ('tended, cherished') and the object «их», holding back the subject «опытная рука» ('an experienced hand') to the very end — the new, telling detail in final, emphatic position. Free word order at work."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Лелеяла","title":"«лелеять» — to cherish, tend lovingly","body":"A tender, slightly poetic verb 'to cherish, nurse, fondle' — more than mere 'tend.' Of the flowers it implies loving, attentive care; the 'experienced hand' did not just maintain them but doted on them."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лелеяла","lemma":"лелеять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tended"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Лелеяла","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Лелеяла","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"опытная","lemma":"опытный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рука","gloss":"experienced"},{"surface":"рука","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Лелеяла","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b2-c1-s98","source":"Цветники устроены были в оградах церквей и между могил.","translation":"Flower beds had been laid out within the church enclosures and between the graves.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Цветники устроены были","title":"Short passive «устроены» with split «были»","body":"«Устроены были» is a short-form past passive participle ('had been laid out') plus the past of «быть». The inverted order «устроены были» (participle before auxiliary) is a literary rhythm; the construction states a completed result for «цветники» ('flower beds')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Цветники","lemma":"цветник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive устроены","gloss":"flower beds"},{"surface":"устроены","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arranged"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to устроены (pluperfect passive)","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оградах","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"оградах","lemma":"ограда","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of устроены","gloss":"enclosures"},{"surface":"церквей","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies оградах","gloss":"of churches"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking могил","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"могил","lemma":"могила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with оградах (second location, object of между)","gloss":"the graves"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b2-c1-s99","source":"Домик, в котором находилась келья старца, деревянный, одноэтажный, с галереей пред входом, был тоже обсажен цветами.","translation":"The little house in which the elder's cell was located — wooden, one-storied, with a gallery before the entrance — was likewise surrounded with flowers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Домик, в котором находилась келья","title":"Relative «в котором» — case from its own clause","body":"«Который» agrees with its antecedent «домик» in gender/number but takes the case its own clause demands: «в котором» (prepositional, after «в») = 'in which.' «Находилась» is the reflexive 'was located/situated.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был тоже обсажен цветами","title":"Short passive «обсажен» + instrumental of means","body":"«Обсажен» is the short-form past passive participle of «обсадить» ('to plant around'), with «был» — 'was planted around / surrounded.' «Цветами» is the instrumental ('with flowers'), the means by which the house was surrounded."}],"words":[{"surface":"Домик","lemma":"домик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive обсажен","gloss":"the little house"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of находилась","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"находилась","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Домик","gloss":"was located"},{"surface":"келья","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of находилась","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies келья","gloss":"the elder's"},{"surface":"деревянный","lemma":"деревянный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Домик","gloss":"wooden"},{"surface":"одноэтажный","lemma":"одноэтажный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with деревянный","gloss":"one-storied"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking галереей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"галереей","lemma":"галерея","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Домик (descriptive PP)","gloss":"a gallery"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking входом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"входом","lemma":"вход","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies галереей","gloss":"the entrance"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of обсажен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обсажен","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"обсажен","lemma":"обсадить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"surrounded"},{"surface":"цветами","lemma":"цветок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обсажен","gloss":"flowers"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b2-c1-s100","source":"— А было ль это при предыдущем старце, Варсонофии?","translation":"\"And was it like this under the previous elder, Varsonofy?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А было ль это при предыдущем старце","title":"Past «было» + «ль»; «при» + prepositional","body":"«Было ль» again uses the question-particle «ль» (=«ли»). «При предыдущем старце» means 'in the time of / under the previous elder,' with «при» governing the prepositional case in its temporal 'during the reign/time of' sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ль","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, interrogative","role":"interrogative particle attached to было","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старце","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"предыдущем","lemma":"предыдущий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старце","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"старце","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было (object of при)","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"Варсонофии","lemma":"Варсонофий","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старце","gloss":"Varsonofy"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b2-c1-s101","source":"Тот изящности-то, говорят, не любил, вскакивал и бил палкой даже дамский пол, — заметил Федор Павлович, подымаясь на крылечко.","translation":"That one, they say, had no love of elegance — he'd leap up and beat even the female sex with his stick,\" remarked Fyodor Pavlovich, mounting the little porch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"изящности-то… не любил","title":"Genitive of negation «изящности» + topic «-то»","body":"Under negation «не любил», the object «изящность» ('elegance') shifts to genitive «изящности» — the genitive of negation, frequent with abstract objects. The clitic «-то» topicalizes it: 'elegance, that he didn't care for.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскакивал и бил палкой","title":"Imperfective past «вскакивал… бил» — habit","body":"Both verbs are imperfective past, here iterative-habitual: 'he would leap up and beat.' «Палкой» ('with a stick') is the instrumental of the means. The imperfective paints a repeated, characteristic behavior rather than one event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подымаясь на крылечко","title":"Imperfective gerund «подымаясь»","body":"«Подымаясь» is an imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») from «подыматься» (colloquial for «подниматься», 'to climb up'), 'while mounting.' It marks an action simultaneous with the main verb — Fyodor remarks this as he climbs the little porch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил (and coordinated verbs)","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"изящности","lemma":"изящность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"elegance"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to изящности","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel to любил","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"вскакивал","lemma":"вскакивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любил","gloss":"would leap up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бил","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любил","gloss":"would beat"},{"surface":"палкой","lemma":"палка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бил","gloss":"stick"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дамский","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"дамский","lemma":"дамский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пол","gloss":"female"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бил","gloss":"sex"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"подымаясь","lemma":"подыматься","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заметил","gloss":"mounting"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крылечко","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"крылечко","lemma":"крылечко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подымаясь","gloss":"the little porch"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b2-c1-s102","source":"— Старец Варсонофий действительно казался иногда как бы юродивым, но много рассказывают и глупостей.","translation":"\"The elder Varsonofy did indeed sometimes seem to be a sort of holy fool, but a great deal of nonsense is told of him too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"казался… как бы юродивым","title":"Instrumental predicate after «казаться»; hedge «как бы»","body":"«Казаться» ('to seem') takes its predicate in the instrumental — «юродивым» ('a holy fool'). «Как бы» ('as it were, a sort of') hedges the claim. The instrumental frames the seeming-role as something assumed, not fixed identity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"много рассказывают и глупостей","title":"Impersonal «рассказывают» + partitive genitive «глупостей»","body":"«Рассказывают» is subjectless 3rd-plural ('they tell' = 'is told'). «Много глупостей» uses the genitive plural «глупостей» after the quantifier «много» ('a lot of nonsense') — the partitive genitive that quantity words demand."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"юродивый","title":"yurodivy (holy fool)","body":"A «юродивый» is a \"holy fool\" or \"fool for Christ\": someone whose strange, even outrageous behavior is taken as a sign of hidden sanctity. We render it here as \"holy fool,\" but the word carries a whole Russian religious type. It explains why Varsonofy's odd antics were tolerated rather than condemned."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of казался","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"Варсонофий","lemma":"Варсонофий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Старец","gloss":"Varsonofy"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies казался","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"казался","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies казался","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies юродивым","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"юродивым","lemma":"юродивый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of казался","gloss":"a holy fool"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывают","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"рассказывают","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with казался","gloss":"is told"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глупостей","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"глупостей","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of рассказывают","gloss":"nonsense"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b2-c1-s103","source":"Палкой же никогда и никого не бивал, — ответил монашек.","translation":"As for beating anyone with a stick, that he never did,\" the little monk answered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Палкой же никогда и никого не бивал","title":"Negative concord + emphatic «же»; iterative «бивал»","body":"Triple negation in one meaning: «никогда» (never) + «никого» (no one, animate genitive/accusative) + «не бивал» — Russian negative concord. «Же» insists ('as for the stick…'). «Бивал» is an iterative/frequentative past of «бить» — 'never used to beat anyone.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Палкой","lemma":"палка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бивал (topicalized)","gloss":"with a stick"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Палкой","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бивал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of бивал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бивал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бивал","lemma":"бивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"used to beat"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"монашек","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"the little monk"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b2-c1-s104","source":"— Теперь, господа, минутку повремените, я о вас повещу.","translation":"\"Now, gentlemen, wait a moment — I'll announce you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"минутку повремените, я о вас повещу","title":"Imperative «повремените» + perfective future «повещу»","body":"«Повремените» is the polite imperative of perfective «повременить» ('to wait a bit'), the prefix «по-» giving a brief, bounded 'wait a moment.' «Повещу» is the perfective future of «повестить» (archaic 'to announce, give notice') — 'I'll announce you.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"минутку","title":"«минутку» — just a minute","body":"Accusative diminutive of «минута», idiomatic for 'just a moment, a little minute.' The diminutive softens the request to wait — polite and warm, as the monk ushers the guests."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повремените","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address to the listeners, not part of the main clause","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration, modifies повремените","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"повремените","lemma":"повременить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of повещу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, plural","role":"oblique complement of повещу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"повещу","lemma":"повестить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I'll announce"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b2-c1-s105","source":"— Федор Павлович, в последний раз условие, слышите.","translation":"\"Fyodor Pavlovich, for the last time, the agreement — do you hear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в последний раз условие, слышите","title":"Verbless command + imperative «слышите»","body":"A clipped, verbless reminder — «в последний раз условие» ('for the last time, the agreement') — its urgency carried by intonation alone. «Слышите» ('do you hear') is the polite imperative used as an insistent tag, pressing the warning home."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the adverbial phrase в последний раз, modifies слышите","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"условие","lemma":"условие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topicalized noun restating the point","gloss":"the agreement"},{"surface":"слышите","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you hear"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b2-c1-s106","source":"Ведите себя хорошо, не то я вам отплачу, — успел еще раз пробормотать Миусов.","translation":"Behave yourself well, or I'll pay you back,\" Miusov managed to mutter once more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведите себя хорошо, не то я вам отплачу","title":"Imperative + threat «не то» + perfective future","body":"«Ведите себя» is the imperative of the reflexive idiom 'behave.' «Не то» ('or else') introduces the threat, with the perfective future «отплачу» ('I'll pay you back') — a single completed retaliation. «Вам» is the dative of the person paid back."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"успел еще раз пробормотать","title":"«успеть» + infinitive — 'managed to'","body":"«Успел» (perfective 'managed, had time to') + infinitive «пробормотать» ('to mutter out') means 'managed to mutter once more.' The prefix «про-» on «бормотать» gives a brief, complete bout of muttering before the moment passes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведите","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"behave"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of Ведите","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ведите","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase не то (or else)","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms не то (or else) with не","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отплачу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of отплачу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отплачу","lemma":"отплатить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the не-то clause","gloss":"I'll pay back"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробормотать","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"пробормотать","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to mutter"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"Miusov"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b2-c1-s107","source":"— Совсем неизвестно, с чего вы в таком великом волнении, — насмешливо заметил Федор Павлович, — али грешков боитесь?","translation":"\"I can't at all make out why you're in such great agitation,\" Fyodor Pavlovich remarked mockingly, \"or is it your little sins you're afraid of?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с чего вы в таком великом волнении","title":"Verbless 'be in a state' + «с чего»","body":"No copula: «вы в таком великом волнении» = 'you are in such great agitation,' a present-tense zero-copula 'be in (a state)' with «в» + prepositional. «С чего» ('on what grounds, how come') again presses for a reason."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"али грешков боитесь","title":"Folksy «али»; «бояться» + genitive object","body":"«Али» is a colloquial/archaic 'or' (= «или»), giving a homespun mocking tone. «Бояться» governs the genitive of its object, here «грешков» — and «грешков» is itself a diminutive ('little sins') of «грех» in the genitive plural."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"грешков","title":"«грешки» — little sins","body":"Diminutive plural of «грех» ('sin'): «грешки» are petty, almost endearing 'little sins, peccadilloes.' The diminutive trivializes them mockingly — Fyodor teases that Miusov is fretting over mere trifling sins."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неизвестно","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"неизвестно","lemma":"неизвестно","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"unclear"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"forms the adverbial phrase с чего (why), modifies the clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the clause (copula omitted)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of волнении","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"великом","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies волнении","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"волнении","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of вы","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"насмешливо","lemma":"насмешливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"mockingly"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the alternative question","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"грешков","lemma":"грешок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of боитесь","gloss":"little sins"},{"surface":"боитесь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question clause","gloss":"are you afraid"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b2-c1-s108","source":"Ведь он, говорят, по глазам узнает, кто с чем приходит.","translation":"For they say he reads from your eyes what you've come with.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь он, говорят, по глазам узнает","title":"«ведь» + parenthetical «говорят» + «по» + dative","body":"«Ведь» appeals to common report ('after all, you know'), and «говорят» ('they say') is an inserted impersonal hearsay. «По глазам» ('by the eyes,' dative after «по») gives the means of his discernment — he reads people by their eyes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто с чем приходит","title":"Embedded question «кто с чем»","body":"An indirect question: «кто с чем приходит» — 'who comes with what,' i.e. with what intent in his soul. «Кто» (nominative) and «с чем» («с» + instrumental of «что») pair two interrogatives; «приходит» is the imperfective motion verb 'comes.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнает","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause, \"they say\"","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"глазам","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of узнает","gloss":"the eyes"},{"surface":"узнает","lemma":"узнавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reads"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of приходит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"приходит","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of узнает","gloss":"comes"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b2-c1-s109","source":"Да и как высоко цените вы их мнение, вы, такой парижанин и передовой господин, удивили вы меня даже, вот что!","translation":"And how highly you value their opinion — you, such a Parisian and progressive gentleman — you've actually surprised me, that's what!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как высоко цените вы их мнение","title":"Exclamatory «как высоко» + fronted adverb","body":"«Как высоко» ('how highly') opens an exclamation, the adverb fronted for rhetorical weight; «цените» is the imperfective present 'you value.' «Их мнение» is the accusative object ('their opinion'). The inversion «цените вы» lends a mock-astonished tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высоко","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"высоко","lemma":"высоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies цените","gloss":"highly"},{"surface":"цените","lemma":"ценить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you value"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of цените","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of мнение","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of цените","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition, restates the subject (elaborated below)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of парижанин","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"парижанин","lemma":"парижанин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"Parisian"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"передовой","lemma":"передовой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies господин","gloss":"progressive"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with парижанин, in apposition to вы","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"удивили","lemma":"удивить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you've surprised"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of удивили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of удивили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удивили","gloss":"actually"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the exclamatory phrase вот что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the exclamatory phrase вот что","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b2-c1-s110","source":"Но Миусов не успел ответить на этот сарказм, их попросили войти.","translation":"But Miusov had no time to reply to this sarcasm; they were asked to come in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не успел ответить","title":"«не успеть» + infinitive — 'had no time to'","body":"«Не успел ответить» — 'did not manage / had no time to reply.' The perfective «успеть» measures whether an action could be completed in time; negated, it means the chance slipped away before he could answer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"их попросили войти","title":"Impersonal «попросили» + animate accusative «их»","body":"Subjectless 3rd-plural «попросили» ('they asked' = 'they were asked'), a standard agentless impersonal. «Их» is the animate accusative ('them'), and «войти» the perfective motion infinitive 'to come in.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had no time"},{"surface":"ответить","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to reply"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сарказм","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сарказм","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сарказм","lemma":"сарказм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответить","gloss":"sarcasm"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of попросили","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"попросили","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"were asked"},{"surface":"войти","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попросили","gloss":"to come in"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b2-c1-s111","source":"Вошел он несколько раздраженный…","translation":"He went in somewhat irritated…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вошел он несколько раздраженный","title":"Verb-first order + short passive participle as predicate","body":"The perfective «вошёл» ('went in') stands first, with the subject «он» after it for narrative momentum. «Раздражённый» is a past passive participle used adjectivally as a secondary predicate — 'he went in, somewhat irritated' (a state accompanying the action)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went in"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Вошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздраженный","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"раздраженный","lemma":"раздраженный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing он","gloss":"irritated"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b2-c1-s112","source":"«Ну, теперь заране себя знаю, раздражен, заспорю начну горячиться — и себя и идею унижу», — мелькнуло у него в голове.","translation":"\"Well, now I know about myself beforehand: I'm irritated, I'll start arguing, I'll get heated — and I'll demean both myself and my ideas,\" flashed through his head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заране себя знаю, раздражен","title":"Reflexive «себя» + short adjective «раздражён»","body":"«Себя знаю» — 'I know myself,' with the reflexive object pronoun «себя» pointing back to the subject. «Раздражён» is a short-form adjective/participle as predicate ('[I am] irritated'), the bookish short form stating a present state. «Заране» is an archaic/colloquial 'beforehand' (= «заранее»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заспорю начну горячиться","title":"Perfective futures of self-prediction","body":"«Заспорю» ('I'll start arguing,' inceptive «за-») and «унижу» ('I'll demean') are perfective futures foretelling completed acts; «начну горячиться» pairs perfective «начну» with the imperfective infinitive «горячиться» ('to get heated') — the onset of an ongoing process. Miusov narrates his own coming loss of composure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и себя и идею унижу","title":"Animate vs inanimate accusative objects","body":"Two accusative objects of «унижу»: «себя» (the reflexive, animate-patterned) and «идею» ('the idea,' inanimate, accusative = «идею»). Russian aligns animate accusatives with the genitive but keeps inanimate accusatives like the nominative — both objects here of 'I'll demean.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"заране","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"in advance","note":"заране is a colloquial/archaic clipped form of заранее (\"beforehand\")."},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"раздражен","lemma":"раздражен","morphology":"adjective, short-form, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to знаю (predicate: [I'm] irritated)","gloss":"[I'm] irritated"},{"surface":"заспорю","lemma":"заспорить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to знаю","gloss":"I'll argue"},{"surface":"начну","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to знаю","gloss":"I'll begin"},{"surface":"горячиться","lemma":"горячиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начну","gloss":"to get heated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative \"both...and\" with the second и","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of унижу","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative \"both...and\" with the first и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"идею","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with себя, direct object of унижу","gloss":"the idea"},{"surface":"унижу","lemma":"унизить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to знаю","gloss":"I'll demean"},{"surface":"мелькнуло","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject is the whole quoted thought)","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнуло","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнуло","gloss":"his head"}]}]}