{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b2-c2","title":{"source":"II. Старый шут","translated":"The Old Buffoon"},"section":"Book II — An Unfortunate Gathering","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b2-c2","lines":191},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b2-c1","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b2-c3","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b2-c2-s1","source":"Они вступили в комнату почти одновременно со старцем, который при появлении их тотчас показался из своей спаленки.","translation":"They entered the room almost at the same moment as the elder, who appeared from his little bedchamber the instant they came in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"который при появлении их тотчас показался","title":"A relative clause with «который»","body":"«который» joins the relative clause and agrees with its antecedent «старцем» in gender and number (masculine singular), while taking the nominative because it is the subject of «показался». The clause is set off by a comma, the standard Russian punctuation for a relative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вступили в комнату","title":"Accusative of motion-toward after «в»","body":"«в комнату» is accusative, not prepositional, because the preposition «в» expresses motion into the room rather than location in it. The verb «вступили» (perfective past) frames the entrance as a single completed event."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"спаленки","title":"«спаленка» — a little bedchamber","body":"A double diminutive of «спальня» (bedroom): «спаленка» suggests a small, modest sleeping-room, fitting for a monk's cell. We render the affectionate smallness as 'little bedchamber.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вступили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"вступили","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступили","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одновременно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"одновременно","lemma":"одновременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вступили","gloss":"at the same time"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцем","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"старцем","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of одновременно","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of показался","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking появлении","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"появлении","lemma":"появление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of показался","gloss":"the appearance"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies появлении","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показался","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"показался","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on старцем","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спаленки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of спаленки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"спаленки","lemma":"спаленка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показался","gloss":"little bedchamber"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b2-c2-s2","source":"В келье еще раньше их дожидались выхода старца два скитские иеромонаха, один — отец библиотекарь, а другой — отец Паисий, человек больной, хотя и не старый, но очень, как говорили про него, ученый.","translation":"Two monks of the hermitage were already in the cell, awaiting the elder's coming: one was the father librarian, the other Father Païsy, a man in poor health, though not old, and, as they said of him, very learned.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дожидались выхода старца","title":"Genitive object after «дожидаться»","body":"The reflexive verb «дожидаться» (to await) governs the genitive: «выхода старца» = 'the elder's coming-out.' Both «выхода» and «старца» are genitive, the second showing possession of the first."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и не старый, но очень... ученый","title":"The concessive frame «хотя… но»","body":"«хотя (и)… но» pairs a concession with its counter-statement: 'though not old, yet very learned.' The subordinating «хотя» opens the concession; «но» resumes the main thought, a characteristically balanced 19th-century rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дожидались","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раньше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"раньше","lemma":"рано","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies дожидались","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of раньше (earlier than them)","gloss":"than them"},{"surface":"дожидались","lemma":"дожидаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were awaiting"},{"surface":"выхода","lemma":"выход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дожидались","gloss":"the coming"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies выхода","gloss":"the elder's"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on иеромонаха","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"скитские","lemma":"скитский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies иеромонаха","gloss":"hermitage"},{"surface":"иеромонаха","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дожидались","gloss":"monks"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (predicate отец)","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of один (elliptical copula)","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"библиотекарь","lemma":"библиотекарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"librarian"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical second clause","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of другой (elliptical copula)","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Païsy"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец Паисий","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of хотя и (although)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies старый","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"старый","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the concessive clause, modifies человек","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ученый","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорили","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause, modifies ученый","gloss":"they said"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ученый","lemma":"учёный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with больной, modifies человек","gloss":"learned"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b2-c2-s3","source":"Кроме того, ожидал, стоя в уголку (и всё время потом оставался стоя), молодой паренек, лет двадцати двух на вид, в статском сюртуке, семинарист и будущий богослов, покровительствуемый почему-то монастырем и братиею.","translation":"Besides them, standing in a corner (and he remained standing the whole time afterward), there waited a young fellow, about twenty-two by the look of him, in an ordinary frock coat, a seminarian and future theologian who for some reason enjoyed the protection of the monastery and its brotherhood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ожидал, стоя в уголку","title":"The gerund «стоя» — attendant circumstance","body":"«стоя» is an imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) from «стоять»: 'standing,' an action simultaneous with the main verb «ожидал» and sharing its subject. It compresses 'he waited while he stood' into one supple phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лет двадцати двух","title":"Genitive of approximate age","body":"Inverting the numeral and noun — «лет двадцати двух» instead of «двадцати двух лет» — signals approximation: 'about twenty-two.' The whole phrase is genitive, governed by the implied measure of age; «двух» triggers genitive on its dependents."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"паренек","title":"«паренёк» — a young fellow","body":"An affectionate diminutive of «парень» (lad, fellow). It conveys mild, slightly condescending warmth toward the young seminarian — 'a young fellow.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"покровительствуемый... монастырем и братиею","title":"Present passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«покровительствуемый» is a bookish present passive participle ('being protected'), describing the seminarian. The agent doing the protecting stands in the instrumental: «монастырём и братиею». «братиею» is an archaic instrumental of «братия» (the brotherhood)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в статском сюртуке","title":"«статский» — civilian dress","body":"«статский» (civilian, lay), as opposed to military or clerical, marks the seminarian's «сюртук» (frock coat) as ordinary secular clothing — notable on a future churchman. The word is the same root as the rank «статский советник»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition Кроме","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ожидал","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"стоя","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ожидал","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уголку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уголку","lemma":"уголок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоя","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial accusative modifying оставался","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставался","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"оставался","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"стоя","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"modifies оставался","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies паренек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"паренек","lemma":"паренёк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ожидал","gloss":"fellow"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies паренек (age phrase)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"двадцати","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"part of the compound numeral двадцать два, quantifies лет","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"part of the compound numeral двадцать два, quantifies лет","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вид","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase на вид (by the look of it), modifies лет","gloss":"the look"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сюртуке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"статском","lemma":"статский","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сюртуке","gloss":"civilian"},{"surface":"сюртуке","lemma":"сюртук","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"describes паренек (in a frock coat)","gloss":"frock coat"},{"surface":"семинарист","lemma":"семинарист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to паренек","gloss":"seminarian"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будущий","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies богослов","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"богослов","lemma":"богослов","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with семинарист, in apposition to паренек","gloss":"theologian"},{"surface":"покровительствуемый","lemma":"покровительствуемый","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying паренек","gloss":"protected"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of почему-то (for some reason), modifies покровительствуемый","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms почему-то with почему","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"монастырем","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent complement of покровительствуемый","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"братиею","lemma":"братия","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with монастырем","gloss":"the brotherhood"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b2-c2-s4","source":"Он был довольно высокого роста, со свежим лицом, с широкими скулами, с умными и внимательными узенькими карими глазами.","translation":"He was rather tall, with a fresh face, broad cheekbones, and narrow brown eyes that were intelligent and attentive.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"довольно высокого роста, со свежим лицом, с широкими скулами","title":"Genitive and instrumental of description","body":"Russian describes a person's traits two ways here: «высокого роста» is a bare genitive of measure ('of tall stature'), while the chain «со свежим лицом, с широкими скулами» uses «с» + instrumental ('with a fresh face, with broad cheekbones'). The instrumental of accompanying feature is the standard portrait construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с умными и внимательными узенькими карими глазами","title":"A stacked agreement chain","body":"Four adjectives — «умными, внимательными, узенькими, карими» — all stand in the instrumental plural to agree with «глазами», showing how Russian piles modifiers while keeping every ending in lockstep. «узенькими» carries the diminutive -еньк-, softening 'narrow' to 'narrow little.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to роста","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высокого","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"высокого","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роста","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"роста","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был (genitive of quality)","gloss":"stature"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"свежим","lemma":"свежий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"fresh"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with роста","gloss":"a face"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скулами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"широкими","lemma":"широкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies скулами","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"скулами","lemma":"скула","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with роста","gloss":"cheekbones"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"умными","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"intelligent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"внимательными","lemma":"внимательный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with умными","gloss":"attentive"},{"surface":"узенькими","lemma":"узенький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"narrow"},{"surface":"карими","lemma":"карий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"brown"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with роста","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b2-c2-s5","source":"В лице выражалась совершенная почтительность, но приличная, без видимого заискивания.","translation":"His face expressed perfect deference, but a decorous one, without any visible fawning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В лице выражалась... почтительность","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as middle voice","body":"«выражалась» (from «выражаться») uses the reflexive clitic to make the verb intransitive: deference 'expressed itself' / 'was expressed' in his face, with no external agent. The subject «почтительность» follows the verb — a topic-comment ordering that puts the new information last."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заискивания","title":"«заискивание» — fawning","body":"«заискивать» is to ingratiate oneself, to curry favor obsequiously; the noun «заискивание» names that cringing flattery. The point of the sentence is precisely its absence — his deference is decorous, not servile."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выражалась","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"выражалась","lemma":"выражаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expressed"},{"surface":"совершенная","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies почтительность","gloss":"perfect"},{"surface":"почтительность","lemma":"почтительность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выражалась","gloss":"deference"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"приличная","lemma":"приличный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with совершенная, modifies почтительность","gloss":"decorous"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заискивания","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"видимого","lemma":"видимый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies заискивания","gloss":"visible"},{"surface":"заискивания","lemma":"заискивание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with почтительность","gloss":"fawning"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b2-c2-s6","source":"Вошедших гостей он даже и не приветствовал поклоном, как лицо им не равное, а, напротив, подведомственное и зависимое.","translation":"He did not even greet the entering guests with a bow, as one whose standing was not equal to theirs but, on the contrary, subordinate and dependent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вошедших гостей он даже и не приветствовал","title":"Fronted object and a past active participle","body":"«Вошедших гостей» (the object) is fronted before the subject «он» for emphasis — possible because the accusative endings keep the roles clear. «вошедших» is a past active participle of «войти» ('who had entered'), declined to agree with «гостей» in the animate accusative plural."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как лицо им не равное, а... подведомственное и зависимое","title":"Contrastive «а» and the dative of comparison","body":"«а» is the mild contrastive 'but/and,' pivoting from what he is not to what he is: 'not equal to them, but, on the contrary, subordinate.' «им» is dative, governed by «равное» (equal to someone). «не равное» negates the short-adjective-like attribute."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вошедших","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies гостей","gloss":"who had entered"},{"surface":"гостей","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of приветствовал","gloss":"the guests"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приветствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приветствовал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приветствовал","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приветствовал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приветствовал","lemma":"приветствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"greet"},{"surface":"поклоном","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of приветствовал","gloss":"with a bow"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of равное","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of равное","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of равное","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies равное","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"равное","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial clause on приветствовал","gloss":"equal"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to подведомственное","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"подведомственное","lemma":"подведомственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with равное","gloss":"subordinate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зависимое","lemma":"зависимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with подведомственное","gloss":"dependent"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b2-c2-s7","source":"Старец Зосима вышел в сопровождении послушника и Алеши.","translation":"The elder Zossima came out accompanied by the novice and Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вышел в сопровождении послушника и Алеши","title":"Genitive after «в сопровождении»","body":"The set phrase «в сопровождении» (accompanied by) governs the genitive: «послушника и Алеши» both stand in the genitive as those who accompany. «вышел» is the perfective of the prefixed motion verb «выйти» (to come/go out)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"Зосима","lemma":"зосима","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Старец","gloss":"Zossima"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сопровождении","gloss":"accompanied"},{"surface":"сопровождении","lemma":"сопровождение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"послушника","lemma":"послушник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сопровождении","gloss":"the novice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with послушника","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b2-c2-s8","source":"Иеромонахи поднялись и приветствовали его глубочайшим поклоном, пальцами касаясь земли, затем, благословившись, поцеловали руку его.","translation":"The monks rose and greeted him with a most profound bow, touching the ground with their fingers, then, having received his blessing, kissed his hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пальцами касаясь земли... благословившись","title":"Two gerunds, two aspects","body":"The sentence chains two gerunds of different aspect: «касаясь» (imperfective present, 'touching') marks an action ongoing alongside the bow, while «благословившись» (perfective past, 'having received a blessing') marks a completed action prior to the kiss. The contrast tracks the ceremony's exact sequence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"глубочайшим поклоном","title":"Superlative in «-айший» + instrumental","body":"«глубочайшим» is the bookish synthetic superlative of «глубокий» (-айш- after a velar), 'the most profound,' in the instrumental to mark the manner of greeting («приветствовали… поклоном»). The synthetic superlative is markedly literary beside the everyday «самый глубокий»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иеромонахи","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of поднялись","gloss":"the monks"},{"surface":"поднялись","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приветствовали","lemma":"приветствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поднялись","gloss":"greeted"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приветствовали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"глубочайшим","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, superlative, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклоном","gloss":"most profound"},{"surface":"поклоном","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of приветствовали","gloss":"with a bow"},{"surface":"пальцами","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of касаясь","gloss":"with their fingers"},{"surface":"касаясь","lemma":"касаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on приветствовали","gloss":"touching"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of касаясь","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поцеловали","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"благословившись","lemma":"благословиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"parallel clause to поцеловали","gloss":"having received his blessing"},{"surface":"поцеловали","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднялись","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловали","gloss":"the hand"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies руку (his)","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b2-c2-s9","source":"Благословив их, старец ответил им каждому столь же глубоким поклоном, перстами касаясь земли, и у каждого из них попросил и для себя благословения.","translation":"Having blessed them, the elder answered each with just as deep a bow, touching the ground with his fingers, and from every one of them asked a blessing for himself as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Благословив их, старец ответил","title":"Perfective past gerund «благословив»","body":"«Благословив» (having blessed) is a perfective past gerund opening the sentence: the blessing is completed before the main action «ответил». It shares the subject «старец» and renders 'having blessed them, the elder answered.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"перстами","title":"«персты» — fingers (archaic, elevated)","body":"«перст» is the high, Church-Slavonic-flavored word for finger, against everyday «палец». Note that the previous sentence used plain «пальцами» for the monks but «перстами» for the elder — a deliberate lift in register around the holy figure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у каждого из них попросил... благословения","title":"Genitive object of «попросить» and the source «у» + genitive","body":"«попросить» takes its requested thing in the genitive when it is abstract: «попросил… благословения» (asked for a blessing). The source from whom is «у каждого из них» — «у» + genitive marks the person petitioned."}],"words":[{"surface":"Благословив","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ответил","gloss":"having blessed"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Благословив","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of ответил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"каждому","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to им (each of them)","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глубоким","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"глубоким","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклоном","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"поклоном","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ответил","gloss":"a bow"},{"surface":"перстами","lemma":"перст","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of касаясь","gloss":"with his fingers"},{"surface":"касаясь","lemma":"касаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ответил","gloss":"touching"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of касаясь","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каждого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"каждого","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попросил","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies каждого","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ответил","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies себя (also)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of попросил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"благословения","lemma":"благословение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of попросил","gloss":"a blessing"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b2-c2-s10","source":"Вся церемония произошла весьма серьезно, вовсе не как вседневный обряд какой-нибудь, а почти с каким-то чувством.","translation":"The whole ceremony was carried out very seriously, not at all like some everyday rite, but almost with a kind of feeling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вовсе не как вседневный обряд... а почти с каким-то чувством","title":"«не… а» — corrective negation","body":"«вовсе не… а…» sets up a corrective contrast: 'not at all like an everyday rite, but rather with some feeling.' «вовсе» intensifies the negation, and the contrastive «а» supplies the replacement, a frequent Russian way of refining a description."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вседневный обряд","title":"«вседневный» — everyday, quotidian","body":"«вседневный» (lit. 'all-day-ish') is a slightly bookish word for 'everyday, daily,' more elevated than «ежедневный». Paired with «обряд» (rite, ceremony) it frames the gesture against routine religious observance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of церемония","gloss":"The whole"},{"surface":"церемония","lemma":"церемония","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of произошла","gloss":"ceremony"},{"surface":"произошла","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was carried out"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies серьезно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошла","gloss":"seriously"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates как обряд","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking обряд","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"вседневный","lemma":"вседневный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обряд","gloss":"everyday","note":"Archaic form of повседневный/будничный, \"everyday.\""},{"surface":"обряд","lemma":"обряд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"rite"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of обряд","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of обряд","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувством","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чувством","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чувством","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошла","gloss":"feeling"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b2-c2-s11","source":"Миусову, однако, показалось, что всё делается с намеренным внушением.","translation":"To Miusov, however, it seemed that all of this was done with deliberate suggestiveness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Миусову... показалось, что всё делается","title":"Dative-subject «показалось»","body":"This is the dative-experiencer pattern: «Миусову показалось» = 'to Miusov it seemed,' with no nominative subject and the impersonal neuter verb «показалось». The clause «что всё делается» is the content of the seeming, introduced by «что»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё делается с намеренным внушением","title":"Reflexive «делается» as passive","body":"«делается» (from «делать» + -ся) gives an imperfective passive/middle: 'everything is being done.' Russian prefers this -ся passive for ongoing actions over a participle, leaving the doer unnamed — exactly Miusov's suspicion that some hidden intention is at work."}],"words":[{"surface":"Миусову","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показалось","gloss":"To Miusov"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of показалось","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of делается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive делается","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"делается","lemma":"делаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of показалось","gloss":"was being done"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking внушением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"намеренным","lemma":"намеренный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies внушением","gloss":"deliberate"},{"surface":"внушением","lemma":"внушение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of делается","gloss":"suggestiveness"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b2-c2-s12","source":"Он стоял впереди всех вошедших с ним товарищей.","translation":"He stood at the front of all the companions who had come in with him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вошедших с ним товарищей","title":"Past active participle as a compact relative","body":"«вошедших» (past active participle of «войти») modifies «товарищей» and packs 'who had come in with him' into one declined word, agreeing in the animate genitive plural. Such participles let Dostoevsky avoid a string of «который»-clauses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"впереди","lemma":"впереди","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition marking товарищей","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of товарищей","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вошедших","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying товарищей","gloss":"who had come in"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошедших","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"товарищей","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of впереди","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b2-c2-s13","source":"Следовало бы, — и он даже обдумывал это еще вчера вечером, — несмотря ни на какие идеи, единственно из простой вежливости (так как уж здесь такие обычаи), подойти и благословиться у старца, по крайней мере хоть благословиться, если уж не целовать руку.","translation":"He ought to have — and he had even turned it over in his mind the evening before — in spite of any ideas whatever, purely out of common courtesy (since such were the customs here), to step up and be blessed by the elder, at least be blessed, even if he did not kiss the hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Следовало бы... подойти и благословиться","title":"Impersonal «следовало бы» + бы","body":"«Следовало бы» is an impersonal conditional: «следовало» ('it was fitting / one ought') plus the irrealis particle «бы» yields 'he ought to have…' with no subject, the obligation hanging over Miusov. The infinitives «подойти», «благословиться» name what was owed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря ни на какие идеи","title":"Emphatic negation with «ни… какие»","body":"«ни на какие идеи» uses «ни» to sweep away every member of a class: 'in spite of any ideas whatever.' «ни» splits around the preposition «на», a normal Russian pattern, and intensifies the concessive «несмотря на»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так как уж здесь такие обычаи","title":"The particle «уж» as concessive softener","body":"«уж» (a reduced «уже») here is not temporal 'already' but a modal particle of resignation/concession: 'since such are the customs here, after all.' These tiny particles supply the texture of inner speech that English marks only with intonation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Следовало","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He ought to have"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks Следовало as conditional/obligatory","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обдумывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обдумывал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"обдумывал","lemma":"обдумывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Следовало","gloss":"had turned over"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обдумывал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вчера","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обдумывал","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"вечером","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вчера","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition marking идеи","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase несмотря ни на","gloss":"no matter"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идеи","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of идеи","gloss":"whatever kind of"},{"surface":"идеи","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of несмотря","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies из простой вежливости","gloss":"purely"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вежливости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"простой","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вежливости","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"вежливости","lemma":"вежливость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of подойти","gloss":"courtesy"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так как (since)","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"так как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так как (since)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обычаи","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier in the causal clause","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of обычаи","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"обычаи","lemma":"обычай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"customs"},{"surface":"подойти","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Следовало","gloss":"to step up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благословиться","lemma":"благословиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with подойти","gloss":"to be blessed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of благословиться","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере (at least)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"measure","note":"Idiom по крайней мере, \"at least.\""},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the second благословиться","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"благословиться","lemma":"благословиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"restates благословиться (w28)","gloss":"just be blessed"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of целовать","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies целовать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies целовать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"целовать","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"conditional clause modifying the second благословиться","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of целовать","gloss":"the hand"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b2-c2-s14","source":"Но, увидя теперь все эти поклоны и лобызания иеромонахов, он в одну секунду переменил решение важно и серьезно отдал он довольно глубокий, по-светскому поклон и отошел к стулу.","translation":"But now, seeing all these bows and kisses of the monks, in a single second he changed his decision: gravely and seriously he made a fairly deep, worldly sort of bow and withdrew to a chair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"увидя теперь все эти поклоны","title":"The gerund «увидя»","body":"«увидя» is a perfective gerund of «увидеть» (a slightly archaic variant of «увидев»), 'having seen / on seeing.' It marks the completed perception that triggers the main clause's sudden change of mind, sharing the subject «он»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"важно и серьезно отдал он... поклон","title":"Adverb-first inversion for emphasis","body":"Fronting the adverbs «важно и серьёзно» and inverting verb and subject («отдал он») throws the rhetorical weight onto the manner of the bow. Word order, freed by the case endings, is doing expressive work here rather than marking grammar."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по-светскому поклон","title":"«по-светски/по-светскому» — in a worldly manner","body":"«светский» means 'of secular high society,' the opposite of the monastic «духовный». A «по-светскому поклон» is a society bow, not a religious one — Miusov pointedly substitutes a salon gesture for the expected blessing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"увидя","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on переменил","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидя","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of поклоны","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of поклоны","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"поклоны","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of увидя","gloss":"bows"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лобызания","lemma":"лобызание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with поклоны","gloss":"kisses"},{"surface":"иеромонахов","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies лобызания","gloss":"of the monks"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of переменил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking секунду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies секунду","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"секунду","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переменил","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"переменил","lemma":"переменить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"changed"},{"surface":"решение","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of переменил","gloss":"his decision"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдал","gloss":"gravely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдал","gloss":"seriously"},{"surface":"отдал","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with переменил","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отдал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глубокий","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"глубокий","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклон","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-светски","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-светски (in worldly fashion)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"светскому","lemma":"по-светски","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-светски","gloss":"worldly fashion"},{"surface":"поклон","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отдал","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отошел","lemma":"отойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отдал","gloss":"withdrew"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стулу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"стулу","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отошел","gloss":"the chair"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b2-c2-s15","source":"Точно так же поступил и Федор Павлович, на этот раз как обезьяна совершенно передразнив Миусова.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch did exactly the same, this time aping Miusov completely, like a monkey.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Точно так же поступил и Федор Павлович","title":"Inclusive particle «и» and inversion","body":"Here «и» is not the conjunction 'and' but the inclusive/emphatic particle 'too, also': 'Fyodor Pavlovitch did exactly the same too.' Fronting «Точно так же поступил» and placing the subject last marks the parallel with Miusov as the point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как обезьяна совершенно передразнив Миусова","title":"Perfective gerund «передразнив»","body":"«передразнив» (perfective gerund of «передразнить», to mimic mockingly) names the completed action accompanying «поступил»: 'doing the same, having aped Miusov completely.' The prefix пере- carries the sense of imitating right through, all over."}],"words":[{"surface":"Точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступил","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"поступил","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Федор","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поступил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of передразнив","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking обезьяна","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"обезьяна","lemma":"обезьяна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of передразнив","gloss":"a monkey"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передразнив","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"передразнив","lemma":"передразнить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поступил","gloss":"aping"},{"surface":"Миусова","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of передразнив","gloss":"Miusov"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b2-c2-s16","source":"Иван Федорович раскланялся очень важно и вежливо, но тоже держа руки по швам, а Калганов до того сконфузился, что и совсем не поклонился.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovitch bowed very gravely and politely, but also kept his arms stiff at his sides, while Kalganov was so abashed that he did not bow at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а Калганов до того сконфузился, что","title":"Contrastive «а» and the «до того… что» degree clause","body":"«а» shifts to a contrasting subject (Kalganov vs Ivan). «до того… что» is a correlative degree construction: 'so much… that,' where «до того» anticipates the result clause «что и совсем не поклонился.' «сконфузился» is reflexive (got embarrassed)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"держа руки по швам","title":"Idiomatic gerund phrase «держа руки по швам»","body":"«держа» is an imperfective gerund (holding) describing simultaneous manner. «руки по швам» (lit. 'hands along the seams [of the trousers]') is a fixed idiom for standing stiffly at attention, arms rigid at the sides."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раскланялся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovitch"},{"surface":"раскланялся","lemma":"раскланяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раскланялся","gloss":"gravely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вежливо","lemma":"вежливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with важно","gloss":"politely"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies держа","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"держа","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with раскланялся","gloss":"keeping"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of держа","gloss":"his arms"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking швам","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"швам","lemma":"шов","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of держа","gloss":"his sides","note":"Idiom держать руки по швам, \"to stand stiffly at attention.\""},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сконфузился","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сконфузился","gloss":"such a point"},{"surface":"сконфузился","lemma":"сконфузиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with раскланялся","gloss":"was abashed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поклонился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поклонился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поклонился","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сконфузился","gloss":"bow"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b2-c2-s17","source":"Старец опустил поднявшуюся было для благословения руку и, поклонившись им в другой раз, попросил всех садиться.","translation":"The elder lowered the hand he had begun to raise for a blessing and, bowing to them a second time, asked them all to sit down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поднявшуюся было для благословения руку","title":"Participle + the particle «было»","body":"«поднявшуюся» is a past active participle of the reflexive «подняться» ('that had risen'), agreeing with «руку» in the feminine accusative. The little particle «было» marks an action begun but interrupted or undone — the hand that had started to rise but was then lowered."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поклонившись им в другой раз, попросил","title":"Perfective gerund «поклонившись»","body":"«поклонившись» (having bowed) is a perfective gerund placing the bow just before the request «попросил». «им» is the dative of the person bowed to, and «попросил всех садиться» takes the accusative object «всех» (попросить кого-то; the dative would be «всем») with an imperfective infinitive of polite invitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опустил","gloss":"The elder"},{"surface":"опустил","lemma":"опустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lowered"},{"surface":"поднявшуюся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies руку","gloss":"that had begun to rise"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary particle, past","role":"auxiliary of поднявшуюся","gloss":"had started to"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благословения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"благословения","lemma":"благословение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднявшуюся","gloss":"a blessing"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of опустил","gloss":"the hand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поклонившись","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with опустил","gloss":"bowing"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of поклонившись","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for the"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поклонившись","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with опустил","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of попросил","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"садиться","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of попросил","gloss":"to sit down"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b2-c2-s18","source":"Кровь залила щеки Алеши; ему стало стыдно.","translation":"The blood rushed into Alyosha's cheeks; he was ashamed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кровь залила щеки Алеши","title":"Word order: agent and result","body":"«Кровь залила щёки Алеши» literally 'blood flooded Alyosha's cheeks' — the inanimate «кровь» is the nominative subject and «щёки» the accusative object, a vivid agentive idiom for blushing. «залила» is perfective: a sudden, completed rush."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему стало стыдно","title":"Dative subject: «ему стало стыдно»","body":"The classic experiencer construction: «ему» (dative) feels, with the impersonal neuter «стало» (became) plus the predicative «стыдно» (ashamed). There is no nominative subject — the shame simply comes over Alyosha. This dative-first framing pervades the novel's inner life."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of залила","gloss":"The blood"},{"surface":"залила","lemma":"залить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed into"},{"surface":"щеки","lemma":"щека","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of залила","gloss":"the cheeks"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies щеки","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of стало","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with залила","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"ashamed"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b2-c2-s19","source":"Сбывались его дурные предчувствия.","translation":"His evil forebodings were coming true.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сбывались его дурные предчувствия","title":"Imperfective «-ся» and verb-first order","body":"«Сбывались» (imperfective reflexive of «сбываться», to come true) views the process as unfolding — his forebodings 'were coming true,' not all at once. Beginning with the verb and ending on the subject «предчувствия» puts the new, ominous noun in the stressed final position."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сбывались","lemma":"сбываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were coming true"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of предчувствия","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"дурные","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies предчувствия","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"предчувствия","lemma":"предчувствие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of Сбывались","gloss":"forebodings"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b2-c2-s20","source":"Старец уселся на кожаный красного дерева диванчик, очень старинной постройки, а гостей, кроме обоих иеромонахов, поместил у противоположной стены, всех четверых рядышком, на четырех красного дерева обитых черною сильно протершеюся кожей стульях.","translation":"The elder seated himself on a little leather sofa of red wood, of very old-fashioned make, and placed the guests — except for the two monks — along the opposite wall, all four side by side, on four red-wood chairs upholstered in black, badly worn leather.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уселся на... диванчик","title":"Reflexive «усесться» — settling oneself","body":"«уселся» is the perfective reflexive of «усесться» (to seat oneself, settle in), the -ся giving the intransitive 'sat himself down.' «на… диванчик» is accusative for motion onto. «диванчик» is a diminutive — a 'little sofa.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обоих иеромонахов","title":"«оба/обоих» — the collective 'both'","body":"«оба» (masc.) / «обе» (fem.) means 'both' and declines: «кроме обоих иеромонахов» is genitive after «кроме». It behaves like a numeral, governing the genitive of its noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на четырех... обитых черною... кожей стульях","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental of material","body":"«обитых» is a past passive participle ('upholstered') agreeing with «стульях» in the prepositional plural; the material doing the upholstering stands in the instrumental, «кожей». Note the archaic instrumental endings «черною… протершеюся» (modern «чёрной… протёршейся»)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рядышком","title":"«рядышком» — cozily side by side","body":"A diminutive-adverbial form of «рядом» (side by side), with the affectionate -ышк-: 'all snug in a row.' It lends a faintly comic, homely touch to the four grand guests lined up on worn chairs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уселся","gloss":"The elder"},{"surface":"уселся","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seated himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диванчик","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"кожаный","lemma":"кожаный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies диванчик","gloss":"leather"},{"surface":"красного","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дерева","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"дерева","lemma":"дерево","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies диванчик","gloss":"wood","note":"Красное дерево = \"mahogany.\""},{"surface":"диванчик","lemma":"диванчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уселся","gloss":"little sofa"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старинной","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"старинной","lemma":"старинный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies постройки","gloss":"old-fashioned"},{"surface":"постройки","lemma":"постройка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies диванчик","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гостей","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of поместил","gloss":"the guests"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иеромонахов","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine","role":"quantifies иеромонахов","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"иеромонахов","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of кроме","gloss":"the monks"},{"surface":"поместил","lemma":"поместить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уселся","gloss":"placed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стены","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"противоположной","lemma":"противоположный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стены","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"стены","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поместил","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of четверых","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"четверых","lemma":"четверо","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"in apposition to гостей","gloss":"the four of them"},{"surface":"рядышком","lemma":"рядышком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поместил","gloss":"side by side"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стульях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"четырех","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies стульях","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"красного","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дерева","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"дерева","lemma":"дерево","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies стульях","gloss":"wood","note":"Красного дерева = \"mahogany\" (material of the chairs)."},{"surface":"обитых","lemma":"обитый","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, genitive, plural, perfective","role":"modifies стульях","gloss":"upholstered"},{"surface":"черною","lemma":"черный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кожей","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протершеюся","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"протершеюся","lemma":"протереться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies кожей","gloss":"worn through"},{"surface":"кожей","lemma":"кожа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обитых","gloss":"leather"},{"surface":"стульях","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поместил","gloss":"chairs"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b2-c2-s21","source":"Иеромонахи уселись по сторонам, один у дверей, другой у окна.","translation":"The monks settled themselves at the sides, one by the door, the other by the window.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уселись по сторонам, один у дверей, другой у окна","title":"Distributive «один… другой» and «у» + genitive of place","body":"«один… другой» distributes the pair: 'one… the other.' Location 'by/near' is «у» + genitive: «у дверей», «у окна». «уселись» is again the perfective reflexive of seating oneself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иеромонахи","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of уселись","gloss":"The monks"},{"surface":"уселись","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"settled themselves"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторонам","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сторонам","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of уселись","gloss":"the sides"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иеромонахи","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверей","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"дверей","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of один","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with один","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of другой","gloss":"the window"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b2-c2-s22","source":"Семинарист, Алеша и послушник оставались стоя.","translation":"The seminarian, Alyosha, and the novice remained standing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставались стоя","title":"«оставаться» + gerund «стоя»","body":"«оставались» is imperfective (kept on, remained), and «стоя» is the gerund 'standing,' so 'remained standing.' The imperfective stresses the continuing state, contrasting with the seated guests who 'уселись' (perfective, settled)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Семинарист","lemma":"семинарист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставались","gloss":"The seminarian"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Семинарист","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"послушник","lemma":"послушник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Семинарист","gloss":"the novice"},{"surface":"оставались","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"стоя","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"modifies оставались","gloss":"standing"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b2-c2-s23","source":"Вся келья была очень необширна и какого-то вялого вида.","translation":"The whole cell was very cramped and of a somewhat faded appearance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была очень необширна и какого-то вялого вида","title":"Short adjective vs genitive of quality","body":"Two predicative strategies stand side by side: the short adjective «необширна» (cramped, lit. 'not spacious') predicates a quality directly, while «какого-то вялого вида» is a genitive of quality, 'of a somewhat faded appearance.' Short forms like «необширна» are bookish and characteristic of 19th-century description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какого-то вялого вида","title":"The indefinite «какой-то»","body":"«какой-то» ('some… or other') marks a quality the narrator perceives but cannot pin down — 'a somewhat faded look.' The clitic -то flags a real but unspecified character, a recurring shading in Dostoevsky's impressionistic descriptions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of келья","gloss":"The whole"},{"surface":"келья","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of необширна","gloss":"cell"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to необширна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies необширна","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"необширна","lemma":"необширный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cramped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вида","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вида","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"вялого","lemma":"вялый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вида","gloss":"faded"},{"surface":"вида","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with необширна","gloss":"appearance"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b2-c2-s24","source":"Вещи и мебель были грубые, бедные и самые лишь необходимые.","translation":"The objects and furniture were coarse, poor, and only the barest necessities.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"были грубые, бедные и самые лишь необходимые","title":"«самые лишь необходимые» — only the most necessary","body":"«самые» here forms a superlative of «необходимые» ('the most necessary'), and the particle «лишь» (only, merely) restricts it: 'only the barest necessities.' «лишь» is a slightly literary synonym of «только»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вещи","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of грубые","gloss":"The things"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мебель","lemma":"мебель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Вещи","gloss":"furniture"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to грубые","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"грубые","lemma":"грубый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"coarse"},{"surface":"бедные","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with грубые","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies необходимые","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies необходимые","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"необходимые","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with грубые","gloss":"necessary"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b2-c2-s25","source":"Два горшка цветов на окне, а в углу много икон — одна из них богородицы, огромного размера и писанная, вероятно, еще задолго до раскола.","translation":"Two pots of flowers on the windowsill, and in the corner many ikons — one of them of the Mother of God, of enormous size and painted, in all likelihood, long before the schism.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"писанная, вероятно, еще задолго до раскола","title":"Past passive participle «писанная»","body":"«писанная» is a past passive participle from «писать» — note that an ikon is «писана» (written/painted), the traditional Orthodox idiom. The long form agrees with «одна (икона)» in the feminine; the doubled -нн- marks it as a full participle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on горшка","gloss":"Two"},{"surface":"горшка","lemma":"горшок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with икон","gloss":"pots"},{"surface":"цветов","lemma":"цветок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies горшка","gloss":"of flowers"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окне","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"окне","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies горшка","gloss":"the windowsill"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"locative adjunct modifying икон","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"quantifier","role":"quantifies икон","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"икон","lemma":"икона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"icons"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies одна","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"богородицы","lemma":"богородица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies одна","gloss":"of the Mother of God"},{"surface":"огромного","lemma":"огромный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies размера","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"размера","lemma":"размер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies одна","gloss":"size"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"писанная","lemma":"писанный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with одна","gloss":"painted"},{"surface":"вероятно","lemma":"вероятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of писанная","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задолго","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"задолго","lemma":"задолго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies писанная","gloss":"long before"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раскола","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"раскола","lemma":"раскол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of задолго","gloss":"the schism","note":"Refers to the 17th-century Raskol, the split of the Old Believers from the Russian Orthodox Church."}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b2-c2-s26","source":"Пред ней теплилась лампадка.","translation":"Before it a little lamp was burning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пред ней теплилась лампадка","title":"Archaic «пред» and reflexive «теплилась»","body":"«Пред» is the elevated, shortened form of «перед» (before, in front of), governing the instrumental «ней». «теплилась» (imperfective reflexive of «теплиться») renders a small flame quietly, continuously burning — the verb almost only used of such lamps and faint warmth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"Before"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Пред","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"теплилась","lemma":"теплиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was burning"},{"surface":"лампадка","lemma":"лампадка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of теплилась","gloss":"a little lamp"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b2-c2-s27","source":"Около нее две другие иконы в сияющих ризах, затем около них деланные херувимчики, фарфоровые яички, католический крест из слоновой кости с обнимающею его Mater dolorosa и несколько заграничных гравюр с великих итальянских художников прошлых столетий.","translation":"Beside it stood two other ikons in gleaming settings, then near them molded little cherubs, porcelain eggs, an ivory Catholic crucifix with a Mater dolorosa embracing it, and several foreign engravings after the great Italian painters of past centuries.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"херувимчики, яички","title":"Diminutives «херувимчики», «яички»","body":"«херувимчики» (little cherubs) and «яички» (little eggs — here decorative porcelain ones) carry diminutive suffixes that make the bric-à-brac sound small, dainty, faintly kitsch — a gentle authorial wink at the cell's clutter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"Beside"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Около","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on иконы","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies иконы","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"иконы","lemma":"икона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with херувимчики","gloss":"icons"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ризах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сияющих","lemma":"сиять","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, locative, imperfective","role":"modifies ризах","gloss":"gleaming"},{"surface":"ризах","lemma":"риза","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies иконы","gloss":"settings","note":"Риза: the ornamented metal cover (oklad) of an icon."},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"sequential adverb introducing the next clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of около","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"деланные","lemma":"деланный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies херувимчики","gloss":"molded"},{"surface":"херувимчики","lemma":"херувимчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with иконы","gloss":"little cherubs"},{"surface":"фарфоровые","lemma":"фарфоровый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies яички","gloss":"porcelain"},{"surface":"яички","lemma":"яичко","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with херувимчики","gloss":"eggs"},{"surface":"католический","lemma":"католический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крест","gloss":"Catholic"},{"surface":"крест","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with херувимчики","gloss":"crucifix"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кости","gloss":"made of"},{"surface":"слоновой","lemma":"слоновый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кости","gloss":"ivory"},{"surface":"кости","lemma":"кость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies крест","gloss":"bone","note":"Слоновая кость, literally \"elephant bone,\" means ivory."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обнимающею","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"обнимающею","lemma":"обнимающий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, instrumental, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies крест","gloss":"embracing"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обнимающею","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Mater","lemma":"Mater","morphology":"proper noun, foreign word","role":"subject of обнимающею","gloss":"Mater","note":"Latin \"Mater Dolorosa,\" the Sorrowful Mother, a devotional image of the Virgin."},{"surface":"dolorosa","lemma":"dolorosa","morphology":"proper noun, foreign word","role":"depends on Mater","gloss":"Dolorosa"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on гравюр","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"заграничных","lemma":"заграничный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies гравюр","gloss":"foreign"},{"surface":"гравюр","lemma":"гравюра","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with херувимчики","gloss":"engravings"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking художников","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"великих","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies художников","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"итальянских","lemma":"итальянский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies художников","gloss":"Italian"},{"surface":"художников","lemma":"художник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies гравюр","gloss":"painters"},{"surface":"прошлых","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies столетий","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"столетий","lemma":"столетие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies художников","gloss":"centuries"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b2-c2-s28","source":"Подле этих изящных и дорогих гравюрных изображений красовалось несколько листов самых простонароднейших русских литографий святых, мучеников, святителей и проч., продающихся за копейки на всех ярмарках.","translation":"Alongside these elegant and costly engraved images were displayed several sheets of the most common Russian popular lithographs of saints, martyrs, prelates, and so on — the kind sold for a few kopecks at every fair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"самых простонароднейших","title":"Double-marked superlative","body":"«простонароднейших» already carries the synthetic superlative suffix -ейш- ('most common-folk'), and «самых» piles on the analytic superlative as well — an emphatic, almost colloquial doubling, 'the very commonest of all.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"продающихся за копейки на всех ярмарках","title":"Present active participle of an -ся verb","body":"«продающихся» is a present active participle of the reflexive «продаваться» (to be sold), agreeing with «литографий» in the genitive plural: 'the kind being sold for kopecks.' It compresses a «которые продаются»-clause into one modifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изображений","gloss":"alongside"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of изображений","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"изящных","lemma":"изящный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies изображений","gloss":"elegant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дорогих","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with изящных","gloss":"costly"},{"surface":"гравюрных","lemma":"гравюрный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies изображений","gloss":"engraved"},{"surface":"изображений","lemma":"изображение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition Подле","gloss":"images"},{"surface":"красовалось","lemma":"красоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were displayed"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on листов","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"листов","lemma":"лист","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of красовалось","gloss":"sheets"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"intensifies простонароднейших","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"простонароднейших","lemma":"простонародный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, genitive, plural","role":"modifies литографий","gloss":"most common"},{"surface":"русских","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies литографий","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"литографий","lemma":"литография","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies листов","gloss":"lithographs"},{"surface":"святых","lemma":"святой","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies литографий","gloss":"saints"},{"surface":"мучеников","lemma":"мученик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with святых","gloss":"martyrs"},{"surface":"святителей","lemma":"святитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with святых","gloss":"prelates"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочий","morphology":"adjective (abbreviation), genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with святителей","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"продающихся","lemma":"продаваться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies литографий","gloss":"which are sold","note":"продающихся agrees with литографий: 'the kind sold for...'"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking копейки","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"копейки","lemma":"копейка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of продающихся","gloss":"kopecks"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ярмарках","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of ярмарках","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"ярмарках","lemma":"ярмарка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of продающихся","gloss":"fairs"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b2-c2-s29","source":"Было несколько литографических портретов русских современных и прежних архиереев, но уже по другим стенам.","translation":"There were several lithographed portraits of Russian bishops, both present-day and former, but these hung on the other walls.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Было несколько литографических портретов","title":"Quantifier «несколько» + genitive plural","body":"The impersonal «было» ('there were') pairs with «несколько» (several), which governs the genitive plural «портретов». The neuter singular «было» agrees with the quantifier phrase, not with the plural noun — standard for such existential statements."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, existential (there was)","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on портретов","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"литографических","lemma":"литографический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies портретов","gloss":"lithographed"},{"surface":"портретов","lemma":"портрет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Было","gloss":"portraits"},{"surface":"русских","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies архиереев","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"современных","lemma":"современный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies архиереев","gloss":"present-day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прежних","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with современных","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"архиереев","lemma":"архиерей","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies портретов","gloss":"bishops"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стенам","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стенам","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies стенам","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"стенам","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Было (elliptical)","gloss":"walls"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b2-c2-s30","source":"Миусов бегло окинул всю эту «казенщину» и пристальным взглядом уперся в старца.","translation":"Miusov ran a fleeting glance over all this \"officialdom\" and fixed his eyes intently on the elder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«казенщину»","title":"«казёнщина» — officialdom, soullessness","body":"From «казённый» (belonging to the state treasury, official), «казёнщина» is a contemptuous noun for everything dull, bureaucratic, and lifelessly conventional. Miusov sweeps the whole pious display under this dismissive word — the narrator marks his disdain with the guillemets."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пристальным взглядом уперся в старца","title":"Instrumental of manner + «упереться в»","body":"«пристальным взглядом» is the instrumental of manner ('with an intent gaze'). «упереться в» + accusative (here «в старца») means to fix/plant oneself against something — the reflexive verb makes his stare almost physically lean on the elder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of окинул","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"бегло","lemma":"бегло","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окинул","gloss":"briefly"},{"surface":"окинул","lemma":"окинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"swept his eyes over"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of казенщину","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of казенщину","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"казенщину","lemma":"казёнщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of окинул","gloss":"officialdom"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пристальным","lemma":"пристальный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"intent"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уперся","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"уперся","lemma":"упереться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with окинул","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уперся","gloss":"the elder"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b2-c2-s31","source":"Он уважал свой взгляд, имел эту слабость, во всяком случае в нем простительную, приняв в соображение, что было ему уже пятьдесят лет — возраст, в который умный светский и обеспеченный человек всегда становится к себе почтительнее, иногда даже поневоле.","translation":"He set great store by his own judgment of people — he had this weakness, pardonable enough in him, considering that he was already fifty: the age at which an intelligent man of the world, well provided for, always grows more respectful toward himself, sometimes even against his will.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приняв в соображение, что было ему уже пятьдесят лет","title":"Perfective gerund + dative of age","body":"«приняв» (having taken) is a perfective gerund opening the parenthetical reasoning. Age is expressed with the dative of the person: «было ему… пятьдесят лет» = 'he was fifty' (lit. 'to him there were fifty years'), the impersonal «было» agreeing with neither."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в нем простительную","title":"Long-form adjective as predicate complement","body":"«простительную» (pardonable) is a full attributive adjective agreeing with «слабость» in the accusative; «в нём» (in him) localizes the pardon. The phrasing 'a weakness, pardonable enough in him' shows Russian appositive adjectives doing the work of an English relative clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"становится к себе почтительнее","title":"Reflexive «себе» and comparative «почтительнее»","body":"«к себе» uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» (dative «себе»), pointing back to the clause's subject: 'toward himself.' «почтительнее» is the predicative comparative of «почтительный» (more respectful), invariable in -ее."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"светский и обеспеченный человек","title":"«светский», «обеспеченный»","body":"«светский» again means 'of the (high) world,' a man of society. «обеспеченный» (well provided for, financially secure) is the past passive participle of «обеспечить» used adjectivally — Miusov as the comfortable, worldly gentleman the elder is not."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уважал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"уважал","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"valued"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of взгляд","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уважал","gloss":"judgment"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уважал","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of слабость","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"слабость","lemma":"слабость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"weakness"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всяком","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom во всяком случае, modifies простительную","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простительную","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"простительную","lemma":"простительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слабость","gloss":"pardonable"},{"surface":"приняв","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying имел","gloss":"considering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соображение","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"соображение","lemma":"соображение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приняв","gloss":"account","note":"принять в соображение is idiomatic: 'to take into account'."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (existential: he was)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of было","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пятьдесят","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"пятьдесят","lemma":"пятьдесят","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"возраст","lemma":"возраст","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to пятьдесят лет","gloss":"an age"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking который","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"relative pronoun (refers to возраст), oblique complement of становится","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"умный","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"intelligent"},{"surface":"светский","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"worldly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обеспеченный","lemma":"обеспеченный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with светский","gloss":"well-off"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of становится","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies становится","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"становится","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying возраст","gloss":"becomes"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of становится","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"почтительнее","lemma":"почтительный","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"complement of становится","gloss":"more respectful"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies становится","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поневоле","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"поневоле","lemma":"поневоле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies становится","gloss":"against his will"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b2-c2-s32","source":"С первого мгновения старец ему не понравился.","translation":"From the very first instant he did not like the elder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"старец ему не понравился","title":"Dative experiencer with «понравиться»","body":"«нравиться/понравиться» reverses English: the thing liked, «старец», is the nominative subject, and the one who likes it, «ему», is dative. So 'the elder did not please him' = 'he did not like the elder.' «понравился» is perfective: the dislike registered at first sight."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мгновения","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"мгновения","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of понравился","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понравился","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of понравился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понравился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понравился","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did not please"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b2-c2-s33","source":"В самом деле, было что-то в лице старца, что многим бы, и кроме Миусова, не понравилось.","translation":"And in truth there was something in the elder's face that many besides Miusov would not have liked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"было что-то в лице..., что многим бы... не понравилось","title":"Conditional «бы» + dative in a relative clause","body":"The relative «что» picks up «что-то» and heads a clause with «бы»: «многим бы… не понравилось» = 'which many would not have liked.' «многим» is the dative experiencer of «понравиться», and «бы» + past «понравилось» builds the hypothetical."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то в лице старца","title":"The indefinite «что-то»","body":"«что-то» ('something') with the clitic -то marks a real but unidentifiable quality — 'something in the elder's face.' This vagueness, half-felt and unnamed, is a signature of Dostoevsky's psychological notation."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom в самом деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom в самом деле, modifies было","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, existential (there was)","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative (part 1 of что-то)","role":"subject of было","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle (part 2 of что-то, indefinite marker)","role":"subject of было","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лице","gloss":"the elder's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative/accusative","role":"introduces the relative clause on что-то, refers back to it","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"многим","lemma":"многие","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative experiencer of понравилось","gloss":"many people"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with понравилось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes кроме Миусова","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Миусова","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"Миусова","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of preposition кроме","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понравилось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понравилось","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause (modifies что-то)","gloss":"would have pleased"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b2-c2-s34","source":"Это был невысокий сгорбленный человечек с очень слабыми ногами, всего только шестидесяти пяти лет, но казавшийся от болезни гораздо старше, по крайней мере лет на десять.","translation":"He was a short, stooped little man with very weak legs, only sixty-five years old, yet looking, because of his illness, a good deal older — by at least ten years.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"казавшийся от болезни гораздо старше","title":"Past active participle + «гораздо» + comparative","body":"«казавшийся» is a past active participle of «казаться» ('who seemed'), agreeing with «человечек». It governs the predicative comparative «старше» (older), intensified by «гораздо» (much). «от болезни» is «от» + genitive of cause: 'because of illness.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всего только шестидесяти пяти лет... лет на десять","title":"Genitive of age and «на» for the extent of difference","body":"«шестидесяти пяти лет» is the genitive describing age. «лет на десять» uses «на» + accusative to express the measure of a difference — 'older by about ten years' — with the inversion «лет на десять» again signalling approximation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"человечек","title":"«человечек» — a little man","body":"The diminutive of «человек», «человечек» renders the elder small and almost pitiable — 'a little man.' Combined with «сгорбленный» (stooped) it sketches physical frailty with a touch of tenderness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to человечек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"невысокий","lemma":"невысокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человечек","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"сгорбленный","lemma":"сгорбленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человечек","gloss":"stooped"},{"surface":"человечек","lemma":"человечек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of был","gloss":"little man"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слабыми","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"слабыми","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies ногами","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"ногами","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies человечек","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies только (whole phrase modifies лет)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всего только","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"шестидесяти","lemma":"шестьдесят","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"sixty"},{"surface":"пяти","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies человечек (age description)","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"казавшийся","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies человечек (contrastive participial clause)","gloss":"seeming"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of казавшийся","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старше","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"старше","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"complement of казавшийся","gloss":"older"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom по крайней мере, modifies старше","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of старше","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking десять","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"ten"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b2-c2-s35","source":"Всё лицо его, впрочем очень сухенькое, было усеяно мелкими морщинками, особенно было много их около глаз.","translation":"His whole face, which was, for that matter, very thin and dry, was strewn with fine little wrinkles, especially many of them about the eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"было усеяно мелкими морщинками","title":"Past passive participle (short form) + instrumental","body":"«усеяно» is the short-form past passive participle of «усеять» (to strew, bestrew), joined to «было» to state a result: 'was strewn.' What it is strewn with stands in the instrumental, «мелкими морщинками» — the instrumental of means with a passive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сухенькое, морщинками","title":"Tender diminutives «сухенькое», «морщинки»","body":"«сухенькое» (-еньк-, from «сухой» dry/thin) and «морщинки» (-к-, little wrinkles) keep the elder's portrait in the register of fond smallness, the wrinkles 'fine little' ones rather than harsh furrows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive усеяно","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies сухенькое clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сухенькое","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"сухенькое","lemma":"сухенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"gaunt"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of усеяно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"усеяно","lemma":"усеять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"strewn"},{"surface":"мелкими","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies морщинками","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"морщинками","lemma":"морщинка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of усеяно","gloss":"wrinkles"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with усеяно","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"subject of было","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаз","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of preposition около","gloss":"the eyes"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b2-c2-s36","source":"Глаза же были небольшие, из светлых, быстрые и блестящие, вроде как бы две блестящие точки.","translation":"His eyes were small, of a light color, quick and shining, like two glittering points.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Глаза же были небольшие","title":"The particle «же» marking a new topic","body":"Here «же» is not 'but/however' in the strong sense but a soft topic-shifting particle: 'as for the eyes, they were…' It signals a return to the catalogue of features, the kind of low-stress connective that gives the description its conversational drift."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вроде как бы две блестящие точки","title":"Hedging «вроде как бы»","body":"«вроде как бы» heaps three hedging markers — «вроде» (sort of), «как» (like), «бы» (the irrealis particle) — to soften the simile to 'something like two glittering points.' Such stacked approximation is typical of the narrator's tentative, feeling-his-way manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of небольшие","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Глаза","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to небольшие","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"небольшие","lemma":"небольшой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate nominal of были","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking светлых","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"светлых","lemma":"светлый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with небольшие","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"быстрые","lemma":"быстрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with небольшие","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"блестящие","lemma":"блестящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with небольшие","gloss":"shining"},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison, complement of небольшие","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part of idiom вроде как бы)","role":"part of idiom вроде как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part of idiom вроде как бы)","role":"part of idiom вроде как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on точки","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"блестящие","lemma":"блестящий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies точки","gloss":"glittering"},{"surface":"точки","lemma":"точка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of вроде","gloss":"points"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b2-c2-s37","source":"Седенькие волосики сохранились лишь на висках, бородка была крошечная и реденькая, клином, а губы, часто усмехавшиеся, — тоненькие, как две бечевочки.","translation":"A few grayish hairs were left only at his temples, his little beard was tiny and sparse, tapering to a point, and his lips, which often smiled, were thin as two threads of string.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"волосики, бородка, бечевочки","title":"Diminutive suffixes","body":"Russian piles on diminutive suffixes (-ик, -к-, -очк-, -еньк-) to color a description with affection, smallness, or a faintly ironic tenderness. Here «волосики» (little hairs), «бородка» (little beard), «реденькая» (rather thin), «тоненькие» (very thin), and «бечевочки» (little strings) make the elder's frail features seem delicate and touching. English has almost no diminutives, so we carry the effect with adjectives like 'little,' 'sparse,' and 'thin as two threads of string.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"губы, часто усмехавшиеся","title":"Past active participle «усмехавшиеся»","body":"«усмехавшиеся» is a past active participle of the reflexive «усмехаться» (to smile slightly, smirk), imperfective, agreeing with «губы»: 'lips that often smiled.' The imperfective stem gives a habitual, repeated smiling rather than a single one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Седенькие","lemma":"седенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies волосики","gloss":"grayish"},{"surface":"волосики","lemma":"волосик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сохранились","gloss":"little hairs"},{"surface":"сохранились","lemma":"сохраниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies висках","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking висках","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"висках","lemma":"висок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сохранились","gloss":"the temples"},{"surface":"бородка","lemma":"бородка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"his little beard"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to крошечная","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"крошечная","lemma":"крошечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"tiny"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"реденькая","lemma":"реденький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with крошечная","gloss":"sparse"},{"surface":"клином","lemma":"клин","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бородка (manner: wedge-shaped)","gloss":"wedge-shaped"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of тоненькие (elliptical copula)","gloss":"his lips"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехавшиеся","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"усмехавшиеся","lemma":"усмехаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying губы","gloss":"which smiled"},{"surface":"тоненькие","lemma":"тоненький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement (elliptical copula), describes губы","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison, complement of тоненькие","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on бечевочки","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"бечевочки","lemma":"бечёвочка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of как (comparison)","gloss":"threads of string"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b2-c2-s38","source":"Нос не то чтобы длинный, а востренький, точно у птички.","translation":"His nose was not exactly long, but sharp-pointed, just like a little bird's.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то чтобы длинный, а востренький","title":"The corrective idiom «не то чтобы… а»","body":"«не то чтобы… а…» is a fixed hedging-corrective frame: 'not exactly… but rather…' It qualifies a description by first half-denying one term and then offering a truer one — 'not exactly long, but sharp-pointed.' Note «чтобы» here is idiomatic, not a purpose clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"востренький, точно у птички","title":"Diminutives «востренький», «птичка»","body":"«востренький» is the diminutive of «вострый/острый» (sharp), 'sharp-pointed in a small way,' and «птичка» a little bird. «точно у птички» (just as a little bird's) uses «у» + genitive of possession to make the comparison — keeping the whole image small and bird-like."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нос","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the predicate (длинный/востренький)","gloss":"his nose"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom не то чтобы","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (part of idiom не то чтобы)","role":"part of idiom не то чтобы, modifies длинный","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part of idiom не то чтобы)","role":"part of idiom не то чтобы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"длинный","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, part of idiom не то чтобы длинный","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"востренький","lemma":"востренький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with длинный","gloss":"sharp-pointed"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces comparison, modifies востренький","gloss":"just like"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking птички","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"птички","lemma":"птичка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of preposition у","gloss":"a little bird"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b2-c2-s39","source":"«По всем признакам злобная и мелко-надменная душонка», — пролетело в голове Миусова.","translation":"\"By every sign, a spiteful and pettily arrogant little soul,\" flashed through Miusov's mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мелко-надменная душонка","title":"«душонка» — a mean little soul","body":"«душонка» is the pejorative diminutive of «душа» (soul), with the contemptuous -онк- suffix: a petty, base little soul. Coupled with «мелко-надменная» (pettily arrogant), it shows Miusov's snap verdict in its full disdain."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пролетело в голове Миусова","title":"Perfective «пролетело» for a flashing thought","body":"«пролетело» (perfective of «пролететь», to fly through) is used figuratively of a thought that darts through the mind in an instant — the prefix про- giving the sense of passing right through. The neuter form agrees with the quoted thought as a clausal subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking признакам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of признакам","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"признакам","lemma":"признак","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of preposition По","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"злобная","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душонка","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мелко","lemma":"мелко","morphology":"adverb (combining form of мелкий)","role":"modifies надменная (compound мелко-надменная)","gloss":"pettily"},{"surface":"надменная","lemma":"надменный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душонка","gloss":"arrogant"},{"surface":"душонка","lemma":"душонка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical predicate (quoted thought)","gloss":"little soul"},{"surface":"пролетело","lemma":"пролететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пролетело","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"Миусова","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голове","gloss":"Miusov's"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b2-c2-s40","source":"Вообще он был очень недоволен собой.","translation":"On the whole he was very displeased with himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был очень недоволен собой","title":"Short adjective «недоволен» + instrumental","body":"«недоволен» is the short (predicative) form of «недовольный» (displeased), used only as a predicate; the cause of displeasure stands in the instrumental — «собой», the instrumental of the reflexive «себя». So 'displeased with himself.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недоволен","gloss":"on the whole"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of недоволен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to недоволен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недоволен","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"недоволен","lemma":"недовольный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of был","gloss":"displeased"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of недоволен","gloss":"with himself"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b2-c2-s41","source":"Пробившие часы помогли начать разговор.","translation":"The striking of a clock helped to start the conversation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пробившие часы помогли начать разговор","title":"Past active participle «пробившие»","body":"«пробившие» is a past active participle of «пробить» (to strike, of a clock), agreeing with «часы»: 'the clock that had struck.' It compresses the relative idea into one declined word and stands attributively before the noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пробившие","lemma":"пробить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies часы","gloss":"striking"},{"surface":"часы","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of помогли","gloss":"the clock"},{"surface":"помогли","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"helped"},{"surface":"начать","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of помогли","gloss":"to start"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of начать","gloss":"the conversation"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b2-c2-s42","source":"Ударило скорым боем на дешевых маленьких стенных часах с гирями ровно двенадцать.","translation":"A cheap little wall clock with weights chimed twelve in a quick, hurried beat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ударило скорым боем... ровно двенадцать","title":"Impersonal «ударило» — it struck twelve","body":"«Ударило» is an impersonal neuter past with no nominative subject — 'it struck.' The manner is the instrumental «скорым боем» (in a quick beat), and «двенадцать» is the accusative number of strokes. The subjectless framing makes the chime an event that simply happens."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"часах с гирями","title":"«часы с гирями» — a weight-driven clock","body":"«гири» are the hanging weights that drive an old wall clock; «с гирями» (instrumental after «с») specifies the cheap mechanism. The homely detail underscores the poverty of the cell."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ударило","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal)","gloss":"it struck"},{"surface":"скорым","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies боем","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"боем","lemma":"бой","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement (manner) of Ударило","gloss":"chime"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"дешевых","lemma":"дешёвый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies часах","gloss":"cheap"},{"surface":"маленьких","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies часах","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"стенных","lemma":"стенной","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies часах","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"часах","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Ударило","gloss":"clock"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гирями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"гирями","lemma":"гиря","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies часах","gloss":"weights"},{"surface":"ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies двенадцать","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"двенадцать","lemma":"двенадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"direct object of Ударило (quantity struck)","gloss":"twelve"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b2-c2-s43","source":"— Ровнешенько настоящий час, — вскричал Федор Павлович, — а сына моего Дмитрия Федоровича всё еще нет.","translation":"\"Exactly on the hour,\" cried Fyodor Pavlovitch, \"and my son Dmitri Fyodorovitch is still not here.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сына моего Дмитрия Федоровича всё еще нет","title":"Genitive of absence with «нет»","body":"«нет» (there is no…) obligatorily takes the genitive of the absent thing: «сына… Дмитрия Фёдоровича… нет» = 'my son Dmitri is not here.' Every word in the phrase — noun, possessive, name, patronymic — stands in the genitive. «всё ещё» means 'still.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ровнешенько","lemma":"ровнёшенько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies час","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"настоящий","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"the exact"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (exclamation)","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (quotative)","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of нет (negated existential)","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Дмитрия","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сына","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle (part of idiom всё еще)","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom всё еще)","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative particle (negative existential)","role":"predicate of the negated existential clause","gloss":"is not here"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b2-c2-s44","source":"Извиняюсь за него, священный старец!","translation":"I apologize for him, holy elder!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Извиняюсь за него","title":"Reflexive «извиняюсь» + «за» + accusative","body":"«извиняюсь» is the reflexive 'I apologize' (lit. 'I excuse myself'); the person apologized for is «за него» — «за» + accusative. Note that prescriptivists prefer «извините», making «извиняюсь» feel colloquial — apt for the buffoonish Fyodor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Извиняюсь","lemma":"извиняться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I apologize"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Извиняюсь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"священный","lemma":"священный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старец","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"elder"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b2-c2-s45","source":"(Алеша весь так и вздрогнул от «священного старца»).","translation":"(Alyosha winced all over at the words 'holy elder.')","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вздрогнул от «священного старца»","title":"«от» + genitive of cause","body":"«от» + genitive marks the cause of a reaction: «вздрогнул от…» = 'winced because of / at….' Here the cause is the very phrase «священного старца», quoted in the genitive as the thing that triggered Alyosha's shudder."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь так и вздрогнул","title":"Emphatic «так и» with a perfective verb","body":"«так и» before a perfective verb intensifies a sudden, whole-bodied reaction: 'positively shuddered all over.' Paired with «весь» (all of him) it conveys an involuntary spasm — the colloquial particle giving the prose its spoken energy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алеша","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздрогнул","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (part of idiom так и)","role":"part of the phrase так и, modifies вздрогнул","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"winced"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"священного","lemma":"священный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старца","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вздрогнул","gloss":"elder"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b2-c2-s46","source":"Сам же я всегда аккуратен, минута в минуту, помня, что точность есть вежливость королей…","translation":"As for me, I am always punctual, to the very minute, remembering that punctuality is the courtesy of kings…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сам же я всегда аккуратен","title":"Intensifier «сам» + topic particle «же» + short adjective","body":"«сам» ('myself, for my own part') intensifies «я»; «же» softly contrasts him with his absent son. «аккуратен» is the short predicative form of «аккуратный» (punctual, exact), the bookish short adjective fitting Fyodor's mock-pompous self-praise."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"помня, что точность есть вежливость королей","title":"Gerund «помня» and the bookish copula «есть»","body":"«помня» is an imperfective gerund (remembering) of attendant circumstance. The aphorism uses «есть» as an explicit present-tense copula — 'punctuality is the courtesy of kings' — which Russian normally omits; its presence lends sententious, quotation weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Сам","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of аккуратен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies аккуратен","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"аккуратен","lemma":"аккуратный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal (я...аккуратен)","gloss":"punctual"},{"surface":"минута","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of idiom минута в минуту, modifies аккуратен","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom минута в минуту","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of preposition в (idiom минута в минуту)","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"помня","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying я/аккуратен","gloss":"remembering"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"точность","lemma":"точность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"punctuality"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"вежливость","lemma":"вежливость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of есть","gloss":"the courtesy"},{"surface":"королей","lemma":"король","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies вежливость","gloss":"of kings"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b2-c2-s47","source":"— Но ведь вы по крайней мере не король, — пробормотал, сразу не удержавшись, Миусов.","translation":"\"But you, at any rate, are no king,\" muttered Miusov, unable to restrain himself at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но ведь вы по крайней мере не король","title":"The appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to what both parties supposedly know — 'but after all, you're no king.' It carries the dry, knowing edge of Miusov's jab, the kind of shared-knowledge marker English can only render with 'after all' or intonation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сразу не удержавшись","title":"Negated perfective gerund «не удержавшись»","body":"«удержавшись» is a perfective gerund of the reflexive «удержаться» (to restrain oneself); negated with «не», it gives 'unable to restrain himself.' The gerund marks the lapse of control as the circumstance under which he mutters."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies король","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of король (elliptical copula)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies король","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"король","lemma":"король","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal (вы...не король)","gloss":"a king"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"сразу","lemma":"сразу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удержавшись","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удержавшись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"удержавшись","lemma":"удержаться","morphology":"verb, past, reflexive, converb, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial gerund modifying пробормотал","gloss":"restraining himself"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"Miusov"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b2-c2-s48","source":"— Да, это так, не король.","translation":"\"Yes, that's true, no king.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это так, не король","title":"Zero copula and bare negation","body":"«это так» ('that's so') and «не король» ('not a king') both run with no present-tense verb — Russian omits the copula in the present, so agreement and meaning sit in the bare nominatives. «не» simply negates the predicate noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"affirms это","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"is true"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates король","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"король","lemma":"король","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun after не","gloss":"king"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b2-c2-s49","source":"И представьте, Петр Александрович, ведь это я и сам знал, ей-богу!","translation":"And just imagine, Pyotr Alexandrovitch, I knew that myself, by God I did!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь это я и сам знал","title":"Stacked particles «ведь… и сам»","body":"Fyodor crowds in particles: «ведь» (appealing, 'you know'), «и» (even/too), and the intensifier «сам» (myself) — 'why, I knew that myself, after all!' This density of modal particles is the very texture of his blustering, self-dramatizing speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ей-богу","title":"«ей-богу» — by God, honestly","body":"«ей-богу» is a colloquial oath ('by God, honest to God'), an old affirmative interjection «ей» ('verily, indeed', cf. «ей-ей») plus the dative «богу» (of «Бог»). It is an everyday emphatic asseveration — slightly incongruous from Fyodor in the elder's holy cell, which is part of its comedy."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"Александрович","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovitch"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes знал","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"ей-богу","morphology":"interjection, part of fixed phrase","role":"part of the phrase ей-богу","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"ей-богу","morphology":"interjection, part of fixed phrase","role":"part of the phrase ей-богу","gloss":"God, I swear"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b2-c2-s50","source":"И вот всегда-то я так некстати скажу!","translation":"And there — it's always like this, I always blurt something out at the wrong moment!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всегда-то я так некстати скажу","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то» and 'gnomic' perfective future","body":"«всегда-то» uses the clitic -то to underline a known, recurring topic ('it's always like this with me'). The perfective future «скажу» here expresses habitual, characteristic behavior — a single typical instance standing for the rule, a common idiomatic use of the perfective."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"некстати","title":"«некстати» — at the wrong moment","body":"«некстати» (from «кстати», apropos) means 'out of place, inopportunely, at the wrong moment.' Fyodor's whole self-portrait turns on this word — he is the man who always says the wrong thing at the wrong time."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"there it is"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes всегда","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies некстати","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"некстати","lemma":"некстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"out of place"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll blurt out"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b2-c2-s51","source":"Ваше преподобие! — воскликнул он с каким-то мгновенным пафосом. — Вы видите пред собою шута, шута воистину!","translation":"Your Reverence!\" he exclaimed with a sudden flush of pathos. \"You see before you a buffoon, a buffoon in very truth!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шута воистину","title":"«воистину» — verily, in very truth","body":"«воистину» is the solemn, Church-Slavonic-flavored 'verily, truly' — famously the response in the Paschal greeting «Христос воскресе — Воистину воскресе.» Fyodor applies this sacred-sounding word to «шут» (buffoon), a deliberate, blasphemous bathos."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы видите пред собою шута","title":"Archaic «пред» + reflexive «собою»","body":"«пред собою» pairs the elevated «пред» (= «перед», before) with the reflexive «себя» in its archaic instrumental «собою»: 'before yourself.' The lofty preposition heightens Fyodor's theatrical self-presentation as 'a buffoon before you.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of преподобие","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"преподобие","lemma":"преподобие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Reverence"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he exclaimed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пафосом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пафосом","gloss":"a sort of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle, part of каким-то","role":"part of the phrase каким-то","gloss":"[indefinite]"},{"surface":"мгновенным","lemma":"мгновенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пафосом","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"пафосом","lemma":"пафос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"pathos"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of видите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"шута","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видите","gloss":"a buffoon"},{"surface":"шута","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to шута","gloss":"a buffoon"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шута","gloss":"in very truth"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b2-c2-s52","source":"Так и рекомендуюсь.","translation":"That's how I introduce myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так и рекомендуюсь","title":"Reflexive «рекомендуюсь» + emphatic «так и»","body":"«рекомендуюсь» is the reflexive 'I introduce/recommend myself.' «так и» emphasizes the manner: 'that's just how I present myself.' The reflexive -ся here is the true reflexive — the action turns back on the speaker."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рекомендуюсь","gloss":"that's how"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рекомендуюсь","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"рекомендуюсь","lemma":"рекомендоваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I introduce myself"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b2-c2-s53","source":"Старая привычка, увы!","translation":"An old habit, alas!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"увы","title":"«увы» — alas","body":"«увы» is the literary interjection of regret, 'alas.' Set off as a one-word lament after «Старая привычка», it lends Fyodor's confession a mock-melancholy, stagey self-pity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старая","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies привычка","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"привычка","lemma":"привычка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"habit"},{"surface":"увы","lemma":"увы","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical exclamation","gloss":"alas"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b2-c2-s54","source":"А что некстати иногда вру, так это даже с намерением, с намерением рассмешить и приятным быть.","translation":"And if I sometimes tell lies out of place, why, I even do it on purpose, on purpose to make people laugh and to be agreeable.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что некстати иногда вру, так это даже с намерением","title":"Topicalizing «А что…, так…»","body":"«А что…, так…» fronts a whole clause as topic and resumes it with «так это»: 'And as for the fact that I sometimes lie out of place — why, I do it on purpose.' This colloquial topic-comment frame is a hallmark of lively spoken Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с намерением рассмешить и приятным быть","title":"Infinitives of purpose + predicate instrumental","body":"The infinitives «рассмешить» (to make laugh) and «быть приятным» state purpose. With «быть» the predicate adjective goes instrumental: «приятным быть» = 'to be agreeable,' the instrumental framing the role as one assumed for the occasion."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вру","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"некстати","lemma":"некстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вру","gloss":"out of place"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вру","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"вру","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"I lie"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies с намерением","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking намерением","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"намерением","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement, predicate of это","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking намерением","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"намерением","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to previous намерением","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"рассмешить","lemma":"рассмешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose infinitive after намерением","gloss":"to make laugh"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приятным","lemma":"приятный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"agreeable"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рассмешить","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b2-c2-s55","source":"Надобно же быть приятным, не правда ли?","translation":"One has to be agreeable, doesn't one?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надобно же быть приятным","title":"Archaic impersonal «надобно» + «же» + instrumental","body":"«надобно» is the bookish/archaic equivalent of «надо» (one must), an impersonal predicate with no nominative subject. «же» insists ('one really must'), and «быть приятным» again puts the predicate adjective in the instrumental after «быть»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не правда ли?","title":"Tag question «не правда ли?»","body":"«не правда ли?» ('is it not true?') is the standard Russian tag seeking agreement — 'isn't it?' / 'don't you think?' The interrogative particle «ли» follows the focused «не правда», turning the statement into an appeal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надобно","lemma":"надобно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"one has to"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Надобно","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to приятным","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"приятным","lemma":"приятный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"agreeable"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates правда","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"parallel clause to Надобно","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the tag question","gloss":"[question]"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b2-c2-s56","source":"Приезжаю лет семь назад в один городишко, были там делишки, а я кой с какими купчишками завязал было компаньишку.","translation":"Some seven years ago I turned up in a little town where I had some bits of business, and I'd got up a sort of paltry partnership with a few petty merchants.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"городишко, делишки, купчишки, компаньишку","title":"The dismissive suffix -ишк-","body":"Unlike the tender diminutives above, the suffix -ишк- carries a belittling, contemptuous flavor: «городишко» is a wretched little town, «делишки» petty shady dealings, «купчишки» insignificant merchants, «компаньишку» a paltry little partnership. Fyodor Pavlovitch heaps them up to make his own anecdote sound shabby and self-mocking. English has no neat equivalent, so we lean on adjectives like 'paltry,' 'little,' and 'petty' to keep the sneer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приезжаю лет семь назад","title":"The historical present «приезжаю»","body":"Fyodor narrates a past anecdote in the vivid present — «приезжаю» (I arrive), «идём» (we go), «выходит» (out comes) — the so-called historical present that makes a story immediate. The imperfective present is doing the work of a past narrative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"завязал было компаньишку","title":"The particle «было» of a frustrated action","body":"«завязал было» uses «было» after a perfective past to mark an action begun but not carried through — 'had got up a partnership (that came to nothing).' This special «было» quietly signals that the venture failed, foreshadowing the anecdote's flop."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приезжаю","lemma":"приезжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I arrive"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies семь","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"семь","lemma":"семь","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies назад","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Приезжаю","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городишко","gloss":"in(to)"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies городишко","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"городишко","lemma":"городишко","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Приезжаю","gloss":"little town"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies были","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"делишки","lemma":"делишки","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"bits of business"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of завязал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"кой","lemma":"кой с какими","morphology":"determiner, part of фраза кой с какими","role":"part of the phrase кой с какими","gloss":"with a few"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"кой с какими","morphology":"preposition, part of фраза кой с какими","role":"preposition marking купчишками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"какими","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of купчишками","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"купчишками","lemma":"купчишка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of завязал","gloss":"petty merchants"},{"surface":"завязал","lemma":"завязать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got up"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks завязал as an abandoned attempt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"компаньишку","lemma":"компаньишка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of завязал","gloss":"a paltry partnership"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b2-c2-s57","source":"Идем к исправнику, потому что его надо было кой о чем попросить и откушать к нам позвать.","translation":"We go to the district police captain, because we needed to ask him about something and to invite him to dine with us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"откушать","title":"«откушать» — to partake of a meal (polite/archaic)","body":"«откушать» is a courteous, old-fashioned word for 'to dine, partake of food,' more deferential than «поесть». Used in inviting a superior to table, it carries the polite, slightly obsequious register of provincial manners."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его надо было кой о чем попросить","title":"Impersonal «надо было» + indefinite «кой о чём»","body":"«надо было» is the impersonal 'it was necessary,' with the infinitive «попросить» and the accusative object «его». «кой о чём» is a colloquial indefinite ('about something or other'), an older variant of «кое о чём», with the preposition «о» splitting the phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Идем","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исправнику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"исправнику","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Идем","gloss":"police captain"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb, part of потому что","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, part of потому что","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of попросить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"we needed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"кой","lemma":"кой о чем","morphology":"pronoun, part of кой о чем","role":"part of the phrase кой о чем","gloss":"about something"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"кой о чем","morphology":"preposition, part of кой о чем","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of попросить","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"попросить","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"откушать","lemma":"откушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement infinitive of позвать (invited to dine)","gloss":"to dine"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of откушать","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"позвать","lemma":"позвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with попросить","gloss":"to invite"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b2-c2-s58","source":"Выходит исправник, высокий, толстый, белокурый и угрюмый человек, — самые опасные в таких случаях субъекты: печень у них, печень.","translation":"Out comes the police captain — a tall, fat, fair-haired, sullen man, the most dangerous sort in such cases: the liver, you know, it's their liver.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выходит исправник, высокий, толстый... человек","title":"Verb-first historical present + heaped attributes","body":"«Выходит исправник» (out comes the captain) leads with the present-tense verb for narrative immediacy, then loads four predicate-like adjectives — «высокий, толстый, белокурый и угрюмый» — onto «человек». Putting the verb first stages the entrance like a scene."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"печень у них, печень","title":"«печень» — 'it's the liver'","body":"Fyodor's aside «печень у них, печень» (their liver, the liver) invokes the old folk-medical notion that a bad liver makes a man bilious and ill-tempered. The repetition is comic knowing-ness; «у них» (with them) is the «у» + genitive of possession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выходит","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"out comes"},{"surface":"исправник","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Выходит","gloss":"the police captain"},{"surface":"высокий","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies исправник","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"толстый","lemma":"толстый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with высокий","gloss":"fat"},{"surface":"белокурый","lemma":"белокурый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with высокий","gloss":"fair-haired"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"угрюмый","lemma":"угрюмый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with высокий","gloss":"sullen"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to исправник","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies опасные","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"опасные","lemma":"опасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies субъекты","gloss":"dangerous"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of случаях","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies опасные","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"субъекты","lemma":"субъект","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun, in apposition to человек","gloss":"sort of person"},{"surface":"печень","lemma":"печень","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"parenthetical exclamation","gloss":"the liver"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of печень","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"печень","lemma":"печень","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"repeated for emphasis","gloss":"the liver"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b2-c2-s59","source":"Я к нему прямо, и знаете, с развязностию светского человека: «Господин исправник, будьте, говорю, нашим, так сказать, Направником!» — «Каким это, говорит, Направником?»","translation":"I go straight up to him, and you know, with the easy air of a man of the world: 'Mr. Police Captain,' says I, 'be our, so to speak, Napravnik!' — 'What do you mean,' says he, 'Napravnik?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с развязностию светского человека","title":"«развязность» + archaic instrumental","body":"«развязность» is easy, unbuttoned familiarity of manner — here the self-assured air of a «светский человек» (man of the world). Note the archaic instrumental ending «развязностию» (modern «развязностью»), the bookish -ию on soft feminine nouns common in 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будьте... нашим... Направником","title":"Imperative «будьте» + predicate instrumental","body":"«будьте» is the polite/plural imperative of «быть» (be!), and its predicate noun goes in the instrumental: «нашим Направником» = 'be our Napravnik.' The instrumental after «быть» is the engine of the pun's grammar — take on this role."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будьте, говорю, нашим... — Каким это, говорит, Направником?","title":"Parenthetical «говорю / говорит»","body":"Fyodor narrates dialogue by embedding «говорю» (says I) and «говорит» (says he) right inside the quoted words, a hallmark of lively oral storytelling. «Каким… Направником?» echoes the predicate instrumental of the question back at him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of иду (implied)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of я + verb","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies я к нему","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking развязностию","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"развязностию","lemma":"развязность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement modifying я к нему","gloss":"the ease"},{"surface":"светского","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"of the world"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies развязностию","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"Господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"исправник","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Господин","gloss":"Police Captain"},{"surface":"будьте","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"copula linking to Направником","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"says I"},{"surface":"нашим","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Направником","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так сказать","morphology":"adverb, part of фраза так сказать","role":"part of the phrase так сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"так сказать","morphology":"verb, infinitive, part of фраза так сказать","role":"part of the phrase так сказать","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"Направником","lemma":"Направник","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будьте","gloss":"Napravnik"},{"surface":"Каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Направником","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"says he"},{"surface":"Направником","lemma":"Направник","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, repeats Каким Направником","gloss":"Napravnik"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b2-c2-s60","source":"Я уж вижу с первой полсекунды, что дело не выгорело, стоит серьезный, уперся: «Я, говорю, пошутить желал, для общей веселости, так как господин Направник известный наш русский капельмейстер, а нам именно нужно для гармонии нашего предприятия вроде как бы тоже капельмейстера…»","translation":"Within the first half-second I see the thing's gone flat: he stands there grave and immovable. 'I meant,' says I, 'to make a little joke, for the general good cheer, since Mr. Napravnik is our well-known Russian conductor, and what we need, precisely, for the harmony of our enterprise, is something of a conductor too…'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дело не выгорело","title":"Idiom «дело не выгорело»","body":"«выгореть» literally means 'to burn out/away,' but the idiom «дело выгорело» means 'the matter came off, succeeded.' Negated — «дело не выгорело» — it means the thing flopped, didn't pan out. Fyodor sees in half a second that his joke has died."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоит серьезный, уперся","title":"Present + perfective past, asyndeton","body":"Two verbs sit comma-joined without a conjunction: the imperfective present «стоит» (stands) for the ongoing posture, and the perfective «уперся» (has dug in, planted himself) for the settled, immovable result. The mix of tense and aspect paints both the stance and its fixity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нужно... вроде как бы тоже капельмейстера","title":"Impersonal «нужно» + genitive object + hedging","body":"«нужно» ('one needs') is the impersonal need-predicate; what is needed, «капельмейстера», stands in the (animate) genitive/accusative. «вроде как бы» again stacks hedges — 'something like a conductor too' — Fyodor scrambling to explain his pun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"капельмейстер","title":"«капельмейстер» — bandmaster/conductor","body":"«капельмейстер» is a German loanword (Kapellmeister) for the leader of an orchestra or chapel — the very role Napravnik filled. Fyodor uses it to spell out his joke: the venture needs a 'conductor' to keep it in harmony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полсекунды","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"первой","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies полсекунды","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"полсекунды","lemma":"полсекунда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вижу","gloss":"half-second"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выгорело","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выгорело","gloss":"the thing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates выгорело","gloss":"hasn't"},{"surface":"выгорело","lemma":"выгореть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"gone right"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вижу","gloss":"he stands"},{"surface":"серьезный","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of стоит","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"уперся","lemma":"упереться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоит","gloss":"immovable"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of желал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"says I"},{"surface":"пошутить","lemma":"пошутить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желал","gloss":"to joke"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I meant"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веселости","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"общей","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies веселости","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"веселости","lemma":"весёлость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошутить","gloss":"good cheer"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так как","morphology":"adverb, part of так как","role":"introduces the clause of капельмейстер","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"так как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, part of так как","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of капельмейстер","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Направник","lemma":"Направник","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господин","gloss":"Napravnik"},{"surface":"известный","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies капельмейстер","gloss":"well-known"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of капельмейстер","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"русский","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies капельмейстер","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"капельмейстер","lemma":"капельмейстер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of капельмейстер-clause","gloss":"conductor"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of нужно","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нужно","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гармонии","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"гармонии","lemma":"гармония","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нужно","gloss":"the harmony"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of предприятия","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"предприятия","lemma":"предприятие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies гармонии","gloss":"enterprise"},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде как бы","morphology":"preposition, part of фраза вроде как бы","role":"preposition marking капельмейстера","gloss":"something like"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"вроде как бы","morphology":"particle, part of фраза вроде как бы","role":"part of the phrase вроде","gloss":"[hedge]"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"вроде как бы","morphology":"particle, part of фраза вроде как бы","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"[hedge]"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies капельмейстера","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"капельмейстера","lemma":"капельмейстер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject complement of нужно","gloss":"a conductor"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b2-c2-s61","source":"И резонно ведь разъяснил и сравнил, не правда ли?","translation":"And I explained and drew the comparison quite reasonably, didn't I?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь","title":"The appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'after all, you must agree' — soliciting the listener's assent rather than stating anything new. Fyodor wheedles for approval of his own joke; the English tag 'didn't I?' carries the same coaxing function."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разъяснил и сравнил","title":"Perfective past pair","body":"Both verbs are perfective past («разъяснил», «сравнил»), framing the explaining and comparing as two completed, accomplished acts — Fyodor presents them as finished feats of wit. The -л ending agrees with the masculine speaker."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"резонно","title":"«резонно» — 'reasonably'","body":"A Gallicism from French raison, fashionable in the educated speech of the period, meaning 'reasonably, sensibly.' Fyodor's reach for a slightly highfalutin adverb is part of the performance of cleverness."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"резонно","lemma":"резонно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разъяснил","gloss":"reasonably"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разъяснил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"разъяснил","lemma":"разъяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I explained"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сравнил","lemma":"сравнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разъяснил","gloss":"compared"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates правда","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"parenthetical tag question","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the tag question","gloss":"[question]"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b2-c2-s62","source":"«Извините, говорит, я исправник и каламбуров из звания моего строить не позволю».","translation":"'Excuse me,' says he, 'I am a police captain, and I will not allow puns to be made out of my rank.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"каламбуров","title":"«каламбур» — pun (genitive plural)","body":"«Каламбур» (from French calembour) is a play on words; here «каламбуров» is genitive plural governed by «строить» in the sense of 'making' puns. The whole anecdote turns on a near-homophone pun the next segment delivers."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из звания моего","title":"«из» + genitive of origin","body":"«Из звания моего» ('out of my rank') uses «из» governing the genitive — the preposition's basic 'out of, from' meaning. The possessive «моего» follows its noun, a bookish-emphatic word order the captain adopts to stand on his dignity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Извините","lemma":"извинить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"excuse me"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"says he"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of исправник","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"исправник","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a police captain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"каламбуров","lemma":"каламбур","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of строить","gloss":"puns"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking звания","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"звания","lemma":"звание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of строить","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of звания","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"строить","lemma":"строить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of позволю","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates позволю","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"позволю","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I allow"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b2-c2-s63","source":"Повернулся и уходит.","translation":"He turned and walked off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Повернулся и уходит","title":"Perfective then historic present","body":"Note the aspect-and-tense shift: «повернулся» is perfective past (a single completed turn), but «уходит» jumps to the present tense — the 'historic present' that makes the storytelling vivid and immediate, as if the captain is walking off before our eyes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Повернулся","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as a middle voice","body":"«Повернулся» ('he turned [himself] around') carries the reflexive clitic «-ся», here in its middle/intransitive sense: the turning is something the subject does to himself, with no separate object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he turned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уходит","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Повернулся","gloss":"walks off"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b2-c2-s64","source":"Я за ним, кричу: «Да, да, вы исправник, а не Направник!» — «Нет, говорит, уж коль сказано так, значит, я Направник»","translation":"I went after him, calling out: 'Yes, yes, you are a police captain and not a Napravnik!' — 'No,' says he, 'now that it's been said, I am a Napravnik.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я за ним, кричу","title":"Verbless clause + historic present","body":"«Я за ним» is a complete clause with no verb — Russian freely omits a verb of motion, leaving «за» + instrumental «ним» ('after him') to imply 'I [went] after him.' The following «кричу» is again the vivid historic present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж коль сказано так","title":"Folksy «коль» and short passive participle","body":"«Коль» is a colloquial/archaic shortening of «коли» ('if, since'), and «сказано» is the short-form past passive participle ('it has been said') used impersonally. Together with the particle «уж» they give the captain's reply a homespun, fatalistic ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of кричу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of я","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"кричу","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"calling out"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes the exclamation","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"repeats Да for emphasis","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of исправник","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"исправник","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, direct object of кричу","gloss":"a police captain"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates Направник","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Направник","lemma":"Направник","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with исправник","gloss":"a Napravnik"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the reply","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"says he"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies коль","gloss":"now that"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказано","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"сказано","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the коль-clause","gloss":"it's been said"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of сказано, completing the коль-clause ('said so')","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the conclusion","gloss":"it means"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Направник","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Направник","lemma":"Направник","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of я","gloss":"a Napravnik"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b2-c2-s65","source":"И представьте, ведь дело-то наше расстроилось!","translation":"And just imagine, the whole business of ours fell through!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дело-то наше","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» tacked onto «дело» highlights it as the known topic — 'the business, you see' — rather than making it indefinite. It is one of Fyodor's verbal tics throughout this scene, lending his speech a buttonholing, confiding texture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"расстроилось","title":"«-ся» change-of-state verb","body":"«Расстроилось» ('fell through, came undone') is a reflexive «-ся» verb in its middle sense: the business undid itself, with no agent named. The neuter -о ending agrees with «дело»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"представьте","title":"Polite imperative «представьте»","body":"«Представьте» ('imagine, just picture it') is the perfective imperative with the polite/plural «-те». Like «ведь», it is a conversational appeal that draws the listener into Fyodor's performance."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"just imagine"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes расстроилось","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of расстроилось","gloss":"the business"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes дело","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"расстроилось","lemma":"расстроиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of представьте","gloss":"fell through"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b2-c2-s66","source":"И всё-то я так, всегда-то я так.","translation":"And it's always so with me, always so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё-то я так, всегда-то я так","title":"Stacked emphatic «-то»","body":"Fyodor doubles the clitic «-то» on both «всё» and «всегда» for a self-pitying, sing-song insistence — 'it's always so, always so with me.' The repetition with no verb (the copula 'is' is simply absent) leaves the bare adverb «так» to carry the whole rueful sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"it's always"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes всё","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"in apposition to всё","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of всё","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes всегда","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"in apposition to всегда-clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats так for emphasis","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b2-c2-s67","source":"Непременно-то я своею же любезностью себе наврежу!","translation":"I'm bound to do myself harm by my very own amiability!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"своею же любезностью","title":"Reflexive «свой» + instrumental of means","body":"«Своею любезностью» means 'by my own amiability,' with the reflexive possessive «свой» pointing back to the speaker-subject and the instrumental case marking the means by which he does himself harm. The particle «же» wedged in adds insistent emphasis ('my very own')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"себе наврежу","title":"Dative «себе» + perfective future","body":"«Наврежу» is the perfective future ('I will do harm'), and «себе» is the dative of the reflexive pronoun — the verb «вредить/навредить» governs the dative ('to harm to whom'). So Fyodor will harm himself, the indirect object turned reflexive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Непременно","title":"«непременно» — 'inevitably, without fail'","body":"A strong adverb of certainty, 'unfailingly, for sure.' Coupled with the emphatic «-то» it dramatizes Fyodor's fatalistic claim that his charm is doomed to backfire every single time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наврежу","gloss":"I'm bound"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Непременно","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of наврежу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любезностью","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes своею","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"любезностью","lemma":"любезность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наврежу","gloss":"amiability"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of наврежу","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"наврежу","lemma":"навредить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll do harm"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b2-c2-s68","source":"Раз, много лет уже тому назад, говорю одному влиятельному даже лицу: «Ваша супруга щекотливая женщина-с», — в смысле то есть чести, так сказать нравственных качеств, а он мне вдруг на то: «А вы ее щекотали?»","translation":"Once, many years ago now, I said to a person of some influence: 'Your wife is a ticklish woman, sir' — meaning, of course, in the sense of honor, of moral qualities, so to speak — and he suddenly comes back at me: 'And did you tickle her?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"щекотливая","title":"The pun on «щекотливый»","body":"«Щекотливая» means both 'ticklish' literally and 'delicate, touchy, sensitive' figuratively — the very ambiguity Fyodor exploits. He intends the abstract sense (a woman delicate in matters of honor); the husband seizes the literal one ('did you tickle her?')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"супруга","title":"«супруга» — formal 'spouse/wife'","body":"A formal, deferential word for 'wife' (versus the plain «жена»), appropriate to addressing a 'person of influence.' Its decorous register makes the husband's crude literal retort all the more jarring."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"-с","title":"The deferential particle «-с»","body":"The clipped «-с» appended to «женщина-с» (and to «щекотал-с», «Ну-с» later) is the «словоер» — a fossilized contraction of «сударь» ('sir') tacked on to signal servility or mock-deference. Fyodor sprinkles it to play the obsequious flatterer; it pervades the speech of Dostoevsky's social inferiors and ironists."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"влиятельному даже лицу","title":"Dative indirect object","body":"«Одному влиятельному... лицу» is dative — the indirect object of «говорю» ('I say to a person of influence'). The intrusive «даже» ('even') and the agreeing adjective «влиятельному» all carry the dative ending, marking who the speech is addressed to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies тому назад","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тому назад","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тому назад","morphology":"pronoun, part of тому назад","role":"part of the phrase тому назад","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"тому назад","morphology":"adverb, part of тому назад","role":"part of the phrase тому","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I said"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицу","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"влиятельному","lemma":"влиятельный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицу","gloss":"influential"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лицу","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лицу","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"Ваша","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of супруга","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"супруга","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the quoted clause","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"щекотливая","lemma":"щекотливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"ticklish"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of супруга","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to женщина as a politeness marker","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смысле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"смысле","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"parenthetical aside modifying говорю","gloss":"the sense"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"particle, part of то есть","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"verb, part of то есть","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"чести","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смысле","gloss":"of honor"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так сказать","morphology":"adverb, part of так сказать","role":"part of the phrase так сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"так сказать","morphology":"verb, infinitive, part of так сказать","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"нравственных","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies качеств","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"качеств","lemma":"качество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"in apposition to чести","gloss":"qualities"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of implied verb","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of implied verb","gloss":"at me"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies implied verb","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"back with"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of implied verb","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the retort","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of щекотали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of щекотали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"щекотали","lemma":"щекотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the retort","gloss":"did tickle"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b2-c2-s69","source":"Не удержался, вдруг, дай, думаю, полюбезничаю.","translation":"I couldn't hold back; all of a sudden, I think, let me be charming.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дай, думаю, полюбезничаю","title":"«дай» + perfective future as self-exhortation","body":"«Дай... полюбезничаю» is an idiomatic self-urging: the imperative «дай» ('let [me]') plus the perfective future «полюбезничаю» ('I'll do a bit of charming') — literally 'give, I'll charm.' «Думаю» ('I think') inserted parenthetically reports the impulse. It is lively, colloquial inner speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не удержался","title":"Reflexive «удержаться» under negation","body":"«Не удержался» ('I couldn't restrain myself') is the negated perfective past of the reflexive «удержаться», where «-ся» turns the act of holding back inward on the subject. Subjectless and abrupt, it captures the helplessness of the impulse."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"полюбезничаю","title":"«полюбезничать» — 'to do a little charming'","body":"The prefix «по-» on «любезничать» gives the perfective a 'do a bit of' nuance — a brief, light spell of flirtatious flattery. The verb itself derives from «любезный» (amiable, courteous), with a faintly self-mocking ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates удержался","gloss":"couldn't"},{"surface":"удержался","lemma":"удержаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hold back"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"all of a sudden"},{"surface":"дай","lemma":"дай","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the hortative clause","gloss":"let me"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"полюбезничаю","lemma":"полюбезничать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"complement of дай","gloss":"be charming"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b2-c2-s70","source":"«Да, говорю, щекотал-с» — ну тут он меня и пощекотал.","translation":"'Yes,' says I, 'I tickled her, sir' — well, then he gave me a tickling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он меня и пощекотал","title":"Punchline «и» + perfective «по-»","body":"The particle «и» before the verb ('and so he up and...') marks the expected, deserved outcome — the punchline. «Пощекотал» ('gave a tickling') is perfective with the delimitative «по-» ('a bit of'), here a euphemistic understatement for a thrashing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пощекотал","title":"«пощекотал» — the literal tickling turned violent","body":"By repeating the very verb of the pun, the husband 'tickles' Fyodor in earnest — i.e. roughs him up. The comic economy lies in answering a verbal liberty with the physical act its own words named."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"opens the quoted reply","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb of saying, inserted in the quote","gloss":"says I"},{"surface":"щекотал","lemma":"щекотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"tickled"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (archaic polite suffix, short for сударь)","role":"attaches to щекотал for politeness","gloss":"sir","note":"archaic deferential tag ('-с'), like adding 'sir' to a verb"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пощекотал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пощекотал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of пощекотал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle before пощекотал","gloss":"just","note":"emphatic 'и', not the conjunction 'and'"},{"surface":"пощекотал","lemma":"пощекотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave a tickling"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b2-c2-s71","source":"Только давно уж это произошло, так что уж не стыдно и рассказать, вечно-то я так себе наврежу!","translation":"Only it happened so long ago that I'm not even ashamed to tell it now — I'm forever doing myself harm like that!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так что уж не стыдно и рассказать","title":"Dative-subject impersonal «стыдно»","body":"«Не стыдно... рассказать» is an impersonal construction: the predicate adverb «стыдно» ('shameful, ashamed') takes no nominative subject — the experiencer would stand in the dative ('[to me] it is not shameful'). The infinitive «рассказать» supplies what is (not) shameful to do."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вечно-то я так себе наврежу","title":"Generalizing perfective future","body":"Though «наврежу» is grammatically perfective future, with «вечно» ('forever, always') it reads as a habitual, generalizing statement — 'I'm forever doing myself harm.' Russian often uses the perfective future for a typical, repeatable outcome. Again the self-pitying «-то» and dative reflexive «себе»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with что, modifies произошло","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause paired with так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the result clause introduced by что","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies рассказать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"рассказать","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of стыдно","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"вечно","lemma":"вечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наврежу","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes вечно","gloss":"indeed","note":"emphatic particle attached to вечно, not the pronoun 'то'"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of наврежу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наврежу","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of наврежу","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"наврежу","lemma":"навредить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"do harm"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b2-c2-s72","source":"— Вы это и теперь делаете, — с отвращением пробормотал Миусов.","translation":"\"You are doing it this very minute,\" muttered Miusov with disgust.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с отвращением","title":"«с» + instrumental of manner","body":"«С отвращением» ('with disgust') is «с» governing the instrumental to express the manner of the action — how Miusov muttered. This instrumental-of-manner phrase is the standard Russian way to color a verb of speaking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пробормотал Миусов","title":"Verb-before-subject in attribution","body":"The dialogue tag inverts to verb-then-subject («пробормотал Миусов»), the unmarked order for Russian speech attributions. Fronting the perfective verb «пробормотал» keeps the new information — who spoke — in the weighty final position."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of делаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делаете","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делаете","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"делаете","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"are doing"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отвращением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отвращением","lemma":"отвращение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробормотал","gloss":"disgust"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"Miusov"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b2-c2-s73","source":"Старец молча разглядывал того и другого.","translation":"The elder silently studied the one and the other.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разглядывал","title":"Imperfective of ongoing scrutiny","body":"«Разглядывал» is imperfective past, presenting the elder's studying of the two men as a sustained, ongoing process — he kept looking them over. A perfective would have snapped it shut as a single completed glance; the imperfective lets the silent observation linger."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"того и другого","title":"«тот... другой» as animate accusative","body":"«Того и другого» ('the one and the other') are the objects of «разглядывал» in the accusative; because they refer to people (animate), the accusative borrows the genitive form «-ого», keeping subject and object distinct."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разглядывал","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разглядывал","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"разглядывал","lemma":"разглядывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"studied"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разглядывал","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with того","gloss":"the other"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b2-c2-s74","source":"— Будто! Представьте, ведь я и это знал, Петр Александрович, и даже, знаете, предчувствовал, что делаю только что стал говорить, и даже, знаете, предчувствовал, что вы мне первый это и заметите.","translation":"\"You don't say! Imagine, I knew that too, Pyotr Alexandrovitch, and what's more, you know, I even had a presentiment I was doing it the moment I began to speak, and even, you know, a presentiment that you would be the first to point it out to me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Будто!","title":"«Будто!» — 'You don't say!'","body":"«Будто» normally means 'as if,' but standing alone as an exclamation it voices mock-incredulous agreement — 'oh, really? you don't say!' Fyodor mockingly affirms Miusov's reproach, turning the accusation into another performance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"предчувствовал, что","title":"«что»-clause of reported content","body":"«Предчувствовал, что...» ('had a presentiment that...') opens a subordinate clause with «что» reporting a fact (or anticipated fact), set off by a comma. The imperfective «предчувствовал» frames the foreboding as a drawn-out inner state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"You don't say"},{"surface":"Представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies это","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Представьте","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing the listener","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovitch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предчувствовал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical ('you know')","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"предчувствовал","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"had a presentiment"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of делаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"делаю","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of предчувствовал","gloss":"I was doing"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только что, modifies стал","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только что","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on делаю (temporal: just as I began)","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предчувствовал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical ('you know')","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"предчувствовал","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предчувствовал (first)","gloss":"had a presentiment"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заметите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заметите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of заметите","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicative, describing вы ('the first to notice')","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметите","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies заметите","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"заметите","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of предчувствовал","gloss":"would point out"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b2-c2-s75","source":"В эти секунды, когда вижу, что шутка у меня не выходит, у меня, ваше преподобие, обе щеки к нижним деснам присыхать начинают, почти как бы судорога делается; это у меня еще с юности, как я был у дворян приживальщиком и приживанием хлеб добывал.","translation":"In those seconds when I see that my joke isn't coming off, Your Reverence, both my cheeks start sticking to my lower gums, almost as if a cramp were setting in; that's been with me since my youth, from when I was a hanger-on among the gentry and earned my bread by sponging.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"присыхать начинают","title":"Phasal «начинать» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Присыхать начинают» ('begin to stick') pairs the phasal verb «начинают» with the imperfective infinitive «присыхать» — phasal verbs (begin, continue, stop) require the imperfective, since they describe entering an ongoing process. Word order puts the infinitive first for emphasis on the strange symptom."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приживальщиком","title":"«приживальщик» — the hanger-on","body":"A «приживальщик» (here instrumental «приживальщиком») is a dependent hanger-on who lives in a wealthy household as a kind of tolerated parasite — flattering, amusing, and sponging off the gentry. The matching verbal noun «приживание» names the very practice. The word fixes Fyodor's social origins: a buffoon by trade before he was a buffoon by nature."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был у дворян приживальщиком","title":"Instrumental of the predicate role","body":"After «был» ('was'), the predicate noun «приживальщиком» takes the instrumental, not the nominative — the standard pattern for a role held in the past (он был... приживальщиком). The instrumental frames it as a temporary station in life, which suits a youth's situation."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking секунды","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of секунды","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"секунды","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of начинают","gloss":"seconds"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying секунды","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying секунды","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выходит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"шутка","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выходит","gloss":"joke"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выходит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выходит","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"come off"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of начинают (possessor of щеки)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of преподобие","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"преподобие","lemma":"преподобие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Reverence"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on щеки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"щеки","lemma":"щека","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of начинают","gloss":"cheeks"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деснам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нижним","lemma":"нижний","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies деснам","gloss":"lower"},{"surface":"деснам","lemma":"десна","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of присыхать","gloss":"gums"},{"surface":"присыхать","lemma":"присыхать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинают","gloss":"stick"},{"surface":"начинают","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies как","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause modifying начинают","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как (как бы = as if)","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"судорога","lemma":"судорога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of делается","gloss":"a cramp"},{"surface":"делается","lemma":"делаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"comparison clause modifying начинают","gloss":"were setting in"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of это (experiencer)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies юности","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking юности","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"юности","lemma":"юность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies это (temporal, 'since youth')","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to приживальщиком","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворян","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"дворян","lemma":"дворянин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"the gentry"},{"surface":"приживальщиком","lemma":"приживальщик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a hanger-on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приживанием","lemma":"приживание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of добывал (means)","gloss":"by sponging"},{"surface":"хлеб","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of добывал","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"добывал","lemma":"добывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the как clause","gloss":"earned"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b2-c2-s76","source":"Я шут коренной, с рождения, всё равно, ваше преподобие, что юродивый; не спорю, что и дух нечистый, может, во мне заключается, небольшого, впрочем, калибра, поважнее-то другую бы квартиру выбрал, только не вашу, Петр Александрович, и вы ведь квартира неважная.","translation":"I am a buffoon to the marrow, from birth — just the same, Your Reverence, as a holy fool; I won't deny that maybe an unclean spirit lodges in me too, though of no great caliber — anything more important would have chosen better lodgings, only not yours, Pyotr Alexandrovitch, for you are poor lodging yourself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поважнее-то другую бы квартиру выбрал","title":"Conditional «бы» with an elided 'if'","body":"«Бы» + past «выбрал» builds the conditional ('would have chosen'), here without an explicit «если» — the comparative «поважнее» ('one more important') carries the hypothetical condition. This irrealis «бы» is the standard Russian 'would' construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поважнее","title":"Comparative «поважнее»","body":"«Поважнее» is the comparative of «важный» ('important') with the softening prefix «по-» ('somewhat more important'). The «по-» + comparative pattern is colloquial and idiomatic, and «поважнее» here stands as a substantivized comparative — 'something more important.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of шут","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"шут","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"am a buffoon"},{"surface":"коренной","lemma":"коренной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шут","gloss":"born"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рождения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"рождения","lemma":"рождение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of шут","gloss":"birth"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всё равно (just the same)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of преподобие","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"преподобие","lemma":"преподобие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Reverence"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison clause (всё равно что = just as)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"юродивый","lemma":"юродивый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun in the что-clause, comparing to шут","gloss":"a holy fool"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спорю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спорю","lemma":"спорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"do I deny"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заключается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies дух","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключается","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"нечистый","lemma":"нечистый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"unclean"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"particle (parenthetical, 'maybe')","role":"parenthetical modifying заключается","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключается","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"заключается","lemma":"заключаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of спорю","gloss":"dwells"},{"surface":"небольшого","lemma":"небольшой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies калибра","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies the калибра phrase","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"калибра","lemma":"калибр","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive of quality describing дух","gloss":"caliber"},{"surface":"поважнее","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, comparative, substantivized","role":"subject of выбрал","gloss":"something weightier"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes поважнее","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies квартиру","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle modifying выбрал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"квартиру","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выбрал","gloss":"lodging"},{"surface":"выбрал","lemma":"выбрать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"would have chosen"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не вашу","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вашу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with квартиру (ellipsis: not your lodging)","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovitch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the clause (elided copula) linking to квартира","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes the clause","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"квартира","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of вы","gloss":"a lodging"},{"surface":"неважная","lemma":"неважный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies квартира","gloss":"poor"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b2-c2-s77","source":"Но зато я верую, в бога верую.","translation":"But for all that I believe — I believe in God.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в бога верую","title":"«веровать в» + accusative","body":"«Веровать в бога» ('to believe in God') takes «в» + the accusative — the construction of religious faith, distinct from «верить кому» ('to trust someone') with the dative. The fronting of «в бога» before the repeated verb gives the confession emphatic weight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"верую","title":"«верую» — the solemn 'I believe'","body":"«Верую» (rather than the everyday «верю») is the elevated, liturgical first-person of «веровать» — the opening word of the Creed in Slavonic-Russian. Its solemn register lends Fyodor's sudden profession a startling, half-sincere gravity amid the buffoonery."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зато","title":"Contrastive «зато»","body":"«Зато» ('but on the other hand, to make up for it') sets a compensating contrast against what precedes — yes, I'm a fool, but for all that I do believe. It is a tighter, more pointed 'but' than «но», balancing a debit against a credit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верую","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"верую","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верую","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"верую","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to верую, restating for emphasis","gloss":"I believe"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b2-c2-s78","source":"Я только в последнее время усумнился, но зато теперь сижу и жду великих словес.","translation":"Only lately I've fallen into doubt, but now, to make up for it, I sit and wait for great words.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"усумнился","title":"«усумниться» — 'to fall into doubt'","body":"An archaic/bookish perfective (modern «усомниться») meaning to begin to doubt, with the «-ся» of an inward change of state. The older spelling «усумнился» and the elevated tone color Fyodor's confession of recent doubt with a literary patina."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"великих словес","title":"«словеса» — Slavonic 'words'","body":"«Словес» is the genitive plural of «словеса», an archaic, Church-Slavonic-flavored plural of «слово» ('word'). It carries a solemn, scriptural ring — 'great utterances, weighty words' — which Fyodor adopts half in earnest, half in mockery as he waits on the elder."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"жду великих словес","title":"«ждать» + genitive","body":"«Ждать» ('to wait for, await') governs the genitive when the awaited thing is abstract or non-specific: «жду... словес» ('I await [some] great words'). This genitive-of-the-awaited is a classic government pattern, distinct from the accusative used for a definite, expected object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of усумнился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies время","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of усумнился","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"усумнился","lemma":"усомниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell into doubt"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"to make up for it"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сижу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сижу","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with усумнился","gloss":"I sit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жду","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сижу","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"великих","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies словес","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"словес","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of жду","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b2-c2-s79","source":"Я, ваше преподобие, как философ Дидерот.","translation":"I, Your Reverence, am like the philosopher Diderot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как философ Дидерот","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"'I am like the philosopher Diderot' has no verb 'to be' in Russian — the present-tense copula is simply absent, and «как» + the noun does the comparing. This zero-copula present is the default; a verb appears only in past or future."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided copula","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of преподобие","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"преподобие","lemma":"преподобие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Reverence"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle (comparative, 'like')","role":"introduces the comparison","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"философ","lemma":"философ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Я (comparison)","gloss":"the philosopher"},{"surface":"Дидерот","lemma":"дидерот","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to философ","gloss":"Diderot"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b2-c2-s80","source":"Известно ли вам, святейший отец, как Дидерот-философ явился к митрополиту Платону при императрице Екатерине.","translation":"Are you aware, most holy father, how Diderot the philosopher came before Metropolitan Platon in the reign of the Empress Catherine?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Известно ли вам","title":"Yes/no question with «ли»","body":"«Известно ли вам...?» fronts the focused word «известно» ('known') and follows it with the enclitic «ли» to form a neutral, somewhat formal yes/no question — 'Is it known to you...?' The dative «вам» is the experiencer of this impersonal 'it is known to you.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"святейший отец","title":"«святейший» — superlative 'most holy'","body":"«Святейший» is the bookish superlative of «святой» ('holy') in the suffix «-ейший» — 'most holy.' Strictly it is the style of a Patriarch, so Fyodor's lavishing it on the elder is flattery laid on with a trowel, comic in its excess."}],"words":[{"surface":"Известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Известно (question marker)","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of Известно","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"святейший","lemma":"святейший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"most holy"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of явился","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Дидерот","lemma":"дидерот","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явился","gloss":"Diderot"},{"surface":"философ","lemma":"философ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дидерот","gloss":"the philosopher"},{"surface":"явился","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Известно","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking митрополиту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"митрополиту","lemma":"митрополит","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явился","gloss":"the Metropolitan"},{"surface":"Платону","lemma":"платон","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to митрополиту","gloss":"Platon"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking императрице","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"императрице","lemma":"императрица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явился","gloss":"the Empress"},{"surface":"Екатерине","lemma":"екатерина","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to императрице","gloss":"Catherine"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b2-c2-s81","source":"Входит и прямо сразу: «Нет бога».","translation":"He walks in and straight off declares: 'There is no God.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Входит и прямо сразу","title":"Historic present for vividness","body":"«Входит» ('he walks in') is present tense in a past-time narration — the historic present that puts the scene before our eyes. Fyodor's anecdotes lean heavily on it, quickening the pace and heightening the theatrical immediacy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нет бога","title":"Genitive of negated existence","body":"«Нет бога» ('there is no God') is the existential-negative construction: «нет» obligatorily takes the genitive of the thing absent («бога», genitive of «бог»). This genitive-of-negation is one of the case's most characteristic jobs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Входит","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walks in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сразу","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"сразу","lemma":"сразу","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Входит","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle (negative existential)","role":"main predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Нет","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b2-c2-s82","source":"На что великий святитель подымает перст и отвечает: «Рече безумец в сердце своем несть бог!»","translation":"To which the great prelate raises a finger and answers: 'The fool hath said in his heart, there is no God!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рече... несть","title":"Church-Slavonic verb forms","body":"«Рече» is the Slavonic aorist of «рещи» ('he said, spake'), and «несть» is the Slavonic negated copula ('there is not' = не + есть). Both are dead in modern Russian and survive only in scripture and liturgy; their use marks the prelate's speech as sacred utterance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"святитель","title":"«святитель» — 'prelate, holy hierarch'","body":"«Святитель» is the ecclesiastical term for a sainted bishop or hierarch of the Church, a more exalted word than the plain «епископ» (bishop). «Перст» ('finger') in the same sentence is likewise archaic-Slavonic for the everyday «палец» — the whole tableau is staged in elevated register."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подымает","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies святитель","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"святитель","lemma":"святитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подымает","gloss":"prelate"},{"surface":"подымает","lemma":"подымать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raises"},{"surface":"перст","lemma":"перст","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подымает","gloss":"a finger"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отвечает","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подымает","gloss":"answers"},{"surface":"Рече","lemma":"рещи","morphology":"verb, aorist (Church Slavonic), active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted Church Slavonic clause","gloss":"hath said"},{"surface":"безумец","lemma":"безумец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Рече","gloss":"the fool"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Рече","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"несть","lemma":"несть","morphology":"particle (Church Slavonic negative existential)","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"there is no","note":"Church Slavonic 'несть' = 'there is not', as in the Psalm quotation"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of несть","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b2-c2-s83","source":"Тот как был, так и в ноги: «Верую, кричит, и крещенье принимаю».","translation":"And the other, just as he was, fell at his feet: 'I believe,' he cries, 'and I accept baptism.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот как был, так и в ноги","title":"«как... так и» + verbless punch","body":"«Как был, так и в ноги» ('just as he was, [he threw himself] at his feet') uses the correlative «как... так и» and then drops the verb entirely — «в ноги» (accusative of motion) alone implies the prostration. The verbless dash gives the action breathless speed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (elided verb 'fell')","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Тот","gloss":"he was"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative adverb modifying the elided verb","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb (fell at his feet)","gloss":"his feet"},{"surface":"Верую","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"quoted main verb, complement of кричит","gloss":"I believe"},{"surface":"кричит","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb inserted in the quote","gloss":"he cries"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крещенье","lemma":"крещение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принимаю","gloss":"baptism"},{"surface":"принимаю","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I accept"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b2-c2-s84","source":"Так его и окрестили тут же.","translation":"And so they christened him on the spot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так его и окрестили","title":"Indefinite-personal 'they'","body":"«Окрестили» ('[they] christened him') is third-person plural with no stated subject — the indefinite-personal construction, equivalent to English 'they christened him' or a passive 'he was christened.' The unspecified 'they' is the church authorities. The particle «и» again marks the clinching outcome."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его","title":"Animate accusative «его»","body":"«Его» here is the accusative object of «окрестили» ('christened him'). For the personal pronoun the accusative coincides with the genitive form «его», and after a preposition it would gain the н- prefix («у него») — but as a bare object it stays «его»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окрестили","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of окрестили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies окрестили","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"окрестили","lemma":"окрестить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they christened"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окрестили, part of idiom тут же","gloss":"right there"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут (тут же = on the spot)","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b2-c2-s85","source":"Княгиня Дашкова была восприемницей, а Потемкин крестным отцом…","translation":"Princess Dashkova was his godmother, and Potyomkin his godfather…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"восприемницей","title":"«восприемница» — sponsor at baptism","body":"«Восприемник/восприемница» is the churchly term for the godparent who 'receives' the newly baptized from the font — godfather/godmother in the liturgical sense (versus the everyday «крёстный/крёстная»). Paired with «крёстным отцом» ('godfather'), it lends the spoof a precise ecclesiastical solemnity. Both stand in the instrumental as predicate roles after the elided 'was.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Княгиня","lemma":"княгиня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"Princess"},{"surface":"Дашкова","lemma":"дашкова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Княгиня","gloss":"Dashkova"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to восприемницей","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"восприемницей","lemma":"восприемница","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Княгиня (via была)","gloss":"godmother"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Потемкин","lemma":"потёмкин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided был, coordinated with Княгиня","gloss":"Potyomkin"},{"surface":"крестным","lemma":"крестный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отцом","gloss":"godfather"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Потемкин (elided был)","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b2-c2-s86","source":"— Федор Павлович, это несносно! Ведь вы сами знаете, что вы врете и что этот глупый анекдот неправда, к чему вы ломаетесь? — дрожащим голосом проговорил, совершенно уже не сдерживая себя, Миусов.","translation":"\"Fyodor Pavlovitch, this is unbearable! You yourself know perfectly well that you are lying, and that this stupid anecdote is untrue — what are you playing the fool for?\" said Miusov in a trembling voice, no longer holding himself in at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что вы врете и что","title":"Coordinated «что»-clauses of fact","body":"Two «что»-clauses depend on «знаете» ('you know that you are lying and that... is untrue'), each reporting a fact and joined by «и». «Что» is the neutral reporting conjunction, as opposed to «чтобы», which would signal a willed or hypothetical outcome."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ломаетесь","title":"«ломаться» — to put on an act","body":"«Ломаться» (here «ломаетесь») literally 'to break,' figuratively means to play-act, posture, make a show of oneself, put on affected airs. Miusov's «к чему вы ломаетесь?» ('why are you playing the fool?') names exactly Fyodor's whole performance — and Fyodor will throw the word back, owning it («Для того и ломаюсь»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дрожащим голосом","title":"Present active participle as modifier","body":"«Дрожащим» ('trembling') is the present active participle of «дрожать», declined into the instrumental to agree with «голосом» ('in a trembling voice'). The participle in «-ащ-» condenses 'a voice that was trembling' into a single bookish adjective — a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не сдерживая себя","title":"Imperfective gerund «не сдерживая»","body":"«Не сдерживая себя» ('not holding himself in') is an imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») describing the attendant manner of Miusov's speaking — he spoke while no longer restraining himself. The reflexive object «себя» marks that it is himself he fails to hold back."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of несносно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"несносно","lemma":"несносный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"is unbearable"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы (emphatic)","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of врете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of врете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"врете","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаете","gloss":"are lying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of неправда","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of анекдот","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"глупый","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies анекдот","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"анекдот","lemma":"анекдот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of неправда","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"неправда","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знаете, coordinated with врете","gloss":"untrue"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ломаетесь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ломаетесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ломаетесь","lemma":"ломаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"are playing the fool"},{"surface":"дрожащим","lemma":"дрожащий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сдерживая","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сдерживая","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сдерживая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сдерживая","lemma":"сдерживать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"restraining"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сдерживая","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Miusov"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b2-c2-s87","source":"— Всю жизнь предчувствовал, что неправда! — с увлечением воскликнул Федор Павлович.","translation":"\"All my life I have had a presentiment that it was untrue!\" Fyodor Pavlovitch exclaimed with enthusiasm.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с увлечением воскликнул","title":"«с» + instrumental of manner","body":"«С увлечением» ('with enthusiasm, carried away') is «с» + instrumental specifying how Fyodor exclaimed. The phrase, fronted before the verb, paints his relish before we even reach the verb «воскликнул»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всю жизнь предчувствовал","title":"Accusative of duration","body":"«Всю жизнь» ('all my life') is in the accusative with no preposition — the accusative of extent/duration of time. The imperfective «предчувствовал» fits the long span: a foreboding stretched across a lifetime."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предчувствовал (duration)","gloss":"my life"},{"surface":"предчувствовал","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had a presentiment"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of неправда","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"неправда","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of предчувствовал","gloss":"untrue"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking увлечением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"увлечением","lemma":"увлечение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"enthusiasm"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b2-c2-s88","source":"— Я вам, господа, зато всю правду скажу: старец великий!","translation":"\"But I, gentlemen, will tell you the whole truth in return: the elder is great!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всю правду скажу","title":"Perfective future of completion","body":"«Скажу» is the perfective future ('I will tell [the whole thing]') — a single, completed act of telling, fitting the totalizing object «всю правду» ('the whole truth'). An imperfective «буду говорить» would instead stress the process of speaking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"старец великий","title":"Predicate-final word order","body":"«Старец великий!» places the adjective after the noun as a ringing predicate — 'the elder [is] great!' With the zero copula and the inversion, «великий» lands as emphatic new information, an exclamation rather than a plain 'great elder.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"in return"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правду","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the exclamation (elided copula)","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старец","gloss":"is great"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b2-c2-s89","source":"простите, я последнее, о крещении-то Дидерота, сам сейчас присочинил, вот сию только минуточку, вот как рассказывал, а прежде никогда и в голову не приходило.","translation":"Forgive me — that last bit, about Diderot's baptism, I made up just now, this very minute, even as I was telling it, whereas before it had never once entered my head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"присочинил","title":"Perfective «при-» of invention","body":"«Присочинил» ('made up, added by invention') is perfective, the prefix «при-» giving 'to make up in addition, embellish.' Repeated across these segments, it confesses that the baptism ending was tacked on — a completed act of fabrication, just now performed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и в голову не приходило","title":"Idiom «приходить в голову»","body":"«В голову не приходило» ('it never entered my head') is the impersonal idiom for an idea occurring to someone, here negated and imperfective ('it used never to come to mind'). The thing that doesn't come is the unstated subject; the experiencer would be dative «мне»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"минуточку","title":"Diminutive «минуточка»","body":"«Сию... минуточку» uses the affectionate diminutive of «минута» ('minute') — 'this very tiny minute, this instant.' The «-очк-» suffix lends warmth and cozy immediacy, very much Fyodor's ingratiating register. «Сию» is the archaic demonstrative «сей» ('this'), bookish for 'this very.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause (imperative, addressing the listener)","gloss":"forgive me"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of присочинил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of присочинил","gloss":"that last bit"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крещении","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"крещении","lemma":"крещение","morphology":"noun, prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"object of о, in apposition to последнее","gloss":"baptism"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic attached to крещении","gloss":"that very","note":"the clitic -то adds emphasis ('about that very baptism'); it is not a separate pronoun here."},{"surface":"Дидерота","lemma":"Дидерот","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of крещении","gloss":"Diderot's"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes я (subject of присочинил)","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies присочинил","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"присочинил","lemma":"присочинить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"made up"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сию","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"сию","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуточку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуточку","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"минуточку","lemma":"минуточка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of time, modifies присочинил","gloss":"this very minute"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассказывал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"temporal adverbial clause on присочинил (subject я implied)","gloss":"I was telling it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination, contrastive","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходило","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходило","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes в голову","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходило","gloss":"my head","note":"idiom не приходило в голову, 'never occurred to me'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates приходило","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приходило","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with присочинил (impersonal, subject implied 'it')","gloss":"occurred to me"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b2-c2-s90","source":"Для пикантности присочинил.","translation":"I made it up for piquancy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Для пикантности","title":"«пикантность» — for spice, piquancy","body":"«Пикантность» (from French piquant) means raciness, spice, a titillating edge. «Для пикантности» ('for piquancy') — «для» + genitive of purpose — admits with cheerful frankness that Fyodor lied simply to make the story tastier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Для пикантности","title":"«для» + genitive of purpose","body":"«Для» always governs the genitive, and with an abstract noun expresses purpose — «для пикантности» ('for [the sake of] piquancy'). The whole one-word answer fronts the motive, the verb «присочинил» understood from the previous sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пикантности","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"пикантности","lemma":"пикантность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of присочинил","gloss":"piquancy"},{"surface":"присочинил","lemma":"присочинить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject я implied)","gloss":"I made it up"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b2-c2-s91","source":"Для того и ломаюсь, Петр Александрович, чтобы милее быть.","translation":"I play the fool, Pyotr Alexandrovitch, precisely so as to be more endearing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Для того... чтобы милее быть","title":"Purpose with «чтобы»","body":"«Для того... чтобы милее быть» ('precisely in order to be more endearing') is the full purpose construction: the correlative «для того» points ahead to the «чтобы»-clause. After «чтобы» the infinitive «быть» states the willed aim — the construction for a deliberate goal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"милее","title":"Comparative «милее»","body":"«Милее» is the predicative comparative of «милый» ('dear, endearing') — 'more endearing,' formed with the invariable «-ее» suffix. As the complement of «быть» it would naturally appear in the instrumental for a full adjective, but the comparative is fixed and uninflected."}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"correlative with the чтобы clause","gloss":"that reason"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes ломаюсь","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"ломаюсь","lemma":"ломаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject я implied)","gloss":"I play the fool"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"Александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovitch"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of быть","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"милее","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"more endearing"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement in the purpose clause","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b2-c2-s92","source":"А впрочем, и сам не знаю иногда для чего.","translation":"Though sometimes, for that matter, I don't even know myself what for.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам не знаю иногда для чего","title":"Intensifier «сам» + embedded «для чего»","body":"«Сам» ('[I] myself') intensifies the subject — even he doesn't know. «Для чего» ('what for') is the interrogative «что» under «для» (genitive), embedded as the indirect object of «не знаю». The dropped 'я' is recovered from the verb ending."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А впрочем","title":"Topic-shifting «а» + «впрочем»","body":"«А впрочем» ('though, then again, for that matter') opens a self-correcting afterthought. The contrastive «а» here marks a gentle swerve of topic rather than opposition — Fyodor undercuts his own just-stated motive, a characteristic flicker of his restless self-awareness."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination, contrastive","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of знаю","gloss":"for that matter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the implied subject of знаю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject я implied)","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаю","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b2-c2-s93","source":"А что до Дидерота, так я этого «рече безумца» раз двадцать от здешних же помещиков еще в молодых летах моих слышал, как у них проживал; от вашей тетеньки, Петр Александрович, Мавры Фоминишны тоже, между прочим, слышал.","translation":"As for Diderot, I heard that 'the fool hath said' a good twenty times from the local landowners here, back in my younger years, when I was living among them; and from your aunt too, Pyotr Alexandrovitch, from Mavra Fominishna, I heard it among the rest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что до Дидерота","title":"Idiom «что до... [genitive]»","body":"«Что до Дидерота» ('as for Diderot') is a set topic-marking idiom, «что до» + genitive, that lifts a subject to the front for comment — the Russian 'as for X.' It signals a deliberate change of focus, organizing Fyodor's rambling discourse."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как у них проживал","title":"Imperfective of habitual residence","body":"«Проживал» ('was living, used to reside') is imperfective past — a durative, habitual state, the years Fyodor dwelt among the gentry. The prefix «про-» adds a sense of living through a span of time."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"topicalizing, part of the idiom что до (as for)","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom что до (as for)","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дидерота, part of the idiom что до","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"Дидерота","lemma":"Дидерот","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of до","gloss":"Diderot"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"resumes the topic, modifies слышал","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies рече, refers to the quoted phrase","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"рече","lemma":"рече","morphology":"verb, archaic Church Slavonic aorist, third, singular","role":"quoted phrase, direct object of слышал (with этого)","gloss":"hath said","note":"Church Slavonic quotation of Psalm 13:1 LXX, 'the fool hath said [in his heart, there is no God]'; the final word takes a genitive ending because the whole quotation is treated as one declined noun phrase."},{"surface":"безумца","lemma":"безумец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the quoted phrase рече, modifies рече","gloss":"the fool"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial of frequency, modifies слышал","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, quantifies раз","role":"quantifies раз (approximative: 'some twenty times')","gloss":"twenty","note":"numeral placed after the noun (раз двадцать) signals an approximation, 'about twenty times'."},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помещиков","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"здешних","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies помещиков","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes здешних","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"помещиков","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of слышал (source)","gloss":"landowners"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies летах","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking летах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"молодых","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, prepositional, plural","role":"modifies летах","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"летах","lemma":"лето","morphology":"noun, prepositional, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of слышал (temporal)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies летах","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I heard"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a temporal clause modifying слышал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of проживал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"проживал","lemma":"проживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"temporal clause modifying слышал (subject я implied)","gloss":"I was living"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тетеньки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тетеньки","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"тетеньки","lemma":"тётенька","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышал","gloss":"aunt"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"Александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovitch"},{"surface":"Мавры","lemma":"Мавра","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to тетеньки","gloss":"Mavra"},{"surface":"Фоминишны","lemma":"Фоминишна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Мавры","gloss":"Fominishna"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the second слышал","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прочим, part of the idiom между прочим","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"прочим","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom между прочим, modifies слышал","gloss":"other things","note":"между прочим is a fixed idiom, 'incidentally / among other things'."},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the first слышал (subject я implied)","gloss":"I heard"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b2-c2-s94","source":"Все-то они до сих пор уверены, что безбожник Дидерот к митрополиту Платону спорить о боге приходил…","translation":"To this very day they are all convinced that the godless Diderot came to Metropolitan Platon to argue about God…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безбожник","title":"«безбожник» — the godless one","body":"«Безбожник» ('atheist, godless man') is built transparently from «без» (without) + «бог» (God) + the agent suffix «-ник» — literally 'a without-God-er.' It carries a faint note of folk condemnation, the village word for an unbeliever, fitting the landowners' naive view of Diderot."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уверены, что","title":"Short adjective «уверены» + «что»","body":"«Уверены» is the short-form (predicative) plural of «уверенный» ('certain, sure') — the form an adjective takes as predicate after the elided 'are.' It governs a «что»-clause reporting what they are convinced of."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спорить о боге приходил","title":"Goal infinitive with a verb of motion","body":"«Приходил... спорить» ('came in order to argue') pairs the motion verb with a bare infinitive of purpose — Russian needs no «чтобы» when the purpose follows a verb of motion. «О боге» is «о» + prepositional, the case for the topic of argument."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies они, emphatic 'all'","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic attached to Все","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of уверены","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom до сих пор (to this day), modifies уверены","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the idiom до сих пор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the idiom до сих пор","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"уверены","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"are convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приходил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"безбожник","lemma":"безбожник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приходил","gloss":"the godless one"},{"surface":"Дидерот","lemma":"Дидерот","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to безбожник","gloss":"Diderot"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking митрополиту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"митрополиту","lemma":"митрополит","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходил (destination)","gloss":"Metropolitan"},{"surface":"Платону","lemma":"Платон","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to митрополиту","gloss":"Platon"},{"surface":"спорить","lemma":"спорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose infinitive modifying приходил","gloss":"to argue"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боге","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"боге","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спорить","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of уверены","gloss":"came"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b2-c2-s95","source":"Миусов встал, не только потеряв терпение, но даже как бы забывшись.","translation":"Miusov rose, having not only lost his patience but even seeming to forget himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только потеряв терпение, но... забывшись","title":"Two perfective past gerunds","body":"«Потеряв» ('having lost') and «забывшись» ('having forgotten himself') are both perfective past gerunds («деепричастия»), naming the prior, completed states in which Miusov rose. They share the main subject and condense two circumstances into compact adverbials — dense literary syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы забывшись","title":"Hedging «как бы»","body":"«Как бы» ('as it were, as though') softens and hedges «забывшись» — Miusov seemed almost to forget himself. This «как бы» of approximation, distinct from a true conditional, lets the narrator report an impression without committing to it; it recurs as «как бы», «как был» throughout the chapter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"забывшись","title":"Reflexive gerund «забыться»","body":"«Забывшись» comes from the reflexive «забыться» ('to forget oneself, lose self-possession'), whose «-ся» (here «-шись» after the consonant) turns the forgetting inward. It is stronger than mere «забыть» ('to forget [a thing]') — a lapse of composure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative не только...но","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative не только...но","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"потеряв","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on встал","gloss":"having lost"},{"surface":"терпение","lemma":"терпение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of потеряв","gloss":"his patience"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (не только...но)","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забывшись","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы (as if), modifies забывшись","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы (as if), modifies забывшись","gloss":"as if","note":"как бы is a fixed idiom meaning 'as if, seemingly'."},{"surface":"забывшись","lemma":"забыться","morphology":"verb, past, reflexive, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with потеряв (second adverbial clause on встал)","gloss":"forgetting himself"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b2-c2-s96","source":"Он был в бешенстве и сознавал, что от этого сам смешон.","translation":"He was in a fury, and he was aware that he himself looked ridiculous because of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в бешенстве","title":"«в» + prepositional of state","body":"«В бешенстве» ('in a fury') uses «в» + the prepositional to express a state one is in — the locative metaphor for an emotional condition, parallel to English 'in a rage.' «Бешенство» derives from «бешеный» ('rabid, mad')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам смешон","title":"Short adjective «смешон»","body":"«Смешон» is the masculine short form of «смешной» ('ridiculous, laughable') — the predicative form stating a current condition ('he was ridiculous'). With «сам» ('himself') it sharpens the painful self-awareness: he knows that he himself cuts a comic figure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сознавал","title":"Imperfective of inner awareness","body":"«Сознавал» ('was aware, kept realizing') is imperfective past, presenting Miusov's self-consciousness as a continuous inner condition rather than a single realization. Aspect here does psychological work, holding his discomfort open across the moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to бешенстве","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бешенстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бешенстве","lemma":"бешенство","morphology":"noun, prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a fury"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сознавал","lemma":"сознавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"was aware"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смешон","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смешон","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the implied subject of смешон","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"смешон","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, short form, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of сознавал, predicate of the implied он","gloss":"ridiculous"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b2-c2-s97","source":"Действительно, в келье происходило нечто совсем невозможное.","translation":"Indeed, something altogether impossible was taking place in the cell.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"происходило нечто совсем невозможное","title":"Subject-final word order","body":"The verb «происходило» ('was taking place') precedes its subject «нечто... невозможное» ('something quite impossible'), holding the startling new information for the end — topic-comment word order at work. The imperfective verb frames the impossible scene as unfolding."}],"words":[{"surface":"Действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходило","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of происходило","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"происходило","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was taking place"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of происходило","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невозможное","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"невозможное","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"impossible"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b2-c2-s98","source":"В этой самой келье, может быть уже сорок или пятьдесят лет, еще при прежних старцах, собирались посетители, но всегда с глубочайшим благоговением, не иначе.","translation":"In this very cell, for perhaps forty or fifty years now, even in the time of the former elders, visitors had gathered, but always with the most profound reverence, never otherwise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"собирались посетители","title":"Imperfective of habitual gathering","body":"«Собирались» ('used to gather, would gather') is imperfective past with the reflexive «-ся», expressing a repeated, habitual action over the forty or fifty years. The «-ся» here is the middle-voice 'come together'; the imperfective carries the sense of customary practice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с глубочайшим благоговением","title":"Superlative «-айший» + instrumental","body":"«Глубочайшим» is the bookish superlative of «глубокий» ('deep') in «-айший» — 'most profound,' here in the instrumental of manner with «с» ('with the most profound reverence'). The synthetic superlative suffix belongs to the elevated narrative register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благоговением","title":"«благоговение» — reverent awe","body":"«Благоговение» ('reverence, devout awe') is a solemn, Church-flavored compound (blago-, 'good/holy,' + a root of trembling/awe). It names exactly the reverent atmosphere the buffoonery profanes, and its lofty register marks the narrator's own pious cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"modifies келье","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies келье ('this very cell')","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of собирались","gloss":"cell"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть (perhaps), parenthetical","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"be","note":"может быть is a fixed idiom meaning 'perhaps', not literally 'can be'."},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сорок","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сорок","lemma":"сорок","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"forty"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"пятьдесят","lemma":"пятьдесят","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with сорок, quantifies лет","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial of duration, modifies собирались","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старцах","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцах","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"прежних","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, prepositional, plural","role":"modifies старцах","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"старцах","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, prepositional, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of собирались (temporal)","gloss":"elders"},{"surface":"собирались","lemma":"собираться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gathered"},{"surface":"посетители","lemma":"посетитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of собирались","gloss":"visitors"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies собирались","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благоговением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"глубочайшим","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, superlative, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies благоговением","gloss":"most profound"},{"surface":"благоговением","lemma":"благоговение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of собирались (manner)","gloss":"reverence"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates иначе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies собирались ('never otherwise')","gloss":"otherwise"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b2-c2-s99","source":"Все почти допускаемые, входя в келью, понимали, что им оказывают тем великую милость.","translation":"Almost everyone admitted understood, on entering the cell, that a great favor was being shown them by it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"допускаемые","title":"Present passive participle «допускаемые»","body":"«Допускаемые» ('[those] being admitted') is the rare present passive participle in «-емый», from «допускать» ('to admit, let in'). Used substantivally ('all those admitted'), it is markedly bookish — exactly the kind of dense participial modifier that thickens this descriptive passage."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"входя в келью","title":"Imperfective gerund «входя»","body":"«Входя» ('on entering, as they entered') is the imperfective present gerund of «входить», naming the simultaneous circumstance — they understood the favor at the moment of entering. It shares the subject of «понимали» and frames the realization in mid-action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"им оказывают тем великую милость","title":"Indefinite-personal + instrumental of means","body":"«Оказывают» ('[they] show, render') is indefinite-personal (no subject), with «им» dative ('to them') and «тем» the instrumental of «то» ('by that, thereby'). «Оказывать милость» ('to show a favor/mercy') is a fixed collocation — a great favor was being done them."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies допускаемые","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Все","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"допускаемые","lemma":"допускаемый","morphology":"participle, passive, present, nominative, plural, imperfective","role":"subject of понимали","gloss":"those admitted"},{"surface":"входя","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on понимали","gloss":"on entering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келью","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"келью","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of входя","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"понимали","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оказывают","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of оказывают","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"оказывают","lemma":"оказывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понимали","gloss":"were showing"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies оказывают ('thereby')","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"великую","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies милость","gloss":"a great"},{"surface":"милость","lemma":"милость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оказывают","gloss":"favor"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b2-c2-s100","source":"Многие повергались на колени и не вставали с колен во всё время посещения.","translation":"Many fell upon their knees and did not rise from them for the whole duration of the visit.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повергались на колени","title":"Imperfective «-ся» of repeated prostration","body":"«Повергались» ('would fall, threw themselves down') is imperfective past with reflexive «-ся» — many visitors, repeatedly, over the years, casting themselves down. «На колени» is «на» + accusative of motion ('onto their knees'); contrast «с колен» ('from their knees') in the next breath, «с» + genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"во всё время посещения","title":"Accusative duration «во всё время»","body":"«Во всё время посещения» ('for the whole duration of the visit') uses «в(о)» + accusative «всё время» to span an extent of time, with «посещения» a genitive of 'of the visit.' The construction marks duration rather than a point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of повергались","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"повергались","lemma":"повергаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колени","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"колени","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of повергались","gloss":"their knees"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates вставали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вставали","lemma":"вставать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with повергались","gloss":"rise"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колен","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"колен","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of вставали","gloss":"their knees"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration, modifies вставали","gloss":"duration"},{"surface":"посещения","lemma":"посещение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"of the visit"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b2-c2-s101","source":"Многие из «высших» даже лиц и даже из ученейших, мало того, некоторые из вольнодумных даже лиц, приходившие или по любопытству, или по иному поводу, входя в келью со всеми или получая свидание наедине, ставили себе в первейшую обязанность, все до единого, глубочайшую почтительность и деликатность во всё время свидания, тем более что здесь денег не полагалось, а была лишь любовь и милость с одной стороны, а с другой — покаяние и жажда разрешить какой-нибудь трудный вопрос души или трудный момент в жизни собственного сердца.","translation":"Many even among the 'higher' persons, and even among the most learned, more than that, even some of the freethinkers among them, who came either out of curiosity or for some other reason, whether entering the cell with the rest or obtaining a private audience, made it their first duty, every single one of them, to show the most profound deference and delicacy throughout the meeting — all the more so since no money was involved here, but only love and mercy on the one side, and on the other repentance and the longing to resolve some difficult question of the soul, or some hard moment in the life of one's own heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вольнодумных","title":"«вольнодумный» — freethinking","body":"«Вольнодумный» ('freethinking') is a compound of «вольный» (free) + «дума» (thought) — the period's word for a religious-political skeptic or liberal. The narrator notes that even such «вольнодумцы» behaved with reverence in the cell, sharpening the contrast with Fyodor."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приходившие... входя... получая","title":"Participle and gerunds chained","body":"This long sentence stacks the past active participle «приходившие» ('[those] who came') with the imperfective gerunds «входя» ('entering') and «получая» ('obtaining') — a dense chain of non-finite forms folding several clauses into one. Such participial-gerundial accumulation is the signature of 19th-century literary syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ставили себе в... обязанность","title":"Idiom «ставить себе в обязанность»","body":"«Ставили себе в... обязанность» ('made it their duty') is a set idiom: «ставить» + dative reflexive «себе» + «в» + accusative «обязанность». «Себе» is the dative of the reflexive pronoun ('for/to themselves'), pointing back to the subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"денег не полагалось","title":"Genitive of negated existence","body":"«Денег не полагалось» ('no money was involved/expected') puts «денег» (genitive plural of «деньги») in the genitive under the negated impersonal «не полагалось» — the genitive demanded by negated existence/availability. The «-ся» verb «полагаться» here means 'to be due, to be the rule.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"первейшую обязанность","title":"Superlative «первейший»","body":"«Первейшую» is an emphatic superlative of «первый» ('first') in «-ейший» — 'their very first / foremost duty.' Forming a superlative from an ordinal is bookish and intensifying, heightening the sense of absolute obligation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ставили, coordinated with некоторые","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лиц","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"высших","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лиц","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лиц","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лиц","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"object of из, modifies Многие","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ученейших","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ученейших","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ученейших","lemma":"учёный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, genitive, plural","role":"object of из, coordinated with лиц","gloss":"the most learned"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom мало того (moreover)","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom мало того, parenthetical","gloss":"than that","note":"мало того is a fixed idiom, 'more than that / not only that'."},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ставили, coordinated with Многие","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лиц","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"вольнодумных","lemma":"вольнодумный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лиц","gloss":"freethinking"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лиц","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лиц","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"object of из, modifies некоторые","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"приходившие","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"participle, active, past, nominative, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying некоторые (and Многие)","gloss":"who came"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытству","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"любопытству","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходившие","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поводу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"иному","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поводу","gloss":"some other"},{"surface":"поводу","lemma":"повод","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходившие","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"входя","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ставили","gloss":"entering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келью","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"келью","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of входя","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всеми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of входя","gloss":"everyone else"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"получая","lemma":"получать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with входя","gloss":"obtaining"},{"surface":"свидание","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of получая","gloss":"an audience"},{"surface":"наедине","lemma":"наедине","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получая","gloss":"in private"},{"surface":"ставили","lemma":"ставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made it"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of ставили","gloss":"for themselves"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обязанность, idiom ставить в обязанность (make a duty)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"первейшую","lemma":"первейший","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обязанность","gloss":"foremost"},{"surface":"обязанность","lemma":"обязанность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to the subject, part of the idiom все до единого","gloss":"every one"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking единого, part of the idiom все до единого","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"единого","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom все до единого","gloss":"the last","note":"все до единого is a fixed idiom, 'every single one, down to the last'."},{"surface":"глубочайшую","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies почтительность","gloss":"the most profound"},{"surface":"почтительность","lemma":"почтительность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ставили, in apposition to обязанность","gloss":"deference"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"деликатность","lemma":"деликатность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with почтительность","gloss":"delicacy"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration, modifies ставили","gloss":"duration"},{"surface":"свидания","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"of the meeting"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom тем более что (all the more so because)","gloss":"all the more"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom тем более что","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause of полагалось, part of the idiom тем более что","gloss":"because","note":"тем более что is a fixed idiom, 'all the more so because'."},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полагалось","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"subject of полагалось (existential negation)","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates полагалось","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"полагалось","lemma":"полагаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reason clause introduced by что","gloss":"was involved"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with полагалось","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"милость","lemma":"милость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with любовь","gloss":"mercy"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifying была ('on one side')","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другой","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"elliptical for другой стороны, adverbial","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"покаяние","lemma":"покаяние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of implied была, coordinated with любовь","gloss":"repentance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жажда","lemma":"жажда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with покаяние","gloss":"longing"},{"surface":"разрешить","lemma":"разрешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies жажда","gloss":"to resolve"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of какой-нибудь, determiner of вопрос","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of какой-нибудь, determiner of вопрос","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"трудный","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разрешить","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"of the soul"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"трудный","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вопрос","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"the life"},{"surface":"собственного","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердца","gloss":"one's own"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b2-c2-s102","source":"Так что вдруг такое шутовство, которое обнаружил Федор Павлович, непочтительное к месту, в котором он находился, произвело в свидетелях, по крайней мере в некоторых из них, недоумение и удивление.","translation":"So that such buffoonery as Fyodor Pavlovitch suddenly displayed, irreverent toward the place in which he found himself, produced in the witnesses, in at least some of them, bewilderment and astonishment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которое обнаружил Федор Павлович","title":"Relative clause with «который»","body":"«Которое обнаружил Федор Павлович» ('which Fyodor Pavlovich displayed') is a «который»-clause modifying «шутовство». «Которое» agrees with its antecedent in gender and number (neuter sing.) but takes the accusative its own role demands — the object of «обнаружил»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в котором он находился","title":"«в» + котором (prepositional)","body":"«В котором он находился» ('in which he found himself') shows «который» in the prepositional after «в» — the relative pronoun bending to its own clause's case even as it agrees in gender/number with «месту». «Находился» is the reflexive 'to be located.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шутовство","title":"«шутовство» — buffoonery","body":"«Шутовство» ('buffoonery, clowning') is the abstract noun from «шут» ('fool, jester'), in «-ство». It is the narrator's clinical name for Fyodor's whole performance — the very thing the chapter title «Старый шут» ('The Old Buffoon') announces."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так что (so that), introduces the clause with произвело","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнаружил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies шутовство","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"шутовство","lemma":"шутовство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произвело","gloss":"buffoonery"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обнаружил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"обнаружил","lemma":"обнаружить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying шутовство","gloss":"displayed"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обнаружил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"непочтительное","lemma":"непочтительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies шутовство","gloss":"irreverent"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месту","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"месту","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of непочтительное","gloss":"the place"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of находился","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of находился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"находился","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying месту","gloss":"found himself"},{"surface":"произвело","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"produced"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидетелях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свидетелях","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, prepositional, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of произвело","gloss":"the witnesses"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере (at least)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"measure","note":"по крайней мере is a fixed idiom, 'at least'."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking некоторых","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"некоторых","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, prepositional, plural","role":"in apposition to свидетелях","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies некоторых","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"недоумение","lemma":"недоумение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвело","gloss":"bewilderment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"удивление","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with недоумение","gloss":"astonishment"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b2-c2-s103","source":"Иеромонахи, впрочем нисколько не изменившие своих физиономий, с серьезным вниманием следили, что скажет старец, но, кажется, готовились уже встать, как Миусов.","translation":"The monks, who had not altered their faces in the slightest, watched with grave attention to see what the elder would say, but seemed to be on the point of rising, as Miusov had done.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не изменившие своих физиономий","title":"Past active participle + genitive of negation","body":"«Не изменившие» ('who had not altered') is the perfective past active participle of «изменить», modifying «иеромонахи». Under its negation the object «своих физиономий» ('their faces') shifts to the genitive — the genitive of negation. The reflexive possessive «своих» points to the monks themselves."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что скажет старец","title":"Embedded question «что скажет»","body":"«Следили, что скажет старец» ('watched [to see] what the elder would say') embeds an indirect question with «что» and the perfective future «скажет». Russian uses the future tense directly in such reported anticipation, where English needs 'would say.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Иеромонахи","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of следили","gloss":"the monks"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменившие","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"нисколько","lemma":"нисколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменившие","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изменившие","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"изменившие","lemma":"изменить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Иеромонахи","gloss":"having altered"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of физиономий","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"физиономий","lemma":"физиономия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of изменившие (genitive of negation)","gloss":"faces","note":"Negated verb takes a genitive object here, not accusative — физиономий is genitive plural, not accusative."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вниманием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"серьезным","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вниманием","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"вниманием","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of следили","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"следили","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скажет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of следили","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скажет","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying готовились","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"готовились","lemma":"готовиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with следили (via но)","gloss":"were getting ready"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встать","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"встать","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готовились","gloss":"to rise"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with Миусов","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как, compared to готовились","gloss":"Miusov"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b2-c2-s104","source":"Алеша готов был заплакать и стоял, понурив голову.","translation":"Alyosha was ready to burst into tears and stood with his head hung low.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"готов был заплакать","title":"Short adjective «готов» + infinitive","body":"«Готов был заплакать» ('was ready to burst into tears') uses the short-form predicative adjective «готов» ('ready') with «был» and an infinitive. «Заплакать» is the inceptive perfective ('to start crying'), the prefix «за-» marking the onset of weeping."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"понурив голову","title":"Perfective gerund «понурив»","body":"«Понурив голову» ('having hung his head, with head hung low') is a perfective past gerund («деепричастие») describing the completed posture in which Alyosha stood. It compactly adds the attendant circumstance to «стоял»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of готов","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to готов","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"заплакать","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готов","gloss":"to weep"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with готов","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"понурив","lemma":"понурить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стоял","gloss":"hanging"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of понурив","gloss":"his head"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b2-c2-s105","source":"Всего страннее казалось ему то, что брат его, Иван Федорович, единственно на которого он надеялся и который один имел такое влияние на отца, что мог бы его остановить, сидел теперь совсем неподвижно на своем стуле, опустив глаза и по-видимому с каким-то даже любознательным любопытством ожидал, чем это всё кончится, точно сам он был совершенно тут посторонний человек.","translation":"Strangest of all to him was that his brother Ivan Fyodorovitch — the only one he had counted on, the one man who had such influence over their father that he might have stopped him — now sat completely motionless on his chair, his eyes lowered, waiting with what looked like an inquisitive, even studious curiosity to see how it would all end, as though he himself were a complete stranger here.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на которого он надеялся... который... имел","title":"Two «который»-clauses, two cases","body":"Ivan is described by paired relative clauses: «на которого он надеялся» ('on whom he relied,' «на» + accusative of the animate masculine) and «который... имел такое влияние» ('who had such influence,' nominative subject). Same antecedent, different case as each clause's grammar requires — «который» in two roles at once."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог бы его остановить","title":"Conditional «мог бы»","body":"«Мог бы остановить» ('might have stopped, could have stopped') is the conditional — past «мог» + the particle «бы» — expressing an unrealized possibility. It is precisely the hypothetical intervention that did not happen, the source of Alyosha's dismay."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"опустив глаза","title":"Perfective gerund «опустив»","body":"«Опустив глаза» ('with his eyes lowered, having lowered his eyes') is a perfective gerund of attendant state, stacked alongside «сидел... неподвижно». Such gerunds let the narrator paint Ivan's motionless detachment in a single subordinate stroke."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно сам он был... посторонний","title":"Comparative «точно» as 'as if'","body":"«Точно» here is not 'exactly' but the conjunction 'as if, just as though,' introducing an unreal comparison — Ivan sat as though he were a complete stranger. «Посторонний человек» ('an outsider') stands in the nominative as the predicate of «был»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies страннее","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"страннее","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies казалось","gloss":"strangest"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of казалось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of казалось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovitch"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies которого","gloss":"the only one"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надеялся","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of надеялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"надеялся","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying брат","gloss":"had counted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies который (alone)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying брат, coordinated with надеялся","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of влияние","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"влияние","lemma":"влияние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies влияние","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of такое влияние","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"result clause modifying такое влияние","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks мог as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of остановить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"остановить","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"stop"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main predicate of the что-clause, subject брат","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неподвижно","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"неподвижно","lemma":"неподвижно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"motionless"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стуле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стуле","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"стуле","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"опустив","lemma":"опустить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сидел","gloss":"lowering"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of опустив","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb (part of compound)","role":"part of по-видимому, modifies ожидал","gloss":"apparently","note":"по-видимому ('apparently') is one hyphenated adverb split into two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb (part of compound)","role":"part of по-видимому, modifies ожидал","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of любопытством","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix)","role":"attaches to каким, marks indefiniteness","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любознательным","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"любознательным","lemma":"любознательный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"inquisitive"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ожидал","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"ожидал","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of кончится","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кончится","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"кончится","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of ожидал","gloss":"would end"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to человек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посторонний","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"посторонний","lemma":"посторонний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"an outsider"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a person"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b2-c2-s106","source":"На Ракитина (семинариста), тоже Алеше очень знакомого и почти близкого, Алеша и взглянуть не мог: он знал его мысли (хотя знал их один Алеша во всем монастыре).","translation":"At Rakitin (the seminarian), also well known to Alyosha and almost a close acquaintance, Alyosha could not even bring himself to glance: he knew his thoughts (though Alyosha alone in the whole monastery knew them).","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взглянуть не мог","title":"Negated modal + perfective infinitive","body":"«Взглянуть не мог» ('could not bring himself to glance') pairs «мог» under negation with the perfective infinitive «взглянуть» ('to take a glance'). The perfective marks a single intended act of looking that Alyosha cannot perform — the negation falling on his very capacity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знал их один Алеша","title":"Emphatic «один» + inverted order","body":"«Знал их один Алеша» ('Alyosha alone knew them') places «один» ('alone, only') and the subject after the verb and object, throwing the weight onto 'Alyosha alone.' «Один» as 'only/sole' agrees with the masculine subject; the inversion is the topic-comment engine focusing the news that he alone knew."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ракитина","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглянуть","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"семинариста","lemma":"семинарист","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ракитина","gloss":"the seminarian"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знакомого","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of знакомого","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знакомого","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"знакомого","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular, animate","role":"modifies Ракитина","gloss":"well known"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies близкого","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"близкого","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular, animate","role":"coordinated with знакомого","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взглянуть (emphatic 'even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"взглянуть","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to мог","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to знал (first instance)","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алеша (alone)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монастыре","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"monastery"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b2-c2-s107","source":"— Простите меня… — начал Миусов, обращаясь к старцу, — что я, может быть, тоже кажусь вам участником в этой недостойной шутке.","translation":"\"Forgive me,\" Miusov began, turning to the elder, \"if I too may perhaps appear to you a participant in this unworthy jest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Простите меня","title":"Polite imperative «простите»","body":"«Простите меня» ('forgive me') is the perfective imperative with polite/plural «-те» plus the accusative object «меня». A formula of contrition opening Miusov's apology, it sets the courteous, self-abasing tone against which Fyodor's clowning has offended."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обращаясь к старцу","title":"Imperfective gerund «обращаясь»","body":"«Обращаясь к старцу» ('turning to the elder') is the reflexive imperfective gerund of «обращаться», marking the simultaneous gesture as Miusov begins to speak. «К старцу» is «к» + dative, the case this preposition governs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Простите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Простите","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"старцу","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кажусь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of кажусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть, modifies кажусь","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"be","note":"может быть is a fixed idiom meaning 'perhaps'."},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кажусь","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"кажусь","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"appear"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of кажусь","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"участником","lemma":"участник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of кажусь","gloss":"a participant"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шутке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of шутке","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"недостойной","lemma":"недостойный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шутке","gloss":"unworthy"},{"surface":"шутке","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies участником","gloss":"jest"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b2-c2-s108","source":"Ошибка моя в том, что я поверил, что даже и такой, как Федор Павлович, при посещении столь почтенного лица захочет понять свои обязанности…","translation":"My mistake lay in believing that even a man like Fyodor Pavlovitch, on visiting so venerable a person, would want to recognize his obligations…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"захочет понять свои обязанности","title":"Perfective future «захочет» + infinitive","body":"«Захочет понять» ('would want to understand') is the perfective future of «захотеть» (the inceptive 'come to want') plus the perfective infinitive «понять». The reflexive possessive «свои» ('his own') ties the obligations back to the subject Fyodor."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь почтенного лица","title":"Bookish «столь» + genitive","body":"«Столь почтенного лица» ('so venerable a person') uses the literary intensifier «столь» ('so') — more bookish than «такой» — modifying the adjective, with «лица» in the genitive after «при посещении» ('on visiting [of]'). The elevated «столь» suits Miusov's careful, formal diction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ошибка","lemma":"ошибка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of том","gloss":"mistake"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Ошибка","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поверил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поверил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"поверил","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захочет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захочет","gloss":"such a one"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with Федор","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как, compared to такой","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking посещении","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"посещении","lemma":"посещение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of захочет","gloss":"visiting"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почтенного","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"почтенного","lemma":"почтенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лица","gloss":"venerable"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies посещении","gloss":"a person"},{"surface":"захочет","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (complement of поверил)","gloss":"would want"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захочет","gloss":"to recognize"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of обязанности","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"обязанности","lemma":"обязанность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of понять","gloss":"obligations"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b2-c2-s109","source":"Я не сообразил, что придется просить извинения именно за то, что с ним входишь…","translation":"I did not reckon that I should have to ask pardon for the very fact of having come in with him…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"придётся просить извинения","title":"Impersonal «придётся» + dative experiencer","body":"«Придётся просить» ('I should have to ask') is the impersonal «прийтись» ('to fall to one's lot, be obliged'), which takes no nominative subject — the obliged person stands in the dative (here implied 'мне'). «Просить извинения» governs the genitive «извинения» ('pardon')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с ним входишь","title":"Generic second-person 'you'","body":"«С ним входишь» ('one comes in with him') uses the second-person singular «входишь» with no pronoun in a generalizing, impersonal sense — the Russian way of saying 'one,' addressed to no particular 'you.' «С ним» is «с» + instrumental ('with him'), the accompaniment use."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сообразил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сообразил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сообразил","lemma":"сообразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reckoned"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"придется","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сообразил","gloss":"would have to"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on придется","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"извинения","lemma":"извинение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of просить","gloss":"pardon"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of просить","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of входишь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of входишь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"входишь","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"you come in","note":"Generic 2nd-person 'you' (= 'one'); refers to having come in with Fyodor Pavlovitch."}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b2-c2-s110","source":"Петр Александрович не договорил и, совсем сконфузившись, хотел было уже выйти из комнаты.","translation":"Pyotr Alexandrovitch did not finish and, thoroughly abashed, was already on the point of leaving the room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел было уже выйти","title":"The particle «было» of an interrupted act","body":"«Хотел было... выйти» ('was on the point of leaving [but didn't]') uses the special particle «было», which signals an action begun or intended and then checked or reversed. It is one of Russian's subtlest aspectual touches — here Miusov starts to go but is about to be stopped by the elder."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем сконфузившись","title":"Perfective gerund «сконфузившись»","body":"«Сконфузившись» ('having grown thoroughly abashed') is a perfective past reflexive gerund describing the completed state in which Miusov breaks off and moves to leave. «Совсем» ('completely') intensifies his embarrassment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of договорил","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovitch"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies договорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"договорил","lemma":"договорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сконфузившись","gloss":"thoroughly"},{"surface":"сконфузившись","lemma":"сконфузиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying хотел","gloss":"abashed"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with договорил","gloss":"was about to"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with хотел (interrupted-intent idiom)","gloss":"just about","note":"хотел было = 'was just about to (do something)', implying it was interrupted."},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйти","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйти","gloss":"the room"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b2-c2-s111","source":"— Не беспокойтесь, прошу вас, — привстал вдруг с своего места на свои хилые ноги старец и, взяв за обе руки Петра Александровича, усадил его опять в кресла.","translation":"\"Do not trouble yourself, I beg you,\" said the elder, suddenly rising to his feeble legs from his place and, taking Pyotr Alexandrovitch by both hands, seating him again in his chair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взяв за обе руки","title":"Perfective gerund «взяв» + «за» grasping","body":"«Взяв за обе руки» ('having taken [him] by both hands') is the perfective past gerund of «взять», naming the completed act prior to seating Miusov. «За... руки» (за + accusative) is the idiom for grasping someone 'by' a body part — «взять за руку»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"привстал... усадил","title":"Two perfectives advancing the action","body":"«Привстал» ('half-rose') and «усадил» ('seated [him]') are both perfective past, two completed events that move the narrative forward step by step. The prefix «при-» on «встал» gives the partial, brief rising of a frail man; «у-» on «садил» makes the seating transitive and complete."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хилые ноги","title":"«хилый» — frail, feeble","body":"«Хилый» means sickly, frail, weak — «на свои хилые ноги» paints the elder's bodily feebleness, set tenderly against the spiritual authority of his gesture. The detail prepares the contrast of physical weakness and moral strength central to Zosima."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокойтесь","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"беспокойтесь","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trouble yourself"},{"surface":"прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with беспокойтесь","gloss":"I beg"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of прошу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"привстал","lemma":"привстать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to беспокойтесь","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привстал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of места","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of привстал","gloss":"seat"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of ноги","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"хилые","lemma":"хилый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies ноги","gloss":"feeble"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of привстал","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of привстал","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взяв","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on усадил","gloss":"taking"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on руки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of взяв","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"Петра","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"Pyotr's"},{"surface":"Александровича","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петра","gloss":"Alexandrovitch's"},{"surface":"усадил","lemma":"усадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with привстал","gloss":"seated"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of усадил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усадил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресла","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"кресла","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of усадил","gloss":"the chair"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b2-c2-s112","source":"— Будьте спокойны, прошу вас. Я особенно прошу вас быть моим гостем, — и с поклоном, повернувшись, сел опять на свой диванчик.","translation":"\"Be at peace, I beg you. I particularly ask you to be my guest,\" and with a bow, turning back, he sat down again on his little sofa.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"быть моим гостем","title":"Instrumental predicate after «быть»","body":"«Быть моим гостем» ('to be my guest') puts the predicate noun «гостем» in the instrumental after the infinitive «быть» — the standard pattern with «быть» outside the present. The possessive «моим» agrees in the instrumental too."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повернувшись, сел","title":"Perfective gerund «повернувшись»","body":"«Повернувшись» ('having turned') is a perfective reflexive gerund of prior action, the completed turn that precedes «сел» ('sat down'). With «с поклоном» ('with a bow,' с + instrumental) it choreographs the elder's courteous movement."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"диванчик","title":"Diminutive «диванчик»","body":"«Диванчик» is the diminutive of «диван» ('sofa') — 'little sofa, small couch.' The «-чик» suffix conveys the modest, even humble scale of the elder's furnishings, a quiet touch of his ascetic simplicity rather than mere smallness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Будьте","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to спокойны","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"спокойны","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спокойны","gloss":"I beg"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of прошу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прошу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошу","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of прошу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to гостем","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of гостем","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"гостем","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of прошу","gloss":"guest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поклоном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"поклоном","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"a bow"},{"surface":"повернувшись","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сел","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошу","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диванчик","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of диванчик","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"диванчик","lemma":"диванчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"little sofa"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b2-c2-s113","source":"— Великий старец, изреките, оскорбляю я вас моею живостью или нет? — вскричал вдруг Федор Павлович, схватившись обеими руками за ручки кресел и как бы готовясь из них выпрыгнуть сообразно с ответом.","translation":"\"Great elder, pronounce: do I offend you with my liveliness, or not?\" cried Fyodor Pavlovitch suddenly, gripping the arms of his chair with both hands and as though ready to spring out of it according to the answer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изреките","title":"«изречь» — Slavonic 'pronounce, utter'","body":"«Изреките» is the imperative of «изречь», an archaic, solemn verb 'to pronounce, utter [an oracle]' — far loftier than «скажите» ('say'). Fyodor mock-grandly demands the elder 'pronounce' judgment, parodying liturgical solemnity even as he pleads."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оскорбляю я вас... или нет","title":"Yes/no question by inversion","body":"«Оскорбляю я вас... или нет?» ('do I offend you... or not?') forms a question by simple verb-first inversion and the «или нет» tag, without «ли». The imperfective «оскорбляю» asks about an ongoing state — am I, in the act, offending you?"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватившись... как бы готовясь... выпрыгнуть","title":"Stacked gerunds, perfective + imperfective","body":"Two gerunds color the verb «вскричал»: perfective «схватившись» ('having gripped' the chair-arms, prior completed act) and imperfective «готовясь» ('getting ready,' simultaneous state), with «как бы» hedging it. «Выпрыгнуть» ('to spring out') is the perfective infinitive of the intended leap."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сообразно с ответом","title":"«сообразно с» + instrumental","body":"«Сообразно с ответом» ('according to the answer') is a bookish prepositional phrase, «сообразно с» governing the instrumental — Fyodor's leap calibrated to whatever the elder replies. The formal locution underscores the theatrical, calculated quality of his clowning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старец","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"изреките","lemma":"изречь","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pronounce"},{"surface":"оскорбляю","lemma":"оскорблять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question (complement of изреките)","gloss":"do I offend"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of оскорбляю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of оскорбляю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"моею","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of живостью","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"живостью","lemma":"живость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оскорбляю","gloss":"liveliness"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with оскорбляю via или","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (introduces direct speech)","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"схватившись","lemma":"схватиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскричал","gloss":"gripping"},{"surface":"обеими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine","role":"modifies руками","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of схватившись","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ручки","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ручки","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of схватившись","gloss":"the arms"},{"surface":"кресел","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies ручки","gloss":"of the chair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part of compound)","role":"part of как бы, modifies готовясь","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part of compound)","role":"part of как бы, modifies готовясь","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"готовясь","lemma":"готовиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with схватившись","gloss":"getting ready"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of готовясь","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"выпрыгнуть","lemma":"выпрыгнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готовясь","gloss":"to jump out"},{"surface":"сообразно","lemma":"сообразно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выпрыгнуть","gloss":"in accordance"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ответом","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сообразно","gloss":"the answer"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b2-c2-s114","source":"— Убедительно и вас прошу не беспокоиться и не стесняться, — внушительно проговорил ему старец… — Не стесняйтесь, будьте совершенно как дома.","translation":"\"I earnestly beg you too not to be uneasy and not to feel constrained,\" the elder said to him impressively. \"Do not be constrained, be entirely as if at home.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прошу не беспокоиться и не стесняться","title":"Negated imperfective infinitives after «прошу»","body":"«Прошу не беспокоиться и не стесняться» ('I beg you not to be uneasy or constrained') follows «прошу» ('I ask') with negated imperfective infinitives — the imperfective is the rule under a negative request, framing a general 'don't be in such a state.' Both are reflexive «-ся» verbs of inner condition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не стесняйтесь","title":"Negated imperfective imperative","body":"«Не стесняйтесь» ('don't feel constrained') is the negated imperfective imperative with polite «-тесь». Russian almost always uses the imperfective for a negative command ('don't [be doing] X'); a perfective negative imperative would instead warn against an accidental single act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как дома","title":"Idiom «как дома»","body":"«Будьте... как дома» ('be as if at home') uses «дома», the fixed adverb 'at home' (a frozen old locative, not «в доме»). The whole phrase is the Russian 'make yourself at home,' which Fyodor will seize on and twist in the next lines."}],"words":[{"surface":"Убедительно","lemma":"убедительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошу","gloss":"earnestly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вас (emphatic 'too')","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of прошу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I beg"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокоиться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"беспокоиться","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of прошу","gloss":"to trouble yourself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стесняться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стесняться","lemma":"стесняться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with беспокоиться","gloss":"to feel constrained"},{"surface":"внушительно","lemma":"внушительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"impressively"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to прошу","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of проговорил","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стесняйтесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стесняйтесь","lemma":"стесняться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to прошу","gloss":"feel constrained"},{"surface":"будьте","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стесняйтесь","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дома","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison дома","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of будьте","gloss":"at home"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b2-c2-s115","source":"А главное, не стыдитесь столь самого себя, ибо от сего лишь всё и выходит.","translation":"And, above all, do not be so ashamed of yourself, for from that alone everything springs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не стыдитесь столь самого себя","title":"«стыдиться» + genitive reflexive «себя»","body":"«Не стыдитесь... самого себя» ('do not be ashamed of yourself') — the verb «стыдиться» governs the genitive of what one is ashamed of, here the reflexive «себя» intensified by «самого» ('your very self'). The negated imperfective imperative gives a gentle, general counsel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо от сего лишь всё и выходит","title":"Archaic «ибо» and «сей»","body":"The elder's speech turns markedly bookish: «ибо» is the archaic-literary 'for, because,' and «от сего» ('from this') uses the archaic demonstrative «сей» in the genitive after «от». This elevated register — period-solemn, not ordinary — sets the elder's grave wisdom apart from Fyodor's slangy patter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё и выходит","title":"Emphatic «и» with the verb","body":"«Всё и выходит» ('everything precisely springs [from that]') uses the particle «и» before the verb for emphasis — 'this is the very source of it all.' Combined with «лишь» ('only'), it concentrates the elder's diagnosis: shame is the root of everything."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies whole clause","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыдитесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стыдитесь","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be ashamed"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies самого","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of себя","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of стыдитесь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выходит","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition от","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выходит","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies выходит","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"выходит","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"springs"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b2-c2-s116","source":"— Совершенно как дома? То есть в натуральном-то виде? О, этого много, слишком много, но — с умилением принимаю!","translation":"\"Entirely as if at home? That is, in my natural state? Oh, that is much, too much, but — I accept it with deep emotion!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в натуральном-то виде","title":"«в» + prepositional with «-то»","body":"«В натуральном... виде» ('in [my] natural state') is «в» + prepositional describing a condition, and the inserted «-то» on «натуральном» highlights the phrase as the very point at issue — Fyodor seizes on the elder's 'as if at home' and probes what 'natural' would mean for him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с умилением принимаю","title":"«с» + instrumental of feeling","body":"«С умилением принимаю» ('I accept it with deep emotion') uses «с» + instrumental «умилением» for the manner/feeling accompanying the act. «Умиление» — a tender, melting emotion, often religious — is a key Dostoevskian word, here flourished half-theatrically by Fyodor."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умилением","title":"«умиление» — tender emotion","body":"«Умиление» names a soft, melting tenderness of heart, often the emotion of religious feeling or pity — there is no clean English equivalent (we render 'deep emotion'). The word recurs as a touchstone of genuine spiritual feeling in the novel, which makes Fyodor's flourishing of it pointedly ambiguous."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies как дома","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"marks comparison, modifies дома","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is","note":"«То есть» is a fixed idiom meaning \"that is / i.e.\""},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"натуральном","lemma":"натуральный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, enclitic","role":"emphatic particle attached to натуральном","gloss":"just","note":"colloquial enclitic -то adds mocking emphasis, not separately translated"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of много","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"head of the predicate","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"coordinated with много","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умилением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"умилением","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимаю","gloss":"deep emotion"},{"surface":"принимаю","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I accept"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b2-c2-s117","source":"Знаете, благословенный отец, вы меня на натуральный-то вид не вызывайте, не рискуйте… до натурального вида я и сам не дойду.","translation":"You know, blessed father, you should not summon me to my natural state, don't risk it… to my natural state I would not go even of myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не вызывайте, не рискуйте","title":"Negated imperfective imperatives","body":"«Не вызывайте... не рискуйте» ('don't summon... don't risk it') are negated imperfective imperatives — the expected aspect for a prohibition ('don't be doing X'). Fyodor mock-warns the elder off coaxing out his 'natural state.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я и сам не дойду","title":"Intensifier «сам» + «и»","body":"«Я и сам не дойду» ('I myself would not go [there] even on my own') stacks the emphatic «и» with the intensifying «сам» ('myself') and negation — even left to himself he won't reach his 'natural state.' «Дойду» is perfective future of arriving at a point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"благословенный","lemma":"благословенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вызывайте","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of вызывайте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вид","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"натуральный","lemma":"натуральный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, enclitic","role":"emphatic particle attached to натуральный","gloss":"just","note":"colloquial enclitic -то, not separately translated"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вызывайте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вызывайте","lemma":"вызывать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"summon"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рискуйте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"рискуйте","lemma":"рисковать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вызывайте","gloss":"risk it"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вида","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"натурального","lemma":"натуральный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вида","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"вида","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дойду","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дойду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дойду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дойду","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will get"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b2-c2-s118","source":"Это я, чтобы вас охранить, предупреждаю.","translation":"I warn you of this in order to protect you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы вас охранить","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«Чтобы вас охранить» ('in order to protect you') is the purpose construction «чтобы» + perfective infinitive, used when the subject of the main and purpose clauses is the same (Fyodor warns in order that he himself protect). The fronted purpose clause throws emphasis onto his ironic protectiveness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это я... предупреждаю","title":"Topicalizing «это» + final verb","body":"«Это я... предупреждаю» ('this I warn [you] of') fronts «это» as the topic and holds the verb «предупреждаю» to the end — topic-comment ordering that frames the whole preceding warning as the thing now being labeled. «Это» is a frozen pointing word, not agreeing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предупреждаю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предупреждаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of охранить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of охранить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"охранить","lemma":"охранить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on предупреждаю","gloss":"protect"},{"surface":"предупреждаю","lemma":"предупреждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I warn"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b2-c2-s119","source":"Ну-с, а прочее всё еще подвержено мраку неизвестности, хотя бы некоторые и желали расписать меня.","translation":"Well, sir, as for the rest, it is all still wrapped in the dark of uncertainty, though some would like to paint me in full colors.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ну-с","title":"«Ну-с» — 'Well, sir'","body":"«Ну-с» combines the filler «ну» ('well') with the deferential «-с» (the «словоер», from «сударь», 'sir'). It is Fyodor's mock-genteel throat-clearing as he changes tack — ingratiating servility worn as a costume."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подвержено мраку неизвестности","title":"«мрак неизвестности» — the dark of uncertainty","body":"«Мрак неизвестности» ('the gloom/darkness of the unknown') is a high-flown, almost parodically literary cliché — «мрак» ('murk, darkness') + «неизвестность» ('the unknown'). Fyodor reaches for grandiose phrasing to dress up the simple admission that the rest is unclear, the bombast itself part of the buffoonery."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы некоторые и желали расписать меня","title":"Concessive «хотя бы... и»","body":"«Хотя бы... и желали» ('even though some might wish, do wish') is a concessive clause; «хотя бы» with the past-form verb and «бы» gives a hypothetical-concessive 'even if,' and the «и» reinforces it. «Расписать меня» here means to 'paint me up,' depict me in lurid full color."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection, head of the phrase","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, enclitic","role":"archaic polite enclitic attached to Ну","gloss":"sir","note":"archaic deferential enclitic \"-с\", roughly \"sir\""},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прочее","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of подвержено","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of прочее","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подвержено","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"подвержено","lemma":"подвержен","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular, predicate","role":"predicate of прочее","gloss":"is wrapped"},{"surface":"мраку","lemma":"мрак","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of подвержено","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"неизвестности","lemma":"неизвестность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мраку","gloss":"of uncertainty"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, subjunctive","role":"part of the idiom хотя бы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of желали","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies желали","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"желали","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"расписать","lemma":"расписать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желали","gloss":"portray"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of расписать","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b2-c2-s120","source":"Это я по вашему адресу, Петр Александрович, говорю, а вам, святейшее существо, вот что вам: восторг изливаю!","translation":"That last I say at your address, Pyotr Alexandrovitch, but to you, most holy being, here is what I say to you: I pour out my rapture!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по вашему адресу","title":"«по» + dative idiom","body":"«По вашему адресу» ('at your address, aimed at you') is «по» + dative in a figurative sense — a remark directed at someone. «По» governs the dative, here «вашему адресу», and the idiom means a barb 'meant for you,' which Fyodor flags he is firing at Miusov."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"святейшее существо","title":"«святейшее существо» — 'most holy being'","body":"«Существо» means 'being, creature'; «святейшее» is again the superlative «-ейший» of «святой». Lavishing 'most holy being' on the elder — even as he aims a barb at Miusov in the same breath — is Fyodor's gushing, excessive flattery, comically over the top."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"восторг изливаю","title":"Object-first word order","body":"«Восторг изливаю» ('my rapture I pour out') fronts the object «восторг» before the verb «изливаю» for rhetorical emphasis — the gushing emotion named first, the act of pouring it out following. Free case-marked word order lets Fyodor strike a declamatory, effusive pose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking адресу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вашему","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies адресу","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"адресу","lemma":"адрес","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"address"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"Александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of изливаю","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"святейшее","lemma":"святейший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существо, vocative address","gloss":"most holy"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"vocative address, appositive to вам","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"anticipates the following clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of изливаю","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"восторг","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of изливаю","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"изливаю","lemma":"изливать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I pour out"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b2-c2-s121","source":"— Он привстал и, подняв вверх руки, произнес: — Блаженно чрево, носившее тебя, и сосцы, тебя питавшие, — сосцы особенно!","translation":"He half rose and, lifting his arms aloft, declared: \"Blessed is the womb that bore thee, and the paps that gave thee suck — the paps especially!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чрево … сосцы","title":"Church-Slavonic body words","body":"Both «чрево» (womb, belly) and «сосцы» (paps, the archaic plural of сосок) are solemn Slavonicisms belonging to scripture and liturgy, not everyday speech, where you would hear живот and грудь. Their sacred register is precisely what makes Fyodor's lewd punchline a sacrilege."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чрево, носившее тебя … сосцы, тебя питавшие","title":"Past active participles do the work of relative clauses","body":"«носившее» (that bore) and «питавшие» (that nourished) are past active participles in -вш-, agreeing with «чрево» (neuter sing.) and «сосцы» (plural) and standing in for который-clauses — the dense participial style of scripture and high prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of привстал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"привстал","lemma":"привстать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"half rose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подняв","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"having raised"},{"surface":"вверх","lemma":"вверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подняв","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of подняв","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with привстал","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"Блаженно","lemma":"блаженный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular, predicate","role":"predicate of чрево","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"чрево","lemma":"чрево","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of predicate Блаженно","gloss":"womb"},{"surface":"носившее","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying чрево","gloss":"that bore"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of носившее","gloss":"thee"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сосцы","lemma":"сосец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with чрево","gloss":"breasts"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of питавшие","gloss":"thee"},{"surface":"питавшие","lemma":"питать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying сосцы","gloss":"that nursed"},{"surface":"сосцы","lemma":"сосец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"repeated in apposition, emphasized by особенно","gloss":"the breasts"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сосцы","gloss":"especially"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b2-c2-s122","source":"Вы меня сейчас замечанием вашим: «Не стыдиться столь самого себя, потому что от сего лишь всё и выходит», — вы меня замечанием этим как бы насквозь прочкнули и внутри прочли.","translation":"Just now, with your remark — \"Above all do not be ashamed of yourself, for everything else springs from that\" — with that remark you pierced me clean through, as it were, and read what is inside.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не стыдиться столь самого себя","title":"Reflexive verb plus reflexive pronoun","body":"«стыдиться» (to be ashamed) exists only in the -ся form, and here it takes the reflexive pronoun «самого себя» (oneself) as its object — the verb's -ся and the full pronoun себя layer the reflexivity, a hallmark of the elder's pointed phrasing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"от сего","title":"«сей» — bookish 'this'","body":"«от сего» ('from this') uses the archaic demonstrative «сей», a literary-elevated equivalent of этот that pervades 19th-century and ecclesiastical prose. The elder's aphorism is cast in this period-bookish register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы меня замечанием этим как бы насквозь прочкнули","title":"Instrumental of means","body":"«замечанием этим» ('with that remark') is in the instrumental — the case of the means or instrument by which an action is done. The agreeing demonstrative «этим» makes the case visible."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прочкнули","title":"«прочкнуть» — to pierce clean through","body":"An expressive, colloquial perfective (roughly 'jabbed/pierced right through'), reinforced by «насквозь» ('all the way through'). The earthy verb against the lofty «сего» captures Fyodor's lurching register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прочкнули","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of прочкнули","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочкнули","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"замечанием","lemma":"замечание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of прочкнули","gloss":"remark"},{"surface":"вашим","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies замечанием","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыдиться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стыдиться","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"head verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"be ashamed of"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies самого","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of себя","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of стыдиться","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition от","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выходит","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies выходит","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"выходит","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"springs"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"resumptive subject, coordinated with вы","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"resumptive direct object of прочкнули","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"замечанием","lemma":"замечание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive instrumental complement of прочкнули","gloss":"remark"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies замечанием","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"насквозь","lemma":"насквозь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочкнули","gloss":"clean through"},{"surface":"прочкнули","lemma":"проткнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pierced","note":"likely a variant spelling of «проткнули» (pierced)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"внутри","lemma":"внутри","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочли","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"прочли","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with прочкнули","gloss":"read"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b2-c2-s123","source":"Именно мне всё так и кажется, когда я к людям вхожу, что я подлее всех и что меня все за шута принимают, так вот «давай же я и в самом деле сыграю шута, не боюсь ваших мнений, потому что все вы до единого подлее меня!»","translation":"It really does seem to me, whenever I come among people, that I am the basest of them all and that everyone takes me for a buffoon, so I think, \"well then, let me really play the buffoon — I am not afraid of your opinions, since every last one of you is baser than I am!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я подлее всех","title":"Comparative «подлее всех» = superlative","body":"«подлее» is the predicative comparative of подлый (base, vile); followed by the genitive «всех» ('than all') it becomes a superlative — 'the basest of all'. The bare comparative + genitive is the ordinary Russian way to say 'the most …'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"давай же я … сыграю шута","title":"«давай» + perfective for self-exhortation, intensified by «же»","body":"«давай … сыграю» ('let me go ahead and play') uses давай with a perfective future as a first-person exhortation. The particle «же» insists and goads ('well then, go on'), coloring the inner outburst with self-egging defiance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня все за шута принимают","title":"«принимать за» + accusative — 'to take for'","body":"«принимать за шута» means 'to take (someone) for a buffoon'. «шута» is animate-masculine accusative borrowing the genitive form, and the preposition за governs the accusative here in the idiom 'mistake X for Y'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кажется","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of кажется","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кажется","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кажется","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom так и, emphatic","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вхожу","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вхожу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людям","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"людям","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вхожу","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"вхожу","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on кажется","gloss":"come in"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces first complement clause of кажется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подлее","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подлее","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicate","role":"predicate, complement clause of кажется","gloss":"baser"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of comparative подлее","gloss":"than everyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces second complement clause of кажется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of принимают","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of принимают","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шута","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"шута","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимают","gloss":"buffoon"},{"surface":"принимают","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of clause, complement of кажется","gloss":"take (me for)"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the following thought","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom так вот","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"давай","lemma":"давай","morphology":"particle, hortative","role":"introduces the hortative clause, modifies сыграю","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давай","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сыграю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies сыграю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom в самом деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom в самом деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"idiom в самом деле, modifies сыграю","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"сыграю","lemma":"сыграть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the hortative clause","gloss":"will play"},{"surface":"шута","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сыграю","gloss":"the buffoon"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сыграю","gloss":"I fear"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of мнений","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мнений","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of боюсь","gloss":"opinions"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of вы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подлее","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom до единого","gloss":"down to"},{"surface":"единого","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom до единого","gloss":"the last"},{"surface":"подлее","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicate","role":"predicate of вы, causal clause","gloss":"baser"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of comparative подлее","gloss":"than me"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b2-c2-s124","source":"Вот потому я и шут, от стыда шут, старец великий, от стыда.","translation":"That is why I am a buffoon, a buffoon out of shame, great elder, out of shame.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от стыда шут, старец великий, от стыда","title":"«от» + genitive of cause; emphatic repetition","body":"«от стыда» ('out of shame') uses от + genitive to give the cause of a state — a frequent pattern (от страха, от радости). The phrase frames the whole confession and is repeated for rhetorical insistence, bracketing the vocative «старец великий»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шут","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of шут","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies шут","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"шут","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"a buffoon"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стыда","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"стыда","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шут","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"шут","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive, repeats шут","gloss":"a buffoon"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старец","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стыда","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"стыда","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"repeats от стыда, emphatic","gloss":"shame"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b2-c2-s125","source":"От мнительности одной и буяню.","translation":"It is sheer mistrustfulness that makes me act up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"От мнительности одной … буяню","title":"Subject pronoun dropped; present tense","body":"«буяню» ('I act up, kick up a row') is 1st-sing. present with no pronoun — the ending alone marks the person, so я is freely omitted. The fronted «От мнительности одной» ('out of sheer mistrustfulness') is the emphasized cause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мнительность","title":"«мнительность» — suspicious self-doubt","body":"A telling word: not simple mistrust but anxious, hypochondriac suspiciousness — the habit of imagining slights and watching for them. It names exactly the offense-inventing psychology the elder will go on to dissect."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мнительности","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"мнительности","lemma":"мнительность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique cause of буяню","gloss":"mistrustfulness"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мнительности","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies буяню","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"буяню","lemma":"буянить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I act up","note":"colloquial \"буянить\" = to carouse/make a scene"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b2-c2-s126","source":"Ведь если б я только был уверен, когда вхожу, что все меня за милейшего и умнейшего человека сейчас же примут, — господи! какой бы я тогда был добрый человек!","translation":"Why, if only I could be certain, when I walk in, that everyone would at once take me for the kindest and cleverest of men — Lord! what a good man I would be then!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б я только был уверен … какой бы я тогда был добрый человек","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"Both halves are irrealis: «если б … был уверен» (if only I were certain) and «какой бы … был добрый человек» (what a good man I would be) pair the past-tense verb «был» with the particle «бы» (here clipped to б) to build a hypothetical about an unreal present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за милейшего и умнейшего человека","title":"Superlative suffix -ейший","body":"«милейшего» and «умнейшего» use the bookish superlative suffix -ейш- ('kindest', 'cleverest'), declined to accusative after «принять за». This synthetic superlative is more emphatic and literary than the everyday самый + adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies whole clause","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the conditional если...б","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уверен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уверен","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уверен","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вхожу","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вхожу","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on уверен","gloss":"I enter"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of уверен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of примут","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of примут","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"милейшего","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"kindest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"умнейшего","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with милейшего","gloss":"cleverest"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of примут","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies примут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom сейчас же","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"примут","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"would take"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господи","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"Lord!"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"what (a)"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of был","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to человек","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"добрый","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b2-c2-s127","source":"Учитель! — повергся он вдруг на колени, — что мне делать, чтобы наследовать жизнь вечную?","translation":"\"Master!\" — he suddenly fell to his knees — \"what must I do to inherit eternal life?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что мне делать","title":"Dative subject — 'what am I to do?'","body":"«что мне делать» is a dative-subject impersonal: the experiencer «мне» stands in the dative with a bare infinitive, with no nominative subject — 'what is there for me to do'. It is the standard Russian frame for obligation and helplessness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы наследовать жизнь вечную","title":"«чтобы» of purpose","body":"«чтобы наследовать» ('in order to inherit') uses чтобы + infinitive to state purpose. With one shared subject it takes the infinitive (rather than the past-form irrealis used when subjects differ)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Учитель","lemma":"учитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Master"},{"surface":"повергся","lemma":"повергнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повергся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повергся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"колени","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of повергся","gloss":"his knees"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of делать","gloss":"I / for me"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"наследовать","lemma":"наследовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause on делать","gloss":"inherit"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of наследовать","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"вечную","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"eternal"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b2-c2-s128","source":"— Трудно было и теперь решить: шутит он или в самом деле в таком умилении?","translation":"Even now it was hard to tell whether he was joking or really in such a fit of tenderness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Трудно было … решить","title":"Impersonal «трудно было решить»","body":"A subjectless impersonal: the neuter «было» plus the predicative «трудно» plus an infinitive — 'it was hard to decide'. There is no nominative; the construction states a difficulty in the abstract."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"шутит он или в самом деле в таком умилении","title":"Embedded alternative question","body":"An indirect 'whether … or' question after «решить»: «шутит он или … в умилении» weighs two possibilities. Note the zero copula — no verb 'is' before «в таком умилении» (in such tenderness), supplied only by the present-tense context."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умиление","title":"«умиление» — tender, melting emotion","body":"A key Dostoevskian word: a soft, tearful tenderness shading into religious rapture and self-abasement. The narrator's doubt is whether Fyodor feels genuine «умиление» or is merely performing it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Трудно","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular, predicate","role":"head of the impersonal predicate","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Трудно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies whole clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"решить","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement clause of Трудно было","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"шутит","lemma":"шутить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of embedded question","gloss":"is joking"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шутит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom в самом деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom в самом деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"idiom в самом деле, modifies second clause","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умилении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of умилении","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"умилении","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with шутит","gloss":"tenderness"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b2-c2-s129","source":"Старец поднял на него глаза и с улыбкой произнес:","translation":"The elder raised his eyes to him and said with a smile:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поднял на него глаза … произнес","title":"Perfective verbs move the narration","body":"«поднял» (raised) and «произнес» (uttered) are perfectives, each naming a single completed act that advances the scene step by step — the perfective's narrative job against the imperfective backgrounding around it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнес","gloss":"a smile"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b2-c2-s130","source":"— Сами давно знаете, что надо делать, ума в вас довольно: не предавайтесь пьянству и словесному невоздержанию, не предавайтесь сладострастию, а особенно обожанию денег, да закройте ваши питейные дома, если не можете всех, то хоть два или три.","translation":"\"You have long known yourself what you must do; you have wit enough for it: do not give yourself over to drunkenness and loose talk, do not give yourself over to lust, and above all to the worship of money — and close your taverns; if you cannot close them all, then at least two or three.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не предавайтесь пьянству … не предавайтесь сладострастию","title":"Negated imperative + dative object","body":"«не предавайтесь» is the polite/plural imperative of the reflexive предаваться ('give yourself over to'), which governs the dative: «пьянству» (drunkenness), «сладострастию» (lust), «обожанию денег» (worship of money) all stand in the dative case. Imperfective aspect under the negated imperative warns against the whole activity, not a single act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если не можете всех, то хоть два или три","title":"Numerals and the case of the noun","body":"«два или три» take the genitive singular of what is counted (the implied «дома» — taverns), the rule for 2–4. «всех» is the genitive object under the negated «не можете» (cannot [close] them all)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"словесное невоздержание","title":"«словесное невоздержание» — verbal incontinence","body":"A formal, near-clerical phrase: 'verbal intemperance', i.e. loose, unbridled talk. The elevated diction lets the elder name Fyodor's compulsive buffoonery in the dignified vocabulary of the sins of the tongue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural, emphatic","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you yourselves"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать, introduces the clause complement of знаете","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the subordinate clause under знаете","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of довольно","gloss":"wit"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"predicate of the clause (ума ... довольно)","gloss":"is enough"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предавайтесь","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"предавайтесь","lemma":"предаваться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of this imperative clause","gloss":"give yourselves over"},{"surface":"пьянству","lemma":"пьянство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of предавайтесь","gloss":"to drunkenness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"словесному","lemma":"словесный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies невоздержанию","gloss":"loose"},{"surface":"невоздержанию","lemma":"невоздержание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with пьянству","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предавайтесь","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"предавайтесь","lemma":"предаваться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предавайтесь","gloss":"give yourselves over"},{"surface":"сладострастию","lemma":"сладострастие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предавайтесь","gloss":"to lust"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обожанию","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"обожанию","lemma":"обожание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with сладострастию","gloss":"worship"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of обожанию","gloss":"of money"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"закройте","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with предавайтесь","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дома","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"питейные","lemma":"питейный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies дома","gloss":"drinking"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of закройте","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можете","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"you can"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of можете","gloss":"all of them"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the result clause, correlative with если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies два","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"object of the elided verb закройте","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"coordinated with два","gloss":"three"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b2-c2-s131","source":"А главное, самое главное — не лгите.","translation":"\"But the main thing, the chief thing of all — do not lie.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"самое главное — не лгите","title":"Neuter superlative as a noun; negated imperfective imperative","body":"«самое главное» ('the very chief thing') is a neuter substantivized adjective in the superlative самый. «не лгите» is the negated imperfective imperative of лгать — under negation the imperfective is the default for a blanket prohibition, 'do not lie' as a standing rule."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular, substantivized","role":"topic of the sentence","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies главное","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular, substantivized","role":"apposition to главное, restated for emphasis","gloss":"the chief thing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лгите","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"лгите","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lie"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b2-c2-s132","source":"— То есть это про Дидерота, что ли?","translation":"\"You mean about Diderot, is that it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ли?","title":"The tag «что ли» and the particle ли","body":"«что ли» is a colloquial questioning tag ('is that it?', 'or what?') built on the interrogative particle ли; it softens a guess into a half-question. Fyodor uses it to fish for confirmation."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дидерота","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Дидерота","lemma":"Дидерот","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition про","gloss":"Diderot"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom что ли","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom что ли, modifies что","gloss":"that it","note":"«что ли» is a colloquial tag meaning \"or something, is that it?\""}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b2-c2-s133","source":"— Нет, не то что про Дидерота. Главное, самому себе не лгите.","translation":"\"No, not about Diderot. The main thing is: do not lie to yourself.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"самому себе не лгите","title":"Reflexive pronoun in the dative","body":"«самому себе» is the dative of the reflexive себя intensified by сам — 'to your own self'. лгать governs a dative person (lie TO someone), so the reflexive marks that the lying turns back on the speaker himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to то","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom не то что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom не то что, links to Дидерота","gloss":"that","note":"«не то что» is a colloquial idiom meaning \"not that it's ...\""},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дидерота","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Дидерота","lemma":"Дидерот","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition про","gloss":"Diderot"},{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular, substantivized","role":"topic of the sentence","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"самому","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular, emphatic","role":"modifies себе","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of лгите","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лгите","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"лгите","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lie"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b2-c2-s134","source":"Лгущий самому себе и собственную ложь свою слушающий до того доходит, что уж никакой правды ни в себе, ни кругом не различает, а стало быть, входит в неуважение и к себе и к другим.","translation":"A man who lies to himself and listens to his own lie reaches the point where he can no longer make out any truth either within himself or around him, and so he loses respect both for himself and for others.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лгущий самому себе и … слушающий","title":"Substantivized present active participles","body":"«Лгущий» (one lying) and «слушающий» (one listening), present active participles in -щ-, here stand alone as nouns — 'the man who lies … and listens'. Imperfective stems give the sense of an ongoing, habitual lying. Condensing whole relative clauses into single agent-nouns is the elder's grave, sermon-like style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никакой правды ни в себе, ни кругом не различает","title":"Negative concord and the genitive of negation","body":"Three negatives carry one meaning: «никакой … ни … ни … не различает». The negated object «никакой правды» stands in the genitive (genitive of negation), and «ни … ни» pairs the negation across 'within himself' and 'around him'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стало быть","title":"«стало быть» — 'and so, consequently'","body":"A fixed, slightly old-fashioned discourse connective meaning 'therefore, it follows that'. It threads the elder's reasoning, marking each step of the moral chain he is laying out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лгущий","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective, substantivized","role":"subject of доходит","gloss":"he who lies"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"самому","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular, emphatic","role":"modifies себе","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of Лгущий","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"собственную","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ложь","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"ложь","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of слушающий","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ложь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"слушающий","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective, substantivized","role":"coordinated with Лгущий, subject of доходит","gloss":"and listens to"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition до, resumed by the что-clause","gloss":"that point"},{"surface":"доходит","lemma":"доходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reaches"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of различает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies различает","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"никакой","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правды","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"правды","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of различает","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of ни...ни construction","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of ни...ни construction","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of различает","gloss":"around him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies различает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"различает","lemma":"различать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"make out"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть, modifies входит","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"it follows"},{"surface":"входит","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with доходит","gloss":"falls into"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неуважение","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"неуважение","lemma":"неуважение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of входит","gloss":"disrespect"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of и...и construction","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"object of preposition к, coordinated with к другим","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of и...и construction","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking других","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural, substantivized","role":"object of preposition к, coordinated with себе","gloss":"others"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b2-c2-s135","source":"Не уважая же никого, перестает любить, а чтобы, не имея любви, занять себя и развлечь, предается страстям и грубым сладостям и доходит совсем до скотства в пороках своих, а всё от беспрерывной лжи и людям и себе самому.","translation":"Respecting no one, he ceases to love, and to keep himself occupied and amused in the absence of love he gives himself over to passions and coarse pleasures, sinking utterly to brutishness in his vices — and all of it comes from the unceasing lie he tells to others and to himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не уважая же никого, перестает любить","title":"Gerund of attendant circumstance","body":"«Не уважая» ('respecting no one') is an imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) sharing the main subject and giving the simultaneous condition under which 'he ceases to love'. The negated gerund plus «никого» (genitive/accusative of никто) keeps the negative concord running."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы, не имея любви, занять себя и развлечь","title":"«чтобы» + infinitive, with a nested gerund","body":"Purpose clause «чтобы … занять себя и развлечь» ('in order to occupy and amuse himself'), into which is folded the gerund «не имея любви» ('having no love'). The reflexive себя is the shared object of both infinitives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"предается страстям и грубым сладостям","title":"Dative after «предаваться»","body":"Again предаваться + dative: «страстям» (passions) and «грубым сладостям» (coarse sweetnesses/pleasures) are dative plural, the adjective «грубым» agreeing. The reflexive verb's lexical demand for the dative is the engine of the whole catalogue of vices."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скотство","title":"«скотство» — brutishness","body":"From скот (cattle, beast): 'bestiality, brutishness'. The elder's diagnosis ends with the man sinking «до скотства» — to the level of a beast — the moral terminus of the self-deceiver's descent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уважая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уважая","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on перестает","gloss":"respecting"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уважая","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of уважая","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"перестает","lemma":"переставать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ceases"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестает","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause modifying занять/развлечь","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имея","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имея","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on занять","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имея","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"занять","lemma":"занять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the purpose clause, coordinated with развлечь","gloss":"occupy"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of занять","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"развлечь","lemma":"развлечь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with занять","gloss":"amuse"},{"surface":"предается","lemma":"предаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with перестает","gloss":"gives himself over"},{"surface":"страстям","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of предается","gloss":"to passions"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"грубым","lemma":"грубый","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies сладостям","gloss":"coarse"},{"surface":"сладостям","lemma":"сладость","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with страстям","gloss":"pleasures"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"доходит","lemma":"доходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with перестает","gloss":"sinks"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скотства","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скотства","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"скотства","lemma":"скотство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of доходит","gloss":"brutishness"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пороках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пороках","lemma":"порок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies скотства","gloss":"vices"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"modifies пороках","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (comes) from лжи","gloss":"all this"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лжи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"беспрерывной","lemma":"беспрерывный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лжи","gloss":"unceasing"},{"surface":"лжи","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition от","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of и...и construction","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"людям","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"dative object of лжи, coordinated with себе","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"dative object of лжи, coordinated with людям","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"самому","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular, emphatic","role":"modifies себе","gloss":"own self"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b2-c2-s136","source":"Лгущий себе самому прежде всех и обидеться может.","translation":"He who lies to himself is also the readiest of all to take offense.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лгущий себе самому прежде всех и обидеться может","title":"Comparative-superlative «прежде всех»; the particle «и»","body":"«прежде всех» ('before all', i.e. the first/readiest of all) is the comparative прежде + genitive всех, working as a superlative. The little «и» here is the emphatic particle 'also/even', not 'and' — 'is the readiest of all to take offense too'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обидеться может","title":"Reflexive «обидеться» — to take offense","body":"«обидеться» is the perfective reflexive 'to become offended' (middle/change-of-state -ся): the man does the taking-offense to himself. Word order puts the modal «может» last, throwing the weight onto the act of being offended."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лгущий","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective, substantivized","role":"subject of может","gloss":"he who lies"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of Лгущий","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"самому","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular, emphatic","role":"modifies себе","gloss":"own self"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всех","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of the adverb прежде","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обидеться","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"обидеться","lemma":"обидеться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"take offense"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b2-c2-s137","source":"Ведь обидеться иногда очень приятно, не так ли?","translation":"After all, taking offense can sometimes be very agreeable, can it not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь обидеться иногда очень приятно, не так ли?","title":"«ведь» appeal + impersonal «приятно» + tag «не так ли»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge ('after all, you know'). «обидеться … приятно» is an impersonal: the infinitive subject with the predicative «приятно» ('it is pleasant to take offense'), no nominative. «не так ли?» is the bookish tag 'is it not so?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приятно","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"обидеться","lemma":"обидеться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on приятно","gloss":"to take offense"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приятно","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приятно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"приятно","lemma":"приятный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"tag-question, coordinated with приятно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"is it"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b2-c2-s138","source":"И ведь знает человек, что никто не обидел его, а что он сам себе обиду навыдумал и налгал для красы, сам преувеличил, чтобы картину создать, к слову привязался и из горошинки сделал гору, — знает сам это, а все-таки самый первый обижается, обижается до приятности, до ощущения большого удовольствия, а тем самым доходит и до вражды истинной…","translation":"And the man knows perfectly well that no one has wronged him, that he himself has invented the grievance and lied for the beauty of it, that he has exaggerated to make a picture of it, fastened onto a word and out of a pea built a mountain — he knows it himself, and yet he is the very first to take offense, to take offense to the point of pleasure, to the point of a great gratification, and in this very way he arrives at genuine enmity…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь … знает человек, что никто не обидел его","title":"«ведь» + inverted word order; negative concord","body":"«ведь» again presses shared awareness; «знает человек» inverts verb before subject for emphasis. The reported clause «никто не обидел его» keeps the obligatory не on the verb even with никто — Russian negative concord."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из горошинки сделал гору","title":"«из горошинки сделал гору» — a mountain out of a pea","body":"The Russian idiom 'to make a mountain out of a pea' (delать из мухи слона is the commoner form, 'a fly into an elephant'). The diminutive «горошинка» ('a little pea', from горох) heightens the contrast with «гору» — tiny grievance, vast invented mountain."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обиду навыдумал и налгал … преувеличил … привязался","title":"Perfective prefixes pile up completed acts","body":"A chain of perfectives — «навыдумал» (made up a whole lot of), «налгал» (told a heap of lies), «преувеличил» (exaggerated), «привязался» (fastened onto). The prefix на- adds the nuance 'a quantity of', so the verbs stack the self-deceiver's fabrications as discrete finished deeds."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до приятности, до ощущения большого удовольствия","title":"«до» + genitive — 'to the point of'","body":"Repeated «до приятности … до ощущения … до вражды» uses до + genitive to mark a degree reached, 'to the point of pleasure … of a sensation … of genuine enmity'. The escalating до-phrases trace the crescendo from pleasure to real hatred."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обидел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of обидел","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обидел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обидел","lemma":"обидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"wronged"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обидел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of навыдумал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of навыдумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular, emphatic","role":"emphasizes он, modifies навыдумал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of навыдумал","gloss":"for himself"},{"surface":"обиду","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of навыдумал","gloss":"the grievance"},{"surface":"навыдумал","lemma":"навыдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, coordinated with налгал","gloss":"invented"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"налгал","lemma":"налгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with навыдумал","gloss":"lied"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking красы","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"красы","lemma":"краса","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of налгал","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular, emphatic","role":"emphasizes он, modifies преувеличил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"преувеличил","lemma":"преувеличить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with навыдумал/налгал","gloss":"exaggerated"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of создать","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"картину","lemma":"картина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of создать","gloss":"a picture"},{"surface":"создать","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on преувеличил","gloss":"create"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слову","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"слову","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of привязался","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"привязался","lemma":"привязаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with преувеличил","gloss":"latched onto"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горошинки","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"горошинки","lemma":"горошинка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделал","gloss":"a pea"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with преувеличил","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"гору","lemma":"гора","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"a mountain"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"resumptive main verb, coordinated with знает [w3]","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular, emphatic","role":"emphasizes subject of знает [w34]","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знает [w34]","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies первый","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, substantivized","role":"subject of обижается [w42]","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"обижается","lemma":"обижаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with знает [w34]","gloss":"takes offense"},{"surface":"обижается","lemma":"обижаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"resumptive repetition of обижается [w42]","gloss":"takes offense"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приятности","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"приятности","lemma":"приятность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обижается","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ощущения","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ощущения","lemma":"ощущение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обижается","gloss":"the feeling"},{"surface":"большого","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удовольствия","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"удовольствия","lemma":"удовольствие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ощущения","gloss":"satisfaction"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем самым","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom тем самым, modifies доходит","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"тем самым","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom тем самым","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"доходит","lemma":"доходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обижается","gloss":"arrives"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вражды","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вражды","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вражды","lemma":"вражда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of доходит","gloss":"enmity"},{"surface":"истинной","lemma":"истинный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вражды","gloss":"true"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b2-c2-s139","source":"Да встаньте же, сядьте, прошу вас очень, ведь всё это тоже ложные жесты…","translation":"But do get up, sit down, I beg you most earnestly — for all this too is so much false posturing…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да встаньте же, сядьте, прошу вас очень","title":"Imperatives framed by «да» and «же»","body":"«встаньте», «сядьте» are perfective polite imperatives. The opening «Да» is here an urging particle ('do…!') and «же» intensifies the plea — together a coaxing, insistent 'do get up, sit down', softened by «прошу вас очень»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic imperative particle, modifies встаньте","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"встаньте","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"get up"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies встаньте","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сядьте","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with встаньте","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I beg"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of прошу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошу","gloss":"most earnestly"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the reason clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the subject phrase всё это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (жесты is predicate)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ложные","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ложные","lemma":"ложный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies жесты","gloss":"false"},{"surface":"жесты","lemma":"жест","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate of the clause (всё это = ложные жесты)","gloss":"posturing"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b2-c2-s140","source":"— Блаженный человек! Дайте ручку поцеловать, — подскочил Федор Павлович и быстро чмокнул старца в худенькую его руку.","translation":"\"Blessed man! Give me your little hand to kiss\" — Fyodor Pavlovich darted forward and planted a quick kiss on the elder's thin hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Дайте ручку поцеловать","title":"«ручку» — the diminutive of рука","body":"«ручка» is the affectionate diminutive of рука (hand). Coupled with «худенькую» (a tender diminutive of худой, 'thin') it drips with mock-tender obsequiousness as Fyodor mauls the elder's hand — sentiment in the very suffixes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чмокнул","title":"«чмокнуть» — to plant a smacking kiss","body":"An onomatopoeic, slightly comic perfective for a loud, smacking kiss (чмок! is the sound). The word undercuts the show of reverence with a vulgar physical noise — pure Fyodor."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в худенькую его руку","title":"Possessive «его» before the noun","body":"«его» (his) is the invariable 3rd-person possessive, here placed before its noun and inside the adjective phrase «в худенькую его руку». Such word order — possessive sandwiched between adjective and noun — is a normal, faintly literary Russian rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Блаженный","lemma":"блаженный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"Дайте","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловать","gloss":"your hand"},{"surface":"поцеловать","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Дайте","gloss":"to kiss"},{"surface":"подскочил","lemma":"подскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Дайте","gloss":"darted forward"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подскочил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чмокнул","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"чмокнул","lemma":"чмокнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подскочил","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of чмокнул","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"худенькую","lemma":"худенький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руку","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of руку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чмокнул","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b2-c2-s141","source":"— Именно, именно приятно обидеться.","translation":"\"Just so, just so, it is pleasant to take offense.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Именно, именно приятно обидеться","title":"Impersonal predicative «приятно» + infinitive","body":"Echoing the elder, Fyodor repeats the impersonal frame: «приятно обидеться» — 'it is pleasant to take offense', the infinitive as subject with no nominative. The doubled «Именно» ('exactly, just so') is his gleeful agreement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приятно","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приятно","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"приятно","lemma":"приятный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"обидеться","lemma":"обидеться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on приятно","gloss":"to take offense"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b2-c2-s142","source":"Это вы так хорошо сказали, что я и не слыхал еще.","translation":"You put that so well that I have never heard the like before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я и не слыхал еще","title":"Emphatic «и»; archaic «слыхал»","body":"The particle «и» here means 'even' ('that I had never even heard'). «слыхал» is the colloquial-archaic iterative imperfective of слышать (to hear), flavoring the speech with old-fashioned, folksy color."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сказали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказали","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"сказали","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put it"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слыхал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слыхал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не слыхал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слыхал","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сказали","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слыхал","gloss":"before"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b2-c2-s143","source":"Именно, именно я-то всю жизнь и обижался до приятности, для эстетики обижался, ибо не токмо приятно, но и красиво иной раз обиженным быть; — вот что вы забыли, великий старец: красиво!","translation":"Just so, just so — all my life I have taken offense for the pleasure of it, taken offense for the aesthetics of it, for it is not only pleasant but at times even beautiful to be a man aggrieved; that is what you forgot, great elder: it is beautiful!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Именно я-то всю жизнь и обижался","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то» and topic-marking «и»","body":"«я-то» uses the topic-emphasizing clitic «-то» — 'I, for one / it is precisely I'. Together with the focusing «и» before the verb, it spotlights Fyodor himself as the supreme practitioner of pleasurable grievance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо не токмо приятно","title":"«ибо» and «токмо» — archaic 'for' and 'only'","body":"«ибо» ('for, because') and «токмо» ('only', = только) are markedly archaic, bookish-ecclesiastical words. Fyodor lards his confession with this Slavonic-tinged diction to dress mere offense-taking in solemn philosophical robes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"красиво иной раз обиженным быть","title":"Instrumental of the predicate with быть","body":"«обиженным быть» ('to be a man aggrieved') puts the predicate (the short-ish/long past passive participle «обиженным») in the instrumental after the infinitive быть — the regular rule for predicate complements of быть in the infinitive, future, and past."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обижался [w8]","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration, modifies обижался","gloss":"my life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обижался","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"обижался","lemma":"обижаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took offense"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приятности","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"приятности","lemma":"приятность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обижался","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эстетики","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"эстетики","lemma":"эстетика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обижался","gloss":"aesthetics"},{"surface":"обижался","lemma":"обижаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"resumptive repetition, coordinated with обижался [w8]","gloss":"took offense"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies токмо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"токмо","lemma":"токмо","morphology":"adverb, archaic","role":"modifies приятно, part of не токмо...но и construction","gloss":"only","note":"токмо is an archaic/bookish form of только (\"only\")."},{"surface":"приятно","lemma":"приятный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, part of не токмо...но и красиво","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"красиво","lemma":"красивый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with приятно","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase (иной раз) modifying быть","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"обиженным","lemma":"обиженный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"aggrieved"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive subject of приятно/красиво","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыли","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of забыли","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of забыли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"забыли","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with вот","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старец","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"красиво","lemma":"красивый","morphology":"adverb, exclamatory predicate","role":"restates красиво [w20]","gloss":"it is beautiful"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b2-c2-s144","source":"Это я в книжку запишу!","translation":"I shall write that down in my notebook!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это я в книжку запишу","title":"Perfective future «запишу»","body":"«запишу» is the perfective verb записать conjugated with present-tense endings to mean a single completed future act — 'I shall write [it] down'. No auxiliary: the future sits in the ending. «книжку» is the diminutive of книга, a little notebook."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of запишу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of запишу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книжку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"книжку","lemma":"книжка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запишу","gloss":"my notebook"},{"surface":"запишу","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall write down"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b2-c2-s145","source":"А лгал я, лгал, решительно всю жизнь мою, на всяк день и час.","translation":"And I have lied, lied, positively all my life, every single day and hour.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А лгал я, лгал, решительно всю жизнь мою","title":"Imperfective past for lifelong habit","body":"«лгал» (imperfective past, repeated) names lying not as one act but as a lifelong process and habit — exactly what the imperfective is for. The contrastive «А» opens with a topic-shift ('and as for lying…'), and the repetition hammers the confession home."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на всяк день и час","title":"«на всяк день» — archaic 'every day'","body":"«всяк» is the short, archaic form of всякий ('every'); «на всяк день и час» ('every day and hour') is a liturgical-sounding set phrase. The biblical cadence prepares the next line's outright scripture parody."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лгал","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lied"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of лгал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"лгал","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лгал","gloss":"lied"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of лгал","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"всяк","lemma":"всяк","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лгал","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with день","gloss":"hour"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b2-c2-s146","source":"Воистину ложь есмь и отец лжи!","translation":"Verily I am a lie and the father of lies!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ложь есмь","title":"«есмь» — archaic 1st-sing. of 'to be'","body":"«есмь» ('I am') is the Church-Slavonic/Old-Russian first-person form of быть, long dead in the living language (modern Russian drops the present copula entirely). Its solemn ring, with «Воистину» ('verily'), apes liturgical speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есмь","gloss":"verily"},{"surface":"ложь","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of есмь","gloss":"a lie"},{"surface":"есмь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, archaic","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am","note":"Archaic Church-Slavonic first-person present of \"быть\" (to be), not a noun."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ложь","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"лжи","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"of lies"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b2-c2-s147","source":"Впрочем, кажется, не отец лжи, это я всё в текстах сбиваюсь, ну хоть сын лжи, и того будет довольно.","translation":"Though, it seems, not the father of lies — I keep getting my texts muddled — well, the son of lies, then; that will do well enough.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это я всё в текстах сбиваюсь","title":"Reflexive «сбиваться»; emphatic «всё»","body":"«сбиваюсь» is the reflexive imperfective сбиваться, 'I keep getting muddled / losing my place' (in the scriptural texts). The adverbial «всё» here means 'keep on, all the time', stressing the recurring confusion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и того будет довольно","title":"Genitive «того» with «довольно»","body":"«довольно» ('enough') governs the genitive: «того будет довольно» — 'that will be enough'. The neuter demonstrative того stands for 'son of lies', the lesser title Fyodor settles for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies the whole clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (implied copula, subject я understood)","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"лжи","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"of lies"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive introducing я сбиваюсь","gloss":"it's that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сбиваюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сбиваюсь","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking текстах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"текстах","lemma":"текст","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сбиваюсь","gloss":"texts"},{"surface":"сбиваюсь","lemma":"сбиваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get muddled"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (implied copula, parallel to отец)","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"лжи","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"of lies"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of довольно","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to довольно","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of будет","gloss":"enough"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b2-c2-s148","source":"Только… ангел вы мой… про Дидерота иногда можно!","translation":"Only… my angel… about Diderot one may speak now and then!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"про Дидерота иногда можно","title":"Impersonal «можно» + omitted infinitive","body":"«можно» ('one may, it's permitted') is an impersonal predicative; here the infinitive (говорить, 'to speak') is left understood — 'about Diderot one may [speak] now and then'. Such elision of the infinitive after можно is idiomatic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ангел вы мой","title":"«ангел вы мой» — flattering address","body":"'My angel' as wheedling endearment, with the inserted polite «вы» (ангел вы мой). The cloying flattery is Fyodor's standard tactic for disarming the man he is needling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to ангел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ангел","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дидерота","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Дидерота","lemma":"Дидерот","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of можно","gloss":"Diderot"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one may"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b2-c2-s149","source":"Дидерот не повредит, а вот иное словцо повредит.","translation":"Diderot will do no harm, but there is many another little word that will.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"иное словцо","title":"«словцо» — a pointed little word","body":"«словцо» is the diminutive of слово (word), but here it carries the sense of a sly, telling 'little word' or barbed remark. Fyodor distinguishes harmless Diderot-talk from the 'other little word' that can really do damage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дидерот","lemma":"Дидерот","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повредит","gloss":"Diderot"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повредит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"повредит","lemma":"повредить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will harm"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies иное","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"иное","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies словцо","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"словцо","lemma":"словцо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of повредит","gloss":"little word"},{"surface":"повредит","lemma":"повредить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повредит","gloss":"will harm"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b2-c2-s150","source":"Старец великий, кстати, вот было забыл, а ведь так и положил, еще с третьего года, здесь справиться, именно заехать сюда и настоятельно разузнать и спросить: не прикажите только Петру Александровичу прерывать.","translation":"Great elder, by the way — I nearly forgot, and yet I had resolved, two years ago now, to inquire here, to come by this very place and make a thorough investigation and ask: only do not let Pyotr Alexandrovich interrupt.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"так и положил, еще с третьего года","title":"«положил» — 'resolved'; «с третьего года» — 'two years ago'","body":"«положил» here is the old sense 'made up my mind, resolved' (положить себе). «с третьего года» literally 'since the third year [back]' is an idiom for 'two years ago' — Russian counts inclusively, hence the slippage with «четвертого года» ('three years ago') a few lines on."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не прикажите только Петру Александровичу прерывать","title":"Imperative with dative; negated request","body":"«не прикажите … Петру Александровичу прерывать» — 'do not bid Pyotr Alexandrovich interrupt'. приказать takes a dative person («Петру Александровичу», name + patronymic in the dative) plus an infinitive. The polite negated imperative makes it a deferential request."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Старец","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"marks a near-completed action with забыл","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies положил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies положил","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with забыл","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies года","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking года","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies года","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положил","gloss":"year ago"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies справиться","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"справиться","lemma":"справиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of положил","gloss":"to inquire"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заехать","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"заехать","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with справиться","gloss":"to stop by"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заехать","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"настоятельно","lemma":"настоятельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разузнать","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"разузнать","lemma":"разузнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with заехать","gloss":"find out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with разузнать","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прикажите","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"прикажите","lemma":"приказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the request clause","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прикажите","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"Петру","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прикажите","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александровичу","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петру","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"прерывать","lemma":"прерывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of прикажите","gloss":"to interrupt"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b2-c2-s151","source":"Вот что спрошу: справедливо ли, отец великий, то, что в Четьи-Минеи повествуется где-то о каком-то святом чудотворце, которого мучили за веру, и когда отрубили ему под конец голову, то он встал, поднял свою голову и «любезно ее лобызаше», и долго шел, неся ее в руках, и «любезно ее лобызаше».","translation":"Here is what I wish to ask: is it true, great father, what is told somewhere in the Chetyi-Minei about some saint and wonder-worker who was tortured for the faith, and when at last they cut off his head, he stood up, took up his own head, and 'lovingly kept kissing it,' and walked a long way carrying it in his hands, and 'lovingly kept kissing it'?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"справедливо ли … то, что … повествуется","title":"Question particle «ли» + reflexive passive «повествуется»","body":"«справедливо ли» fronts the focus and adds «ли» for a yes/no question, 'is it true that…'. «повествуется» ('is narrated') is an imperfective reflexive passive in -ся — the -ся makes the verb passive without an agent, a bookish narrative passive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"любезно ее лобызаше","title":"«лобызаше» — Church-Slavonic 'kept kissing'","body":"«лобызаше» is a Church-Slavonic imperfect-tense verb form (лобызать, to kiss; cf. лобзание, 'a kiss'), a tense long lost in Russian. Quoting it twice in archaic dress, Fyodor mocks the pious hagiographic style — solemn grammar wrapped around a grotesque image."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"святом чудотворце, которого мучили … отрубили ему … голову","title":"Relative «который» and the dative of the possessor","body":"«которого мучили» is the relative pronoun in the accusative (animate, = genitive form) for its object role in the clause. Then «отрубили ему … голову» uses the dative «ему» as the affected possessor — 'cut off the head FROM him', Russian's way of marking whose head it is."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of спрошу","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"спрошу","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will ask"},{"surface":"справедливо","lemma":"справедливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the embedded clause","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies справедливо","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of справедливо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of повествуется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Четьи","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Четьи","lemma":"четьи","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повествуется","gloss":"Chetyi-"},{"surface":"Минеи","lemma":"минеи","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повествуется","gloss":"Minei"},{"surface":"повествуется","lemma":"повествуется","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"is told"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повествуется","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase где-то","gloss":"-some"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чудотворце","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of чудотворце","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каком-то","gloss":"-some"},{"surface":"святом","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чудотворце","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"чудотворце","lemma":"чудотворец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повествуется","gloss":"wonder-worker"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мучили","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"мучили","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on чудотворце","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веру","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"веру","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучили","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отрубили","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"отрубили","lemma":"отрубить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on встал","gloss":"cut off"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отрубили","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрубили","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отрубили","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle introducing встал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause after то","gloss":"stood up"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"picked up"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of голову","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"любезно","lemma":"любезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лобызаше","gloss":"lovingly"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of лобызаше","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"лобызаше","lemma":"лобызати","morphology":"verb, imperfect, archaic, third, singular","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"kept kissing","note":"Church-Slavonic archaic imperfect form quoted from the Chetyi-Minei, not a noun."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шел","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"неся","lemma":"нести","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on шел","gloss":"carrying"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of неся","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of неся","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"любезно","lemma":"любезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лобызаше","gloss":"lovingly"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of лобызаше","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"лобызаше","lemma":"лобызати","morphology":"verb, imperfect, archaic, third, singular","role":"coordinated with шел","gloss":"kept kissing","note":"Church-Slavonic archaic imperfect form quoted from the Chetyi-Minei, not a noun."}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b2-c2-s152","source":"Справедливо это или нет, отцы честные?","translation":"Is this true or not, honorable fathers?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Справедливо","lemma":"справедливый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Справедливо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Справедливо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"честные","lemma":"честной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies отцы","gloss":"honorable"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b2-c2-s153","source":"— Нет, несправедливо, — сказал старец.","translation":"\"No, it is not true,\" said the elder.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to несправедливо","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"несправедливо","lemma":"несправедливый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"untrue"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"the elder"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b2-c2-s154","source":"— Ничего подобного во всех Четьих-Минеях не существует. Про какого это святого, вы говорите, так написано? — спросил иеромонах, отец библиотекарь.","translation":"\"Nothing of the sort exists anywhere in the Chetyi-Minei. Which saint do you say it is written of?\" asked the hieromonk, the father librarian.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ничего подобного … не существует","title":"Genitive of negation with «не существует»","body":"«Ничего подобного … не существует» — 'nothing of the sort exists'. The negated existential «не существует» forces its subject into the genitive («Ничего подобного»), and ничего keeps the negative concord with the verb's не."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of существует","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"подобного","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Ничего","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Минеях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of Минеях","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Четьих","lemma":"четий","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies Минеях","gloss":"Chetyi-"},{"surface":"Минеях","lemma":"минея","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of существует","gloss":"Minei"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies существует","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"существует","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking святого","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies святого","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"filler modifying святого","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"святого","lemma":"святой","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написано","gloss":"saint"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies написано","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"написано","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"is written"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"иеромонах","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"the hieromonk"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to иеромонах","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"библиотекарь","lemma":"библиотекарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"librarian"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b2-c2-s155","source":"— Сам не знаю про какого. Не знаю и не ведаю.","translation":"\"I do not know myself which one. I neither know nor have any notion.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Не знаю и не ведаю","title":"«ведать» — archaic 'to know'","body":"«ведать» is an archaic, bookish synonym of знать (to know); the doublet «не знаю и не ведаю» ('I neither know nor have any notion') is a folkloric set pairing. Fyodor reaches for the antique tone to dress up his shrug."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes subject of знаю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking какого","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаю","gloss":"which one"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ведаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ведаю","lemma":"ведать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"have any notion"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b2-c2-s156","source":"Введен в обман, говорили.","translation":"I was deceived, that is what I was told.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Введен в обман","title":"Short-form past passive participle","body":"«Введен» is the short-form past passive participle of ввести ('led, brought'); «введён в обман» is the set phrase 'deceived, led into error', with the быть understood in the past. The short participle is the standard predicate of the periphrastic passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Введен","lemma":"ввести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"deceived","note":"Idiom \"введён в обман\" literally \"led into deception.\""},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обман","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"обман","lemma":"обман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Введен","gloss":"deception"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Введен","gloss":"they said"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b2-c2-s157","source":"Слышал, и знаете кто рассказал?","translation":"I heard it, and do you know who told me?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знаете кто рассказал?","title":"Interrogative «кто» in an embedded question","body":"«знаете кто рассказал» folds an indirect question into the main clause — 'do you know who told [it]'. The interrogative «кто» (who) takes masculine agreement on the past verb «рассказал», as кто always does regardless of the real referent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I heard"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Слышал","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаете","gloss":"told"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b2-c2-s158","source":"А вот Петр Александрович Миусов, вот что за Дидерота сейчас рассердился, вот он-то и рассказал.","translation":"Why, it was Pyotr Alexandrovich Miusov, the very man who flew into a temper over Diderot just now — he is the one who told it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот он-то и рассказал","title":"Pointing «вот», clitic «-то», focusing «и»","body":"Three little focusing devices stack up: «вот» points ('there he is'), «он-то» singles him out with the emphatic clitic «-то», and «и» before the verb means 'is the very one who'. Together: 'he is the one who told it' — Fyodor pinning the blame theatrically on Miusov."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Петр","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"fronted topic, resumed by он","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот что","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of рассердился","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дидерота","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"Дидерота","lemma":"Дидерот","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассердился","gloss":"Diderot"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассердился","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"рассердился","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Миусов","gloss":"got angry"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассказал","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes он","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассказал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b2-c2-s159","source":"— Никогда я вам этого не рассказывал, я с вами и не говорю никогда вовсе.","translation":"\"I never told you any such thing — I never speak to you at all.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никогда я вам этого не рассказывал … не говорю никогда вовсе","title":"Negative concord with «никогда»","body":"Both clauses run the obligatory не on the verb alongside «никогда» ('never') — «никогда … не рассказывал», «не говорю никогда» — the Russian double negative as a single emphatic denial. «этого» is the genitive object under negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассказывал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of рассказывал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассказывал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рассказывал","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b2-c2-s160","source":"— Правда, вы не мне рассказывали; но вы рассказывали в компании, где и я находился, четвертого года это дело было.","translation":"\"True, you did not tell it to me; but you told it in company where I happened to be present — it was three years ago.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в компании, где и я находился","title":"Imperfective «находился» for a background state","body":"«находился» (imperfective past of находиться, 'to be located/present') sets the standing background — 'where I too happened to be present'. The reflexive verb plus the additive «и» ('also I') frames Miusov's incidental presence at the telling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"четвертого года это дело было","title":"«четвертого года» — 'three years ago'","body":"Like «с третьего года» earlier, this genitive time-phrase ('in the fourth year [back]') means 'three years ago' by inclusive reckoning — and quietly contradicts Fyodor's own '«с третьего года»', part of the running joke about his slippery memory."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of рассказывали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказывали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"рассказывали","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of рассказывали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"рассказывали","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рассказывали","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking компании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"компании","lemma":"компания","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказывали","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies находился","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of находился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"находился","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on компании","gloss":"was present"},{"surface":"четвертого","lemma":"четвёртый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies года","gloss":"fourth"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"year ago"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рассказывали","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b2-c2-s161","source":"Я потому и упомянул, что рассказом сим смешливым вы потрясли мою веру, Петр Александрович.","translation":"I bring it up precisely because with that laughable tale you shook my faith, Pyotr Alexandrovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассказом сим смешливым вы потрясли мою веру","title":"Instrumental of means; archaic «сим»","body":"«рассказом сим смешливым» ('with that laughable tale') is the instrumental of means, the adjective and demonstrative agreeing. «сим» is the archaic instrumental of сей ('this'), and its post-posed position lends a bookish, oratorical weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of упомянул","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упомянул","gloss":"for that reason"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"упомянул","lemma":"упомянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought it up"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of потрясли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"рассказом","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of потрясли","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"сим","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рассказом","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"смешливым","lemma":"смешливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рассказом","gloss":"laughable"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of потрясли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"потрясли","lemma":"потрясти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of упомянул","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of веру","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"веру","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of потрясли","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b2-c2-s162","source":"Вы не знали о сем, не ведали, а я воротился домой с потрясенного верой и с тех пор всё более и более сотрясаюсь.","translation":"You knew nothing of this, had no inkling of it, yet I went home with my faith shaken, and from that day on I am shaken more and more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вы не знали о сем, не ведали","title":"«о сем» / «не ведали» — archaic doubling","body":"«о сем» ('of this', prepositional of сей) and «не ведали» (archaic 'knew not') again pile up bookish-ecclesiastical forms. The deliberate antique register inflates Fyodor's complaint into mock-tragic grandeur."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё более и более сотрясаюсь","title":"Reflexive «сотрясаюсь»; intensifying «всё более и более»","body":"«сотрясаюсь» is the reflexive/middle imperfective 'I am shaken, I tremble' (change of state turned inward by -ся). «всё более и более» ('more and more') with the imperfective present paints an ongoing, worsening condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знали","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ведали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ведали","lemma":"ведать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знали","gloss":"had inkling"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of воротился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знали","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротился","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking верой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"потрясенного","lemma":"потрясти","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies верой","gloss":"shaken","note":"Case agreement is irregular here (genitive participle with an instrumental noun); overall sense is \"[my faith] shaken.\""},{"surface":"верой","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротился","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сотрясаюсь","gloss":"increasingly"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сотрясаюсь","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with более","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"сотрясаюсь","lemma":"сотрясаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знали","gloss":"am shaken"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b2-c2-s163","source":"Да, Петр Александрович, вы великого падения были причиной!","translation":"Yes, Pyotr Alexandrovich, you were the cause of a great fall!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы великого падения были причиной","title":"Instrumental predicate «причиной» with past быть","body":"«были причиной» ('were the cause') puts the predicate noun «причиной» in the instrumental after past-tense быть — the regular rule. «великого падения» ('of a great fall') is the genitive complement of причина (cause of …)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of причиной","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"великого","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies падения","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"падения","lemma":"падение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies причиной","gloss":"of a fall"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to причиной","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"причиной","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"the cause"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b2-c2-s164","source":"Это уж не Дидерот-с!","translation":"And that is no mere Diderot, sir!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Дидерот","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Дидерот","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Дидерот","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Дидерот","lemma":"Дидерот","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Diderot"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite enclitic attached to Дидерот","gloss":"sir","note":"Archaic deferential enclitic (\"-с\"), not the preposition \"с\" (with)."}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b2-c2-s165","source":"Федор Павлович патетически разгорячился, хотя и совершенно ясно было уже всем, что он опять представляется.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovich was working himself into a pathetic heat, though it was already perfectly plain to everyone that he was play-acting again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"совершенно ясно было уже всем, что … он опять представляется","title":"Impersonal «ясно было всем» + dative experiencer","body":"An impersonal: «ясно было … всем» ('it was clear to everyone'), the dative «всем» as experiencer and a neuter «было», with no nominative subject. «представляется» is the reflexive imperfective 'he is play-acting / putting it on'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разгорячился","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"патетически","lemma":"патетически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разгорячился","gloss":"pathetically"},{"surface":"разгорячился","lemma":"разгорячиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"worked himself up"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause on разгорячился","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes совершенно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ясно","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate of the clause, subject clause что...представляется","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula with ясно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ясно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative experiencer of ясно","gloss":"to everyone"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of представляется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of представляется","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представляется","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"представляется","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"complement clause of ясно было","gloss":"is play-acting"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b2-c2-s166","source":"Но Миусов все-таки был больно уязвлен.","translation":"But Miusov was stung all the same, and stung to the quick.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был больно уязвлен","title":"Short-form passive participle as predicate","body":"«уязвлен» is the short-form past passive participle of уязвить ('to wound, sting'); «был … уязвлен» is the periphrastic passive past, 'was stung'. The adverbial «больно» ('painfully, to the quick') intensifies it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the passive уязвлен","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the particle все-таки, modifies уязвлен","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the particle все-таки, modifies уязвлен","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of уязвлен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уязвлен","gloss":"sorely"},{"surface":"уязвлен","lemma":"уязвить","morphology":"verb, past, passive participle, masculine, singular, short form, perfective","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"stung"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b2-c2-s167","source":"— Какой вздор, и всё это вздор, — бормотал он.","translation":"\"What nonsense — it is all nonsense,\" he muttered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какой вздор, и всё это вздор","title":"Exclamatory «какой»; zero copula","body":"«Какой вздор» ('what nonsense') uses the exclamatory interrogative какой, and like «всё это вздор» it has no verb 'is' — Russian omits the present copula, leaving noun against noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вздор","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, exclamation","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вздор (2nd clause)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, coordinated with the first вздор clause","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"бормотал","lemma":"бормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бормотал","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b2-c2-s168","source":"— Я действительно, может быть, говорил когда-то… только не вам.","translation":"\"I may indeed have told it at some time… only not to you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"может быть, говорил когда-то","title":"Imperfective «говорил» for a vague past; indefinite «когда-то»","body":"Miusov hedges with the imperfective «говорил» ('may have said/told') — an unbounded, unspecific past act, not a single completed one. «когда-то» ('at some time', with the specific-but-unknown clitic -то) deepens the vagueness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть, modifies говорил","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, forming может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have said"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of когда-то, modifies говорил","gloss":"at some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"когда-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of когда-то, modifies говорил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не вам","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates вам (elliptical: not said to you)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object, elliptical complement of говорил","gloss":"to you"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b2-c2-s169","source":"Мне самому говорили.","translation":"It was told to me as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне самому говорили","title":"Dative experiencer with an unstated agent","body":"«Мне самому говорили» — 'it was told to me too', literally 'they told to me myself'. The dative «мне самому» marks the recipient; the 3rd-pl. «говорили» with no subject is Russian's impersonal 'they/people said', a passive-like dodge of responsibility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорили","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes Мне","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal 'they said')","gloss":"was told"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b2-c2-s170","source":"Я это в Париже слышал, от одного француза, что будто бы у нас в Четьи-Минеи это за обедней читают…","translation":"I heard it in Paris, from a Frenchman, who claimed that here among us it is read out at Mass from the Chetyi-Minei…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будто бы у нас … это за обедней читают","title":"Reportative «будто бы»; impersonal «читают»","body":"«будто бы» ('supposedly, as if') flags the claim as second-hand and dubious, fusing the comparative будто with the irrealis бы. «читают» is the impersonal 3rd-pl. ('they read it out / it is read'), agentless, again distancing Miusov from the tale."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слышал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Париже","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Париже","lemma":"Париж","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышал","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking француза","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies француза","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"француза","lemma":"француз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышал","gloss":"Frenchman"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of читают","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бы, part of будто бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of будто бы, marks hearsay","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Четьи-Минеи","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Четьи","lemma":"Четьи-Минеи","morphology":"proper noun, locative, plural","role":"part of the title Четьи-Минеи, oblique complement of читают","gloss":"Chetyi"},{"surface":"Минеи","lemma":"Четьи-Минеи","morphology":"proper noun, locative, plural","role":"part of the title Четьи-Минеи, oblique complement of читают","gloss":"Minei"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of читают","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обедней","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"обедней","lemma":"обедня","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of читают","gloss":"Mass"},{"surface":"читают","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of что, impersonal 'they read'","gloss":"is read"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b2-c2-s171","source":"Это очень ученый человек, который специально изучал статистику России… долго жил в России…","translation":"He is a very learned man, one who made a special study of the statistics of Russia… he lived in Russia a long time…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ученый человек, который специально изучал статистику России","title":"Relative «который» as subject of its clause","body":"«который» here is nominative — the subject of «изучал» ('who studied') — agreeing with «человек» in masculine singular. «статистику России» is the accusative object, the imperfective «изучал» marking a long, ongoing study (reinforced by «долго жил» next)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"he is"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ученый","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ученый","lemma":"учёный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of Это","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изучал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"специально","lemma":"специально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изучал","gloss":"specially"},{"surface":"изучал","lemma":"изучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on человек","gloss":"studied"},{"surface":"статистику","lemma":"статистика","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of изучал","gloss":"statistics"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies статистику","gloss":"of Russia"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жил","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"жил","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with изучал","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking России","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жил","gloss":"Russia"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b2-c2-s172","source":"Я сам Четьи-Минеи не читал… да и не стану читать… Мало ли что болтается за обедом?.. Мы тогда обедали…","translation":"I have never read the Chetyi-Minei myself… nor do I intend to… All manner of things get chattered over dinner, do they not?.. We were dining at the time…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не читал … да и не стану читать","title":"Compound future «не стану читать»","body":"«не стану читать» builds a future with the perfective of стать ('shall set about / will') plus the imperfective infinitive читать — 'nor will I read it'. It functions like the быть-future but adds a nuance of resolve/refusal, fitting Miusov's dismissive disdain."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мало ли что болтается за обедом?","title":"«Мало ли что» — 'all sorts of things'","body":"«Мало ли что» is an idiom built on the particle «ли»: literally 'is it little what…', it means 'all manner of things, who knows what'. «болтается» is a reflexive impersonal ('gets chattered about'), dismissing the dinner-table talk as idle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of читал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes Я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"Четьи","lemma":"Четьи-Минеи","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, plural","role":"part of the title Четьи-Минеи, direct object of читал","gloss":"Chetyi"},{"surface":"Минеи","lemma":"Четьи-Минеи","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, plural","role":"part of the title Четьи-Минеи, direct object of читал","gloss":"Minei"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates читал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"читал","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have read"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes не стану","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates стану","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стану","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"will start"},{"surface":"читать","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стану","gloss":"reading"},{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom мало ли что, head of the exclamation","gloss":"all sorts"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom мало ли что","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of болтается","gloss":"of things"},{"surface":"болтается","lemma":"болтаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gets chattered"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обедом","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"обедом","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of болтается","gloss":"dinner"},{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обедали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обедали","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"обедали","lemma":"обедать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were dining"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b2-c2-s173","source":"— Да, вот вы тогда обедали, а я вот веру-то и потерял! — поддразнивал Федор Павлович.","translation":"\"Yes, there you were, dining away, while I lost my faith over it!\" Fyodor Pavlovich taunted him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а я вот веру-то и потерял","title":"Contrastive «а», clitic «-то», focusing «и»","body":"«а» opens with a pointed contrast ('whereas I…'), «веру-то» foregrounds 'faith' as the known topic with the emphatic clitic «-то», and «и потерял» ('went and lost') uses the focusing и before the perfective verb. The pile-up dramatizes Fyodor's mock-injured triumph."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"opens the retort","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы обедали","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обедали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обедали","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"обедали","lemma":"обедать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"were dining"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of потерял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes веру-то","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"веру","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of потерял","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes веру","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes потерял","gloss":"went and"},{"surface":"потерял","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with обедали","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"поддразнивал","lemma":"поддразнивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"taunted"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поддразнивал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b2-c2-s174","source":"— Какое мне дело до вашей веры! — крикнул было Миусов, но вдруг сдержал себя, с презрением проговорив: — Вы буквально мараете всё, к чему ни прикоснетесь.","translation":"\"What do I care about your faith!\" Miusov was on the point of shouting, but suddenly checked himself and said with contempt: \"You literally befoul everything you so much as touch.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какое мне дело до вашей веры!","title":"Dative idiom «какое мне дело до»","body":"A fixed exclamatory frame: «какое мне дело до …» ('what do I care about…'), with the dative «мне» of the person concerned and до + genitive «вашей веры» (your faith) for the matter. No verb — the indignant copula-less exclamation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"крикнул было … но вдруг сдержал себя, … проговорив","title":"The particle «было»; gerund «проговорив»","body":"«крикнул было» uses the special particle «было» to mark an action begun but cut short — 'was on the point of shouting'. «проговорив» ('having said') is a perfective past gerund giving the prior/attendant act as he checks himself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё, к чему ни прикоснетесь","title":"Concessive «к чему ни … прикоснетесь»","body":"«к чему ни прикоснетесь» ('whatever you so much as touch') uses «ни» in its generalizing-concessive sense ('no matter what') with the relative что. прикоснуться governs к + dative (here чему), and the perfective future «прикоснетесь» reads as a general 'whenever you touch'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of дело","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the exclamation","gloss":"business/care"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веры","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of веры","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"веры","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дело","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"was about to shout"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks an action begun then interrupted, modifies крикнул","gloss":"[interrupted]"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сдержал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сдержал","lemma":"сдержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикнул","gloss":"checked"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of сдержал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking презрением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"презрением","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорив","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"проговорив","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сдержал","gloss":"having said"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of мараете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"буквально","lemma":"буквально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мараете","gloss":"literally"},{"surface":"мараете","lemma":"марать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of Миусов's quoted sentence","gloss":"befoul"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of мараете","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прикоснетесь","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прикоснетесь, forms concessive к чему ни","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"прикоснетесь","lemma":"прикоснуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, second, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on всё","gloss":"you touch"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b2-c2-s175","source":"Старец вдруг поднялся с места:","translation":"The elder suddenly rose from his seat:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Старец вдруг поднялся с места","title":"Reflexive «подняться»; «с» + genitive","body":"«поднялся» is the perfective reflexive подняться ('rose, got up'), the -ся marking the subject's own change of position. «с места» ('from his seat/place') uses с + genitive for motion away from."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднялся","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднялся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднялся","gloss":"his seat"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b2-c2-s176","source":"— Простите, господа, что оставляю вас пока на несколько лишь минут, — проговорил он, обращаясь ко всем посетителям, — но меня ждут еще раньше вашего прибывшие.","translation":"\"Forgive me, gentlemen, for leaving you for just a few minutes,\" he said, turning to all his visitors, \"but others who arrived before you are still waiting for me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что оставляю вас пока на несколько лишь минут","title":"Imperfective «оставляю» for the immediate present","body":"«оставляю» (imperfective present of оставлять, 'I am leaving you') describes the act unfolding now; the imperfective is the only aspect with a present tense. «на несколько … минут» uses на + accusative for the intended span of time."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня ждут еще раньше вашего прибывшие","title":"Substantivized past active participle «прибывшие»","body":"«прибывшие» ('those who arrived', perfective past active participle of прибыть) stands as a noun and is the subject of «ждут» — 'those who arrived before you are waiting for me'. «раньше вашего» ('earlier than yours [arrival]') is the comparative раньше + genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive me"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оставляю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оставляю","lemma":"оставлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Простите","gloss":"I am leaving"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of оставляю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставляю","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минут","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies минут","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несколько минут","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking посетителям","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of посетителям","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"посетителям","lemma":"посетитель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"visitors"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ждут","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ждут","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"are waiting for"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждут","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"раньше","lemma":"раньше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибывшие, part of раньше вашего","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter/masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раньше, part of раньше вашего (than you)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прибывшие","lemma":"прибывший","morphology":"noun (substantivized past active participle), nominative, plural","role":"subject of ждут","gloss":"those who arrived"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b2-c2-s177","source":"А вы все-таки не лгите, — прибавил он, обратившись к Федору Павловичу с веселым лицом.","translation":"\"And you, all the same — do not lie,\" he added, turning to Fyodor Pavlovich with a cheerful face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А вы все-таки не лгите … обратившись к Федору Павловичу","title":"Negated imperative; gerund «обратившись»","body":"The elder's parting «не лгите» ('all the same, do not lie') reprises the imperfective negated imperative — the standing rule. «обратившись» ('having turned') is a perfective past gerund of attendant circumstance describing how he says it; обратиться governs к + dative «к Федору Павловичу»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of лгите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the particle все-таки, modifies лгите","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the particle все-таки, modifies лгите","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates лгите","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"лгите","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"обратившись","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавил","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федору","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратившись","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федору","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"веселым","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратившись","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b2-c2-s178","source":"Он пошел из кельи, Алеша и послушник бросились, чтобы свести его с лестницы.","translation":"He started out of the cell, and Alyosha and the novice rushed to help him down the steps.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он пошел из кельи","title":"Prefixed verb of motion «пошел»","body":"«пошел» is the perfective of пойти, the prefixed (по-) motion verb marking the start of a single trajectory away — 'he set off out of'. «из кельи» (из + genitive) gives the source of the motion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросились, чтобы свести его с лестницы","title":"Reflexive «бросились»; purpose «чтобы свести»","body":"«бросились» (perfective reflexive 'rushed, flung themselves'). «чтобы свести его с лестницы» is a purpose clause with the infinitive — свести ('lead down') is itself a prefixed motion verb (с- = down/off), governing с + genitive «с лестницы» (down from the stairs)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"started out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кельи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кельи","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросились","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"послушник","lemma":"послушник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Алеша","gloss":"the novice"},{"surface":"бросились","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of свести","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"свести","lemma":"свести","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросились","gloss":"help down"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of свести","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лестницы","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"лестницы","lemma":"лестница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свести","gloss":"the steps"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b2-c2-s179","source":"Алеша задыхался, он рад был уйти, но рад был и тому, что старец не обижен и весел.","translation":"Alyosha was breathless; he was glad to get away, but glad too that the elder was not offended and was in good spirits.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рад был уйти … рад был и тому, что","title":"Short adjective «рад» as predicate","body":"«рад» (glad) is a short-form adjective, which exists only as a predicate and agrees in gender/number (рад, рада, рады). It takes an infinitive («рад уйти», glad to get away) or a dative correlative («рад тому, что…», glad of the fact that…)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"старец не обижен и весел","title":"Short-form predicates «не обижен … весел»","body":"«не обижен» (short past passive participle, 'not offended') and «весел» (short adjective of весёлый, 'cheerful') are both predicative short forms expressing the elder's present state. The short forms suit a momentary condition — a flavour very alive in 19th-century prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задыхался","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"задыхался","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"was breathless"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рад был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main predicate of the second clause","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula with рад","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уйти","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of рад","gloss":"to get away"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with the first рад","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula with the second рад","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes тому","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of рад, anticipates the что-clause","gloss":"of the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обижен и весел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обижен и весел","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates обижен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обижен","lemma":"обиженный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of старец","gloss":"offended"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весел","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with обижен","gloss":"in good spirits"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b2-c2-s180","source":"Старец направился к галерее, чтобы благословить ожидавших его.","translation":"The elder made his way toward the gallery to bless those who were waiting for him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"направился к галерее, чтобы благословить ожидавших его","title":"Reflexive «направился»; participial object «ожидавших»","body":"«направился» (perfective reflexive 'made his way, set off'), with к + dative «к галерее» (toward the gallery). The purpose clause «чтобы благословить ожидавших его» substantivizes the past active participle «ожидавших» ('those who were waiting'), its animate accusative-genitive ending the object of благословить."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of направился","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"направился","lemma":"направиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made his way"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking галерее","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"галерее","lemma":"галерея","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направился","gloss":"the gallery"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of благословить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"благословить","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on направился","gloss":"bless"},{"surface":"ожидавших","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"noun (substantivized past active participle), accusative, plural, imperfective","role":"direct object of благословить","gloss":"those waiting"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ожидавших","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b2-c2-s181","source":"Но Федор Павлович все-таки остановил его в дверях кельи.","translation":"But Fyodor Pavlovich stopped him all the same in the doorway of the cell.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"остановил","title":"Perfective past: a single decisive act","body":"«Остановил» (from perfective «остановить») reports one completed action — he stopped him, once, in the doorway. The perfective moves the narrative forward against the imperfective backdrop, where its imperfective partner «останавливал» would have meant a repeated or attempted stopping."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в дверях кельи","title":"«в» + prepositional for location","body":"«В дверях» (in the doorway) uses the prepositional plural after «в» to mark location, not motion; «кельи» is the genitive 'of the cell' depending on «дверях». Contrast «в двери» (accusative) which would imply motion into the doorway."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"все-таки","title":"«всё-таки» — all the same","body":"A concessive adverb meaning 'all the same, nevertheless, even so'. It quietly underlines that despite the dismissal, Fyodor Pavlovich could not resist one more performance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the particle все-таки, modifies остановил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the particle все-таки, modifies остановил","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"остановил","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of остановил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дверях","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of остановил","gloss":"the doorway"},{"surface":"кельи","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дверях","gloss":"of the cell"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b2-c2-s182","source":"— Блаженнейший человек! — вскричал он с чувством, — позвольте мне еще раз вашу ручку облобызать!","translation":"\"Most blessed of men!\" he cried with feeling. \"Let me kiss your little hand once more!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Блаженнейший","title":"«Блаженнейший» — most blessed","body":"A superlative in the bookish suffix -ейший built on «блаженный» (blessed, beatific), a word with a strong religious-Orthodox colouring ('the blessed'). In Fyodor Pavlovich's mouth it is gushing, theatrical flattery — sanctity mockingly overdone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"позвольте","title":"Polite imperative «позвольте»","body":"«Позвольте» (allow / permit) is the polite plural imperative of perfective «позволить», softened with -те. Followed by an infinitive it is a formal, deferential way to ask leave — 'allow me to…' — clashing comically with the absurd request that follows."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ручку","title":"Diminutive «ручка» — little hand","body":"«Ручка» is the affectionate diminutive of «рука» (hand), here oily and obsequious rather than tender. The expressive suffix turns the kiss-the-hand gesture into mawkish theatre — exactly the unctuous register Fyodor Pavlovich is mocking."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"облобызать","title":"«облобызать» — to kiss (archaic, mock-solemn)","body":"A markedly archaic, Church-flavoured verb for 'kiss' (from «лобзать»), far loftier than the everyday «целовать». Applied to kissing the elder's hand it drips with parodic piety — Fyodor Pavlovich dressing buffoonery in liturgical clothes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вскричал","title":"«вскричал» — cried out","body":"The prefix «вс-» on «кричать» gives a sudden, momentary onset — 'burst out crying / exclaimed'. It is a bookish narrative verb of speech, vivid and abrupt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Блаженнейший","lemma":"блаженный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"most blessed"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, exclamation","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскричал","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of позвольте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies облобызать, part of еще раз","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ручку","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of облобызать","gloss":"little hand"},{"surface":"облобызать","lemma":"облобызать","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позвольте","gloss":"to kiss"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b2-c2-s183","source":"Нет, с вами еще можно говорить, можно жить!","translation":"No, with you one can still talk, one can still live!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно говорить, можно жить","title":"Impersonal «можно» + infinitive","body":"«Можно» is an impersonal predicative ('it is possible / one can') with no nominative subject; the implied experiencer would stand in the dative. Here it governs the infinitives «говорить» and «жить» — 'one can still talk, one can live' — the subjectless frame that pervades Dostoevsky's inner speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с вами","title":"«с» + instrumental of accompaniment","body":"«С вами» (with you) uses the preposition «с» governing the instrumental to mark accompaniment. The polite «вы» recurs as the whole speech is addressed up to the revered elder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"opens the sentence as a contrastive exclamation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорить/жить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate of the first clause","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of можно","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate of the second clause, coordinated with the first можно","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of the second можно","gloss":"live"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b2-c2-s184","source":"Вы думаете, что я всегда так лгу и шутов изображаю?","translation":"Do you suppose I am always lying like this and playing the buffoon?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я всегда так лгу","title":"Imperfective for habit","body":"«Лгу» (I lie) is imperfective present, and «всегда» (always) makes it a habitual statement — the imperfective's home territory of repeated, general action: 'I am always lying'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"шутов изображаю","title":"Object before verb for focus","body":"Object «шутов» (accusative plural of «шут», animate, hence genitive-like ending) precedes its verb «изображаю», throwing weight onto 'buffoons' as the news. Free word order lets Russian foreground what English keeps after the verb: 'and play the buffoon'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шутов изображаю","title":"«изображать шутов» — to play the fool","body":"Literally 'to portray/depict buffoons', i.e. to act the clown, put on a buffoon's part. «Шут» is the court fool or jester — the title of the chapter, «Старый шут», the old buffoon, is Fyodor Pavlovich's self-cast role."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лгу и изображаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of лгу and изображаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так лгу","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лгу","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"лгу","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думаете","gloss":"am lying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шутов","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of изображаю","gloss":"buffoons"},{"surface":"изображаю","lemma":"изображать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лгу, clausal complement of думаете","gloss":"am playing"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b2-c2-s185","source":"Знайте же, что это я всё время нарочно, чтобы вас испробовать, так представлялся.","translation":"Know, then, that I have been doing it on purpose the whole time, to put you to the test — that is why I was play-acting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знайте же","title":"Imperative with insistent «же»","body":"«Знайте» is the polite imperative 'know (you)!', and the modal particle «же» drives it home — 'Know, then / mark you'. «Же» adds emphatic insistence that English can only render with stress or an added 'then'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы вас испробовать","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«Чтобы» introduces purpose — 'in order to test you'. When the subject is the same as the main clause, «чтобы» takes a bare infinitive («испробовать») rather than a past-form verb. It is the willed, goal-directed conjunction, distinct from plain reporting «что»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так представлялся","title":"Reflexive «-ся»: to feign, put on a show","body":"«Представлялся» (imperfective past, masculine) carries the reflexive clitic «-ся», here giving the middle sense 'to pretend, put on an act, present oneself falsely'. The imperfective stresses the sustained pretence across «всё время» (the whole time)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нарочно","title":"«нарочно» — on purpose","body":"An adverb meaning 'deliberately, on purpose' — Fyodor Pavlovich's claim that the whole grotesque performance was a calculated test, not mere folly. The word reframes buffoonery as strategy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знайте","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Знайте","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of представлялся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory pronoun for the whole clause, subject of представлялся","gloss":"it is"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of представлялся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial accusative modifying представлялся","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представлялся","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of испробовать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of испробовать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"испробовать","lemma":"испробовать","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on нарочно","gloss":"to test"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представлялся","gloss":"that is why"},{"surface":"представлялся","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main predicate of the это-clause","gloss":"was play-acting"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b2-c2-s186","source":"Это я всё время вас ощупывал, можно ли с вами жить?","translation":"I have been feeling you out all the while: is it possible to live with you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ощупывал","title":"Imperfective: sustained 'feeling out'","body":"«Ощупывал» (imperfective past) names a drawn-out, repeated probing — 'I kept feeling you out', reinforced by «всё время» (all the while). The imperfective is exactly right for an ongoing process with no single end point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно ли с вами жить","title":"Embedded yes/no question with «ли»","body":"«Ли» turns the impersonal «можно жить» into an indirect yes/no question — 'whether one can live with you'. The focused word «можно» is fronted and «ли» leans on it; this enclitic «ли» is the literary alternative to plain question intonation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ощупывал","title":"«ощупывать» — to feel out, palpate","body":"Literally to touch all over, palpate, grope; figuratively to size up or test someone covertly. The bodily metaphor — Fyodor Pavlovich running his hands over the elder's character — is deliberately a little indecent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"emphatic anticipatory pronoun for the clause, subject of ощупывал","gloss":"this is"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ощупывал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial accusative modifying ощупывал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ощупывал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ощупывал","lemma":"ощупывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was feeling out"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate of the embedded question","gloss":"is it possible"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the embedded yes/no question","gloss":"[question]"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of жить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of можно","gloss":"to live"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b2-c2-s187","source":"Моему-то смирению есть ли при вашей гордости место?","translation":"Is there any room for my humility beside your pride?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Моему-то смирению есть ли ... место","title":"Existential «есть» with «ли» and dative possessor","body":"The skeleton is «есть ли место смирению» — 'is there room for humility?'. «Есть» is the existential 'there is', «ли» makes it a question, and «смирению» is dative ('room FOR humility'). Word order has been recast for rhetoric, fronting the humility against your pride."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Моему-то","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «моему» is the topic-emphasising clitic, not the indefinite suffix: 'my humility, for its part / as for my humility'. It sets Fyodor Pavlovich's professed meekness pointedly against the monk's «гордость» (pride)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"при вашей гордости","title":"«при» + prepositional — 'beside / given'","body":"«При вашей гордости» uses «при» governing the prepositional to mean 'in the presence of / given / alongside your pride'. The needling implication: the elder's supposed humility is really pride, so there is no room for Fyodor Pavlovich's."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смирению","title":"«смирение» — humility (a monastic virtue)","body":"«Смирение» is humility, meekness, submission — a central Orthodox monastic virtue prized in the elder's order. Fyodor Pavlovich's claim to it is mockery; the word's spiritual weight makes the jab sharper."}],"words":[{"surface":"Моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of смирению","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Моему смирению","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"смирению","lemma":"смирение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative of possession/experiencer with место есть","gloss":"humility"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is there"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the yes/no question","gloss":"[question]"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гордости","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of гордости","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"гордости","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"room"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b2-c2-s188","source":"Лист вам похвальный выдаю: можно с вами жить!","translation":"I award you a certificate of merit: one can live with you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лист вам похвальный выдаю","title":"Split phrase and dative recipient","body":"Normal order would be «выдаю вам похвальный лист»; here the object «лист» is fronted and its adjective «похвальный» stranded after «вам» for spoken emphasis. «Вам» is the dative recipient — 'I issue TO you a certificate'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лист","lemma":"лист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выдаю","gloss":"a certificate"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of выдаю","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"похвальный","lemma":"похвальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Лист","gloss":"of merit"},{"surface":"выдаю","lemma":"выдавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I award"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the second (asyndetic) clause","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of жить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"live"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b2-c2-s189","source":"А теперь молчу, на всё время умолкаю.","translation":"And now I am silent — for the whole rest of the time I hold my tongue.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"молчу ... умолкаю","title":"Imperfective present pair: state vs entering it","body":"Both verbs are imperfective present: «молчу» states the condition ('I am silent / I keep quiet'), while «умолкаю» (prefixed «у-») leans toward 'I am falling silent, lapsing into silence'. The doubling — declaring and re-declaring the silence — is itself comic, since he keeps talking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на всё время","title":"«на» + accusative for duration","body":"«На всё время» uses «на» with the accusative to mark intended duration — 'for the whole (remaining) time'. «На» + accusative answers 'for how long is the result meant to last', as opposed to mere extent."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"молчу","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I am silent"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of умолкаю","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"умолкаю","lemma":"умолкать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молчу","gloss":"I hold my tongue"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b2-c2-s190","source":"Сяду в кресло и замолчу.","translation":"I shall sit down in my chair and fall silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сяду ... замолчу","title":"Perfective present = future","body":"«Сяду» (from «сесть') and «замолчу» (prefixed «за-» = onset of «молчать») are perfective verbs conjugated like a present, which yields simple future: 'I will sit down and fall silent'. There is no auxiliary — the future lives in the ending — and both name single completed acts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в кресло","title":"«в» + accusative for motion-toward","body":"«Сяду в кресло» — sit down INTO the armchair — takes «в» with the accusative because the verb expresses motion to a destination. Were he already seated, location would call for the prepositional «в кресле»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сяду","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I shall sit down"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресло","gloss":"in(to)"},{"surface":"кресло","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Сяду","gloss":"my chair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"замолчу","lemma":"замолчать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сяду","gloss":"I shall fall silent"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b2-c2-s191","source":"Теперь вам, Петр Александрович, говорить, вы теперь самый главный человек остались, на десять минут.","translation":"Now it is your turn to speak, Pyotr Alexandrovich; you are now the chief personage left, for ten minutes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вам ... говорить","title":"Dative + infinitive: it's your turn","body":"«Теперь вам ... говорить» is a subjectless dative-plus-infinitive construction — 'now it is for you to speak / your turn to speak'. The dative «вам» names the person whose turn it is, with no nominative subject and no copula."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самый главный человек остались","title":"«самый» superlative + polite plural agreement","body":"«Самый главный» is the periphrastic superlative ('the very chief / most important'). Note «остались» is plural though Miusov is one man: the verb agrees with the polite «вы», which always takes plural agreement even for a single addressee."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of говорить","gloss":"your turn"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to вам","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"Александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive predicate with вам","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of остались","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остались","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies главный","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"главный","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остались","gloss":"personage"},{"surface":"остались","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are left"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минут","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on минут","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of остались","gloss":"minutes"}]}]}