{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b2-c3","title":{"source":"III. Верующие бабы","translated":"Peasant Women Who Have Faith"},"section":"Book II — An Unfortunate Gathering","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b2-c3","lines":138},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b2-c2","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b2-c4","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b2-c3-s1","source":"Внизу у деревянной галерейки, приделанной к наружной стене ограды, толпились на этот раз всё женщины, баб около двадцати.","translation":"Below, by the little wooden gallery that had been built against the outer wall of the enclosure, there crowded this time none but women — about twenty peasant women in all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приделанной к наружной стене","title":"A past passive participle modifying the gallery","body":"«приделанной» is the past passive participle of «приделать» (to attach, build on), agreeing with «галерейки» in feminine genitive. It compresses a whole который-clause — 'the gallery that had been attached' — into one adjective, the bookish move that gives Dostoevsky's description its density."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"баб около двадцати","title":"Genitive plural after a number","body":"«около двадцати» (about twenty) governs the genitive plural «баб». The whole loose phrase 'about twenty peasant women' stands in apposition, counting the «всё женщины» just named."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"галерейки","title":"«галерейка» — a little gallery","body":"A diminutive of «галерея», a covered walkway or porch running along the wall. The -к- diminutive here is descriptive rather than affectionate, marking the modest, low structure — note «низенькую галерейку» again at s17."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"баб","title":"«баба» — peasant woman","body":"«баба» is the plain, earthy word for a married peasant woman, distinct from the neutral «женщина» used in the same sentence. The narrator's pairing of the two — «всё женщины, баб около двадцины» — quietly marks these women as common folk, the very subject of the chapter's title «Верующие бабы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Внизу","lemma":"внизу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies толпились","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking галерейки","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"деревянной","lemma":"деревянный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies галерейки","gloss":"wooden"},{"surface":"галерейки","lemma":"галерейка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of толпились","gloss":"gallery"},{"surface":"приделанной","lemma":"приделать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying галерейки","gloss":"built onto"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стене","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"наружной","lemma":"наружный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стене","gloss":"outer"},{"surface":"стене","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приделанной","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"ограды","lemma":"ограда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стене","gloss":"of the enclosure"},{"surface":"толпились","lemma":"толпиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crowded"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of толпились","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"particle, invariant","role":"intensifies женщины","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of толпились","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"баб","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to женщины","gloss":"peasant women"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двадцати","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"двадцати","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies баб","gloss":"twenty"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b2-c3-s2","source":"Их уведомили, что старец наконец выйдет, и они собрались в ожидании.","translation":"They had been told that the elder would at last come out, and they had gathered to wait for him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Их уведомили","title":"Subjectless 'they told them'","body":"An unspecified-subject plural: the verb «уведомили» (they informed) has no stated agent, a common Russian way to say 'they had been told' without naming who. «Их» (them) is the accusative object placed first as the topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что старец наконец выйдет","title":"Reported clause with «что» and a perfective future","body":"«что» introduces the reported content, and «выйдет» is the simple (perfective) future of «выйти» — its present-tense endings carry future meaning: 'would come out'. The aspect frames it as a single completed event, the awaited appearance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старец","title":"What a \"starets\" is","body":"A «старец» (literally 'old man') is a spiritual elder: a monk revered for his holiness and his gifts of counsel and prophecy, to whom believers came for confession and guidance. We render it 'the elder.' The elder here is Father Zossima, and the whole chapter shows ordinary people seeking his blessing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of уведомили","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"уведомили","lemma":"уведомить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been told"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выйдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выйдет","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйдет","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уведомили","gloss":"would come out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of собрались","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"собрались","lemma":"собраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with уведомили","gloss":"had gathered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ожидании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ожидании","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of собрались","gloss":"waiting"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b2-c3-s3","source":"Вышли на галерейку и помещицы Хохлаковы, тоже ожидавшие старца, но в отведенном для благородных посетительниц помещении.","translation":"The Khokhlakov ladies had also come out onto the gallery — they too were waiting for the elder, but in the quarters set aside for gentlewomen visitors.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тоже ожидавшие старца","title":"Past active participle 'who were also waiting'","body":"«ожидавшие» is the past active participle of imperfective «ожидать», agreeing with «помещицы» (nom. pl.) and meaning 'who were waiting'. The imperfective stem keeps the action ongoing — a parallel, drawn-out wait set against the peasant women's."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в отведенном для благородных посетительниц помещении","title":"A participle framing a prepositional phrase","body":"Inside the prepositional phrase «в … помещении» (in the quarters) sits the past passive participle «отведенном» (set aside) governing «для благородных посетительниц» (for gentlewomen visitors). The whole nest — preposition, participle, its own object, then the head noun — is read as one unit, a hallmark of literary syntax."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вышли","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had come out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking галерейку","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"галерейку","lemma":"галерейка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Вышли","gloss":"the gallery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"помещицы","lemma":"помещица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of Вышли","gloss":"the lady landowners"},{"surface":"Хохлаковы","lemma":"Хохлаковы","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies помещицы","gloss":"Khokhlakov"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидавшие","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ожидавшие","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying помещицы","gloss":"who were waiting"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ожидавшие","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помещении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отведенном","lemma":"отвести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, locative, perfective","role":"modifies помещении","gloss":"set aside"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking посетительниц","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"благородных","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies посетительниц","gloss":"gentlewomen"},{"surface":"посетительниц","lemma":"посетительница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отведенном","gloss":"visitors"},{"surface":"помещении","lemma":"помещение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"parallel oblique complement of Вышли","gloss":"quarters"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b2-c3-s4","source":"Их было две: мать и дочь.","translation":"There were two of them: mother and daughter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Их было две","title":"Genitive of the counted plus neuter «было»","body":"A quantifying construction: «Их» (of them, genitive) with «было» in the fixed neuter singular and the numeral «две» — literally 'of them there were two'. The verb does not agree with a nominative subject but stays neuter, the standard pattern for existence-and-quantity statements."}],"words":[{"surface":"Их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"partitive complement of две","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"subject of было","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to две","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мать","gloss":"daughter"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b2-c3-s5","source":"Госпожа Хохлакова-мать, дама богатая и всегда со вкусом одетая, была еще довольно молодая и очень миловидная собою особа, немного бледная, с очень оживленными и почти совсем черными глазами.","translation":"Madame Khokhlakov the mother, a wealthy lady always dressed with taste, was still rather young and a very comely person, somewhat pale, with very lively and almost wholly black eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дама богатая и всегда со вкусом одетая","title":"An appositive packed with modifiers","body":"A loose appositive describing «Госпожа Хохлакова», with the adjective «богатая» placed after its noun «дама» (a literary inversion) and the past passive participle «одетая» (dressed) carrying its own adverbial «со вкусом» (with taste). Russian freely stacks such weight after the noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с очень оживленными и почти совсем черными глазами","title":"Instrumental of accompanying description after «с»","body":"«с» (with) governs the instrumental, here the plural «глазами» with two agreeing adjectives. This 'with such-and-such eyes' pattern is the standard way Russian attaches a physical trait to a person."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"миловидная собою особа","title":"«особа» and «собою»","body":"«особа» is a slightly formal, faintly ironic word for a 'person/personage' (almost always a woman). «миловидная собою» means 'comely in herself, of pleasing appearance', with «собою» the instrumental of «себя» used adverbially — a stock 19th-century turn of phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Госпожа","gloss":"Khokhlakov"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Госпожа","gloss":"the mother"},{"surface":"дама","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Госпожа","gloss":"a lady"},{"surface":"богатая","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дама","gloss":"wealthy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одетая","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вкусом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вкусом","lemma":"вкус","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of одетая","gloss":"taste"},{"surface":"одетая","lemma":"одетый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with богатая","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to особа","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies довольно","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молодая","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"молодая","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies особа","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies миловидная","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"миловидная","lemma":"миловидный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies особа","gloss":"comely"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"modifies миловидная","gloss":"in her person"},{"surface":"особа","lemma":"особа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of была","gloss":"a person"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бледная","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"бледная","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies особа","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оживленными","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"оживленными","lemma":"оживлённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"animated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies черными","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"черными","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies особа","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b2-c3-s6","source":"Ей было не более тридцати трех лет, и она уже лет пять как была вдовой.","translation":"She was no more than thirty-three, and she had already been a widow for some five years.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ей было не более тридцати трех лет","title":"Dative of age","body":"Russian states age impersonally: the person stands in the dative («Ей», to her) with «было» neuter and the number phrase «тридцати трех лет» in the genitive — literally 'to her there were no more than thirty-three years'. No nominative subject appears."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже лет пять как была вдовой","title":"Predicate instrumental «вдовой»","body":"After «была» the predicate noun «вдова» takes the instrumental «вдовой» — the role of widow framed as a state she had entered. The idiom «лет пять как» ('about five years since') sets the inverted numeral «лет пять' for approximation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of было","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of было","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"тридцати","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of более","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies была","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces duration clause with уже","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to вдовой","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"вдовой","lemma":"вдова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of была","gloss":"a widow"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b2-c3-s7","source":"Четырнадцатилетняя дочь ее страдала параличом ног.","translation":"Her fourteen-year-old daughter suffered from a paralysis of the legs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"страдала параличом ног","title":"Instrumental with «страдать»","body":"«страдать» (to suffer from an illness) governs the instrumental: «параличом» (by/from paralysis), itself completed by the genitive «ног» (of the legs). The imperfective past «страдала» states an ongoing chronic condition, not a single event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Четырнадцатилетняя","lemma":"четырнадцатилетний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дочь","gloss":"fourteen-year-old"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of страдала","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"possessive pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of дочь","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"страдала","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"параличом","lemma":"паралич","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of страдала","gloss":"a paralysis"},{"surface":"ног","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies параличом","gloss":"of the legs"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b2-c3-s8","source":"Бедная девочка не могла ходить уже с полгода, и ее возили в длинном покойном кресле на колесах.","translation":"The poor girl had been unable to walk for half a year already, and she was wheeled about in a long, comfortable chair on wheels.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могла ходить уже с полгода","title":"Imperfective multidirectional «ходить» for a general inability","body":"«не могла ходить» (could not walk) uses imperfective «ходить» (multidirectional 'walk about') for the general inability. «с полгода» ('for about half a year') carries the durative sense the imperfective requires."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ее возили в длинном покойном кресле","title":"Subjectless 'they wheeled her about'","body":"«возили» is the multidirectional motion verb «возить» (to convey, to and fro) in an agentless plural — 'she was wheeled about'. The choice of the multidirectional member, not «везти», marks habitual back-and-forth motion rather than one trip."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"покойном","title":"«покойный» — comfortable, restful","body":"Here «покойное кресло» means a 'comfortable, restful chair' (from «покой», rest/peace) — an older sense. The same adjective also means 'the late, deceased', so a 19th-century reader meets «покойный» in two very different keys; context (a chair on wheels) fixes the gentle one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бедная","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девочка","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"девочка","lemma":"девочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"walk"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полгода","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полгода","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"полгода","lemma":"полгода","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходить","gloss":"half a year"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"возили","lemma":"возить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with могла","gloss":"was wheeled"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"длинном","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies кресле","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"покойном","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies кресле","gloss":"comfortable"},{"surface":"кресле","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of возили","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колесах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"колесах","lemma":"колесо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies кресле","gloss":"wheels"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b2-c3-s9","source":"Это было прелестное личико, немного худенькое от болезни, но веселое.","translation":"It was a charming little face, a little thin from illness, but cheerful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"немного худенькое от болезни","title":"Diminutive adjective and causal «от»","body":"«худенькое» is the diminutive-affectionate form of «худое» (thin), softened by the -еньк- suffix to convey tenderness toward the sick child. «от болезни» (from illness) is the genitive after «от» giving the cause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"личико","title":"«личико» — little face","body":"An affectionate diminutive of «лицо» (face). The chain of diminutives in this sentence — «личико», «худенькое» — colours the whole description with the narrator's tenderness for the crippled girl, an emotional cue carried by morphology rather than by any adjective like 'sweet'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to личико","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"прелестное","lemma":"прелестный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies личико","gloss":"charming"},{"surface":"личико","lemma":"личико","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominal of было","gloss":"a little face"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies худенькое","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"худенькое","lemma":"худенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies личико","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of худенькое","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"веселое","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with прелестное","gloss":"cheerful"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b2-c3-s10","source":"Что-то шаловливое светилось в ее темных больших глазах с длинными ресницами.","translation":"Something mischievous shone in her large dark eyes with their long lashes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что-то шаловливое светилось","title":"Indefinite «что-то» as subject","body":"«что-то» ('something', specific but unnamed) is the neuter subject, with the agreeing neuter adjective «шаловливое» (mischievous) and the verb «светилось» — note the front-loaded 'something mischievous', the new information, while the location follows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"светилось","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as a middle verb","body":"«светиться» (to shine, glimmer) is the -ся form of «светить»; the clitic makes it intransitive/middle — the light shines of itself, with no object. Imperfective past «светилось» renders the soft, continuous glimmer in her eyes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of светилось","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"combines with Что to form the pronoun что-то","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"шаловливое","lemma":"шаловливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Что-то","gloss":"mischievous"},{"surface":"светилось","lemma":"светиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"possessive determiner, feminine","role":"determiner of глазах","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"темных","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies глазах","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"больших","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies глазах","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of светилось","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ресницами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"длинными","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies ресницами","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"ресницами","lemma":"ресница","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies глазах","gloss":"lashes"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b2-c3-s11","source":"Мать еще с весны собиралась ее везти за границу, но летом опоздали за устройством по имению.","translation":"Ever since spring the mother had been meaning to take her abroad, but over the summer they had been delayed by the management of the estate.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"собиралась ее везти за границу","title":"«собираться» + infinitive; unidirectional «везти»","body":"«собиралась» (was intending to), the imperfective past of reflexive «собираться», plus the infinitive «везти» — the unidirectional motion verb for a single planned trip 'to take her abroad'. «за границу» uses the accusative after «за» for motion-toward."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но летом опоздали за устройством по имению","title":"Contrastive «но» and instrumental of time «летом»","body":"«летом» (in summer) is the bare instrumental used adverbially for season. «опоздали» (they were late / got delayed) is again an agentless plural, and «по имению» uses «по» + dative for 'over/about the estate'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of собиралась","gloss":"the mother"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies с весны","gloss":"ever since"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking весны","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"весны","lemma":"весна","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of собиралась","gloss":"spring"},{"surface":"собиралась","lemma":"собираться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been meaning"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of везти","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"везти","lemma":"везти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of собиралась","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking границу","gloss":"abroad"},{"surface":"границу","lemma":"граница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of везти","gloss":"the border"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"летом","lemma":"лето","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of опоздали","gloss":"over the summer"},{"surface":"опоздали","lemma":"опоздать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with собиралась","gloss":"were delayed"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking устройством","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"устройством","lemma":"устройство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of опоздали","gloss":"management"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имению","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"имению","lemma":"имение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies устройством","gloss":"the estate"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b2-c3-s12","source":"Они уже с неделю как жили в нашем городе, больше по делам, чем для богомолья, но уже раз, три дня тому назад, посещали старца.","translation":"They had already been living in our town about a week, on business more than for pilgrimage, but they had visited the elder once already, three days before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже с неделю как жили","title":"Durative imperfective with «уже … как»","body":"The imperfective past «жили» (were living) with «уже с неделю как» ('for about a week now') describes an ongoing state up to the present of the narrative — exactly the background-painting job the imperfective does."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"посещали старца","title":"Imperfective «посещали» for a noted single visit","body":"Though it names one visit, the verb is the imperfective «посещать» — Russian often uses the imperfective for an action viewed simply as a fact that occurred ('they had visited'), without stressing its completion, especially with «раз» (once)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"для богомолья","title":"«богомолье» — pilgrimage / devotions","body":"«богомолье» (literally 'God-praying', from «бог» + «молить») is a devout journey to a holy place to pray, a pilgrimage. The narrator contrasts it with «по делам» (on business): the Khokhlakovs came to town for practical affairs more than for piety, a sly social note."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of жили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неделю","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неделю","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жили","gloss":"a week"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жили","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"жили","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been living"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городе","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жили","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"correlative with чем","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делам","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"делам","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of больше","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of богомолья","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богомолья","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"богомолья","lemma":"богомолье","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of больше","gloss":"pilgrimage"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies посещали","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies посещали","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тому назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"тому назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"посещали","lemma":"посещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жили","gloss":"had visited"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посещали","gloss":"the elder"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b2-c3-s13","source":"Теперь они приехали вдруг опять, хотя и знали, что старец почти уже не может вовсе никого принимать, и, настоятельно умоляя, просили еще раз «счастья узреть великого исцелителя»","translation":"Now they had suddenly come again, though they knew the elder could scarcely receive anyone at all any longer, and, pleading insistently, they begged once more for \"the happiness of beholding the great healer.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти уже не может вовсе никого принимать","title":"Piled-up negation","body":"Russian negative concord stacks the intensifiers «вовсе» (at all) and «никого» (no one) with the single verbal «не»: literally 'cannot at all receive no one', all reinforcing one negation — 'could scarcely receive anyone at all'. «никого» is the genitive/accusative of «никто»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"настоятельно умоляя","title":"Imperfective gerund of attendant manner","body":"«умоляя» is the present (imperfective) gerund of «умолять» (to implore), describing the manner accompanying the main verb «просили»: 'imploring insistently, they begged'. The gerund shares the subject of the main clause and is a staple of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"счастья узреть великого исцелителя","title":"«узреть» — Slavonic 'to behold'","body":"The ladies' quoted plea is pitched in elevated register: «узреть» is a Church-Slavonic, archaic-solemn verb for 'to behold/lay eyes on' (vs. plain «увидеть»), and «исцелитель» ('healer') is the bookish word for one who cures. The narrator sets it in guillemets to flag the studied piety of their phrasing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехали","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of приехали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"приехали","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехали","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехали","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знали","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on приехали","gloss":"they knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знали","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никого","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of принимать","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"принимать","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"receive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"настоятельно","lemma":"настоятельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умоляя","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"умоляя","lemma":"умолять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on просили","gloss":"pleading"},{"surface":"просили","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приехали","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просили","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"счастья","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of просили","gloss":"the happiness"},{"surface":"узреть","lemma":"узреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies счастья","gloss":"of beholding"},{"surface":"великого","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies исцелителя","gloss":"the great"},{"surface":"исцелителя","lemma":"исцелитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of узреть","gloss":"healer"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b2-c3-s14","source":"В ожидании выхода старца мамаша сидела на стуле, подле кресел дочери, а в двух шагах от нее стоял старик монах, не из здешнего монастыря, а захожий из одной дальней северной малоизвестной обители.","translation":"While waiting for the elder to come out, the mama sat on a chair beside her daughter's wheeled chair, and two steps from her stood an old monk, not from the local monastery but a visitor from some distant, little-known hermitage in the north.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В ожидании выхода старца","title":"Chained genitives in a temporal phrase","body":"«В ожидании выхода старца» stacks genitives — 'in [the] awaiting of the coming-out of the elder' — a compact nominal way to say 'while waiting for the elder to come out'. Russian readily replaces a clause with a noun-of-action plus its genitive complements."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а в двух шагах от нее стоял старик монах","title":"Contrastive «а» and subject-final order","body":"«а» is the soft contrastive 'and/while', shifting the topic from the mother to the monk. The subject «старик монах» comes last, after the locative phrase — Russian's topic-comment order placing the newly introduced figure in end-focus."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"захожий","title":"«захожий» — a passing visitor","body":"«захожий» is a colloquial adjective from «заходить» (to drop in), meaning one who has come from elsewhere, a passing stranger — here a monk visiting from another monastery. It pairs with «обитель» below to mark him as an outsider to «здешний монастырь» (the local one)."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ожидании","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ожидании","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидела","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"выхода","lemma":"выход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ожидании","gloss":"for the coming out"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies выхода","gloss":"of the elder"},{"surface":"мамаша","lemma":"мамаша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сидела","gloss":"the mama"},{"surface":"сидела","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стуле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стуле","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидела","gloss":"a chair"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресел","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"кресел","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of подле","gloss":"the chair"},{"surface":"дочери","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кресел","gloss":"her daughter's"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шагах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies шагах","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"шагах","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"steps"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидела","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"an old man"},{"surface":"монах","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старик","gloss":"monk"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies монастыря","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"здешнего","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монастыря","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монах","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"захожий","lemma":"захожий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монах","gloss":"a visitor"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обители","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies обители","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"дальней","lemma":"дальний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обители","gloss":"distant"},{"surface":"северной","lemma":"северный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обители","gloss":"northern"},{"surface":"малоизвестной","lemma":"малоизвестный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обители","gloss":"little-known"},{"surface":"обители","lemma":"обитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies захожий","gloss":"hermitage"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b2-c3-s15","source":"Он тоже желал благословиться у старца.","translation":"He too wished to receive the elder's blessing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"желал благословиться у старца","title":"Reflexive «благословиться» and «у» + genitive","body":"«благословиться» is the -ся form: 'to get oneself blessed, receive a blessing' (the middle/passive sense), distinct from active «благословить» (to bless someone). The agent of the blessing is marked by «у старца» — «у» + genitive for 'from/at the elder'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of желал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желал","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"благословиться","lemma":"благословиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of желал","gloss":"to receive a blessing"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of благословиться","gloss":"the elder"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b2-c3-s16","source":"Но показавшийся на галерее старец прошел сначала прямо к народу.","translation":"But the elder, when he appeared on the gallery, went first straight to the common people.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"показавшийся на галерее старец","title":"Past active participle in front position","body":"«показавшийся» is the past active participle of reflexive «показаться» (to appear) — and is itself reflexive, keeping the -ся. Placed before its noun, 'the having-appeared elder', it folds 'the elder, when he appeared,' into a single attributive phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прошел сначала прямо к народу","title":"Perfective prefixed motion «прошел»","body":"«прошел», perfective of «пройти» (про- + идти), names a single completed movement — 'went/passed straight to'. The directional prefix про- both fixes the path and makes the verb perfective, advancing the narrative event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"показавшийся","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying старец","gloss":"who appeared"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking галерее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"галерее","lemma":"галерея","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показавшийся","gloss":"the gallery"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошел","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошел","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошел","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"народу","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"the common people"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b2-c3-s17","source":"Толпа затеснилась к крылечку о трех ступеньках, соединявшему низенькую галерейку с полем.","translation":"The crowd pressed toward the little porch of three steps that joined the low gallery to the open field.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Толпа затеснилась к крылечку","title":"Inceptive «за-» plus reflexive","body":"«затеснилась» combines the inceptive prefix «за-» ('began to') with reflexive «-ся»: the crowd 'set to pressing/began to crush' toward the porch. The perfective marks the onset of the surge as a single event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"соединявшему низенькую галерейку с полем","title":"Past active participle in the dative","body":"«соединявшему» is a past active participle of «соединять» (to join) agreeing with «крылечку» in the dative (governed by «к»). It heads a relative-type phrase — 'the porch joining the gallery with the field' — with the accompaniment marked by «с полем» (instrumental after «с»)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"крылечку о трех ступеньках","title":"«крылечко» and the archaic «о трех ступеньках»","body":"«крылечко» is the diminutive of «крыльцо» (porch, front steps). «о трех ступеньках» uses «о» + prepositional in an old idiom 'having/of three steps' (compare «стол о четырёх ножках», a table 'with four legs') — a faintly archaic, folkloric way to count a thing's parts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Толпа","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of затеснилась","gloss":"the crowd"},{"surface":"затеснилась","lemma":"затесниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крылечку","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"крылечку","lemma":"крылечко","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of затеснилась","gloss":"the little porch"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ступеньках","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies ступеньках","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"ступеньках","lemma":"ступенька","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies крылечку","gloss":"steps"},{"surface":"соединявшему","lemma":"соединять","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying крылечку","gloss":"that joined"},{"surface":"низенькую","lemma":"низенький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies галерейку","gloss":"low"},{"surface":"галерейку","lemma":"галерейка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of соединявшему","gloss":"the gallery"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полем","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"полем","lemma":"поле","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies галерейку","gloss":"the field"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b2-c3-s18","source":"Старец стал на верхней ступеньке, надел эпитрахиль и начал благословлять теснившихся к нему женщин.","translation":"The elder stood on the topmost step, put on his stole, and began to bless the women crowding toward him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал … надел … начал благословлять","title":"A chain of perfectives moving the action","body":"Three perfective verbs in sequence — «стал» (took his stand), «надел» (put on), «начал» (began) — each a completed step pushing the narrative forward, against the imperfective backdrop of the surrounding description. «начал» then takes the imperfective infinitive «благословлять» (to be blessing), since one begins an ongoing process."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"теснившихся к нему женщин","title":"Reflexive past participle as object modifier","body":"«теснившихся» is the past active participle of reflexive «тесниться» (to crowd, press), in the accusative-genitive plural agreeing with animate «женщин» — 'the women [who were] crowding toward him'. Animate plural takes the genitive-like ending for its accusative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"эпитрахиль","title":"The priest's stole","body":"The «эпитрахиль» (epitrachelion) is a long band of cloth worn around the neck by an Orthodox priest, hanging down the front. It is essential for many rites: a priest cannot bless, hear confession, or administer the sacraments without it. We render it 'stole.' Here Zossima lays it on the sick woman's head while reading a prayer over her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ступеньке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"верхней","lemma":"верхний","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ступеньке","gloss":"topmost"},{"surface":"ступеньке","lemma":"ступенька","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"надел","lemma":"надеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"put on"},{"surface":"эпитрахиль","lemma":"эпитрахиль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of надел","gloss":"stole"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"благословлять","lemma":"благословлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to bless"},{"surface":"теснившихся","lemma":"тесниться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective","role":"participial modifier of женщин","gloss":"crowding"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of теснившихся","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"женщин","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of благословлять","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b2-c3-s19","source":"Притянули к нему одну кликушу за обе руки.","translation":"They dragged one shrieking woman, a klikusha, toward him by both arms.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Притянули к нему одну кликушу за обе руки","title":"Agentless perfective and «за» for the grasped part","body":"«Притянули» (they dragged near), perfective of «притянуть», is again subjectless plural. «за обе руки» uses «за» + accusative in the idiom for the body-part one is seized by — 'by both arms'. Putting the verb first throws the new event into the foreground."}],"words":[{"surface":"Притянули","lemma":"притянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dragged"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Притянули","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies кликушу","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"кликушу","lemma":"кликуша","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Притянули","gloss":"klikusha"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on руки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Притянули","gloss":"arms"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b2-c3-s20","source":"Та, едва лишь завидела старца, вдруг начала, как-то нелепо взвизгивая, икать и вся затряслась, как в родимце.","translation":"The moment she caught sight of the elder, she suddenly began, with a kind of absurd squealing, to hiccup convulsively, and her whole body shook as if in a fit.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"едва лишь завидела старца","title":"«едва лишь» + perfective for 'the moment that'","body":"«едва лишь» ('hardly … when, the very moment') pairs with the perfective «завидела» (caught sight of, inceptive за- + видеть) to mark the instant trigger. Russian leans on perfective verbs in these 'as soon as' clauses because the action is a single point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вся затряслась","title":"Inceptive «за-» + «-ся» for a sudden onset","body":"«затряслась» = за- (begin) + трясти + -ся: 'began to shake / fell to trembling', the reflexive making it intransitive. «вся» ('all of her') intensifies — her whole body. The perfective captures the abrupt seizure."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как в родимце","title":"«родимец» — a folk word for a fit","body":"«родимец» is an old peasant term for a convulsive seizure or fit (sometimes epilepsy or infantile convulsions). The simile «как в родимце» ('as if in a fit') is folk diagnosis, fitting the rural, pre-medical world the scene depicts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of завидела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"едва","lemma":"едва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завидела","gloss":"the moment","note":"'едва лишь' together mean 'the moment / as soon as'."},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase едва","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"завидела","lemma":"завидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause modifying начала","gloss":"caught sight of"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of завидела","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нелепо (part of как-то)","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нелепо (part of как-то)","gloss":"kind of","note":"'как-то' together means 'somehow, a kind of'."},{"surface":"нелепо","lemma":"нелепо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взвизгивая","gloss":"absurdly"},{"surface":"взвизгивая","lemma":"взвизгивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"converb modifying икать","gloss":"squealing"},{"surface":"икать","lemma":"икать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of начала","gloss":"to hiccup"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies the subject of затряслась","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"затряслась","lemma":"затрястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начала","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative phrase modifying затряслась","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родимце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"родимце","lemma":"родимец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of затряслась","gloss":"a fit"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b2-c3-s21","source":"Наложив ей на голову эпитрахиль, старец прочел над нею краткую молитву, и она тотчас затихла и успокоилась.","translation":"Laying the stole on her head, the elder read a short prayer over her, and she at once fell silent and grew calm.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Наложив ей на голову эпитрахиль","title":"Perfective past gerund 'having laid'","body":"«Наложив» is the perfective past gerund of «наложить» (to lay on): 'having laid the stole on her head', a completed action prior to the main verbs. «ей на голову» — dative «ей» of the person affected plus «на голову» (acc. after «на», motion-onto)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тотчас затихла и успокоилась","title":"Two perfectives of the calming","body":"«затихла» (fell silent) and «успокоилась» (grew calm, reflexive) are both perfective, marking the swift, complete change of state — the cure as a finished event. «тотчас» ('at once') underlines the instantaneity that the perfective already implies."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наложив","lemma":"наложить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прочел","gloss":"laying"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of Наложив","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Наложив","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"эпитрахиль","lemma":"эпитрахиль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Наложив","gloss":"the stole"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прочел","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"прочел","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прочел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"краткую","lemma":"краткий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies молитву","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"молитву","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прочел","gloss":"prayer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of затихла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затихла","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"затихла","lemma":"затихнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прочел","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"успокоилась","lemma":"успокоиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прочел","gloss":"grew calm"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b2-c3-s22","source":"Не знаю, как теперь, но в детстве моем мне часто случалось в деревнях и по монастырям видеть и слышать этих кликуш.","translation":"I do not know how it is now, but in my childhood I often had occasion, in villages and at monasteries, to see and hear these shrieking women.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне часто случалось … видеть и слышать","title":"Dative-subject «случалось» + infinitive","body":"An impersonal construction: «мне» (dative) is the experiencer, «случалось» the neuter impersonal verb 'it used to happen [to me]', and the imperfective infinitives «видеть и слышать» follow. There is no nominative subject — the very pattern that frames so much inner experience in the novel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по монастырям","title":"Distributive «по» + dative","body":"«по монастырям» (dative plural after «по») has the distributive sense 'around / at various monasteries', matching «в деревнях» (in villages). «по» with the dative often spreads an action over many places."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces object clause of знаю","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the как-clause complementing знаю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"детстве","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of случалось","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of детстве","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of случалось","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случалось","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"случалось","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деревнях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"деревнях","lemma":"деревня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of случалось","gloss":"villages"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырям","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"монастырям","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of случалось, coordinated with деревнях","gloss":"monasteries"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of случалось","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слышать","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видеть","gloss":"to hear"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of кликуш","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"кликуш","lemma":"кликуша","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of видеть and слышать","gloss":"shrieking women"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b2-c3-s23","source":"Их приводили к обедне, они визжали или лаяли по-собачьи на всю церковь, но, когда выносили дары и их подводили к дарам, тотчас «беснование» прекращалось и больные на несколько времени всегда успокоивались.","translation":"They would be brought to the liturgy, where they squealed or barked like dogs through the whole church, but when the Holy Gifts were carried out and they were led up to them, the \"possession\" would cease at once, and the sick women always grew calm for a while.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Их приводили … они визжали или лаяли … когда выносили дары","title":"Stacked imperfectives for habitual scenes","body":"The whole sentence runs on imperfective pasts — «приводили», «визжали», «лаяли», «выносили», «подводили» — because it describes a repeated, customary scene, not one occasion. Imperfective is Russian's tense of habit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тотчас «беснование» прекращалось","title":"Reflexive intransitive «прекращалось»","body":"«прекращаться» (to cease), the -ся form of «прекращать», is intransitive — the possession 'ceased of itself'. Its imperfective here keeps the recurring frame ('would cease'), and the narrator's quotation marks around «беснование» hold the popular term at arm's length."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"к обедне","title":"«обедня» — the Liturgy","body":"«обедня» is the everyday Russian word for the Divine Liturgy (the central Orthodox service, equivalent to the Mass), so called because it falls around midday/dinner («обед»). «приводили к обедне» — 'they were brought to the Liturgy'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of приводили","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"приводили","lemma":"приводить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обедне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"обедне","lemma":"обедня","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приводили","gloss":"the liturgy"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of визжали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"визжали","lemma":"визжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приводили","gloss":"squealed"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"лаяли","lemma":"лаять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with визжали","gloss":"barked"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-собачьи","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the adverbial phrase по-собачьи, modifies лаяли","gloss":"like","note":"'по-собачьи' together means 'like a dog'."},{"surface":"собачьи","lemma":"по-собачьи","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the adverbial phrase по-собачьи, modifies лаяли","gloss":"a dog"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церковь","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of церковь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of визжали/лаяли","gloss":"church"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выносили","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"выносили","lemma":"выносить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прекращалось","gloss":"carried out"},{"surface":"дары","lemma":"дар","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of выносили","gloss":"the Gifts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of подводили","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"подводили","lemma":"подводить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выносили","gloss":"led up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дарам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дарам","lemma":"дар","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подводили","gloss":"the Gifts"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прекращалось","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"беснование","lemma":"беснование","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of прекращалось","gloss":"the possession"},{"surface":"прекращалось","lemma":"прекращаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by но","gloss":"would cease"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больные","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), nominative, plural","role":"subject of успокоивались","gloss":"the sick women"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on времени","gloss":"a while"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of успокоивались","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успокоивались","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"успокоивались","lemma":"успокаиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прекращалось","gloss":"grew calm"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b2-c3-s24","source":"Меня, ребенка, очень это поражало и удивляло.","translation":"As a child this struck and amazed me greatly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Меня, ребенка, очень это поражало","title":"Fronted object and an appositive","body":"The accusative object «Меня» (me) leads, set off by the appositive «ребенка» ('[as] a child', also accusative), while the neuter subject «это» (this) sits after — Russian's free order putting the experiencer first as topic. «поражало и удивляло» are imperfective, the lasting childhood impression."}],"words":[{"surface":"Меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поражало","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ребенка","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Меня","gloss":"as a child"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поражало","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поражало","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"поражало","lemma":"поражать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"удивляло","lemma":"удивлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поражало","gloss":"amazed"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b2-c3-s25","source":"Но тогда же я услышал от иных помещиков и особенно от городских учителей моих, на мои расспросы, что это всё притворство, чтобы не работать, и что это всегда можно искоренить надлежащею строгостью, причем приводились для подтверждения разные анекдоты.","translation":"But at the time, in answer to my questions, I heard from certain landowners and especially from my town tutors that it was all pretense, a way of getting out of work, and that it could always be rooted out by the proper severity — and various anecdotes were cited to prove it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что это всё притворство, чтобы не работать","title":"«что» (fact) vs «чтобы» (purpose)","body":"Two conjunctions sit side by side: «что» reports the alleged fact ('that it was all pretense'), while «чтобы не работать» states purpose ('in order not to work'). «чтобы» + infinitive (same-subject purpose) is the willed/aimed-at counterpart to plain reporting «что»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно искоренить надлежащею строгостью","title":"Impersonal «можно» and instrumental of means","body":"«можно» is an impersonal predicative ('it is possible') taking the infinitive «искоренить» (to root out), with no nominative subject. The means stands in the instrumental, «строгостью» (by severity); note the archaic instrumental ending «-ою» in «надлежащею строгостью», common in 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приводились … разные анекдоты","title":"Imperfective reflexive passive","body":"«приводились» is the imperfective reflexive passive of «приводить» (to cite): 'various anecdotes were [being] cited', the -ся carrying the passive sense without a named agent. This bookish -ся passive is the imperfective's way of forming the passive voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies услышал","gloss":"at that time"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of услышал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"услышал","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помещиков","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"иных","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies помещиков","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"помещиков","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of услышал","gloss":"landowners"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies от городских учителей","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking учителей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"городских","lemma":"городской","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies учителей","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"учителей","lemma":"учитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with помещиков","gloss":"tutors"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of учителей","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расспросы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of расспросы","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"расспросы","lemma":"расспрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of услышал","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clausal object of услышал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of притворство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of притворство","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"притворство","lemma":"притворство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of услышал","gloss":"pretense"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of работать","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies работать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"работать","lemma":"работать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on притворство","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"fronted object of искоренить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"second clausal complement of услышал","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"искоренить","lemma":"искоренить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"root out"},{"surface":"надлежащею","lemma":"надлежащий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies строгостью","gloss":"proper"},{"surface":"строгостью","lemma":"строгость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of искоренить","gloss":"severity"},{"surface":"причем","lemma":"причём","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приводились","lemma":"приводиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with услышал","gloss":"were cited"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подтверждения","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"подтверждения","lemma":"подтверждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приводились","gloss":"confirmation"},{"surface":"разные","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies анекдоты","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"анекдоты","lemma":"анекдот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive приводились","gloss":"anecdotes"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b2-c3-s26","source":"Но впоследствии я с удивлением узнал от специалистов-медиков, что тут никакого нет притворства, что это страшная женская болезнь, и кажется, по преимуществу у нас на Руси, свидетельствующая о тяжелой судьбе нашей сельской женщины, болезнь, происходящая от изнурительных работ слишком вскоре после тяжелых, неправильных, безо всякой медицинской помощи родов; кроме того, от безвыходного горя, от побоев и проч., чего иные женские натуры выносить по общему примеру все-таки не могут.","translation":"Later, however, I learned to my astonishment from medical specialists that there is no pretense in it at all — that it is a terrible women's malady, and one apparently most prevalent here in Russia, bearing witness to the hard lot of our peasant woman; an illness arising from exhausting labor undertaken too soon after a difficult, mishandled childbirth without any medical aid; and besides that, from inescapable grief, from beatings, and so on — things that, by common example, certain women's natures simply cannot bear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"узнал … что тут никакого нет притворства","title":"Genitive of negation with «нет»","body":"«нет притворства» — under «нет» the thing-that-is-absent goes in the genitive («притворства», not nominative «притворство»), and «никакого» ('no [kind of]') agrees in the genitive, reinforcing the negation. 'There is no pretense in it at all.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"болезнь, происходящая от изнурительных работ","title":"Present active participle heading a long modifier","body":"«происходящая» is the present active participle of «происходить» (to arise/originate), agreeing with «болезнь», and it carries a long causal train of «от» + genitive phrases — 'an illness arising from exhausting labor … from grief … from beatings'. Such participle-led chains let one sentence hold a whole etiology."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безо всякой медицinской помощи родов","title":"«роды» and the form «безо»","body":"«роды» (plurale tantum) means 'childbirth, labor'; «после … родов» is its genitive plural. The preposition «без» takes the buffer vowel — «безо всякой» — before the cluster «вс-», a regular phonetic variant. The phrase paints birth given 'without any medical aid'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking специалистов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"специалистов","lemma":"специалист","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"specialists"},{"surface":"медиков","lemma":"медик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies специалистов","gloss":"medical"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clausal object of узнал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of притворства","gloss":"none"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"притворства","lemma":"притворство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"pretense"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of болезнь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of болезнь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"страшная","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болезнь","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"женская","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болезнь","gloss":"women's"},{"surface":"болезнь","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the second что-clause (clausal complement of узнал)","gloss":"malady"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying свидетельствующая","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по преимуществу","morphology":"preposition","role":"idiom (по преимуществу) modifying свидетельствующая","gloss":"chiefly","note":"'по преимуществу' together means 'predominantly, mostly'."},{"surface":"преимуществу","lemma":"по преимуществу","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"idiom (по преимуществу) modifying свидетельствующая","gloss":"predominance"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"part of locative phrase modifying свидетельствующая","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Руси","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Руси","lemma":"Русь","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"part of locative phrase modifying свидетельствующая, coordinated with нас","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"свидетельствующая","lemma":"свидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies болезнь (w19)","gloss":"attesting"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судьбе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тяжелой","lemma":"тяжёлый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies судьбе","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"судьбе","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свидетельствующая","gloss":"lot"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщины","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"сельской","lemma":"сельский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщины","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies судьбе","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"болезнь","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to болезнь (w19)","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"происходящая","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies болезнь (w35)","gloss":"arising"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking работ","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"изнурительных","lemma":"изнурительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies работ","gloss":"exhausting"},{"surface":"работ","lemma":"работа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of происходящая","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскоре","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"вскоре","lemma":"вскоре","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходящая (temporal: too soon after)","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родов","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"тяжелых","lemma":"тяжёлый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies родов","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"неправильных","lemma":"неправильный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with тяжелых, modifies родов","gloss":"mishandled"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помощи","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всякой","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of помощи","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"медицинской","lemma":"медицинский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies помощи","gloss":"medical"},{"surface":"помощи","lemma":"помощь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of безо","gloss":"aid"},{"surface":"родов","lemma":"роды","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of после","gloss":"childbirth"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме того","morphology":"preposition","role":"idiom (кроме того) modifying происходящая","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"кроме того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"idiom (кроме того) modifying происходящая","gloss":"that","note":"'кроме того' together means 'besides that, moreover'."},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"безвыходного","lemma":"безвыходный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies горя","gloss":"inescapable"},{"surface":"горя","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of происходящая, coordinated with работ","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking побоев","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"побоев","lemma":"побои","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with горя","gloss":"beatings"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"abbreviation, coordinated with побоев","role":"coordinated with побоев","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive object of выносить (under negation), introduces the relative clause modifying горя/побоев","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies натуры","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"женские","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies натуры","gloss":"women's"},{"surface":"натуры","lemma":"натура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of могут","gloss":"natures"},{"surface":"выносить","lemma":"выносить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking примеру","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"общему","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies примеру","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"примеру","lemma":"пример","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выносить","gloss":"example"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"idiom (все-таки) modifies могут","gloss":"still","note":"'все-таки' together means 'nonetheless, all the same'."},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"idiom (все-таки) modifies могут","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b2-c3-s27","source":"Странное же и мгновенное исцеление беснующейся и бьющейся женщины, только лишь, бывало, ее подведут к дарам, которое объясняли мне притворством и сверх того фокусом, устраиваемым чуть ли не самими «клерикалами», происходило, вероятно, тоже самым натуральным образом, и подводившие ее к дарам бабы, а главное, и сама больная, вполне веровали, как установившейся истине, что нечистый дух, овладевший больною, никогда не может вынести, если ее, больную, подведя к дарам, наклонят пред ними.","translation":"And the strange, instantaneous healing of the possessed and convulsing woman the very moment she was led up to the Holy Gifts — which was explained to me as pretense, and moreover as a trick contrived by the \"clericals\" themselves — came about, in all likelihood, also in the most natural way: both the women who led her to the Gifts and, above all, the sick woman herself believed utterly, as an established truth, that the unclean spirit that had taken hold of her could never endure it if she, the sick woman, were led up to the Gifts and bowed down before them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которое объясняли мне притворством","title":"Relative «которое» plus predicate instrumental","body":"«которое» (which, neuter, agreeing with the distant «исцеление») opens a relative clause; the verb «объясняли» (they explained) is agentless, and the gloss given stands in the instrumental — «притворством», «фокусом» — the case for what something is 'explained as / construed to be'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нечистый дух, овладевший больною, никогда не может вынести","title":"Past active participle + instrumental object","body":"«овладевший» is the past active participle of «овладеть» (to take possession of), which governs the instrumental — «больною» ('the sick woman', archaic instr. «-ою»). So 'the unclean spirit that had taken hold of the sick woman'. «никогда … не может» shows negative concord."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если ее … наклонят пред ними","title":"Conditional «если» with a perfective future","body":"Inside the reported belief, «если» heads a real condition and «наклонят» (they will bend [her] down) is a perfective future — 'if she is bowed before them'. «пред» is the elevated/archaic variant of «перед» (before), governing the instrumental «ними»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Странное","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies исцеление","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Странное","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мгновенное","lemma":"мгновенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Странное","gloss":"instantaneous"},{"surface":"исцеление","lemma":"исцеление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of происходило","gloss":"healing"},{"surface":"беснующейся","lemma":"беснующийся","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщины","gloss":"possessed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бьющейся","lemma":"бьющийся","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with беснующейся","gloss":"convulsing"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies исцеление","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"idiom (только лишь) introducing temporal clause modifying исцеление","gloss":"as soon as","note":"'только лишь' together means 'the very moment that'."},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"только лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"idiom (только лишь) introducing temporal clause modifying исцеление","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying подведут (habitual marker)","gloss":"would happen"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подведут","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"подведут","lemma":"подвести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause modifying исцеление","gloss":"would lead"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дарам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дарам","lemma":"дар","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подведут","gloss":"the Gifts"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of объясняли","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"объясняли","lemma":"объяснять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying исцеление","gloss":"was explained"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of объясняли","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"притворством","lemma":"притворство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of объясняли","gloss":"as pretense"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сверх","lemma":"сверх того","morphology":"preposition","role":"idiom (сверх того) modifying объясняли","gloss":"besides","note":"'сверх того' together means 'moreover, in addition'."},{"surface":"того","lemma":"сверх того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"idiom (сверх того) modifying объясняли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"фокусом","lemma":"фокус","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with притворством (complement of объясняли)","gloss":"trick"},{"surface":"устраиваемым","lemma":"устраивать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies фокусом","gloss":"contrived"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть ли не","morphology":"adverb","role":"idiom (чуть ли не) modifies самими","gloss":"almost","note":"'чуть ли не' together means 'almost, none other than'."},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"чуть ли не","morphology":"particle","role":"idiom (чуть ли не) modifies самими","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"чуть ли не","morphology":"particle","role":"idiom (чуть ли не) modifies самими","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"самими","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies клерикалами","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"клерикалами","lemma":"клерикал","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of устраиваемым","gloss":"clericals"},{"surface":"происходило","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came about"},{"surface":"вероятно","lemma":"вероятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying происходило","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies образом","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies натуральным","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"натуральным","lemma":"натуральный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образом","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of происходило","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подводившие","lemma":"подводить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies бабы","gloss":"who led"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подводившие","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дарам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дарам","lemma":"дар","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подводившие","gloss":"the Gifts"},{"surface":"бабы","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of веровали","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical (above all)","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies больная","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"больная","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated subject of веровали (with бабы)","gloss":"the sick woman"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веровали","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"веровали","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause (coordinated with происходило)","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison phrase (как + dative истине)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"установившейся","lemma":"установиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"modifies истине","gloss":"established"},{"surface":"истине","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of веровали (как + dative)","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нечистый","lemma":"нечистый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"unclean"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"овладевший","lemma":"овладеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"that had taken hold"},{"surface":"больною","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of овладевший","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (clausal complement of веровали)","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"вынести","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"endure"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of наклонят","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of наклонят","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"больную","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to ее","gloss":"the sick woman"},{"surface":"подведя","lemma":"подвести","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on наклонят","gloss":"having led"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дарам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дарам","lemma":"дар","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подведя","gloss":"the Gifts"},{"surface":"наклонят","lemma":"наклонить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause (condition on вынести)","gloss":"bow down"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of наклонят","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b2-c3-s28","source":"А потому и всегда происходило (и должно было происходить) в нервной и, конечно, тоже психически больной женщине непременное как бы сотрясение всего организма ее в момент преклонения пред дарами, сотрясение, вызванное ожиданием непременного чуда исцеления и самою полною верой в то, что оно совершится.","translation":"And so there always occurred (and was bound to occur) in a nervous and, of course, also psychically ill woman an inevitable, as it were, convulsion of her whole organism at the moment of prostration before the Gifts — a convulsion provoked by the expectation of the certain miracle of healing and by the fullest faith that it would come to pass.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"должно было происходить","title":"Impersonal necessity «должно было»","body":"«должно было происходить» is impersonal — neuter «должно» + «было» + imperfective infinitive — 'it was bound to occur', with no nominative subject. Russian frames obligation and inevitability this subjectless way."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сотрясение, вызванное ожиданием … и … верой","title":"Short-form? No — long past passive participle","body":"«вызванное» is the past passive participle of «вызвать» (to provoke), agreeing with neuter «сотрясение», and its agent/cause is in the instrumental — «ожиданием» (by expectation) and «верой» (by faith). The instrumental marks the means behind a passive participle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы сотрясение","title":"The hedging particle «как бы»","body":"«как бы» ('as it were, a kind of') hedges the noun «сотрясение», softening the narrator's claim — a tic of Dostoevsky's tentative, probing voice. It contains the irrealis «бы», here fossilized into a qualifier rather than a true conditional."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходило","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle with потому","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходило","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"происходило","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"occurred"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"predicative adverb, neuter","role":"predicate, coordinated with происходило","gloss":"was bound"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of должно было","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"происходить","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно было","gloss":"to occur"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нервной","lemma":"нервный","morphology":"adjective, prepositional (locative), feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщине","gloss":"nervous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies больной","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больной","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"психически","lemma":"психически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больной","gloss":"psychically"},{"surface":"больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, prepositional (locative), feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщине","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"женщине","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, prepositional (locative), feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of происходило (location)","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"непременное","lemma":"непременный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сотрясение","gloss":"inevitable"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase как бы, hedges сотрясение","gloss":"as it were","note":"как бы is a single hedging phrase split across two tokens ('as it were')."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"сотрясение","lemma":"сотрясение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of происходило","gloss":"convulsion"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of организма","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"организма","lemma":"организм","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сотрясение","gloss":"organism"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of организма","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момент","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct, modifies сотрясение","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"преклонения","lemma":"преклонение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"prostration"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дарами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"дарами","lemma":"дар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies преклонения","gloss":"the Gifts"},{"surface":"сотрясение","lemma":"сотрясение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to сотрясение (w21)","gloss":"convulsion"},{"surface":"вызванное","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"participle modifying сотрясение (w30)","gloss":"provoked"},{"surface":"ожиданием","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вызванное (cause)","gloss":"by expectation"},{"surface":"непременного","lemma":"непременный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чуда","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"чуда","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ожиданием","gloss":"miracle"},{"surface":"исцеления","lemma":"исцеление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чуда","gloss":"of healing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"самою","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"intensifier, modifies верой","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"полною","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies верой","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"верой","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ожиданием, oblique complement of вызванное","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в, complement of верой","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of совершится","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"совершится","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"would come to pass"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b2-c3-s29","source":"И оно совершалось хотя бы только на одну минуту.","translation":"And come to pass it did, if only for a single minute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И оно совершалось хотя бы только на одну минуту","title":"Reflexive «совершалось» and concessive «хотя бы»","body":"«совершаться» (to come to pass), -ся form, is intransitive; the imperfective «совершалось» fits the recurring claim. «хотя бы» ('even if only') is a concessive built on «бы» — 'if only for a single minute'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of совершалось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"совершалось","lemma":"совершаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to pass"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase хотя бы, modifies минуту","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies минуту","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершалось (duration)","gloss":"minute"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b2-c3-s30","source":"Точно так же оно и теперь совершилось, едва лишь старец накрыл больную эпитрахилью.","translation":"And in just the same way it came to pass now, the moment the elder covered the sick woman with his stole.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Точно так же оно и теперь совершилось","title":"Perfective for the single present instance","body":"Now the verb switches to perfective «совершилось» (came to pass) — the general imperfective pattern of s28-29 narrows to this one completed occurrence at the gallery. The aspect shift itself does the work of moving from rule to event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"едва лишь старец накрыл больную эпитрахилью","title":"Instrumental of the covering thing","body":"«накрыл … эпитрахилью» — «накрыть» (to cover) takes the accusative of what is covered («больную») and the instrumental of what it is covered with («эпитрахилью»). «едва лишь» + perfective again marks the triggering instant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совершилось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of совершилось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совершилось","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"совершилось","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to pass"},{"surface":"едва","lemma":"едва","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces temporal clause, modifies накрыл","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase едва лишь","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of накрыл","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"накрыл","lemma":"накрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the едва-clause, modifies совершилось","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"больную","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective (substantival), accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of накрыл","gloss":"the sick woman"},{"surface":"эпитрахилью","lemma":"эпитрахиль","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of накрыл (means)","gloss":"with the stole"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b2-c3-s31","source":"Многие из теснившихся к нему женщин заливались слезами умиления и восторга, вызванного эффектом минуты; другие рвались облобызать хоть край одежды его, иные что-то причитали.","translation":"Many of the women crowding toward him dissolved into tears of tenderness and rapture, called forth by the effect of the moment; others strained to kiss even the hem of his garment; still others kept up some kind of wailing lament.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Многие из теснившихся к нему женщин","title":"«из» + genitive partitive with a participle","body":"«Многие из … женщин» ('many of the women') uses «из» + genitive for the partitive, and the genitive plural is itself qualified by the past active participle «теснившихся» (who were crowding). 'Many of the women crowding toward him.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"другие рвались … иные что-то причитали","title":"Correlative «другие … иные»","body":"The narrator distributes the crowd with paired indefinites: «Многие …», «другие …» (others), «иные …» (still others) — a three-way correlative spread. «рвались» is reflexive 'strained/tore themselves [toward]'; «что-то причитали», 'wailed something', uses indefinite «что-то»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"облобызать хоть край одежды его","title":"«облобызать» — to kiss (solemn)","body":"«облобызать» is an elevated, Church-flavored verb for 'to kiss' (vs. plain «поцеловать»), fitting the gesture of veneration — kissing «край одежды его» (the hem of his garment), an act with Gospel resonance. «одежды его» places the possessive «его» after the noun, a bookish, almost liturgical word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заливались","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщин","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"теснившихся","lemma":"тесниться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying женщин","gloss":"crowding"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of теснившихся","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"женщин","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies Многие","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"заливались","lemma":"заливаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dissolved into"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заливались","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"умиления","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слезами","gloss":"of tenderness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"восторга","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with умиления","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"вызванного","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying восторга","gloss":"called forth"},{"surface":"эффектом","lemma":"эффект","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вызванного","gloss":"by the effect"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies эффектом","gloss":"of the moment"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun (substantival), nominative, plural","role":"subject of рвались","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"рвались","lemma":"рваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with заливались","gloss":"strained"},{"surface":"облобызать","lemma":"облобызать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of рвались","gloss":"to kiss"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies край","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"край","lemma":"край","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of облобызать","gloss":"the hem"},{"surface":"одежды","lemma":"одежда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies край","gloss":"of the garment"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies одежды","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"pronoun (substantival), nominative, plural","role":"subject of причитали","gloss":"still others"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun (part of что-то), accusative","role":"direct object of причитали","gloss":"some-","note":"что-то ('something') is split across w23 and w24."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle (part of что-то)","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun что-то","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"причитали","lemma":"причитать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рвались","gloss":"wailed"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b2-c3-s32","source":"Он благословлял всех, а с иными разговаривал.","translation":"He blessed them all, and with some of them he spoke.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он благословлял всех, а с иными разговаривал","title":"Imperfectives of repeated action, joined by «а»","body":"Both verbs are imperfective — «благословлял» (kept blessing), «разговаривал» (talked with) — for the repeated, distributed actions over the crowd. «а» is the soft contrastive linking 'he blessed them all, and (by contrast) with some he talked'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of благословлял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"благословлял","lemma":"благословлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of благословлял","gloss":"them all"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иными","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"иными","lemma":"иной","morphology":"pronoun (substantival), instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of разговаривал","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"разговаривал","lemma":"разговаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with благословлял","gloss":"spoke"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b2-c3-s33","source":"Кликушу он уже знал, ее привели не издалека, из деревни всего верст за шесть от монастыря, да и прежде водили к нему.","translation":"The shrieking woman he already knew; she had been brought from no great distance, from a village only some six versts from the monastery, and she had been led to him before, too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кликушу он уже знал","title":"Fronted object for topic","body":"The accusative object «Кликушу» (the shrieking woman) leads the sentence as its topic, before the subject «он» — 'the klikusha, he already knew'. Free word order lets Russian foreground the known referent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из деревни всего верст за шесть от монастыря","title":"Inverted numeral and «за … от» for distance","body":"«верст за шесть» inverts the numeral after the noun to mean 'about six versts', the approximative order. «за шесть … от монастыря» frames distance — 'some six versts away from the monastery'. «верст» is the genitive plural after the number."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кликушу","lemma":"кликуша","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"the shrieking woman"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of привели","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"привели","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural (indefinite-personal), perfective","role":"parallel clause to знал","gloss":"was brought"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies издалека","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"издалека","lemma":"издалека","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привели","gloss":"from afar"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деревни","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"деревни","lemma":"деревня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"specifies source, parallel to издалека","gloss":"a village"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верст","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"верст","lemma":"верста","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of привели (distance)","gloss":"versts"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шесть","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies верст","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies верст","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies водили","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"водили","lemma":"водить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural (indefinite-personal), imperfective","role":"coordinated with привели","gloss":"had been led"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of водили","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b2-c3-s34","source":"— А вот далекая! — указал он на одну еще вовсе не старую женщину, но очень худую и испитую, не то что загоревшую, а как бы всю почерневшую лицом.","translation":"\"And here is one from far off!\" he said, indicating a woman who was not yet old at all, but very thin and wasted, not so much sunburned as blackened all over in the face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"указал он на одну … женщину","title":"«указать на» + accusative","body":"«указать на» (to point at/indicate) governs the accusative — «на одну … женщину». The animate feminine «женщину» shows its own accusative ending, and the stacked descriptors that follow («очень худую и испитую») all agree in that accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то что загоревшую, а как бы всю почерневшую лицом","title":"Correlative «не то что … а» with participles","body":"The construction «не то что X, а Y» ('not so much X as Y') contrasts two past active participles in the accusative: «загоревшую» (sunburned) and «почерневшую» (turned black). «лицом» is an instrumental of respect — 'blackened in [respect of the] face'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"испитую","title":"«испитой» — worn, haggard","body":"«испитой» means gaunt and wasted, drained of vitality (from «испить», to drink up / drain). It deepens «очень худую» (very thin): not merely thin but used-up, a face hollowed by suffering — the physical mark of the grief the elder is about to address."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies далекая","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"далекая","lemma":"далёкий","morphology":"adjective (substantival), nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of exclamation","gloss":"a far one"},{"surface":"указал","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"indicated"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of указал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщину","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies женщину","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вовсе","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies старую","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"старую","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщину","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"женщину","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указал","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies худую","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"худую","lemma":"худой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with старую, modifies женщину","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"испитую","lemma":"испитой","morphology":"adjective (participial), accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with худую","gloss":"wasted"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не то что...а","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не то что...а","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase не то что","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"загоревшую","lemma":"загореть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"rejected option, modifies женщину","gloss":"sunburned"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative with не то что","gloss":"but rather"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почерневшую","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies почерневшую (degree: entirely)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"почерневшую","lemma":"почернеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"second option, modifies женщину","gloss":"blackened"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"specifies aspect of почерневшую","gloss":"in the face"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b2-c3-s35","source":"Она стояла на коленях и неподвижным взглядом смотрела на старца.","translation":"She was kneeling and gazing with a motionless stare at the elder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стояла на коленях и … смотрела","title":"Imperfectives of a held posture","body":"«стояла» (was kneeling) and «смотрела» (was gazing) are imperfective pasts painting a sustained, motionless pose — the durative background against which the dialogue will move. «на коленях» (prepositional after «на») is the set phrase for 'on one's knees'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"неподвижным взглядом","title":"Instrumental of manner","body":"«смотрела … неподвижным взглядом» uses the instrumental «взглядом» (with a stare), modified by «неподвижным» (motionless) — the instrumental of manner answering 'how she looked'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стояла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"стояла","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was kneeling"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коленях","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of стояла","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неподвижным","lemma":"неподвижный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"motionless"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрела (means)","gloss":"with a stare"},{"surface":"смотрела","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стояла","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрела","gloss":"the elder"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b2-c3-s36","source":"Во взгляде ее было что-то как бы исступленное.","translation":"There was something almost frenzied in her gaze.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Во взгляде ее было что-то как бы исступленное","title":"Existential 'there was something' with «было»","body":"Neuter «было» plus indefinite «что-то» and the agreeing neuter adjective «исступленное» — 'in her gaze there was something frenzied'. The locative «Во взгляде» leads as topic; «как бы» again hedges the description."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступленное","title":"«исступление» — frenzy, transport","body":"«исступленный» means seized by «исступление» — a state of frenzy, ecstasy, or being beside oneself. It is a charged Dostoevskian word for the extreme, near-religious intensity that overtakes his suffering characters; here it foretells the depth of the woman's grief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"взгляде","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было (location)","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies взгляде","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (existential), subject что-то","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun (part of что-то), nominative","role":"subject of было","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle (part of что-то)","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun что-то","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исступленное","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"исступленное","lemma":"исступлённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate describing что-то","gloss":"frenzied"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b2-c3-s37","source":"— Издалека, батюшка, издалека, отселева триста верст. Издалека, отец, издалека, — проговорила женщина нараспев, как-то покачивая плавно из стороны в сторону головой и подпирая щеку ладонью.","translation":"\"From far off, dear father, from far off, three hundred versts from where I live. From far off, father, from far off,\" the woman said in a singsong voice, swaying her head smoothly from side to side and propping her cheek on her palm.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"покачивая … головой и подпирая щеку ладонью","title":"Two imperfective gerunds of attendant action","body":"«покачивая» (swaying) and «подпирая» (propping) are present (imperfective) gerunds describing what the woman does while she speaks — simultaneous attendant circumstances sharing the subject of «проговорила». «головой» and «ладонью» are instrumentals: she sways her head, props with her palm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проговорила женщина нараспев","title":"Perfective «про-» framing the whole utterance","body":"«проговорила» (про- + говорить) is perfective — it packages the speaking as one completed utterance, the standard verb to close a line of quoted speech. «нараспев» ('in a singsong, drawing-out') is an adverb fused from «на» + «распев»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"батюшка … отселева","title":"«батюшка» and the dialect «отселева»","body":"«Батюшка» is an affectionate diminutive of «батя/отец» (father), the everyday respectful way peasants address a priest or elder; we render it 'dear father'. The woman also says «отселева» — a rustic, dialectal form of «отсюда» (from here), one of several folk-speech markers that color her keening. A verst («верст») is about 1.07 km, so «триста верст» is roughly 200 miles."}],"words":[{"surface":"Издалека","lemma":"издалека","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"from far off"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"dear father"},{"surface":"издалека","lemma":"издалека","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Издалека","gloss":"from far off"},{"surface":"отселева","lemma":"отселева","morphology":"adverb (dialectal)","role":"modifies верст (source point)","gloss":"from here"},{"surface":"триста","lemma":"триста","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies верст","gloss":"three hundred"},{"surface":"верст","lemma":"верста","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"measures distance, modified by отселева","gloss":"versts"},{"surface":"Издалека","lemma":"издалека","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"from far off"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"издалека","lemma":"издалека","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Издалека","gloss":"from far off"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (introduces speech)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"the woman"},{"surface":"нараспев","lemma":"нараспев","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"in a singsong voice"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (part of как-то)","role":"modifies покачивая","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle (part of как-то)","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"покачивая","lemma":"покачивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорила","gloss":"swaying"},{"surface":"плавно","lemma":"плавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покачивая","gloss":"smoothly"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покачивая","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покачивая","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of покачивая (thing swayed)","gloss":"her head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подпирая","lemma":"подпирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with покачивая","gloss":"propping"},{"surface":"щеку","lemma":"щека","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подпирая","gloss":"her cheek"},{"surface":"ладонью","lemma":"ладонь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of подпирая (means)","gloss":"with her palm"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b2-c3-s38","source":"Говорила она как бы причитывая.","translation":"She spoke as though keening.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы причитывая","title":"Gerund with hedging «как бы»","body":"«причитывая» is the imperfective gerund of «причитывать» (to keen, lament in singsong), and «как бы» softens it: 'as though keening'. The gerund describes the manner of «Говорила» — how she spoke."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"причитывать","title":"«причитать/причитывать» — ritual keening","body":"«причитать» (and the iterative «причитывать») is to wail in the formulaic, half-sung lament of Russian folk mourning — the «причитания» (laments) the narrator dwells on below. It is not random crying but a culturally patterned grief, which is why the narrator builds a whole meditation around it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Говорила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies причитывая","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"причитывая","lemma":"причитывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Говорила","gloss":"keening"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b2-c3-s39","source":"Есть в народе горе молчаливое и многотерпеливое; оно уходит в себя и молчит.","translation":"There is among the common people a grief that is silent and long-suffering; it withdraws into itself and is mute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Есть в народе горе молчаливое и многотерпеливое","title":"Existential «есть» and post-posed adjectives","body":"«Есть … горе» ('there is a grief') is the bare existential «есть», and the adjectives «молчаливое и многотерпеливое» follow their noun for rhetorical, almost biblical weight. «в народе» — 'among the common people'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оно уходит в себя и молчит","title":"Reflexive «себя» and the present tense of generalization","body":"«уходит в себя» ('withdraws into itself') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя», pointing back to the subject «оно» (the grief). The present-tense imperfectives «уходит … молчит» state a timeless general truth, the gnomic present of the narrator's aphorism."}],"words":[{"surface":"Есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (existential)","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народе","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"народе","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Есть (location)","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Есть","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"молчаливое","lemma":"молчаливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies горе","gloss":"silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"многотерпеливое","lemma":"многотерпеливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with молчаливое","gloss":"long-suffering"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of уходит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"уходит","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"withdraws"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of уходит","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молчит","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уходит","gloss":"is mute"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b2-c3-s40","source":"Но есть горе и надорванное: оно пробьется раз слезами и с той минуты уходит в причитывания.","translation":"But there is also a grief that has burst its bounds: it breaks out once in tears, and from that moment on it passes into keening.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оно пробьется раз слезами","title":"Perfective future as gnomic 'will'","body":"«пробьется» is a perfective future (про- + бить + -ся, 'will break through') used in a general maxim — the perfective present-form here states what such grief characteristically does, a vivid timeless future. «слезами» is the instrumental of means ('in tears')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"горе и надорванное","title":"«надорванное» — grief that has torn itself","body":"«надорванный» is the past passive participle of «надорвать» (to strain, tear partway) — grief that has been wrenched and ruptured. It anticipates «надрывают» (s43): «надрыв», the self-lacerating overstrain of feeling, is one of the novel's master themes (a later chapter is titled «Надрыв»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (existential)","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надорванное","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"надорванное","lemma":"надорванный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies горе","gloss":"overstrained"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пробьется","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"пробьется","lemma":"пробиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"breaks out"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пробьется","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пробьется (means)","gloss":"in tears"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уходит (time)","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"уходит","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пробьется","gloss":"passes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking причитывания","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"причитывания","lemma":"причитывание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of уходит","gloss":"keening"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b2-c3-s41","source":"Это особенно у женщин.","translation":"This is especially so with women.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это особенно у женщин","title":"Zero-copula present with «у» + genitive","body":"A verbless present sentence — Russian needs no 'is' — with «у женщин» («у» + genitive) meaning 'among/with women'. Literally 'This [is] especially among women'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject (elliptical predicate)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided predicate","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщин","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"женщин","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of the elided predicate","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b2-c3-s42","source":"Но не легче оно молчаливого горя.","translation":"Yet it is no lighter than silent grief.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но не легче оно молчаливого горя","title":"Comparative governing the genitive","body":"The comparative «легче» (lighter, easier — a regular, consonant-mutating comparative of «лёгкий», к→ч, not suppletive) takes the genitive of comparison: «молчаливого горя» ('than silent grief'). Russian can express 'than' simply by putting the compared thing in the genitive, no «чем» needed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies легче","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"легче","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate (elliptical есть), governs оно","gloss":"lighter"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of легче","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"молчаливого","lemma":"молчаливый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies горя","gloss":"silent"},{"surface":"горя","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of comparison with легче","gloss":"than grief"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b2-c3-s43","source":"Причитания утоляют тут лишь тем, что еще более растравляют и надрывают сердце.","translation":"The keening soothes here only in that it lacerates and tears at the heart still more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"утоляют тут лишь тем, что … растравляют и надрывают","title":"Instrumental «тем, что» — 'by the fact that'","body":"«тем, что» is the instrumental of «то» plus a «что»-clause: 'by [the fact] that …' — the means by which the keening soothes. The paradox is sharp: it consoles only by lacerating («растравляют») and tearing at («надрывают») the heart still more."}],"words":[{"surface":"Причитания","lemma":"причитание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of утоляют","gloss":"the keening"},{"surface":"утоляют","lemma":"утолять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"soothes"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утоляют","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of утоляют (means)","gloss":"in that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies растравляют","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"растравляют","lemma":"растравлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"lacerates"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надрывают","lemma":"надрывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with растравляют","gloss":"tears at"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of растравляют/надрывают","gloss":"the heart"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b2-c3-s44","source":"Такое горе и утешения не желает, чувством своей неутолимости питается.","translation":"Such grief desires no consolation; it feeds upon the very sense of its own inconsolability.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"утешения не желает","title":"Genitive object under negation","body":"«желать» typically takes the genitive of abstract objects, and under negation that is reinforced: «не желает утешения» — 'desires no consolation', the genitive «утешения» rather than accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чувством своей неутолимости питается","title":"«питаться» + instrumental; reflexive «свой»","body":"«питаться» (to feed on), a -ся verb, governs the instrumental of what it feeds on — «чувством» (the feeling). «своей» is the reflexive possessive: 'its own' inconsolability, referring back to the grief that is the subject. Verb-final order gives the aphorism its weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of горе","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of желает","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies утешения","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"утешения","lemma":"утешение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of желает (genitive of negation)","gloss":"consolation"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"желает","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"desires"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of питается","gloss":"on the feeling"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of неутолимости","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"неутолимости","lemma":"неутолимость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чувством","gloss":"inconsolability"},{"surface":"питается","lemma":"питаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with желает","gloss":"feeds"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b2-c3-s45","source":"Причитания лишь потребность раздражать беспрерывно рану.","translation":"The keening is merely the need to keep irritating the wound without cease.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Причитания лишь потребность раздражать беспрерывно рану","title":"Zero-copula equation with an infinitive","body":"No verb: «Причитания [есть] потребность раздражать … рану» — 'the keening [is] the need to keep irritating the wound', the present-tense identification Russian makes without a copula. The infinitive «раздражать» (imperfective) names the continual, unfinished irritating."}],"words":[{"surface":"Причитания","lemma":"причитание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of потребность","gloss":"the keening"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потребность","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"потребность","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate (elliptical есть)","gloss":"the need"},{"surface":"раздражать","lemma":"раздражать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies потребность","gloss":"to irritate"},{"surface":"беспрерывно","lemma":"беспрерывно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражать","gloss":"without cease"},{"surface":"рану","lemma":"рана","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of раздражать","gloss":"the wound"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b2-c3-s46","source":"— По мещанству, надоть быть? — продолжал, любопытно в нее вглядываясь, старец.","translation":"\"From the town class, are you?\" the elder went on, peering at her with curiosity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"любопытно в нее вглядываясь","title":"Imperfective gerund framing the elder's look","body":"«вглядываясь» is the present gerund of «вглядываться» (to peer intently), a -ся verb, with the adverb «любопытно» (curiously): 'peering at her with curiosity' while he speaks. The gerund again attaches the manner to the speech verb «продолжал»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"По мещанству, надоть быть?","title":"«мещанство» and the rustic «надоть быть»","body":"«мещанство» is the legal estate of townspeople (petty bourgeoisie / townsfolk) below the merchants — the elder guesses her social class. «надоть быть» is folk-dialect for «надо быть» ('must be, I suppose'), with the rustic «-ть» infinitive; it marks his gentle, plain register toward a peasant."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мещанству","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"мещанству","lemma":"мещанство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of быть","gloss":"the town class"},{"surface":"надоть","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb (dialectal)","role":"predicate, governs быть","gloss":"must be, I suppose"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of надоть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"любопытно","lemma":"любопытно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вглядываясь","gloss":"curiously"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вглядываясь","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вглядываясь","lemma":"вглядываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжал","gloss":"peering"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"the elder"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b2-c3-s47","source":"— Городские мы, отец, городские, по крестьянству мы, а городские, в городу проживаем. Тебя повидать, отец, прибыла. Слышали о тебе, батюшка, слышали. Сыночка младенчика схоронила, пошла молить бога. В трех монастырях побывала, да указали мне: «Зайди, Настасьюшка, и сюда, к вам то есть, голубчик, к вам». Пришла, вчера у стояния была, а сегодня и к вам.","translation":"\"Townsfolk we are, father, townsfolk; peasants by birth, but townsfolk now, we live in the town. I came to see you, father. We've heard of you, dear father, heard of you. I buried my little boy, my baby, and I set out to pray to God. I've been to three monasteries, and they told me, 'Go to that one too, Nastasyushka — to your folk, that is, dear one, to your folk.' So I came; yesterday I was at the vigil, and today I've come to you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Городские мы … по крестьянству мы, а городские","title":"Predicate-first order and contrastive «а»","body":"She puts the predicate «Городские» (townsfolk) before the dropped-then-restated «мы», a colloquial, emphatic order. «а» turns on its mild contrast — 'peasants by origin, but townsfolk now'. «в городу» uses the old locative «-у» of «город» (modern «в городе»), a folk form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тебя повидать, отец, прибыла","title":"Infinitive of purpose and dropped «я»","body":"«Тебя повидать … прибыла» — the perfective infinitive «повидать» (to see, to call on) states purpose, and the subject «я» is dropped, recoverable from the feminine past «прибыла». «Тебя» (you, accusative) is fronted as the goal of her journey. Note the familiar «тебя/тебе»: she addresses the holy elder with intimate «ты», as peasants did."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Сыночка младенчика схоронила","title":"Piled diminutives and «схоронить»","body":"«Сыночка» (dear little son) and «младенчика» (little babe) heap diminutives in apposition, the morphology of grief and tenderness. «схоронить» is the folk/elevated verb for 'to bury' (vs. «похоронить»). «Настасьюшка» and «голубчик» (little dove, dear one) continue the affectionate register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Городские","lemma":"городской","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural (used substantively)","role":"predicate nominal with мы","gloss":"townsfolk"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"городские","lemma":"городской","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural (used substantively)","role":"repeats Городские for emphasis","gloss":"townsfolk"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крестьянству","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"крестьянству","lemma":"крестьянство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of по (origin/estate)","gloss":"peasant birth","note":"«по крестьянству» is an idiom for social origin: \"by peasant birth/estate.\""},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"repeats subject мы","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"городские","lemma":"городской","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural (used substantively)","role":"predicate nominal with мы","gloss":"townsfolk"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городу","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживаем","gloss":"the town","note":"«в городу» is the old colloquial locative in -у (standard would be «в городе»)."},{"surface":"проживаем","lemma":"проживать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we live"},{"surface":"Тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of повидать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"повидать","lemma":"повидать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose infinitive depending on прибыла","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"прибыла","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I've come"},{"surface":"Слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we've heard"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative/locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of Слышали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"dear father","note":"«батюшка» declines as a masculine noun despite its feminine-looking -a ending."},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"repeats Слышали for emphasis","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"Сыночка","lemma":"сыночек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular (animate = genitive form)","role":"direct object of схоронила","gloss":"my little boy","note":"Masculine animate nouns take the genitive form for the accusative, so «сыночка» here is the object, not the subject."},{"surface":"младенчика","lemma":"младенчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular (animate = genitive form)","role":"in apposition to Сыночка","gloss":"my baby"},{"surface":"схоронила","lemma":"схоронить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I buried"},{"surface":"пошла","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"coordinated with схоронила","gloss":"I set out"},{"surface":"молить","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose complement of пошла","gloss":"to pray to"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of молить","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies монастырях","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"монастырях","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of побывала","gloss":"monasteries"},{"surface":"побывала","lemma":"побывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I've been"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"указали","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with побывала","gloss":"they told"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of указали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Зайди","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"Настасьюшка","lemma":"Настасьюшка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address (her own name)","gloss":"Nastasyushka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сюда","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Зайди","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"complement of к, coordinated with сюда","gloss":"your folk"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular (fixed idiom то есть)","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular (fixed idiom то есть)","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is","note":"«то есть» together means \"that is / i.e.\""},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address (term of endearment)","gloss":"dear one"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"repeats к вам for emphasis","gloss":"your folk"},{"surface":"Пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"so I came"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стояния","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"стояния","lemma":"стояние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"the vigil"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Пришла","gloss":"I was"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb (came)","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the elided verb (came)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"complement of к, elided verb Пришла","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b2-c3-s48","source":"— О чем плачешь-то?","translation":"\"What are you weeping about, then?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"О чем плачешь-то?","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"«-то» appended to the verb «плачешь» is the topic-emphasizing clitic — not the indefinite suffix but a colloquial highlighter, drawing gentle focus to the act of weeping: 'what are you weeping about, then?' «О чем» is «о» + prepositional, the case for the topic of weeping."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of плачешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"плачешь","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are you weeping"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to плачешь","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b2-c3-s49","source":"— Сыночка жаль, батюшка, трехлеточек был, без трех только месяцев и три бы годика ему. По сыночку мучусь, отец, по сыночку. Последний сыночек оставался, четверо было у нас с Никитушкой, да не стоят у нас детушки, не стоят, желанный, не стоят. Трех первых схоронила я, не жалела я их очень-то, а этого последнего схоронила и забыть его не могу. Вот точно он тут предо мной стоит, не отходит. Душу мне иссушил. Посмотрю на его бельишечко, на рубашоночку аль на сапожки и взвою. Разложу, что после него осталось, всякую вещь его, смотрю и вою. Говорю Никитушке, мужу-то моему: отпусти ты меня, хозяин, на богомолье сходить. Извозчик он, не бедные мы, отец, не бедные, сами от себя извоз ведем, всё свое содержим, и лошадок и экипаж. Да на что теперь нам добро? Зашибаться он стал без меня, Никитушка-то мой, это наверно что так, да и прежде того: чуть я отвернусь, а уж он и ослабеет. А теперь и о нем не думаю. Вот уж третий месяц из дому. Забыла я, обо всем забыла и помнить не хочу; а и что я с ним теперь буду? Кончила я с ним, кончила, со всеми покончила. И не глядела бы я теперь на свой дом и на свое добро, и не видала б я ничего вовсе!","translation":"\"I grieve for my little boy, dear father; he was three years old, just three months short of three. I'm in torment over my little boy, father, over my little boy. He was the last little boy left to me; we had four, Nikitushka and I, but the children don't last for us, they don't last, dear one, they don't last. The first three I buried, and I didn't grieve over them so very much, but this last one I buried and I cannot forget him. It's as though he's standing right here before me, never leaving. He has dried up my soul. I look at his little clothes, at his little shirt or his little boots, and I howl. I lay out everything that's left of him, every little thing of his, and I look and I wail. I say to Nikitushka, my husband: 'Let me go, master, let me go on a pilgrimage.' He's a driver; we're not poor, father, not poor, we run our own carting business, all of it our own, the horses and the carriage too. But what use is our property to us now? He's taken to drinking without me, my Nikitushka — that's surely how it is, and even before this: the moment I turn away, he goes slack. But now I don't even think about him. It's the third month now I've been away from home. I've forgotten, forgotten everything and I don't want to remember; and what would I do with him now anyway? I'm done with him, done, done with everything. And I wouldn't so much as look now at my house and my belongings — I'd just as soon never see a thing again!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сыночка жаль, батюшка","title":"Impersonal «жаль» + accusative/genitive object","body":"«жаль» is an impersonal predicative of pity, with no nominative subject — here 'I pity / I grieve for'. «Сыночка» (the dear son) is its object. The whole emotion is framed subjectlessly, the typical Russian way to voice an overwhelming feeling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"три бы годика ему","title":"Conditional «бы» and dative of age","body":"«три бы годика ему [было]» — the particle «бы» makes it counterfactual: 'he would have been three', for a child who died before reaching it. «ему» is the dative-of-age experiencer; the elided «было» is understood. «годика» is the diminutive of «год»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да не стоят у нас детушки, не стоят","title":"Folk «да», negation, and the verb «стоять» = 'last'","body":"«да» here is the folksy coordinating 'and/but'. «не стоят … детушки» uses «стоять» in its colloquial sense 'to survive, hold on, last' — the children 'don't last for us'. The repetition («не стоят, желанный, не стоят») is the rhythm of her keening."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"детушки … бельишечко … сапожки","title":"Diminutive ladders of mourning","body":"Her speech overflows with diminutives: «детушки» (the dear little children), «бельишечко» (the poor little linen/clothes, with a faintly pitying suffix), «рубашоночка» (little shirt), «сапожки» (little boots). These are not about smallness but about love and loss — morphology doing the emotional work English must render with adjectives."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Извозчик он … извоз ведем","title":"«извозчик» / «извоз» — the carting trade","body":"«извозчик» is a driver-for-hire (cabman, carter) and «извоз» the carting business itself. The wife stresses they 'run their own carting' («сами от себя извоз ведем») and keep their own horses and carriage — they are not poor, a detail that sharpens the futility she feels: their property means nothing now."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сыночка","lemma":"сыночек","morphology":"noun, genitive/accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of жаль (object of pity)","gloss":"my little boy","note":"Masculine animate accusative = genitive form; «сыночка» is the object of жаль, not its subject."},{"surface":"жаль","lemma":"жаль","morphology":"predicative particle","role":"head of the predicate (impersonal \"it grieves\")","gloss":"I grieve for"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"dear father"},{"surface":"трехлеточек","lemma":"трёхлеточек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был (subject он elided)","gloss":"a three-year-old"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяцев","gloss":"short of"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies месяцев","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трех месяцев","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"месяцев","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of без","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies годика","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the counterfactual (would have been)","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"годика","lemma":"годик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement (elided был), quantified by три","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сыночку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сыночку","lemma":"сыночек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучусь","gloss":"my little boy"},{"surface":"мучусь","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I am in torment"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сыночку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сыночку","lemma":"сыночек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"repeats по сыночку for emphasis","gloss":"my little boy"},{"surface":"Последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сыночек","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"сыночек","lemma":"сыночек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставался","gloss":"little boy"},{"surface":"оставался","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, masculine, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was left"},{"surface":"четверо","lemma":"четверо","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of было","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, neuter, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (existential \"there were\")","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of у (у нас = \"we had\")","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Никитушкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Никитушкой","lemma":"Никитушка","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies нас (with Nikitushka)","gloss":"Nikitushka"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стоят","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"last","note":"Colloquial use of «стоять» meaning \"to survive/hold up,\" not literally \"to stand.\""},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of у","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"детушки","lemma":"детушки","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of стоят","gloss":"the children"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стоят","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"repeats стоят for emphasis","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"желанный","lemma":"желанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address (term of endearment)","gloss":"dear one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стоят","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"repeats стоят for emphasis","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"Трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies первых","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of схоронила","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"схоронила","lemma":"схоронить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I buried"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of схоронила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жалела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"жалела","lemma":"жалеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, imperfective","role":"coordinated with схоронила","gloss":"I grieved"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of жалела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of жалела","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жалела","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying очень","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies последнего","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схоронила","gloss":"last one"},{"surface":"схоронила","lemma":"схоронить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"coordinated with схоронила","gloss":"I buried"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"to forget"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of забыть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with схоронила","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies точно","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"предо","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"before","note":"«предо» is the variant of «перед» used before a word starting with a consonant cluster."},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"complement of предо","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отходит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отходит","lemma":"отходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоит","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"Душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of иссушил","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"possessive dative (my soul)","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"иссушил","lemma":"иссушить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has dried up"},{"surface":"Посмотрю","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, present/future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бельишечко","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies бельишечко","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"бельишечко","lemma":"бельишечко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of на","gloss":"little clothes"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рубашоночку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"рубашоночку","lemma":"рубашоночка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of на, coordinated","gloss":"little shirt"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (dialectal \"or\")","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сапожки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сапожки","lemma":"сапожки","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"complement of на, coordinated","gloss":"little boots"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взвою","lemma":"взвыть","morphology":"verb, present/future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Посмотрю","gloss":"I howl"},{"surface":"Разложу","lemma":"разложить","morphology":"verb, present/future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I lay out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"introduces the clause что после него осталось","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of после","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"осталось","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, neuter, perfective","role":"verb of the relative clause (object of Разложу)","gloss":"is left"},{"surface":"всякую","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вещь","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"вещь","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to the clause что осталось, object of Разложу","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies вещь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"смотрю","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I look"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вою","lemma":"выть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрю","gloss":"I wail"},{"surface":"Говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"Никитушке","lemma":"Никитушка","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Говорю","gloss":"Nikitushka"},{"surface":"мужу","lemma":"муж","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Никитушке","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to мужу","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"отпусти","lemma":"отпустить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative","gloss":"let go"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отпусти","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of отпусти","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"хозяин","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богомолье","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"богомолье","lemma":"богомолье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of на, oblique complement of сходить","gloss":"pilgrimage"},{"surface":"сходить","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose complement of отпусти","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"Извозчик","lemma":"извозчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of он","gloss":"a driver"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бедные","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бедные","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of мы","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бедные","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бедные","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"repeats бедные for emphasis","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes elided subject мы","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"complement of от","gloss":"our own"},{"surface":"извоз","lemma":"извоз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ведем","gloss":"carting trade"},{"surface":"ведем","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we run"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of содержим","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"our own"},{"surface":"содержим","lemma":"содержать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ведем","gloss":"we keep"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лошадок","lemma":"лошадка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to всё, coordinated with экипаж","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"экипаж","lemma":"экипаж","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with лошадок","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of на","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"добро","lemma":"добро","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"property"},{"surface":"Зашибаться","lemma":"зашибаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to drink heavily","note":"«зашибаться» is colloquial for taking heavily to drink."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has taken"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of без","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Никитушка","lemma":"Никитушка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"Nikitushka","note":"«Никитушка» is a male name; despite the feminine-looking -a ending it is masculine (an endearing diminutive of Никита)."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Никитушка","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Никитушка","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of наверно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause что так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прежде того","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of прежде","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause чуть я отвернусь","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отвернусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отвернусь","lemma":"отвернуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the чуть-clause","gloss":"turn away"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ослабеет","gloss":"right away"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ослабеет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies ослабеет","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"ослабеет","lemma":"ослабеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"goes slack"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of о","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уж","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies третий месяц","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дому","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дому","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of из","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"Забыла","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I've forgotten"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Забыла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of обо","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"забыла","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"coordinated with Забыла","gloss":"forgotten"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помнить","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to remember"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Забыла","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies the clause","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the question clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of буду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of с","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present/future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will I do"},{"surface":"Кончила","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm done"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Кончила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of с","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"кончила","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"repeats Кончила for emphasis","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всеми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of со","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"покончила","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"coordinated with Кончила","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глядела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"глядела","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would look"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the counterfactual","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of глядела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядела","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of на","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking добро","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies добро","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"добро","lemma":"добро","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of на, coordinated with дом","gloss":"belongings"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видала","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глядела","gloss":"would see"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the counterfactual","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of видала","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видала","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b2-c3-s50","source":"— Вот что, мать, — проговорил старец, — однажды древний великий святой увидел во храме такую же, как ты, плачущую мать и тоже по младенце своем, по единственном, которого тоже призвал господь.","translation":"\"Listen, mother,\" said the elder, \"once long ago a great saint of old saw in the temple a mother weeping just as you are, and weeping too for her infant, her only one, whom the Lord had likewise called to Himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот что, мать","title":"«мать» as a form of address","body":"The elder addresses her with the bare noun «мать» ('mother'), the warm, common way an elder speaks to a peasant woman — affectionate without diminutive. «Вот что» is the set discourse-opener 'Listen / here's the thing'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по младенце своем, по единственном","title":"Archaic «по» + prepositional of mourning, with «свой»","body":"«плакать по» governs the prepositional in this archaic/elevated mourning sense — «по младенце своем» ('for her infant'), with the old prepositional ending «-е» of «младенец». «своем» is the reflexive possessive 'her own'. The whole turn lifts the saint's tale into a solemn register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"которого … призвал господь","title":"«призвать» — God 'called' the child","body":"«призвал господь» ('the Lord called [to Himself]') is the pious idiom for a death — the child was summoned by God, not merely lost. The elder reframes the bereavement in the consoling language of faith, the heart of his whole reply."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase Вот","gloss":"here's what"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical speech-tag verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидел","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"древний","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies святой","gloss":"of old"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies святой","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"святой","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увидел","gloss":"saint"},{"surface":"увидел","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the elder's story","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking храме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"храме","lemma":"храм","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидел","gloss":"the temple"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мать","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такую","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking ты","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"oblique complement of такую","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"плачущую","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies мать","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of увидел","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плачущую","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking младенце","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"младенце","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of плачущую","gloss":"her infant"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of младенце","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking единственном","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"единственном","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies младенце","gloss":"only one","note":"Appositive to младенце: \"for her infant, her only one.\""},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of призвал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies призвал","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"призвал","lemma":"призвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying единственном","gloss":"had called"},{"surface":"господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of призвал","gloss":"the Lord"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b2-c3-s51","source":"«Или не знаешь ты, — сказал ей святой, — сколь сии младенцы пред престолом божиим дерзновенны? Даже и нет никого дерзновеннее их в царствии небесном: ты, господи, даровал нам жизнь, говорят они богу, и только лишь мы узрели ее, как ты ее у нас и взял назад. И столь дерзновенно просят и спрашивают, что господь дает им немедленно ангельский чин. А посему, — молвил святой, — и ты радуйся, жено, а не плачь, и твой младенец теперь у господа в сонме ангелов его пребывает».","translation":"'Do you not know,' the saint said to her, 'how bold these infants are before the throne of God? There is none in the Kingdom of Heaven bolder than they: \"Lord, Thou gavest us life,\" they say to God, \"and scarcely had we beheld it than Thou tookest it back from us.\" And so boldly do they beg and ask that the Lord grants them at once the rank of angels. And therefore,' the saint said, 'rejoice, woman, and do not weep, for your infant now abides with the Lord in the host of His angels.'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сколь сии младенцы … дерзновенны","title":"Church-Slavonic «сколь», «сии», and a short adjective","body":"This whole speech is pitched in high Slavonic: «сколь» ('how, to what degree', archaic for «насколько»), «сии» (the bookish demonstrative 'these', from «сей»), and the short-form predicate adjective «дерзновенны» (are bold/daring). Short adjectives are bookish and predicative — the elevated voice of scripture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты, господи, даровал нам жизнь … ты ее у нас и взял назад","title":"Slavonic «даровал» and «узрели»; archaic verbs","body":"The infants' speech uses solemn forms: «даровал» (didst grant, elevated for «дал»), «узрели» (beheld, Slavonic for «увидели»). «взял … назад» is the plainer 'took back'. The pronoun «ты» addresses God with the reverent singular, repeated for liturgical rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А посему … молвил святой … радуйся, жено, а не плачь","title":"Archaic «посему», «молвил», vocative «жено», imperatives","body":"«посему» ('therefore', bookish-archaic), «молвил» (said, elevated/folk-poetic for «сказал»), and especially «жено» — the old vocative of «жена» (woman/wife), a Church-Slavonic form of direct address surviving in scripture and prayer. «радуйся … не плачь» are imperatives, the saint's command to rejoice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical speech-tag verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"святой","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"the saint"},{"surface":"сколь","lemma":"сколь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дерзновенны","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"сии","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies младенцы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"младенцы","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of дерзновенны","gloss":"infants"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking престолом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"престолом","lemma":"престол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дерзновенны","gloss":"the throne"},{"surface":"божиим","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies престолом","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"дерзновенны","lemma":"дерзновенный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of младенцы","gloss":"bold"},{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicate, negative existential","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"дерзновеннее","lemma":"дерзновенный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies никого","gloss":"bolder"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of дерзновеннее","gloss":"than them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking царствии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"царствии","lemma":"царствие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дерзновеннее","gloss":"the kingdom"},{"surface":"небесном","lemma":"небесный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies царствии","gloss":"heavenly"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of даровал","gloss":"thou"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"даровал","lemma":"даровать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the infants' quoted speech","gloss":"gavest"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of даровал","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of даровал","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"reporting verb introducing the quoted speech","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорят","gloss":"to God"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лишь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узрели","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of узрели","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"узрели","lemma":"узреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"beheld"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of узрели","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взял","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"thou"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause introduced by как","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дерзновенно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"дерзновенно","lemma":"дерзновенный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просят","gloss":"boldly"},{"surface":"просят","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they beg"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спрашивают","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with просят","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дает","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"дает","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of спрашивают","gloss":"grants"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дает","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дает","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"ангельский","lemma":"ангельский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чин","gloss":"angelic"},{"surface":"чин","lemma":"чин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дает","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"посему","lemma":"посему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молвил","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"молвил","lemma":"молвить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical speech-tag verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"святой","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молвил","gloss":"the saint"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of радуйся","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"радуйся","lemma":"радоваться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative","gloss":"rejoice"},{"surface":"жено","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"woman","note":"Archaic vocative form of жена, used only in address."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плачь","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"плачь","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with радуйся","gloss":"weep"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of младенец","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"младенец","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пребывает","gloss":"infant"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пребывает","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господа","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пребывает","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сонме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сонме","lemma":"сонм","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пребывает","gloss":"the host"},{"surface":"ангелов","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies сонме","gloss":"of angels"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ангелов","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пребывает","lemma":"пребывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"abides"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b2-c3-s52","source":"Вот что сказал святой плачущей жене в древние времена.","translation":"That is what the saint said to the weeping woman in the days of old.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сказал святой плачущей жене в древние времена","title":"Present active participle «плачущей»","body":"«плачущей» is the present active participle of «плакать» (to weep), agreeing with «жене» (dative): 'to the weeping woman'. «в древние времена» (acc. pl. after «в») sets the tale 'in the days of old', closing the embedded legend."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase Вот","gloss":"is what"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"святой","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"the saint"},{"surface":"плачущей","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"modifies жене","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"жене","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времена","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"древние","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies времена","gloss":"the days of old"},{"surface":"времена","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"times"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b2-c3-s53","source":"Был же он великий святой и неправды ей поведать не мог.","translation":"And he was a great saint, and he could not have spoken an untruth to her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Был же он великий святой","title":"The insistent particle «же»","body":"«же» here is the emphatic/insistent modal particle, fused with inverted word order («Был же он …») to assert the point with weight: 'And he WAS a great saint'. Such particles carry the speaker's conviction where English needs stress or an added phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"неправды ей поведать не мог","title":"Genitive of negation and Slavonic «поведать»","body":"Under the negated «не мог», the object goes genitive — «неправды» ('an untruth') rather than accusative «неправду». «поведать» (to tell, relate) is an elevated/archaic verb. Verb-final order — «поведать не мог» — adds solemnity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Был","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies святой","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"святой","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Был","gloss":"a saint"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неправды","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поведать","gloss":"an untruth","note":"Genitive under negation: не мог поведать неправды."},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of поведать","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"поведать","lemma":"поведать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Был","gloss":"could"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b2-c3-s54","source":"Посему знай и ты, мать, что и твой младенец наверно теперь предстоит пред престолом господним, и радуется, и веселится, и о тебе бога молит.","translation":"\"Therefore know, you too, mother, that your infant surely stands now before the throne of the Lord, rejoicing and making merry, and praying to God for you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Посему знай и ты, мать","title":"Imperative «знай» with intensifying «и ты»","body":"«знай» is the imperative of «знать» (know!), softened-yet-urged by «и ты» ('you too'). «Посему» again is the bookish 'therefore'. The elder turns the legend's lesson directly onto the grieving woman."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"предстоит пред престолом … и о тебе бога молит","title":"Present tense of timeless heavenly state","body":"«предстоит» (stands before), «радуется», «веселится», «молит» — a string of imperfective presents picturing the child's eternal, ongoing state in heaven. «пред престолом господним» (instr. after archaic «пред») and «о тебе … молит» ('prays for you', «о» + prepositional) keep the sacred register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Посему","lemma":"посему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знай","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"знай","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знай","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предстоит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies твой","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of младенец","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"младенец","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предстоит","gloss":"infant"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предстоит","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предстоит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"предстоит","lemma":"предстоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знай","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking престолом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"престолом","lemma":"престол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предстоит","gloss":"the throne"},{"surface":"господним","lemma":"господний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies престолом","gloss":"of the Lord"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"радуется","lemma":"радоваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предстоит","gloss":"rejoices"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"веселится","lemma":"веселиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предстоит","gloss":"makes merry"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of молит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of молит","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"молит","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предстоит","gloss":"prays"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b2-c3-s55","source":"А потому и ты плачь, но радуйся.","translation":"And so weep, you too, but rejoice.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А потому и ты плачь, но радуйся","title":"Paired imperatives, joined by «но»","body":"Two imperatives held in paradox by «но» (but): «плачь … но радуйся» — 'weep … but rejoice'. «А потому» ('and so, therefore') and «и ты» ('you too') tie the command back to the saint's. The aspect is imperfective, fitting an ongoing disposition rather than a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плачь","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of плачь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"плачь","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"weep"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"радуйся","lemma":"радоваться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with плачь","gloss":"rejoice"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b2-c3-s56","source":"Женщина слушала его, подпирая рукой щеку и потупившись.","translation":"The woman listened to him, propping her cheek on her hand and casting down her eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подпирая рукой щеку и потупившись","title":"Mixed gerunds: imperfective + perfective","body":"Two gerunds of differing aspect sit together: imperfective present «подпирая» (propping — simultaneous, ongoing) and perfective past «потупившись» (having cast down [her eyes] — a completed prior act). The contrast lets Russian layer a held posture against a single finished gesture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of слушала","gloss":"the woman"},{"surface":"слушала","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слушала","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"подпирая","lemma":"подпирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on слушала","gloss":"propping"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подпирая","gloss":"with her hand"},{"surface":"щеку","lemma":"щека","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подпирая","gloss":"her cheek"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потупившись","lemma":"потупиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on слушала, coordinated with подпирая","gloss":"lowering her eyes"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b2-c3-s57","source":"Она глубоко вздохнула.","translation":"She sighed deeply.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она глубоко вздохнула","title":"Semelfactive perfective «вздохнула»","body":"«вздохнула» is perfective (the -ну- semelfactive of «вздыхать»): a single, complete sigh — 'she sighed [once]'. Against the imperfective description around it, this one perfective marks a discrete punctual act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вздохнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздохнула","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"вздохнула","lemma":"вздохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sighed"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b2-c3-s58","source":"— Тем самым и Никитушка меня утешал, в одно слово, как ты, говорил: «Неразумная ты, говорит, чего плачешь, сыночек наш наверно теперь у господа бога вместе с ангелами воспевает». Говорит он это мне, а и сам плачет, вижу я, как и я же, плачет «Знаю я, говорю, Никитушка, где ж ему и быть, коль не у господа бога, только здесь-то, с нами-то его теперь, Никитушка, нет, подле-то, вот как прежде сидел!» И хотя бы я только взглянула на него лишь разочек, только один разочек на него мне бы опять поглядеть, и не подошла бы к нему, не промолвила, в углу бы притаилась, только бы минуточку едину повидать, послыхать его, как он играет на дворе, придет, бывало, крикнет своим голосочком: «Мамка, где ты?» Только б услыхать-то мне, как он по комнате своими ножками пройдет разик, всего бы только разик, ножками-то своими тук-тук, да так часто часто, помню, как, бывало, бежит ко мне, кричит да смеется, только б я его ножки-то услышала, услышала бы, признала! Да нет его, батюшка, нет, и не услышу его никогда! Вот его поясочек, а его-то и нет, и никогда-то мне теперь не видать, не слыхать его!..","translation":"\"That's just how Nikitushka comforted me too, word for word, the same as you; he said: 'You foolish woman,' he says, 'what are you weeping for? Our little boy is surely with the Lord God now, singing among the angels.' He says this to me, but he himself is weeping, I see, just as I am — weeping. 'I know,' I say, 'Nikitushka, where else should he be but with the Lord God; only here, with us, here he isn't now, Nikitushka, not beside us, the way he used to sit before!' And if only I might glance at him just once, only a single little time, look on him once more — and I wouldn't even go up to him, wouldn't say a word, I'd hide away in a corner, only to see him one little minute, to hear him as he plays in the yard, the way he used to come running, calling out in his little voice: 'Mama, where are you?' If only I could hear him cross the room once on his little feet, just once, his little feet pattering tap-tap, and so quick, so quick — I remember how he used to run to me, calling out and laughing — if only I could hear those little feet of his, hear them and know them! But he's gone, dear father, gone, and I'll never hear him again! Here is his little sash, but he himself is gone, and never now will I see him or hear him! ...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коль не у господа бога","title":"Folk-archaic «коль» for 'if'","body":"«коль» (also «коли») is a folk/archaic conditional 'if' (= «если») — 'where else should he be IF not with the Lord God'. It belongs to the peasant woman's speech, alongside her «ж» and «-то» particles, marking her register against the elder's Slavonic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"И хотя бы я только взглянула на него … и не подошла бы к нему","title":"Counterfactual longing with «бы»","body":"A wave of «бы» + past-form verbs voices her hopeless wish: «взглянула … поглядеть … не подошла бы … не промолвила … притаилась бы» — 'if only I might glance … I wouldn't even go up … I'd hide away'. «хотя бы … только … разочек» piles on 'if only just once'. This is the conditional/optative at full stretch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мамка, где ты?","title":"Child's vocative «Мамка» and dropped copula","body":"«Мамка» is the child's word for mama (the -к- here homely, intimate rather than pejorative), used in direct address. «где ты?» needs no verb — the zero-copula present, 'where [are] you?', as the remembered toddler calls out."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голосочком … ножками … разочек … минуточку … поясочек","title":"An avalanche of diminutives","body":"The speech drowns in tender diminutives — «голосочек» (dear little voice), «ножки» (little feet), «разочек» (just one little time), «минуточку едину» (one little minute), «поясочек» (little sash). The accumulation, with «тук-тук» (pitter-patter), renders a mother's grief through the morphology of endearment alone — untranslatable density that English approximates with 'little'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"manner adverbial of утешал (тем самым = 'in that very way')","gloss":"in that way"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Тем","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Никитушка (also/too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Никитушка","lemma":"никитушка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of утешал","gloss":"Nikitushka","note":"Diminutive of the male name Никита (her husband); declines like a feminine noun but the referent is male."},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of утешал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"утешал","lemma":"утешать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comforted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слово","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies слово","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of утешал","gloss":"word","note":"Idiom: 'в одно слово' = word for word, exactly the same."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with ты","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided verb (comparison)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with утешал","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Неразумная","lemma":"неразумный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to говорил","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of плачешь","gloss":"what for"},{"surface":"плачешь","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорит","gloss":"are you weeping"},{"surface":"сыночек","lemma":"сыночек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воспевает","gloss":"little son"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сыночек","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воспевает","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воспевает","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господа","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воспевает","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воспевает","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ангелами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ангелами","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"the angels"},{"surface":"воспевает","lemma":"воспевать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"sings praises"},{"surface":"Говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Говорит","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Говорит","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плачет (also/too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of плачет","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"плачет","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Говорит","gloss":"is weeping"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided verb (comparison)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"плачет","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Говорит","gloss":"weeps"},{"surface":"Знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (framing quote)","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"Никитушка","lemma":"никитушка","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Nikitushka"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of быть","gloss":"should he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes где ... быть","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"predicate of the rhetorical question (где)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the conditional clause","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господа","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of the коль не clause","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"topicalized adverbial modifying нет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on здесь","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on нами","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет (existential negation)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Никитушка","lemma":"никитушка","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Nikitushka"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative, existential negation","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"isn't here"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет (contrastive: not beside us either)","gloss":"beside [us]"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on подле","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying подле (the way he used to sit)","gloss":"used to sit"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks subjunctive of взглянула","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of взглянула","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взглянула","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"взглянула","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглянула","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разочек","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"разочек","lemma":"разочек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial (frequency) of взглянула","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies разочек","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"разочек","lemma":"разочек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial (frequency) of поглядеть","gloss":"one more time"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядеть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of поглядеть (optative construction)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the optative construction","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядеть","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"поглядеть","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"predicate of the dative-infinitive optative clause","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подошла","gloss":"wouldn't"},{"surface":"подошла","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поглядеть (parallel wish)","gloss":"go up"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the optative construction","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies промолвила","gloss":"wouldn't"},{"surface":"промолвила","lemma":"промолвить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say a word"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of притаилась","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the optative construction","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"притаилась","lemma":"притаиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with промолвила","gloss":"hide away"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуточку","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase только бы","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"минуточку","lemma":"минуточка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of повидать","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"едину","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуточку","gloss":"one single"},{"surface":"повидать","lemma":"повидать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with притаилась (purpose infinitive)","gloss":"to see him"},{"surface":"послыхать","lemma":"послыхать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with повидать","gloss":"to hear him"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of послыхать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of играет","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of играет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"играет","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of послыхать","gloss":"plays"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дворе","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of играет","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of habitual clause (бывало)","gloss":"would come"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"habitual particle modifying придет and крикнет","gloss":"used to"},{"surface":"крикнет","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with придет","gloss":"call out"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голосочком","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"голосочком","lemma":"голосочек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental of manner (крикнет)","gloss":"little voice"},{"surface":"Мамка","lemma":"мамка","morphology":"noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address (quoted speech)","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of где (elided 'are')","gloss":"are you"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies услыхать","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase Только б","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"услыхать","lemma":"услыхать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"predicate of the dative-infinitive optative clause","gloss":"to hear"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on услыхать","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of услыхать (optative)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пройдет","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пройдет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пройдет","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of ножками","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ножками","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пройдет","gloss":"little feet"},{"surface":"пройдет","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of услыхать","gloss":"would walk across"},{"surface":"разик","lemma":"разик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial (frequency) of пройдет","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разик","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the optative construction","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разик","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"разик","lemma":"разик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to разик (w137), repetition for emphasis","gloss":"just once"},{"surface":"ножками","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"topicalized (his little feet, tap-tap)","gloss":"little feet"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on ножками","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of ножками","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"тук","lemma":"тук","morphology":"interjection (onomatopoeia)","role":"describes the sound, topicalized with ножками","gloss":"tap"},{"surface":"тук","lemma":"тук","morphology":"interjection (onomatopoeia)","role":"coordinated with тук (w145), reduplication for emphasis","gloss":"tap"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто (w150)","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"describes frequency of the little feet's patter (тук-тук)","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"introduces the memory clause","gloss":"I remember"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бежит","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"habitual particle modifying бежит","gloss":"used to"},{"surface":"бежит","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of помню","gloss":"comes running"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"кричит","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бежит","gloss":"calls out"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричит","gloss":"laughs"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies услышала","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks subjunctive of услышала","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of услышала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ножки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ножки","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of услышала","gloss":"little feet"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on ножки","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"услышала","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the conditional clause (только б)","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"услышала","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with услышала (w166), repetition","gloss":"heard them"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the optative construction","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"признала","lemma":"признать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with услышала (repetition list)","gloss":"known them"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction (adversative)","role":"introduces the contrastive clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative, existential negation","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he's not here"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"father","note":"Reverent address to the elder Zosima, not a literal father."},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative, existential negation","role":"coordinated with нет (w171)","gloss":"he's not here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies услышу","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"услышу","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нет (w174)","gloss":"I'll hear"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of услышу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies услышу","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"presentative particle introducing поясочек","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поясочек","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"поясочек","lemma":"поясочек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject complement (presentative Вот)","gloss":"little sash"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет (w187)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on его","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative, existential negation","role":"predicate (existential negation)","gloss":"is gone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видать","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on никогда","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of видать (impersonal construction)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видать","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"видать","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"predicate of the impersonal dative construction","gloss":"see him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхать","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"слыхать","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видать (parallel impersonal predicate)","gloss":"hear him"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слыхать","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b2-c3-s59","source":"Она вынула из-за пазухи маленький позументный поясочек своего мальчика и, только лишь взглянула на него, так и затряслась от рыданий, закрыв пальцами глаза свои, сквозь которые потекли вдруг брызнувшие ручьем слезы.","translation":"She drew from her bosom her little boy's small braided sash, and the moment she glanced at it, she shook all over with sobs, covering her eyes with her fingers, through which the tears, suddenly gushing in a stream, came pouring down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только лишь взглянула на него, так и затряслась от рыданий","title":"«только лишь» + perfective, paired with «так и»","body":"«только лишь … взглянула» (perfective, 'the moment she glanced') triggers «так и затряслась» — «так и» is an expressive 'just / simply' intensifier before the perfective onset «затряслась» (за- + -ся, fell to shaking). «от рыданий» gives the cause in the genitive after «от»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"закрыв пальцами глаза свои","title":"Perfective gerund + instrumental + «свои»","body":"«закрыв» is the perfective past gerund of «закрыть» (having covered), prior to the main verb. The means is instrumental — «пальцами» (with her fingers) — and «глаза свои» uses the reflexive possessive «свои» ('her own eyes'), placed after the noun for plaintive weight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"позументный поясочек","title":"«позумент» — gold/silver braid","body":"«позумент» is decorative gold or silver braid/galloon; a «позументный поясочек» is a child's little sash trimmed with such braid — a humble keepsake the carting family could afford. The tangible object, kept «из-за пазухи» (in her bosom), is what finally breaks her composure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вынула","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"вынула","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drew out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пазухи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition из-за","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"пазухи","lemma":"пазуха","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынула","gloss":"her bosom"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поясочек","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"позументный","lemma":"позументный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поясочек","gloss":"braided"},{"surface":"поясочек","lemma":"поясочек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вынула","gloss":"sash"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчика","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поясочек","gloss":"boy's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только лишь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взглянула","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"взглянула","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"temporal clause (as soon as she glanced)","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглянула","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle modifying затряслась (right away)","gloss":"right then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"затряслась","lemma":"затрястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынула","gloss":"shook all over"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рыданий","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"рыданий","lemma":"рыдание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of затряслась","gloss":"sobs"},{"surface":"закрыв","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on затряслась","gloss":"covering"},{"surface":"пальцами","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of закрыв","gloss":"with her fingers"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of закрыв","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сквозь","lemma":"сквозь","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которые","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of потекли","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"потекли","lemma":"потечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying глаза","gloss":"poured down"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies брызнувшие","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"брызнувшие","lemma":"брызнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying слезы","gloss":"gushing"},{"surface":"ручьем","lemma":"ручей","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental of manner (брызнувшие)","gloss":"in a stream"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of потекли","gloss":"tears"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b2-c3-s60","source":"— А это, — проговорил старец, это древняя «Рахиль плачет о детях своих и не может утешиться, потому что их нет», и таковой вам, матерям, предел на земле положен.","translation":"\"And this,\" said the elder, \"this is the ancient \"Rachel weeping for her children, and she will not be comforted, because they are not\" — and such, you mothers, is the bound set for you on this earth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"таковой вам, матерям, предел на земле положен","title":"Archaic «таковой», dative, and short passive participle","body":"«таковой» is the bookish-archaic 'such' (vs. plain «такой»). «вам, матерям» is a dative of the persons concerned ('for you mothers'). «положен» is the short-form past passive participle of «положить» — 'is set/laid down', the predicative short form stating a result. 'Such is the bound set for you on earth.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic, resumed by это (w5)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the quoted saying","gloss":"this is"},{"surface":"древняя","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Рахиль","gloss":"ancient"},{"surface":"Рахиль","lemma":"рахиль","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of плачет","gloss":"Rachel"},{"surface":"плачет","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted saying","gloss":"weeps"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детях","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"детях","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of плачет","gloss":"her children"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of детях","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"will not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with плачет (quoted saying)","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"утешиться","lemma":"утешиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be comforted"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative, existential negation","role":"predicate of the causal clause","gloss":"are no more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"таковой","lemma":"таковой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"fronted predicate adjective modifying предел","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of положен","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"матерям","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to вам","gloss":"mothers"},{"surface":"предел","lemma":"предел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive положен","gloss":"limit"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положен","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"положен","lemma":"положенный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the таковой clause (passive)","gloss":"is laid"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b2-c3-s61","source":"И не утешайся, и не надо тебе утешаться, не утешайся и плачь, только каждый раз, когда плачешь, вспоминай неуклонно, что сыночек твой — есть единый от ангелов божиих — оттуда на тебя смотрит и видит тебя, и на твои слезы радуется, и на них господу богу указывает.","translation":"And do not be comforted, nor have any need to be comforted; do not be comforted, but weep — only each time you weep, recall unfailingly that your little boy is one of the angels of God, that from up there he looks down upon you and sees you, and rejoices in your tears, and points them out to the Lord God.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не утешайся... плачь","title":"Imperfective imperatives: a way of being, not an act","body":"The Elder commands with imperfective verbs — «утешайся» (-ся reflexive), «плачь», «вспоминай» — which urge an ongoing, repeated state rather than one completed act. Imperfective imperatives, especially in the negative, frame the grieving as a continuing condition to dwell in."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сыночек твой","title":"The diminutive «сыночек»","body":"«сыночек» is «сын» (son) twice softened (сын → сынок → сыночек). The suffix carries no idea of size, only tenderness and pity — exactly the register a monk would use to a bereaved mother about her dead boy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"единый от ангелов божиих","title":"Slavonic «единый» and «от» for 'of'","body":"«единый» here is the elevated Church-Slavonic word for «один» (one), and «от ангелов» uses «от» where modern Russian would say «из» — a Slavonic partitive, 'one of the angels of God'. The whole phrase rings like Scripture read aloud."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"божиих","title":"Possessive adjective «божий» and its archaic ending","body":"«божий» ('of God, divine') is a possessive adjective, not the noun «Бог»; here it agrees with «ангелов» in genitive plural. The bookish spelling «-иих» (for modern «божьих») gives the line a liturgical weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на твои слезы радуется, и на них господу богу указывает","title":"Verb government with «на» + accusative","body":"Both «радуется на» (rejoices over) and «указывает на» (points at) take «на» plus the accusative — «твои слезы», then the pronoun «них». The repeated «на ...» builds the incantatory parallelism of the Elder's consolation."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утешайся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"утешайся","lemma":"утешаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be comforted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"coordinated with утешайся","gloss":"need to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"утешаться","lemma":"утешаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to be comforted"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утешайся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"утешайся","lemma":"утешаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with утешайся (w3), repetition for emphasis","gloss":"be comforted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"плачь","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with утешайся","gloss":"weep"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies каждый раз","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial of вспоминай","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of плачешь","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"плачешь","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on раз","gloss":"you weep"},{"surface":"вспоминай","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with утешайся","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"неуклонно","lemma":"неуклонно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспоминай","gloss":"unfailingly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сыночек","lemma":"сыночек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"your little boy"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сыночек","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"единый","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть (one of...)","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ангелов","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ангелов","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of единый","gloss":"angels"},{"surface":"божиих","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ангелов","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"оттуда","lemma":"оттуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видит (что-clause continues)","gloss":"watches"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видит","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрит","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of видит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слезы","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слезы","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of радуется","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"радуется","lemma":"радоваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрит","gloss":"rejoices"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of указывает","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"господу","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of указывает","gloss":"to the Lord"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господу","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"указывает","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрит","gloss":"points out"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b2-c3-s62","source":"И надолго еще тебе сего великого материнского плача будет, но обратится он под конец тебе в тихую радость, и будут горькие слезы твои лишь слезами тихого умиления и сердечного очищения, от грехов спасающего.","translation":"And for a long while yet this great maternal weeping will be upon you, but in the end it will turn for you into a quiet joy, and your bitter tears will become only tears of quiet tenderness and of that cleansing of the heart which saves from sins.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе сего великого материнского плача будет","title":"Dative experiencer with no nominative subject","body":"There is no nominative subject: «тебе» (to you, dative) is the one upon whom the weeping 'will be'. This dative-experiencer framing makes grief something that happens to the mother rather than something she does — a pattern everywhere in Dostoevsky's inner speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сего великого материнского плача","title":"Archaic «сего» and genitive after the verb «будет»","body":"«сего» is the bookish demonstrative «сей» ('this') in the genitive, agreeing with «плача». The whole phrase stands in the genitive because the existential «будет» ('there will be of...') governs it — partitive existence, the genitive's quiet work."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обратится он под конец тебе в тихую радость","title":"Reflexive «обратится» — turns into","body":"«обратиться в» ('to turn into') is a -ся verb of change of state, perfective future here, with the result of the transformation in «в» + accusative («в тихую радость»). The -ся marks the change as something the weeping undergoes by itself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умиления","title":"«умиление» — tender contrition","body":"«умиление» is a key Orthodox spiritual word: a melting tenderness of heart, often tearful, felt before the holy. English 'tenderness' undertranslates it — it names a specific grace, the soft, weeping compunction the Elder promises will replace bitter grief."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от грехов спасающего","title":"Present active participle «спасающего»","body":"«спасающего» ('which saves') is a present active participle from «спасать», declined to agree with «очищения» in the genitive — a one-word relative clause ('that cleansing... which saves from sins'). Such participial modifiers are a hallmark of the elevated, sermon-like register."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надолго","lemma":"надолго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"for a long while"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надолго","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of будет","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of плача","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"великого","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies плача","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"материнского","lemma":"материнский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies плача","gloss":"maternal"},{"surface":"плача","lemma":"плач","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of будет (genitive subject)","gloss":"weeping","note":"Genitive subject in an existential construction: 'плача будет' ~ 'there will be weeping.'"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"обратится","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with будет","gloss":"will turn"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратится","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратится (idiom под конец)","gloss":"the end","note":"'под конец' is a fixed idiom meaning 'in the end, eventually.'"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of обратится","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радость","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"тихую","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies радость","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратится","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with будет","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"горькие","lemma":"горький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слезы","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of будут","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of слезы","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слезами","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of будут","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"тихого","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies умиления","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"умиления","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слезами","gloss":"of tenderness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сердечного","lemma":"сердечный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies очищения","gloss":"of the heart"},{"surface":"очищения","lemma":"очищение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with умиления","gloss":"cleansing"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грехов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"грехов","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of спасающего","gloss":"sins"},{"surface":"спасающего","lemma":"спасающий","morphology":"participle, present, active, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies очищения","gloss":"that saves"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b2-c3-s63","source":"А младенчика твоего помяну за упокой, как звали-то?","translation":"And I shall remember your little infant in the prayers for the dead — what was he called?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"младенчика","title":"«младенчик» — little babe","body":"«младенец» is the bookish/biblical word for an infant (as in the Christ-child); «младенчик» adds the affectionate diminutive. The Elder shrinks even this solemn word into tenderness for the grieving mother."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как звали-то?","title":"Impersonal «звали» and the topic clitic «-то»","body":"«как звали?» is literally 'how [did they] call [him]?' — an impersonal third-person plural with no subject, the normal Russian way to ask a name. The clitic «-то» tacked on softens and warms the question, a colloquial 'now what was he called?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"младенчика","lemma":"младенчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of помяну","gloss":"little infant"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of младенчика","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"помяну","lemma":"помянуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll remember"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упокой","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"упокой","lemma":"упокой","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помяну","gloss":"the repose of his soul","note":"'за упокой' is the fixed phrase for prayers for the dead, contrasted later with 'за здравие' (for the living)."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the clause of звали","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"звали","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by как","gloss":"was he called"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies звали","gloss":"now","note":"Enclitic '-то' adds a colloquial, mildly emphatic tone; not separately translatable."}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b2-c3-s64","source":"— Алексеем, батюшка.","translation":"\"Alexey, dear father.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алексеем","title":"Bare instrumental answering 'what was he called?'","body":"The name stands alone in the instrumental, «Алексеем», because «звать» ('to call by a name') governs the instrumental for the name given — '[they called him] Alexey'. The case alone carries the whole sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алексеем","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement answering 'звали кем'","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"dear father"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b2-c3-s65","source":"— Имя-то милое. На Алексея человека божия?","translation":"\"A dear name. After Alexey the Man of God?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Имя-то милое","title":"Topic clitic «-то» and a zero-copula sentence","body":"«Имя-то милое» is a present-tense statement with no verb 'to be' — 'the name [is] dear' — the predicate adjective simply following the noun. The «-то» highlights «имя» as the topic just raised, 'as for the name, it's a dear one'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of милое","gloss":"the name"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Имя","gloss":"indeed","note":"Enclitic '-то' here gives a mildly exclamatory tone: 'the name, now, is dear.'"},{"surface":"милое","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алексея","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"Алексея","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of На","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алексея","gloss":"the Man"},{"surface":"божия","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular (archaic)","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"of God"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b2-c3-s66","source":"— Божия, батюшка, божия, Алексея человека божия!","translation":"\"Of God, dear father, of God, Alexey the Man of God!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Божия... божия","title":"The old genitive ending «-ия»","body":"«божия» is the genitive of «божий» in its archaic, full spelling (modern «божьего»/«божия» → «Божия»). The mother's eager repetition — «Божия, батюшка, божия» — echoes the liturgical title back, half prayer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Божия","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, archaic form, echoing elided Имя","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"dear father"},{"surface":"божия","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, archaic form","role":"coordinated with Божия","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"Алексея","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition, naming the saint","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алексея","gloss":"the Man"},{"surface":"божия","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular (archaic)","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"of God"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b2-c3-s67","source":"— Святой-то какой! Помяну, мать, помяну и печаль твою на молитве вспомяну и супруга твоего за здравие помяну.","translation":"\"What a saint he was! I shall remember him, mother, I shall remember him, and your sorrow as well in my prayers, and I shall remember your husband too, among the living.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Святой-то какой!","title":"Exclamatory «какой» — what a...!","body":"«какой» here is not a question but an exclamation of degree — 'what a saint [he was]!' The «-то» again marks the warm topic. The word order, adjective-first, throws the emphasis onto his holiness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вспомяну","title":"«вспомянуть» — bookish 'call to mind'","body":"Alongside ordinary «помяну», the Elder uses «вспомяну», an elevated, Slavonic-flavoured perfective ('I will bring to remembrance'). The slight archaism lifts his speech into the register of the prayers he is promising to say."}],"words":[{"surface":"Святой","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the exclamation","gloss":"a saint"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Святой","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"exclamative determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamative marker modifying Святой","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"Помяну","lemma":"помянуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll remember him"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"помяну","lemma":"помянуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Помяну","gloss":"I'll remember"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"печаль","lemma":"печаль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вспомяну","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"твою","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of печаль","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молитве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"молитве","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспомяну","gloss":"prayer"},{"surface":"вспомяну","lemma":"вспомянуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Помяну","gloss":"I'll remember"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"супруга","lemma":"супруг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of помяну (w18)","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies супруга","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking здравие","gloss":"for the health of"},{"surface":"здравие","lemma":"здравие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of помяну (w18), idiom за здравие","gloss":"health","note":"'за здравие' is the liturgical counterpart to 'за упокой': a prayer for the living."},{"surface":"помяну","lemma":"помянуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Помяну","gloss":"I'll remember"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b2-c3-s68","source":"Только его тебе грех оставлять.","translation":"Only it is a sin for you to leave him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его тебе грех оставлять","title":"Dative + «грех» + infinitive: 'it is a sin for you to...'","body":"A subjectless construction: «грех» (a sin) is the predicate, «тебе» the dative person concerned, and «оставлять» the infinitive naming the act — 'for you to leave him is a sin'. The fronted object «его» throws the husband into focus."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies грех","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставлять","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of грех","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the sentence","gloss":"a sin"},{"surface":"оставлять","lemma":"оставлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal subject of грех","gloss":"to leave"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b2-c3-s69","source":"Ступай к мужу и береги его.","translation":"Go back to your husband and take care of him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ступай... береги","title":"Imperfective imperatives of motion and care","body":"Two imperfective commands: «ступай» ('go', an old, folksy imperative of «ступать') and «береги» ('take care of', from «беречь»). The imperfective makes them feel like settled instructions for how to live, not single errands."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ступай","title":"«ступай» — go, be off","body":"«ступай» is a homely, slightly archaic imperative ('go along, off you go') that the Elder uses repeatedly with the women. It is warmer and more rustic than «иди» and recurs as a refrain dismissing each petitioner with a blessing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мужу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мужу","lemma":"муж","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Ступай","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"береги","lemma":"беречь","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Ступай","gloss":"take care of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of береги","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b2-c3-s70","source":"Увидит оттуда твой мальчик, что бросила ты его отца, и заплачет по вас; зачем же ты блаженство-то его нарушаешь?","translation":"Your boy will see from up there that you have abandoned his father, and he will weep over the two of you; why, then, do you trouble his blessedness?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что бросила ты его отца","title":"«что» clause reporting a fact","body":"«что» here is the subordinating conjunction 'that', introducing what the boy will see — a plain reported fact, not a wish (which would take «чтобы»). The inverted «бросила ты» puts the shameful act first."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зачем же ты блаженство-то его нарушаешь?","title":"Insistent «же» and the clitic «-то»","body":"The particle «же» sharpens the question into reproach — 'why on earth do you...?' — while «-то» on «блаженство» marks it as the very thing at stake. Two tiny words carry the whole emotional pressure of the line."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заплачет по вас","title":"«по» + dative/locative for grieving 'over'","body":"«заплакать по» means to weep for/over someone; with «вас» it takes the old prepositional-style government for objects of mourning. «заплачет» is inceptive perfective — 'will burst into tears'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Увидит","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will see"},{"surface":"оттуда","lemma":"оттуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Увидит","gloss":"from up there"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчик","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Увидит","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бросила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бросила","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Увидит","gloss":"abandoned"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бросила","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросила","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заплачет","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Увидит","gloss":"will weep"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of заплачет","gloss":"the two of you"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нарушаешь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зачем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of нарушаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"блаженство","lemma":"блаженство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of нарушаешь","gloss":"blessedness"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies блаженство","gloss":"that very","note":"Enclitic '-то' is emphatic here, not the pronoun 'that.'"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of блаженство","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"нарушаешь","lemma":"нарушать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trouble"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b2-c3-s71","source":"Ведь жив он, жив, ибо жива душа вовеки; и нет его в доме, а он невидимо подле вас.","translation":"For he is alive, alive, since the soul lives forever; and though he is not in the house, he is invisibly beside you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"жив он, жив... жива душа","title":"Short-form adjective «жив / жива» as predicate","body":"«жив» (m.) and «жива» (f.) are short-form predicate adjectives — 'is alive' — used here without any copula. The short form is bookish and absolute, asserting a state, and its emphatic repetition («жив он, жив») is the Elder's whole creed in two words."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — bookish 'for, because'","body":"«ибо» is the elevated, scriptural conjunction for 'for/because' (modern «потому что»). It belongs to sermon and Scripture; in the Elder's mouth it marks the shift into a tone of doctrine: 'for the soul lives forever'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вовеки","title":"«вовеки» — unto the ages","body":"«вовеки» ('forever, eternally') is a Church-Slavonic adverb from the liturgical «во веки веков» ('unto ages of ages'). It is far more solemn than the everyday «навсегда» and steeps the line in prayer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нет его в доме","title":"Genitive of negation in an existential","body":"«нет его» — 'he is not [there]' — forces the absent person into the genitive, «его», the obligatory genitive after «нет». What is denied existence cannot stand in the nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жив","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"жив","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жив","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"жив","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with жив","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жива","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"жива","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"head of the subordinate clause","gloss":"is alive"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of жива","gloss":"the soul"},{"surface":"вовеки","lemma":"вовеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жива","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative negation word","role":"coordinated with жив","gloss":"is not"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of нет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of невидимо","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"невидимо","lemma":"невидимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подле","gloss":"invisibly"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of подле","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b2-c3-s72","source":"Как же он в дом придет, коль ты говоришь, что возненавидела дом свой?","translation":"How is he to come into the house, then, when you say you have come to hate your own home?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же он в дом придет","title":"Prefixed motion verb «придёт» with «в» + accusative","body":"«придёт» (from «прийти», perfective of «приходить») is a prefixed motion verb meaning 'will arrive/come in'; «в дом» takes the accusative for motion toward. The prefix при- adds the sense of arrival."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коль","title":"«коль» — folk-poetic 'if / since'","body":"«коль» (and «коли») is a colloquial, somewhat old-fashioned conditional 'if/when/since', for modern «если». It gives the Elder's speech its rustic, biblical cadence — peasant Russian and Scripture meet here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дом свой","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«свой» means the home belongs to the clause's own subject — 'your own home', the one you have come to hate. Using «свой» rather than «твой» binds the hatred reflexively back to the woman herself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говоришь","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by коль","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возненавидела","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"возненавидела","lemma":"возненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говоришь","gloss":"have come to hate"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возненавидела","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дом","gloss":"own"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b2-c3-s73","source":"К кому ж он придет, коль вас вместе, отца с матерью, не найдет?","translation":"To whom is he to come, if he does not find the two of you together, father and mother?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"К кому ж он придет","title":"Interrogative «кто» in the dative after «к»","body":"«к кому» is the interrogative «кто» (who) declined to the dative that «к» requires — 'to whom'. The clipped «ж» (a reduced «же») presses the question. «кто» always governs masculine agreement, regardless of who is meant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вас вместе, отца с матерью, не найдет","title":"Genitive object under negation; «с» + instrumental for accompaniment","body":"The negated «не найдёт» pulls its object toward the genitive — «вас». The apposition «отца с матерью» pairs them with «с» + instrumental ('father with mother'), Russian's idiom for 'the two of you, father and mother'."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кому","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of найдет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of найдет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies найдет","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to вас","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking матерью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"матерью","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies найдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"найдет","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by коль","gloss":"find"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b2-c3-s74","source":"Вот он снится теперь тебе, и ты мучаешься, а тогда он тебе кроткие сны пошлет.","translation":"Now he comes to you in dreams, and you torment yourself, but then he will send you gentle dreams.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он снится теперь тебе","title":"«сниться» — to appear in someone's dream","body":"«сниться» (-ся verb) means 'to be dreamt by'; the dreamer goes in the dative, «тебе», and the thing dreamt is the grammatical subject — 'he appears to you in dreams'. The construction reverses the English logic of 'you dream of him'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а тогда он тебе кроткие сны пошлет","title":"Contrastive «а» pivoting now against then","body":"«а» is the soft contrastive conjunction that hinges the two halves: now you torment yourself, «а тогда» — but then — he will send gentle dreams. «пошлёт» is perfective future, a single promised act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies снится","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of снится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"снится","lemma":"сниться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appears in dreams"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies снится","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of снится","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мучаешься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мучаешься","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with снится","gloss":"torment yourself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошлет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошлет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of пошлет","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"кроткие","lemma":"кроткий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies сны","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"сны","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of пошлет","gloss":"dreams"},{"surface":"пошлет","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with снится","gloss":"will send"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b2-c3-s75","source":"Ступай к мужу, мать, сего же дня ступай.","translation":"Go back to your husband, mother, go this very day.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сего же дня","title":"Archaic «сего дня» — 'this very day'","body":"«сего дня» is the genitive of «сей день» used adverbially for 'this day' — the very phrase that fused into the modern word «сегодня». The added «же» insists: 'this very day'. A small fossil of older Russian, kept solemn here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мужу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мужу","lemma":"муж","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Ступай","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дня","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сего","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ступай (w8)","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Ступай","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b2-c3-s76","source":"— Пойду, родной, по твоему слову пойду. Сердце ты мое разобрал. Никитушка, ты мой Никитушка, ждешь ты меня, голубчик, ждешь! — начала было причитывать баба, но старец уже обратился к одной старенькой старушонке, одетой не по-страннически, а по-городски.","translation":"\"I'll go, dear one, I'll go at your word. You've laid bare my heart for me. Nikitushka, my own Nikitushka, you're waiting for me, dear one, you're waiting!\" the peasant woman began to keen, but the elder had already turned to a little old woman dressed not as a pilgrim but in town fashion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Никитушка... голубчик","title":"Affectionate suffixes: «Никитушка», «голубчик»","body":"«Никитушка» is the name Никита laddered down into deep tenderness (-ушка), and «голубчик» ('little dove') is a stock endearment for a beloved man. Heaped together, they are the keening woman's whole grief poured into diminutives."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"причитывать","title":"«причитывать» — to keen, to lament aloud","body":"«причитывать» (also «причитать») names the traditional Russian ritual wailing-lament for the dead, a half-sung, formulaic mourning. Dostoevsky chooses the exact ethnographic word: the woman is not merely crying but performing the folk lament."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"начала было причитывать","title":"The frustrative particle «было»","body":"«начала было» uses the special particle «было» (an old past form, now invariable) to mark an action begun but cut off or undone — she had just started to keen, but the Elder had already turned away. It signals an interrupted, abortive beginning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"старенькой старушонке","title":"Doubled diminutives «старенькой старушонке»","body":"Both words are affectionately shrunk: «старенькой» (the -еньк- endearing diminutive of «старый») and «старушонка» (a слегка pitying diminutive of «старуха», little old woman). The pile-up paints her as small, frail, and pitiable before she even speaks."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не по-страннически, а по-городски","title":"Adverbs of manner: pilgrim-wise vs town-wise","body":"The «по-...-ски» pattern makes adverbs of manner from how one is dressed: «по-страннически» (in the manner of a «странник», a wandering pilgrim) versus «по-городски» (town-fashion). The contrast quietly marks her as not one of the rustic pilgrim women."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll go"},{"surface":"родной","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective (nominalized), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"dear one"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слову","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"твоему","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слову","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"слову","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойду (w6)","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Пойду","gloss":"I'll go"},{"surface":"Сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разобрал","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of разобрал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Сердце","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"разобрал","lemma":"разобрать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have laid bare"},{"surface":"Никитушка","lemma":"Никитушка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Nikitushka"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided copula ('are')","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Никитушка (w14)","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Никитушка","lemma":"Никитушка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of ты","gloss":"Nikitushka"},{"surface":"ждешь","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you wait"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ждешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ждешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"dear one"},{"surface":"ждешь","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ждешь (w15)","gloss":"you wait"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary particle marking an interrupted action","role":"aspectual marker with начала","gloss":"began to"},{"surface":"причитывать","lemma":"причитывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начала","gloss":"to keen"},{"surface":"баба","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"the peasant woman"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратился","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начала","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старушонке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral/determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies старушонке","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"старенькой","lemma":"старенький","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies старушонке","gloss":"little old"},{"surface":"старушонке","lemma":"старушонка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"old woman"},{"surface":"одетой","lemma":"одеть","morphology":"participle, past, passive, dative, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies старушонке","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies по-страннически","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb prefix (compound with страннически)","role":"part of adverb по-страннически, modifies одетой","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"страннически","lemma":"страннически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одетой","gloss":"pilgrim-style"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb prefix (compound with городски)","role":"part of adverb по-городски, coordinated with по-страннически","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"городски","lemma":"городски","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одетой","gloss":"town-style"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b2-c3-s77","source":"По глазам ее видно было, что у нее какое-то дело и что пришла она нечто сообщить.","translation":"From her eyes one could see that she had some errand and that she had come to report something.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"По глазам ее видно было","title":"Impersonal «видно было» with «по» + dative","body":"A subjectless construction: «видно было» ('it was visible/evident') with «по глазам» ('from her eyes', «по» + dative) as the evidence. Russian routinely renders 'one could see from X that...' with this impersonal predicate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какое-то дело... нечто сообщить","title":"Indefinite «-то» and bookish «нечто»","body":"«какое-то дело» uses the clitic «-то» for a specific-but-unknown 'some errand', while «нечто» is a bookish indefinite 'something'. The pairing — vague but real — mirrors the narrator's outside view: she clearly has a purpose, its content not yet disclosed."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазам","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"глазам","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of видно","gloss":"her eyes"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глазам","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"was visible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to видно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дело","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of preposition у (possessor: 'she has')","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какое","gloss":"kind of","note":"'какое-то' together means 'some kind of.'"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject in the у нее ... construction ('she had')","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second что-clause","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пришла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сообщить","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"сообщить","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пришла","gloss":"to report"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b2-c3-s78","source":"Назвалась она унтер-офицерскою вдовой, не издалека, всего из нашего же города.","translation":"She gave herself out as the widow of a non-commissioned officer, from no great distance — only from our own town.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Назвалась она унтер-офицерскою вдовой","title":"Reflexive «назваться» + instrumental of the predicate","body":"«назваться» ('to call/give oneself out as') is a -ся verb whose predicate role goes in the instrumental — «вдовой» (as a widow). The note «-ою» on «унтер-офицерскою» is the older, fuller feminine instrumental ending (modern «-ой»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Назвалась","lemma":"назваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave herself out as"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Назвалась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"унтер","lemma":"унтер","morphology":"noun stem (compound with офицерскою)","role":"part of compound adjective modifying вдовой","gloss":"non-commissioned"},{"surface":"офицерскою","lemma":"офицерский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вдовой","gloss":"officer's"},{"surface":"вдовой","lemma":"вдова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Назвалась","gloss":"widow"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies издалека","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"издалека","lemma":"издалека","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Назвалась","gloss":"from afar"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies города","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking города","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of города","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нашего","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Назвалась","gloss":"town"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b2-c3-s79","source":"Сыночек у ней Васенька, где-то в комиссариате служил, да в Сибирь поехал, в Иркутск.","translation":"Her little son, Vasenka, had served somewhere in the commissariat, but then he had gone off to Siberia, to Irkutsk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Сыночек у ней Васенька","title":"Diminutives «сыночек» and «Васенька»; colloquial «у ней»","body":"«сыночек» (dear little son) and «Васенька» (the name Вася laddered to deep affection) frame the lost boy in tenderness. «у ней» is the folksy variant of «у неё» — narration tinted with the woman's own speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сыночек","lemma":"сыночек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of служил","gloss":"little son"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"of hers"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Сыночек (possessive: 'her son')","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Васенька","lemma":"Васенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Сыночек","gloss":"Vasenka"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies служил","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"somewhere","note":"'где-то' together means 'somewhere.'"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комиссариате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"комиссариате","lemma":"комиссариат","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of служил","gloss":"commissariat"},{"surface":"служил","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Васенька","gloss":"had served"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сибирь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Сибирь","lemma":"Сибирь","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поехал","gloss":"Siberia"},{"surface":"поехал","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with служил","gloss":"had gone off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иркутск","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Иркутск","lemma":"Иркутск","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поехал","gloss":"Irkutsk"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b2-c3-s80","source":"Два раза оттуда писал, а тут вот уже год писать перестал.","translation":"He had written from there twice, but now for a year he had stopped writing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Два раза оттуда писал, а тут вот уже год писать перестал","title":"Aspect contrast: imperfective «писал» vs cessation «перестал писать»","body":"Imperfective «писал» ('wrote, used to write') gives the repeated background; «перестал писать» ('stopped writing'), perfective, marks the single break that changed things. «перестать» governs an imperfective infinitive. The «а» pivots habit against rupture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Два раза","title":"Genitive after «два»","body":"After «два» the counted noun stands in the genitive singular — «два раза» ('twice', literally 'two of a time'). It is the standard rule for 2–4: genitive singular, not plural."}],"words":[{"surface":"Два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of писал","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"оттуда","lemma":"оттуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies писал","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"писал","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had written"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перестал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies год","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перестал","gloss":"a year"},{"surface":"писать","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестал","gloss":"to write"},{"surface":"перестал","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with писал","gloss":"had stopped"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b2-c3-s81","source":"Справлялась она о нем, да, по правде, не знает, где и справиться-то.","translation":"She had made inquiries after him, but, to tell the truth, she did not even know where to inquire.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Справлялась она о нем","title":"Reflexive «справляться о» — to inquire about","body":"«справляться о» (-ся verb, + «о» + prepositional «о нём») means 'to make inquiries about'. The imperfective «справлялась» frames it as repeated, ongoing inquiry — she kept asking after him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не знает, где и справиться-то","title":"Embedded indirect question with «где»","body":"«не знает, где справиться» is an embedded question — 'doesn't know where to inquire' — with the infinitive of the perfective «справиться». The «и» ('even') and the warming clitic «-то» add a colloquial helplessness: she doesn't even know where to begin."}],"words":[{"surface":"Справлялась","lemma":"справляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made inquiries"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Справлялась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Справлялась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правде (idiom по правде)","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"правде","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies знает, idiom по правде = 'to tell the truth'","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Справлялась","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces embedded clause, modifies знает","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies справиться","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"справиться","lemma":"справиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of знает in the где-clause","gloss":"to inquire"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies справиться","gloss":"at all","note":"Enclitic '-то' reinforces the negative: 'didn't even know where to inquire at all.'"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b2-c3-s82","source":"— Только и говорит мне намедни Степанида Ильинишна Бедрягина, купчиха она, богатая: возьми ты, говорит, Прохоровна, и запиши ты, говорит, сыночка своего в поминанье, снеси в церковь, да и помяни за упокой. Душа-то его, говорит, затоскует, он и напишет письмо. «И это, — говорит Степанида Ильинишна, — как есть верно, многократно испытано». Да только я сумлеваюсь... Свет ты наш, правда оно аль неправда, и хорошо ли так будет?","translation":"\"Only the other day Stepanida Ilyinishna Bedryagina, a merchant's wife she is, a rich one, says to me: 'You take and write down your little son in a memorial list, Prokhorovna,' she says, 'carry it to the church and have him remembered among the dead. His soul,' she says, 'will grow homesick, and he'll write a letter.' 'And this,' says Stepanida Ilyinishna, 'is true as can be, it's been tried many times over.' Only I have my doubts ... You, our light, is it true or not, and would it be all right to do so?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорит мне намедни... говорит","title":"Historic present «говорит» in reported speech","body":"The narrating present «говорит» ('she says'), repeated as a tag through the quotation, is colloquial Russian's vivid way of reporting past speech as if it were happening now. The reiterated «говорит» mimics live peasant storytelling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"намедни","title":"«намедни» — the other day","body":"«намедни» is a colloquial, slightly rustic adverb for 'recently, the other day'. It flavors the woman's speech as homely and unliterary, in contrast to the Elder's solemn register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сумлеваюсь... аль","title":"Folk forms «сумлеваюсь» and «аль»","body":"«сумлеваюсь» is a substandard/dialectal «сомневаюсь» ('I doubt'), and «аль» is the rustic «или» ('or'). Dostoevsky spells the peasant pronunciation exactly, marking Prokhorovna's untutored, oral speech against the literary frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возьми ты... и запиши","title":"«взять да и» — the 'up and do it' construction","body":"«возьми... и запиши» (and «да и помяни») is the idiomatic «взять да (и)» pattern: a near-empty imperative of «взять» plus a second imperative, meaning 'just up and do it'. It gives advice a brisk, folksy, no-nonsense push."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорит","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"намедни","lemma":"намедни","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"the other day"},{"surface":"Степанида","lemma":"степанида","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"Stepanida"},{"surface":"Ильинишна","lemma":"ильинишна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the name Степанида","gloss":"Ilyinishna"},{"surface":"Бедрягина","lemma":"бедрягина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the name Степанида","gloss":"Bedryagina"},{"surface":"купчиха","lemma":"купчиха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Степанида","gloss":"a merchant's wife"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to купчиха","gloss":"she is"},{"surface":"богатая","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with купчиха","gloss":"a rich one"},{"surface":"возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возьми","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"she says"},{"surface":"Прохоровна","lemma":"прохоровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Prokhorovna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"запиши","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьми","gloss":"write down"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of запиши","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"she says"},{"surface":"сыночка","lemma":"сыночек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of запиши","gloss":"little son"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сыночка","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поминанье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"поминанье","lemma":"поминание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of запиши","gloss":"memorial list"},{"surface":"снеси","lemma":"снести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with запиши","gloss":"carry"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церковь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of снеси","gloss":"the church"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помяни","lemma":"помянуть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with снеси","gloss":"remember (in prayer)"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упокой","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"упокой","lemma":"упокой","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помяни","gloss":"the repose (of his soul)"},{"surface":"Душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of затоскует","gloss":"his soul"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Душа","gloss":"[emphatic]","note":"Emphatic particle attached to Душа, not a separate word."},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Душа","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"she says"},{"surface":"затоскует","lemma":"затосковать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will grow homesick"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of напишет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies напишет","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"напишет","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with затоскует","gloss":"will write"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of напишет","gloss":"a letter"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of верно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, main verb of the quoting clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"Степанида","lemma":"степанида","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"Stepanida"},{"surface":"Ильинишна","lemma":"ильинишна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the name Степанида","gloss":"Ilyinishna"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как есть","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom как есть","gloss":"[idiom: truly]","note":"«Как есть» is a fixed idiom meaning 'truly, indeed'."},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adjective/adverb, predicate","role":"predicate of это, coordinated with испытано","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"многократно","lemma":"многократно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испытано","gloss":"many times over"},{"surface":"испытано","lemma":"испытать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of это, coordinated with верно","gloss":"tried and tested"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сумлеваюсь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сумлеваюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сумлеваюсь","lemma":"сумлеваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have my doubts","note":"Dialectal form of сомневаюсь, 'I doubt'."},{"surface":"Свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"our light"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"part of the vocative phrase, coordinated with Свет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Свет","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of оно, coordinated with неправда","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of правда/неправда","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links правда and неправда","gloss":"or","note":"Dialectal form of или, 'or'."},{"surface":"неправда","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with правда, predicate of оно","gloss":"untrue"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of будет","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"would it be"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b2-c3-s83","source":"— И не думай о сем. Стыдно это и спрашивать. Да и как это возможно, чтобы живую душу да еще родная мать за упокой поминала! Это великий грех, колдовству подобно, только по незнанию твоему лишь прощается.","translation":"\"Don't even think of it. It's shameful even to ask. And how could it be possible for a living soul, and his own mother at that, to have him remembered among the dead! That is a great sin, akin to witchcraft, and it's forgiven you only out of your ignorance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И не думай о сем","title":"Negated imperative with archaic «о сем»","body":"«не думай» is a negative imperfective imperative — 'don't even think [about it]'. «о сем» is the bookish demonstrative «сей» in the prepositional after «о» ('about this'), lending the rebuke a grave, sermonic weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы живую душу... за упокой поминала","title":"«чтобы» + past form for a hypothetical outcome","body":"After «как это возможно» the clause uses «чтобы» plus the past-form «поминала» to frame the appalling hypothetical — that a living soul should be prayed for as dead. «чтобы» + past is Russian's irrealis 'that [one should]...', not a plain fact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"колдовству подобно","title":"Short adjective «подобно» + dative","body":"«подобно» ('like, akin to') is the short neuter form of «подобный» used predicatively, and it governs the dative — «колдовству» ('to witchcraft'). The construction is bookish and weighty: 'akin unto witchcraft'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"думай","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думай","gloss":"this","note":"Archaic/Church Slavonic form of этот, 'this'."},{"surface":"Стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"predicate, head of the clause","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of спрашивать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"спрашивать","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal subject of Стыдно","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возможно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of возможно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"возможно","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поминала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"живую","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душу","gloss":"a living"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поминала","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да еще","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase да еще, modifies мать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"родная","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мать","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поминала","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упокой","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"упокой","lemma":"упокой","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поминала","gloss":"the repose (of the dead)"},{"surface":"поминала","lemma":"поминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"should remember"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of грех","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies грех","gloss":"a great"},{"surface":"грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"колдовству","lemma":"колдовство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of подобно","gloss":"witchcraft"},{"surface":"подобно","lemma":"подобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with грех, second predicate of Это","gloss":"akin to"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прощается","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking незнанию","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"незнанию","lemma":"незнание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прощается","gloss":"ignorance"},{"surface":"твоему","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of незнанию","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прощается","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"прощается","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, predicate of Это","gloss":"is forgiven"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b2-c3-s84","source":"А ты лучше помоли царицу небесную, скорую заступницу и помощницу, о здоровье его, да чтоб и тебя простила за неправильное размышление твое.","translation":"Better pray to the Queen of Heaven, the swift defender and helper, for his health, and that she may also forgive you for your wrongful notion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"помоли... да чтоб и тебя простила","title":"Imperative «помоли» and purpose «чтоб ... простила»","body":"«помоли» is a perfective imperative ('pray to'), and «да чтоб ... простила» is a purpose clause — «чтоб(ы)» plus the past-form «простила» — 'so that she may forgive you'. The colloquial «чтоб» drops the final «-ы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помоли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies помоли","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"помоли","lemma":"помолить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pray to"},{"surface":"царицу","lemma":"царица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of помоли","gloss":"the Queen"},{"surface":"небесную","lemma":"небесный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies царицу","gloss":"of Heaven"},{"surface":"скорую","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies заступницу","gloss":"the swift"},{"surface":"заступницу","lemma":"заступница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to царицу","gloss":"defender"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помощницу","lemma":"помощница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with заступницу","gloss":"helper"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking здоровье","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"здоровье","lemma":"здоровье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of помоли","gloss":"the health"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies здоровье","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of простила","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of простила","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"простила","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the чтоб-clause","gloss":"may forgive"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking размышление","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"неправильное","lemma":"неправильный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies размышление","gloss":"wrongful"},{"surface":"размышление","lemma":"размышление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of простила","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of размышление","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b2-c3-s85","source":"И вот что я тебе еще скажу, Прохоровна: или сам он к тебе вскоре обратно прибудет, сынок твой, или наверно письмо пришлет.","translation":"And here is something else I'll tell you, Prokhorovna: either he will come back to you himself before long, your son, or he will surely send a letter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"или сам он... прибудет... или... письмо пришлет","title":"Correlative «или... или» with perfective futures","body":"The paired «или... или» ('either... or') links two perfective futures, «прибудет» (will arrive) and «пришлёт» (will send) — two single, completed outcomes the Elder foretells with prophetic certainty. «сам» intensifies: he himself will come."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прибудет","title":"Prefixed motion verb «прибыть»","body":"«прибудет» is the perfective future of «прибыть» (to arrive), a prefixed, elevated motion verb where the prefix при- carries 'arrival, coming to'. It is more formal than «приедет» — the Elder speaks even of homecoming in a raised register."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"Прохоровна","lemma":"прохоровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Prokhorovna"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибудет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибудет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вскоре","lemma":"вскоре","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибудет","gloss":"before long"},{"surface":"обратно","lemma":"обратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибудет","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"прибудет","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"сынок","lemma":"сынок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"your son"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сынок","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришлет","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пришлет","gloss":"a letter"},{"surface":"пришлет","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with прибудет","gloss":"will send"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b2-c3-s86","source":"Так ты и знай.","translation":"Know that for certain.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так ты и знай","title":"Imperative «знай» with the affirming «и»","body":"«знай» is the imperfective imperative of «знать» ('know'), and the «и» ('just, indeed') drives the assurance home — 'know it for certain, that's how it is'. A set formula for clinching a promise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знай","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знай","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знай","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"знай","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b2-c3-s87","source":"Ступай и отселе покойна будь.","translation":"Go, and from this moment be at peace.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"покойна будь","title":"Short adjective «покойна» as predicate with «будь»","body":"«покойна» is the short feminine form of «покойный» ('at peace, calm') used predicatively with the imperative «будь» — 'be at peace'. The short form fits the absolute, blessing-like command, and the word order (predicate-first) heightens it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отселе","title":"«отселе» — archaic 'from here / henceforth'","body":"«отселе» (and the dialectal «отселева» in s105) is an archaic/folk adverb for «отсюда» ('from here', and by extension 'from now on'). It gives the Elder's blessing a timeless, scriptural ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отселе","lemma":"отселе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будь","gloss":"from now on"},{"surface":"покойна","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будь","gloss":"at peace"},{"surface":"будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with Ступай","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b2-c3-s88","source":"Жив твой сынок, говорю тебе.","translation":"Your son is alive, I tell you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Жив твой сынок","title":"Short adjective «жив» fronted for emphasis","body":"Once more the short predicate «жив» ('is alive') opens the sentence ahead of its subject «твой сынок», throwing all the weight onto the assertion of life. The free word order lets Russian put the news first."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жив","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сынок","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"сынок","lemma":"сынок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Жив","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with Жив","gloss":"I tell you"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b2-c3-s89","source":"— Милый ты наш, награди тебя бог, благодетель ты наш, молебщик ты за всех нас и за грехи наши...","translation":"\"Our dear one, God reward you, our benefactor, you who pray for us all and for our sins ...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"награди тебя бог","title":"Optative imperative: 'may God reward you'","body":"«награди тебя бог» uses a third-person subject with an imperative-form verb to express a wish/blessing — 'may God reward you'. This optative use of the imperative is the standard shape of Russian benedictions and curses alike."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молебщик ты за всех нас","title":"«молебщик» — one who prays for others","body":"«молебщик» (variant of «молельщик») is one who offers prayers — here the people's intercessor before God. It belongs to popular religious speech and casts the Elder in the role the peasants most need: the man who prays on their behalf."}],"words":[{"surface":"Милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"vocative, head of the address phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ты","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"награди","lemma":"наградить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"reward"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of награди","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of награди","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"благодетель","lemma":"благодетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ты","gloss":"our benefactor"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"in apposition to благодетель","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of благодетель","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"молебщик","lemma":"молебщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ты","gloss":"one who prays for us"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of молебщик","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of нас","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of молебщик","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грехи","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"грехи","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with нас","gloss":"sins"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of грехи","gloss":"our"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b2-c3-s90","source":"А старец уже заметил в толпе два горящие, стремящиеся к нему взгляда изнуренной, на вид чахоточной, хотя и молодой еще крестьянки.","translation":"But the elder had already noticed in the crowd two burning eyes straining toward him — the gaze of a worn-out peasant woman, consumptive in appearance though still young.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"два горящие, стремящиеся к нему взгляда","title":"Two present active participles modifying «взгляда»","body":"«горящие» (burning) and «стремящиеся к нему» (straining toward him) are both present active participles, declined to agree with «взгляда» — a dense participial description typical of literary narration. After «два» the noun is genitive singular «взгляда», while the participles take the older plural ending «-ие»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чахоточной","title":"«чахоточная» — consumptive","body":"«чахоточный» means consumptive, suffering from «чахотка» (tuberculosis) — the wasting disease that haunts 19th-century Russian fiction. The single word marks the young woman as already dying, which colors all her plea for absolution."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и молодой еще","title":"Concessive «хотя (и)» — although","body":"«хотя и ... еще» ('although still...') concedes a contrast: worn-out and consumptive though she looks, she is yet young. «хотя» introduces the concessive clause; the «и» reinforces it."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had noticed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking толпе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"толпе","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"the crowd"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies взгляда","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"горящие","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, imperfective","role":"modifies взгляда","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"стремящиеся","lemma":"стремиться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, imperfective","role":"modifies взгляда","gloss":"straining"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стремящиеся","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"взгляда","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"изнуренной","lemma":"изнурённый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies крестьянки","gloss":"worn-out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вид","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чахоточной","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"чахоточной","lemma":"чахоточный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with изнуренной, modifies крестьянки","gloss":"consumptive"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause on крестьянки","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies молодой","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies крестьянки","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молодой","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"крестьянки","lemma":"крестьянка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies взгляда (whose eyes)","gloss":"peasant woman"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b2-c3-s91","source":"Она глядела молча, глаза просили о чем-то, но она как бы боялась приблизиться.","translation":"She looked on in silence, her eyes pleading for something, yet she seemed afraid to draw nearer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"глаза просили о чем-то","title":"«просить о» + prepositional; indefinite «о чём-то»","body":"«просить о» ('to ask/plead for') governs «о» + prepositional, here «о чём-то» — 'pleaded for something', the «-то» marking a real but unnamed request. The eyes, not the woman, are made the subject — a metonymy of mute longing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она как бы боялась приблизиться","title":"Hedging «как бы» and reflexive «бояться»","body":"«как бы» ('as if, as it were') hedges the observation — she seemed afraid. «бояться» is a verb that exists only in the -ся form and takes an infinitive complement here, «приблизиться» (to draw near)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of глядела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"глядела","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядела","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of просили","gloss":"her eyes"},{"surface":"просили","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глядела","gloss":"pleaded"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of просили","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чем-то","gloss":"[indefinite]","note":"«-то» attached to чем forms the indefinite чем-то, 'for something'."},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of боялась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"[idiom particle]"},{"surface":"боялась","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глядела","gloss":"seemed afraid"},{"surface":"приблизиться","lemma":"приблизиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of боялась","gloss":"to draw nearer"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b2-c3-s92","source":"— Ты с чем, родненькая?","translation":"\"What is it you've come about, my dear?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты с чем, родненькая?","title":"Elliptical «с чем?» — what have you come about?","body":"«Ты с чем?» is an elliptical idiom (verb of coming understood) — 'what are you here with / what's your business?' «с» governs the instrumental «чем». The whole question is gently abbreviated, as one would speak to a frightened soul."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"родненькая","title":"«родненькая» — dear little one","body":"«родненькая» is the feminine of «родной» ('dear, own kin') with the doubly-soft diminutive -еньк-. The Elder reaches for the most tender possible address to a trembling, dying woman."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical predicate","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase, predicate","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"родненькая","lemma":"родненький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"my dear"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b2-c3-s93","source":"— Разреши мою душу, родимый, — тихо и не спеша промолвила она, стала на колени и поклонилась ему в ноги.","translation":"\"Absolve my soul, dear one,\" she said softly and unhurriedly, and she knelt down and bowed to the ground at his feet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разреши мою душу","title":"Imperative «разреши» — absolve","body":"«разреши» is the perfective imperative of «разрешить», here in its older ecclesiastical sense 'absolve, loose [from sin]' (cf. «разрешить от грехов»). She is asking for the priestly loosing of sin, the «душу» (soul) as its object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стала на колени и поклонилась ему в ноги","title":"Sequenced perfectives and reflexive «поклониться»","body":"Two perfective past verbs move the action forward step by step: «стала на колени» (knelt) and «поклонилась» (bowed), the latter a -ся verb governing the dative «ему». «в ноги» is the deep prostration — a bow to the very feet."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разреши","lemma":"разрешить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"absolve"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Разреши","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"родимый","lemma":"родимый","morphology":"noun, vocative form, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"dear one"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies промолвила","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спеша","gloss":"un-"},{"surface":"спеша","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on промолвила","gloss":"hurriedly"},{"surface":"промолвила","lemma":"промолвить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration frame","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of промолвила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"knelt down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колени","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"колени","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of стала","gloss":"her knees"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поклонилась","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стала","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поклонилась","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поклонилась","gloss":"his feet"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b2-c3-s94","source":"— Согрешила, отец родной, греха моего боюсь.","translation":"\"I have sinned, dear father, and I am afraid of my sin.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"греха моего боюсь","title":"«бояться» + genitive object","body":"«бояться» ('to fear', a -ся-only verb) governs the genitive — «греха моего» ('my sin'). Fronting the object before the verb throws the weight onto the sin itself. The whole confession opens with the object of dread."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отец родной","title":"«отец родной» — dear father","body":"«родной» ('one's own, dear by kin') turns the address «отец» from mere title into intimacy — 'my own dear father'. It is the spiritual-child's word to a confessor, claiming kinship of the soul."}],"words":[{"surface":"Согрешила","lemma":"согрешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I have sinned"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"родной","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"греха","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of боюсь","gloss":"my sin"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of греха","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Согрешила","gloss":"I am afraid"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b2-c3-s95","source":"Старец сел на нижнюю ступеньку, женщина приблизилась к нему, не вставая с колен.","translation":"The elder sat down on the lowest step, and the woman drew near to him without rising from her knees.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"женщина приблизилась к нему, не вставая с колен","title":"Negated gerund «не вставая» — without rising","body":"«не вставая» is an imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) sharing the woman's subject — 'drawing near without rising'. The gerund packs an attendant circumstance into the main clause, and the negation makes it 'while not getting up'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сел","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ступеньку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нижнюю","lemma":"нижний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ступеньку","gloss":"the lowest"},{"surface":"ступеньку","lemma":"ступенька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приблизилась","gloss":"the woman"},{"surface":"приблизилась","lemma":"приблизиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сел","gloss":"drew near"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приблизилась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вставая","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"вставая","lemma":"вставать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on приблизилась","gloss":"rising"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колен","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"колен","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of вставая","gloss":"her knees"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b2-c3-s96","source":"— Вдовею я, третий год, — начала она полушепотом, сама как бы вздрагивая. — Тяжело было замужем-то, старый был он, больно избил меня.","translation":"\"I've been a widow three years now,\" she began in a half-whisper, herself seeming to shudder. \"It was hard for me, being married; he was old, and he beat me cruelly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вдовею я, третий год","title":"Verb «вдоветь» and «третий год» for duration","body":"«вдовею» is the present of «вдоветь» ('to be a widow, live widowed'), an imperfective state-verb. «третий год» — literally 'the third year' — is the idiomatic way to count duration in progress: 'I'm now in my third year of widowhood'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сама как бы вздрагивая","title":"Present gerund «вздрагивая» — shuddering as she spoke","body":"«вздрагивая» is an imperfective present gerund expressing a simultaneous action — she spoke 'shuddering'. The hedge «как бы» ('as if') and intensive «сама» ('herself') frame the involuntary trembling that accompanies her confession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тяжело было замужем-то","title":"Impersonal «тяжело было» with implied dative","body":"«тяжело было» ('it was hard') is an impersonal predicate; the experiencer (мне) is understood. «замужем» is a frozen adverb 'married (of a woman)', and the clitic «-то» gives the bitter recollection a confiding, oral tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вдовею","lemma":"вдоветь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I've been a widow"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Вдовею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies год","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial of duration, modifies Вдовею","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration frame","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"полушепотом","lemma":"полушёпот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"in a half-whisper"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вздрагивая","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"[idiom particle]"},{"surface":"вздрагивая","lemma":"вздрагивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начала","gloss":"shuddering"},{"surface":"Тяжело","lemma":"тяжело","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"predicate, head of the clause","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Тяжело","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"замужем","lemma":"замужем","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of Тяжело","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замужем","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"старый","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of он","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to старый","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of старый","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies избил","gloss":"cruelly"},{"surface":"избил","lemma":"избить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of избил","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b2-c3-s97","source":"Лежал он больной, думаю я. гляжу на него: а коль выздоровеет, опять встанет, что тогда?","translation":"He lay there sick, and I think to myself, looking at him: what if he gets well and rises up again — what then?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"думаю я. гляжу на него","title":"Historic present in vivid narration","body":"She switches to the present — «думаю» (I think), «гляжу» (I look) — to relive the scene as if it were now. This historic present, dropped into a past narrative, is the oral storyteller's device for immediacy at the crucial, terrible moment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а коль выздоровеет, опять встанет, что тогда?","title":"Conditional «коль» + perfective future","body":"«коль выздоровеет... встанет» is a real conditional ('if he gets well... rises up'), the «если»-clause with folk «коль» plus perfective futures. The abrupt «что тогда?» ('what then?') leaves the murderous thought hanging unspoken."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Лежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"secondary predicate of он, depends on Лежал","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with Лежал","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"гляжу","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"I gaze"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of гляжу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause on встанет","gloss":"if","note":"Dialectal form of если, 'if'."},{"surface":"выздоровеет","lemma":"выздороветь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause on встанет","gloss":"recovers"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встанет","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"встанет","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis, coordinated with гляжу","gloss":"rises up"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b2-c3-s98","source":"И вошла ко мне тогда эта самая мысль...","translation":"And then this very thought came into me ...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вошла ко мне тогда эта самая мысль","title":"Prefixed motion «войти» of an abstract subject","body":"«вошла» (perfective of «входить/войти», 'to enter') takes a thought as its subject — the «мысль» (thought) 'came into' her, «ко мне» (к + dative). Making the murderous idea a thing that enters, rather than something she conceives, distances her from it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"эта самая мысль","title":"Demonstrative «эта» + intensifier «самая»","body":"«эта самая мысль» — 'this very thought' — pairs the near demonstrative «эта» with «самый» ('the very, the selfsame'), both agreeing with «мысль». The phrase points darkly at the specific, unnamed idea she cannot bring herself to state aloud."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вошла","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошла","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вошла","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вошла","gloss":"thought"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b2-c3-s99","source":"— Постой, — сказал старец и приблизил ухо свое прямо к ее губам.","translation":"\"Wait,\" said the elder, and he brought his ear right up to her lips.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Постой","title":"Imperative «постой» — wait","body":"«постой» is the perfective imperative of «постоять», idiomatically 'wait, hold on'. The perfective gives it a sharp, momentary force — a single 'stop right there' as the Elder leans in."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приблизил ухо свое прямо к ее губам","title":"Reflexive possessive «свое» vs «ее»","body":"The contrast is exact: «ухо свое» is the Elder's own ear (свой, back to the subject), «к ее губам» her lips (её, someone else's). Russian keeps the two possessives strictly apart, and the line gains its intimacy from that precision."}],"words":[{"surface":"Постой","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"Wait","note":"Interjection-like imperative, not grammatically linked to сказал."},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приблизил","lemma":"приблизить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказал","gloss":"brought close"},{"surface":"ухо","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of приблизил","gloss":"ear"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ухо","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies к ее губам","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губам","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of губам","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"губам","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of приблизил","gloss":"lips"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b2-c3-s100","source":"Женщина стала продолжать тихим шепотом, так что ничего почти нельзя было уловить.","translation":"The woman went on in a low whisper, so that almost nothing could be made out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего почти нельзя было уловить","title":"Impersonal «нельзя было» with genitive object under negation","body":"«нельзя было уловить» ('it was impossible to catch') is a subjectless modal predicate; the negative pulls the object into the genitive — «ничего» ('nothing'). The double negation (нельзя ... ничего) is normal Russian negative concord."}],"words":[{"surface":"Женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стала","gloss":"The woman"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стала","gloss":"continuing"},{"surface":"тихим","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шепотом","gloss":"low"},{"surface":"шепотом","lemma":"шёпот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжать","gloss":"whisper"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the так что clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of нельзя","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the subordinate clause","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уловить","lemma":"уловить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"be made out"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b2-c3-s101","source":"Она кончила скоро.","translation":"She finished quickly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она кончила скоро","title":"Perfective «кончила» — finished","body":"«кончила» (perfective past of «кончить») views the whispered confession as a single completed whole — she 'finished'. Set among the surrounding imperfectives, the perfective snaps the scene shut."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of кончила","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"кончила","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончила","gloss":"quickly"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b2-c3-s102","source":"— Третий год? — спросил старец.","translation":"\"Three years ago?\" asked the elder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Третий год?","title":"Elliptical duration phrase «третий год?»","body":"The Elder picks up her earlier «третий год» (s96) as a one-phrase question — 'in the third year [ago]?' Russian counts elapsed time by the ordinal of the year underway, so this means roughly 'three years ago?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies год","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"the elder"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b2-c3-s103","source":"— Третий год. Сперва не думала, а теперь хворать начала, тоска пристала.","translation":"\"Three years ago. At first I didn't think about it, but now I've begun to ail, and a heaviness has come over me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сперва не думала, а теперь хворать начала","title":"Aspect and the contrastive «а»: then vs now","body":"Imperfective «не думала» ('didn't think about it', the long earlier state) is hinged by «а» against «хворать начала» (began to ail). «начать» governs an imperfective infinitive — «хворать», a folk word for sickening."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тоска пристала","title":"«тоска» — anguish that clings","body":"«тоска» is the famously untranslatable Russian word for a heavy, aching melancholy or dread; «пристала» ('stuck, clung to me') makes it almost a disease that has fastened on her. Together they name the spiritual sickness following her secret crime."}],"words":[{"surface":"Третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies год","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"Сперва","lemma":"сперва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думала","gloss":"At first"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думала","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"думала","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think about it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"хворать","lemma":"хворать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on начала","gloss":"to ail"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with думала","gloss":"I've begun"},{"surface":"тоска","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пристала","gloss":"a heaviness"},{"surface":"пристала","lemma":"пристать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with думала","gloss":"has come over me"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b2-c3-s104","source":"— Издалека?","translation":"\"From far off?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Издалека?","title":"«издалека» — from far away","body":"«издалека» is an adverb 'from afar', built on the genitive-governing prefix из- plus «далеко». The Elder's single-word question — 'from far off?' — keeps the terse rhythm of the whispered exchange."}],"words":[{"surface":"Издалека","lemma":"издалека","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"From far off"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b2-c3-s105","source":"— За пятьсот верст отселева.","translation":"\"Five hundred versts from where I live.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"За пятьсот верст отселева","title":"Genitive plural after «пятьсот»; archaic «отселева»","body":"Numbers from five up take the genitive plural, hence «вёрст» (gen. pl. of «верста») after «пятьсот». «отселева» is a rustic/archaic «отсюда» ('from here'), marking her peasant speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пятьсот","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"пятьсот","lemma":"пятьсот","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies верст","gloss":"five hundred"},{"surface":"верст","lemma":"верста","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"versts"},{"surface":"отселева","lemma":"отселева","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верст","gloss":"from here","note":"Dialectal form of отсюда, \"from here.\""}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b2-c3-s106","source":"— На исповеди говорила?","translation":"\"Have you told it in confession?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На исповеди говорила?","title":"Location «на исповеди» in the prepositional","body":"«на исповеди» ('at/in confession') uses «на» + prepositional for the setting of an activity. The verb «говорила» is imperfective — the focus is the fact of having confessed, not a single completed telling."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исповеди","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"исповеди","lemma":"исповедь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорила","gloss":"confession"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have you told it"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b2-c3-s107","source":"— Говорила, по два раза говорила.","translation":"\"I've told it, told it twice.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по два раза говорила","title":"Distributive «по» + «два раза»","body":"«по два раза» uses distributive «по» — 'twice [each / on more than one occasion]'. With the counted «два раза» (gen. sg. «раза» after «два»), it stresses repetition: she told it, and told it again."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I've told it"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раза","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорила","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told it"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b2-c3-s108","source":"— Допустили к причастию-то?","translation":"\"Were you admitted to Communion?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Допустили к причастию","title":"Impersonal plural «допустили» + «к» + dative","body":"«допустили» ('they admitted [you]') is an agentless third-person plural — the Church/priests as an unnamed 'they'. «к причастию» takes «к» + dative ('to Communion'). The «-то» again warms the question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Допустили","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Were you admitted"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking причастию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"причастию","lemma":"причастие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Допустили","gloss":"Communion"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic attached to причастию","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"Enclitic -то for emphasis, not the pronoun \"that.\""}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b2-c3-s109","source":"— Допустили. Боюсь; помирать боюсь.","translation":"\"I was admitted. I'm afraid; I'm afraid to die.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Боюсь; помирать боюсь","title":"«бояться» + infinitive; folk «помирать»","body":"«бояться» ('to fear', -ся-only) here takes an infinitive — «помирать боюсь» ('I'm afraid to die'). «помирать» is the homely, peasant verb for dying, against the neutral «умирать», and the bare repetition of «боюсь» conveys her raw dread."}],"words":[{"surface":"Допустили","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I was admitted"},{"surface":"Боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm afraid"},{"surface":"помирать","lemma":"помирать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on боюсь","gloss":"to die"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Боюсь","gloss":"I'm afraid"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b2-c3-s110","source":"— Ничего не бойся, и никогда не бойся, и не тоскуй.","translation":"\"Fear nothing, and never be afraid, and do not grieve.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ничего не бойся, и никогда не бойся, и не тоскуй","title":"Negative concord across negated imperatives","body":"Three negated imperfective imperatives heap up negative concord: «ничего не бойся», «никогда не бойся» — the ни-words «ничего» (nothing) and «никогда» (never) each still require «не» on the verb. Russian's double (here triple) negation is obligatory, not emphatic excess."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"object of бойся","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бойся","gloss":"(negation)"},{"surface":"бойся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Fear"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бойся","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бойся","gloss":"(negation)"},{"surface":"бойся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бойся","gloss":"be afraid"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тоскуй","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"тоскуй","lemma":"тосковать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бойся","gloss":"grieve"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b2-c3-s111","source":"Только бы покаяние не оскудевало в тебе — и всё бог простит.","translation":"Only let your repentance not grow scant within you — and God will forgive everything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только бы покаяние не оскудевало в тебе","title":"Optative «только бы» + past form","body":"«только бы ... не оскудевало» is a wish/proviso built with the particle «бы» on a past-tense form — 'only let [it] not grow scant'. «бы» + past makes the irrealis; «только» turns it into the one condition that matters."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оскудевало","title":"«оскудевать» — to grow scant","body":"«оскудевать» ('to grow poor, dwindle, run dry') is a bookish, Slavonic-tinged verb — the kind of word found in Scripture and homily. Applied to «покаяние» (repentance), it casts repentance as a well that must not be allowed to run dry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оскудевало","gloss":"Only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, optative","role":"forms the optative with Только","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"покаяние","lemma":"покаяние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of оскудевало","gloss":"your repentance"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оскудевало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оскудевало","lemma":"оскудевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grow scant"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of оскудевало","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of простит","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of простит","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"простит","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оскудевало","gloss":"will forgive"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b2-c3-s112","source":"Да и греха такого нет и не может быть на всей земле, какого бы не простил господь воистину кающемуся.","translation":"Indeed, there is not, nor can there be, anywhere on the whole earth a sin such that the Lord would not forgive one who truly repents.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"греха такого нет и не может быть","title":"Genitive of negation in a sweeping existential","body":"«греха ... нет и не может быть» forces 'sin' into the genitive «греха» under the negated existentials «нет» and «не может быть» — 'there is not, nor can there be, [any] sin'. The genitive of negation gives the denial its absolute, all-earth sweep."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какого бы не простил господь","title":"Relative «какого» + «бы» for the hypothetical","body":"«какого бы не простил» is a relative clause with «какой» in the genitive (its object role) plus the irrealis «бы» — 'such [a sin] as the Lord would not forgive'. The «бы» makes the unforgiven sin a hypothetical the Elder denies could exist."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воистину кающемуся","title":"«воистину» and the participle «кающемуся»","body":"«воистину» ('truly, verily') is a solemn, churchly adverb (famous from the Paschal greeting «Воистину воскресе»). «кающемуся» is the present active participle of «каяться» (to repent), in the dative — 'to one who truly repents'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, introduces the clause","gloss":"Indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"греха","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of греха","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is not"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of земле","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of может","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of простил","gloss":"such that"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of простил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"простил","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying греха","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of простил","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кающемуся","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"кающемуся","lemma":"каяться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"indirect object of простил","gloss":"one who repents"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b2-c3-s113","source":"Да и совершить не может совсем такого греха великого человек, который бы истощил бесконечную божью любовь.","translation":"Nor can a man commit so great a sin as to exhaust God's boundless love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"совершить не может совсем такого греха великого","title":"Genitive of negation with a negated transitive verb","body":"Under the negation «не может ... совершить» the object slides into the genitive — «такого греха великого» ('so great a sin'). The split, bookish word order (adjective after noun, «греха великого») lends the sentence a scriptural cadence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"который бы истощил бесконечную божью любовь","title":"Relative «который» + «бы» — irrealis relative clause","body":"«который бы истощил» is a relative clause with «который» (agreeing with «человек», masc.) carrying the irrealis «бы» — 'a man who would [be able to] exhaust...'. «бы» + past «истощил» again frames the impossibility hypothetically."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, links the coordination","gloss":"Nor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"совершить","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"commit"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies такого","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of греха","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"греха","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of совершить","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"великого","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies греха","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of истощил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of истощил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"истощил","lemma":"истощить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on человек","gloss":"exhaust"},{"surface":"бесконечную","lemma":"бесконечный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"божью","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of истощил","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b2-c3-s114","source":"Али может быть такой грех, чтобы превысил божью любовь?","translation":"Or can there be a sin that would exceed God's love?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Али может быть такой грех, чтобы превысил божью любовь?","title":"Folk «али» and «чтобы» + past for a hypothetical sin","body":"«али» is the rustic «или/разве» opening a rhetorical question. «чтобы превысил» uses «чтобы» plus the past form «превысил» to describe a hypothetical, sought-for kind of sin — 'such a sin that it would exceed God's love' — which the Elder asks only to deny."}],"words":[{"surface":"Али","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"Or","note":"Archaic/dialectal form of или, \"or.\""},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"there be"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of грех","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of быть","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of превысил","gloss":"that would"},{"surface":"превысил","lemma":"превысить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause depending on такой (грех)","gloss":"exceed"},{"surface":"божью","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of превысил","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b2-c3-s115","source":"О покаянии лишь заботься, непрестанном, а боязнь отгони вовсе.","translation":"Care only for repentance, unceasing repentance, and drive out fear altogether.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"О покаянии лишь заботься","title":"Fronted «о покаянии» and «заботиться о» + prepositional","body":"«заботиться о» ('to care for') governs «о» + prepositional, «о покаянии» — fronted before the verb for emphasis, with «лишь» ('only') pinning it as the sole concern. «заботься» is the imperfective imperative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"боязнь отгони вовсе","title":"Imperative «отгони» — drive out; object-first order","body":"«отгони» is the perfective imperative of «отогнать» ('drive away'), with the object «боязнь» (fear) placed before it for emphasis and «вовсе» ('utterly') closing the line. The fronted object answers the woman's confessed fear directly."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking покаянии","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"покаянии","lemma":"покаяние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заботься","gloss":"repentance"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заботься","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"заботься","lemma":"заботиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Care"},{"surface":"непрестанном","lemma":"непрестанный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies покаянии","gloss":"unceasing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"боязнь","lemma":"боязнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отгони","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"отгони","lemma":"отогнать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заботься","gloss":"drive out"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отгони","gloss":"altogether"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b2-c3-s116","source":"Веруй, что бог тебя любит так, как ты и не помышляешь о том, хотя бы со грехом твоим и во грехе твоем любит.","translation":"Believe that God loves you in a way you cannot even conceive — that He loves you even with your sin and in your sin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Веруй, что бог тебя любит","title":"Slavonic imperative «веруй» + «что» clause","body":"«веруй» is the imperative of «веровать», the elevated, churchly verb for 'believe (have faith)' as against everyday «верить». It governs a «что» clause reporting the content of the faith — 'believe that God loves you'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы со грехом твоим и во грехе твоем любит","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» and Slavonic «со / во»","body":"«хотя бы» concedes 'even (with)...'. The prepositions appear in their full Slavonic forms «со грехом» (instrumental, 'with your sin') and «во грехе» (prepositional, 'in your sin') — the extra vowel a solemn, liturgical touch echoing 'even in your very sin'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Веруй","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Believe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Веруй","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"in a way"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помышляешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помышляешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помышляешь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помышляешь","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"помышляешь","lemma":"помышлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on так","gloss":"conceive"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of помышляешь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the final clause with любит","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грехом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"грехом","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любит","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"твоим","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of грехом","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грехе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"грехе","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with грехом","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"твоем","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of грехе","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the хотя-clause","gloss":"loves"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b2-c3-s117","source":"А об одном кающемся больше радости в небе, чем о десяти праведных, сказано давно.","translation":"And over one repentant sinner there is more joy in heaven than over ten righteous men — so it was said long ago.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"об одном кающемся больше радости в небе, чем о десяти праведных","title":"Comparative «больше ... чем» with «о» + prepositional","body":"The comparative «больше радости ... чем» ('more joy ... than') sets «об одном кающемся» against «о десяти праведных», both in «о» + prepositional. «кающемся» is again the participle of «каяться»; «десяти» is the prepositional of «десять»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одном","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кающемся","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"кающемся","lemma":"каяться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, locative, imperfective","role":"object of preposition об","gloss":"repentant sinner"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"quantifies радости","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"logical subject (existential)","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"небе","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies радости","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking праведных","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"десяти","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies праведных","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"праведных","lemma":"праведный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, plural","role":"comparandum to кающемся","gloss":"righteous men"},{"surface":"сказано","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was said"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказано","gloss":"long ago"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b2-c3-s118","source":"Иди же и не бойся.","translation":"Go, then, and do not be afraid.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иди же и не бойся","title":"Imperative pair with insistent «же»","body":"«иди» (imperfective imperative, 'go') is sharpened by «же» — 'go, then'. It is paired with the negated «не бойся» (don't fear, -ся verb), the same dismissal-with-blessing formula the Elder gives each woman."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иди","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Go"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Иди","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бойся","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"бойся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Иди","gloss":"be afraid"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b2-c3-s119","source":"На людей не огорчайся, за обиды не сердись.","translation":"Do not be aggrieved with people, do not be angry at the wrongs done you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На людей не огорчайся, за обиды не сердись","title":"Reflexive imperatives with «на» and «за»","body":"Both verbs are -ся imperatives of emotion: «огорчаться на» ('be aggrieved at', на + accusative «людей») and «сердиться за» ('be angry over', за + accusative «обиды»). The prepositions fix what one is not to resent — people, and the wrongs they do."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of огорчайся","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies огорчайся","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"огорчайся","lemma":"огорчаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be aggrieved"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обиды","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"обиды","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сердись","gloss":"wrongs"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердись","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"сердись","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with огорчайся","gloss":"be angry"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b2-c3-s120","source":"Покойнику в сердце всё прости, чем тебя оскорбил, примирись с ним воистину.","translation":"In your heart forgive the dead man everything by which he wronged you, and be truly reconciled with him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Покойнику в сердце всё прости, чем тебя оскорбил","title":"Dative «покойнику» and relative «чем»","body":"«прости» (perfective imperative, 'forgive') takes the dative of the person forgiven — «покойнику» ('to the dead man') — and «всё» as object. «чем ... оскорбил» is a relative clause where «чем» (instrumental of «что») means 'by which he wronged you'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"примирись с ним воистину","title":"Reflexive «примириться с» + instrumental; solemn «воистину»","body":"«примириться с» ('be reconciled with') is a -ся verb governing «с» + instrumental, «с ним». The closing «воистину» ('truly, verily') seals the command in the same churchly register that runs through the Elder's whole counsel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Покойнику","lemma":"покойник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прости","gloss":"the dead man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прости","gloss":"your heart"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прости","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"прости","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оскорбил","gloss":"by which"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of оскорбил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"оскорбил","lemma":"оскорбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying всё","gloss":"he wronged"},{"surface":"примирись","lemma":"примириться","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прости","gloss":"be reconciled"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of примирись","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies примирись","gloss":"truly"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b2-c3-s121","source":"Коли каешься, так и любишь.","translation":"If you repent, then you love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Коли","title":"«коли» — folk 'if'","body":"«коли» is a colloquial, peasant-speech conditional conjunction meaning 'if / when', standing for the neutral «если». It marks the elder's voice as deliberately simple and homespun here, and recurs throughout these chapters with the country women."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каешься","title":"Reflexive «каяться»","body":"«каешься» is the present of «каяться» (to repent), a verb that exists only with the clitic -ся: there is no non-reflexive «каять». The -сь appears here after the vowel ending. The pithy present-tense pairing «каешься… любишь» reads as a timeless general truth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"If","note":"Archaic/dialectal form of если, \"if.\""},{"surface":"каешься","lemma":"каяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"you repent"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"любишь","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you love"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b2-c3-s122","source":"А будешь любить, то ты уже божья...","translation":"And if you love, then you already belong to God...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будешь любить","title":"Compound future with «быть»","body":"«будешь любить» is the imperfective future: the conjugated future of «быть» (будешь) plus the imperfective infinitive «любить» — 'you will [go on] loving'. The imperfective frames love as an ongoing state rather than a single act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"божья","title":"«божий» — God's own","body":"«божья» is the feminine of the possessive adjective «божий» ('God's, divine'), agreeing with the woman addressed: 'you (already) belong to God'. The bare predicate adjective with no copula, plus the soft folk-religious tone, makes this read like a benediction."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of любить","gloss":"if you will"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of божья","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies божья","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"божья","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of ты","gloss":"belong to God"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b2-c3-s123","source":"Любовью всё покупается, всё спасается.","translation":"By love everything is bought, everything is saved.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Любовью","title":"Instrumental of means: «любовью»","body":"«Любовью» is the instrumental of «любовь» (love), here the instrument by which everything is accomplished — 'by/through love'. Fronting it before the verbs gives love the rhetorical weight of the sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"покупается, всё спасается","title":"Reflexive passive in -ся","body":"«покупается» and «спасается» are imperfective verbs in -ся functioning as passives: 'everything is bought, everything is saved'. This middle/passive use of -ся, with the agent left to the preceding instrumental «любовью», is the natural Russian way to say something is done without naming a doer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любовью","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental of means for покупается","gloss":"By love"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of покупается","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"покупается","lemma":"покупаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is bought"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of спасается","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"спасается","lemma":"спасаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with покупается","gloss":"is saved"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b2-c3-s124","source":"Уж коли я, такой же, как и ты, человек грешный, над тобой умилился и пожалел тебя, кольми паче бог.","translation":"If even I, a sinful man just like you, have been moved over you and taken pity on you, then how much more so has God.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кольми паче","title":"«кольми паче» — how much more so","body":"«кольми паче» is a Church-Slavonic set phrase meaning 'how much more (so)', the rhetorical a fortiori of Scripture and sermon. Dropped into the elder's plain peasant speech, it lifts the sentence into the register of preaching: if a sinful man can pity, all the more does God."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"умилился... пожалел","title":"Perfective past pair","body":"«умилился» (was moved to tenderness, -ся) and «пожалел» (took pity) are perfective pasts naming two completed acts of compassion. The perfective treats each as a single accomplished event, the protasis of the elder's 'if… then' argument."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"такой же, как и ты","title":"«такой же, как» — just the same as","body":"The frame «такой же…, как и ты» means 'just the same kind as you'; the particle «же» here intensifies the identity ('the very same'), and «как и» adds 'as'. The whole apposition stresses that the elder claims no superiority over the sinner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies коли","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умилился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of я","gloss":"just like"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with ты","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"complement of как (comparison)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to я","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"грешный","lemma":"грешный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"sinful"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of умилился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"умилился","lemma":"умилиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"have been moved"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пожалел","lemma":"пожалеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with умилился","gloss":"taken pity on"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of пожалел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кольми","lemma":"кольми","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase кольми паче","gloss":"how much","note":"Archaic Church-Slavonic collocation \"кольми паче,\" = \"how much more so.\""},{"surface":"паче","lemma":"паче","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies the elided verb, parallel to умилился","gloss":"more so"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided parallel verb","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b2-c3-s125","source":"Любовь такое бесценное сокровище, что на нее весь мир купить можешь, и не только свои, но и чужие грехи еще выкупишь.","translation":"Love is such a priceless treasure that with it you can buy the whole world, and redeem not only your own sins but the sins of others as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"такое бесценное сокровище, что","title":"Result clause «такое… что»","body":"«такое… что» ('such… that') sets up a consequence clause: love is so priceless a treasure that the following becomes possible. «что» here is the subordinating conjunction of result, set off by a comma, opening the dependent clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"купить можешь... выкупишь","title":"Perfective futures of capacity","body":"«купить можешь» pairs «мочь» with the perfective infinitive «купить» (buy, completed), and «выкупишь» is itself a perfective present-form future ('you will redeem'). Both view the buying and redeeming as achievable, completed wholes — the perfective's natural sense of result."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только свои, но и чужие грехи","title":"«не только… но и» with «свой»/«чужой»","body":"The correlative «не только… но и» means 'not only… but also'. The contrast turns on «свои» (one's own — the reflexive possessive pointing back to the subject 'you') versus «чужие» (others', someone else's): you redeem not only your own sins but others' too."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сокровище","gloss":"Love"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сокровище","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"бесценное","lemma":"бесценный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сокровище","gloss":"priceless"},{"surface":"сокровище","lemma":"сокровище","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a treasure"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of купить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мир","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of купить","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"купить","lemma":"купить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можешь","gloss":"buy"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"you can"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of не только...но и","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of выкупишь (ellipted грехи)","gloss":"your own sins"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"чужие","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies грехи","gloss":"others'"},{"surface":"грехи","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of выкупишь","gloss":"sins"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выкупишь","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"выкупишь","lemma":"выкупить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with можешь","gloss":"redeem"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b2-c3-s126","source":"Ступай и не бойся.","translation":"Go now, and do not be afraid.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ступай и не бойся","title":"Two imperatives, one negated","body":"«Ступай» (go, an old-flavoured 'be off, go on now') and «не бойся» (don't be afraid) are second-person imperatives; «бойся» comes from the -ся-only verb «бояться». The negated imperative «не бойся» is imperfective, the usual aspect for a soothing 'don't…' prohibition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Go now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бойся","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"бойся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Ступай","gloss":"be afraid"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b2-c3-s127","source":"Он перекрестил ее три раза, снял с своей шеи и надел на нее образок.","translation":"He made the sign of the cross over her three times, took a little icon from his own neck, and hung it upon her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"снял с своей шеи","title":"Reflexive «свой» = his own neck","body":"«с своей шеи» ('from his own neck') uses the reflexive possessive «свой», which points back to the clause's subject (the elder himself). The archaic «с своей» (rather than the modern «со своей») is a faintly bookish, period spelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перекрестил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"перекрестил","lemma":"перекрестить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made the sign of the cross over"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of перекрестил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перекрестил","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"снял","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перекрестил","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шеи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of шеи","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"шеи","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of снял","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надел","lemma":"надеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перекрестил","gloss":"hung"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"образок","lemma":"образок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of надел","gloss":"a little icon"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b2-c3-s128","source":"Она молча поклонилась ему до земли.","translation":"In silence she bowed down to the ground before him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поклонилась","title":"Perfective -ся, feminine past","body":"«поклонилась» is the perfective past of «поклониться» (to bow), a -ся verb; the -ась ending marks a feminine singular subject ('she bowed'). The past tense agrees in gender, not person — a relic of the old participle behind every Russian -л past."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поклонилась","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поклонилась","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"поклонилась","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bowed down"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поклонилась","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земли","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поклонилась","gloss":"the ground"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b2-c3-s129","source":"Он привстал и весело поглядел на одну здоровую бабу с грудным ребеночком на руках.","translation":"He rose a little and looked cheerfully at one hale young woman with a nursing baby in her arms.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поглядел на одну здоровую бабу","title":"Accusative of the animate object","body":"«на… бабу» is accusative after «на» with the verb of looking; «одну здоровую бабу» shows the full feminine-accusative chain (одну, здоровую, бабу) agreeing across number, adjective, and head noun. «одну» here is less 'one' than the colloquial 'a certain'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"баба","title":"«баба» — peasant woman","body":"«баба» is a plain (and in other contexts coarse) word for a peasant woman or country wife, fitting the chapter title «Верующие бабы». «здоровая» here means 'hale, robust, in good health', not 'healthy' in the clinical sense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ребеночком","title":"«ребёночек» — tender diminutive","body":"«ребёночек» (instrumental «ребёночком» after «с») is an affectionate diminutive of «ребёнок» (child). The suffix carries tenderness, not just smallness — the narrator's warmth toward the nursing infant. «грудной ребёнок» means a babe still at the breast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of привстал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"привстал","lemma":"привстать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose a little"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядел","gloss":"cheerfully"},{"surface":"поглядел","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with привстал","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бабу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies бабу","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"здоровую","lemma":"здоровый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бабу","gloss":"hale"},{"surface":"бабу","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of на, complement of поглядел","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ребеночком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"грудным","lemma":"грудной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребеночком","gloss":"nursing"},{"surface":"ребеночком","lemma":"ребёночек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of с, modifying бабу","gloss":"baby"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies ребеночком","gloss":"arms"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b2-c3-s130","source":"— Из Вышегорья, милый.","translation":"— From Vyshegorye, my dear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"милый","title":"«милый» as address","body":"«милый» ('dear, dear one') is used here as a warm vocative-style address to the elder, the familiar tenderness of peasant speech. Throughout the scene the women call him «милый», «милая», «голубчик»-style endearments rather than by title."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Вышегорья","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Вышегорья","lemma":"Вышегорье","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Vyshegorye"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, independent of Вышегорья","gloss":"dear"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b2-c3-s131","source":"— Шесть верст, однако, отсюда, с ребеночком томилась. Чего тебе?","translation":"— Six versts from here, even so, and you wore yourself out with the little one. What is it you want?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Шесть верст","title":"Genitive plural after a numeral","body":"After 'five and above' Russian puts the counted noun in the genitive plural: «шесть вёрст» (вёрст is gen. pl. of «верста»). The same rule shapes «шестьдесят копеек» later in the scene."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"однако","title":"«однако» — 'even so'","body":"«однако» here is a sentence-medial 'and yet, even so', the elder marking surprise that she came so far with an infant. Note also «томилась», the imperfective past of «томиться» (to wear/tire oneself, languish), stressing the drawn-out effort of the walk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on верст","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"верст","lemma":"верста","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"versts"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"even so"},{"surface":"отсюда","lemma":"отсюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верст","gloss":"from here"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ребеночком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ребеночком","lemma":"ребёночек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of томилась","gloss":"the little one"},{"surface":"томилась","lemma":"томиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to верст (implied subject: she)","gloss":"wore herself out"},{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative complement of Чего (dative of want)","gloss":"do you want"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b2-c3-s132","source":"— На тебя глянуть пришла. Я ведь у тебя бывала, аль забыл? Не велика же в тебе память, коли уж меня забыл. Сказали у нас, что ты хворый, думаю, что ж, я пойду его сама повидаю: вот и вижу тебя, да какой же ты хворый? Еще двадцать лет проживешь, право, бог с тобою! Да и мало ли за тебя молебщиков, тебе ль хворать?","translation":"— I came to have a look at you. I have been to see you before, or have you forgotten? You haven't much of a memory, then, if you've already forgotten me. They told us back home that you were ailing, so I think to myself, well now, I'll go and see him for myself: and here I see you, and how are you ailing at all? You'll live another twenty years yet, truly you will, the Lord be with you! And with so many to pray for you, how should you take ill?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аль","title":"«аль» — folk 'or'","body":"«аль» is a rustic, dialectal variant of «или / разве» ('or, or is it that…'), here introducing a question: 'or have you forgotten?'. Together with «коли» and «уж» it paints the woman's speech as broad peasant vernacular."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ведь у тебя бывала","title":"Particle «ведь» + iterative «бывала»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'why, I've been to see you, you know'. «бывала» is the iterative imperfective past of «бывать» (to be [repeatedly], visit now and then), so it means 'I used to come / have been here before', not a single visit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не велика же в тебе память","title":"Short adjective «велика»","body":"«велика» is the short (predicative) form of «великий/велик», feminine to agree with «память»: 'your memory is not great'. Short adjectives serve only as predicates and have a bookish, sententious ring well suited to this teasing reproach."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе ль хворать?","title":"Interrogative «ли» (here «ль»)","body":"The clitic «ль» (reduced «ли») turns this into a rhetorical yes/no question: 'is it for you to be ailing?'. The dative «тебе» plus infinitive «хворать» frames an impersonal 'should you really be the one to fall ill?' — incredulous, affectionate."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хворый, молебщиков","title":"«хворый» and «молебщик»","body":"«хворый» / «хворать» is folk for 'sickly' / 'to be ailing' (vs. neutral «больной/болеть»). «молебщик» (gen. pl. «молебщиков») is one who prays for another — from «молебен», an Orthodox service of intercession — so 'with so many praying for you, how could you take ill?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of глянуть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"глянуть","lemma":"глянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пришла","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I came"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бывала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывала","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывала","gloss":"your place"},{"surface":"бывала","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the question, modifies забыл","gloss":"or","note":"Dialectal particle meaning \"or, perhaps\" (like разве)."},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the question (understood subject: ты)","gloss":"have you forgotten"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies велика","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"велика","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies велика","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of велика","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"память","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of велика","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of забыл","gloss":"if","note":"Archaic/dialectal for \"if, since\"."},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of забыл","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of clause introduced by коли, modifying велика","gloss":"forgotten"},{"surface":"Сказали","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they told"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of Сказали","gloss":"back home"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хворый","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хворый","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хворый","lemma":"хворый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of Сказали","gloss":"ailing"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Сказали","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пойду","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"I'll go"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of повидаю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphasizes subject, modifies повидаю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"повидаю","lemma":"повидать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel action to пойду (purpose)","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by вот и","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of вижу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of хворый","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какой","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хворый","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хворый","lemma":"хворый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of rhetorical question, linked by да to вижу","gloss":"ailing"},{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies двадцать","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of проживешь","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"проживешь","lemma":"прожить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll live"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies проживешь","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the exclamation бог с тобою","gloss":"the Lord","note":"\"Бог с тобою\" is a set blessing formula, \"God be with you.\""},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"be with"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of бог (idiom бог с тобою)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мало","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"modifies молебщиков","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"молебщиков","lemma":"молебщик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of мало","gloss":"people praying"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of хворать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ль","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle, modifies тебе/хворать","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"хворать","lemma":"хворать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (dative subject тебе)","gloss":"take ill"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b2-c3-s133","source":"— Спасибо тебе за всё, милая.","translation":"— Thank you for everything, my dear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Спасибо тебе","title":"Dative with «спасибо»","body":"«Спасибо» ('thank you', historically «спаси Бог» — 'God save [you]') governs the dative of the person thanked: «спасибо тебе». «милая» is the affectionate feminine address 'my dear'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спасибо","lemma":"спасибо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thank you"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Спасибо","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всё","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Спасибо","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"милая","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"dear"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b2-c3-s134","source":"— Кстати будет просьбица моя невеликая: вот тут шестьдесят копеек, отдай ты их, милый, такой, какая меня бедней. Пошла я сюда, да и думаю: лучше уж чрез него подам, уж он знает, которой отдать.","translation":"— And here's a small request of mine, while we're at it: there are sixty kopecks here, give them, dear man, to someone poorer than I am. I set out to come here and thought to myself: better to give it through him, he'll know which one to give it to.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"просьбица невеликая","title":"«просьбица» — diminutive of request","body":"«просьбица» is an expressive diminutive of «просьба» (request), softening and humbling it — 'a tiny little favour'. Paired with «невеликая» ('not big'), it doubly minimises what she is about to ask, the self-effacing courtesy of the peasant woman."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"такой, какая меня бедней","title":"Correlative «такой… какая» + comparative","body":"«такой, какая…» pairs a demonstrative antecedent with a relative ('to such a one as…'). «бедней» is the predicative comparative of «бедный» (poorer), and «меня» is the genitive of comparison — 'poorer than I'. So: give it to someone who is poorer than I am."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чрез него","title":"«чрез» — bookish 'through'","body":"«чрез» is the elevated, contracted form of «через» ('through, by means of'), here 'better to give it through him'. Note also «которой отдать»: «которой» is the dative feminine of the relative «который» — 'to which [woman] to give it' — he will know the right one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, links Кстати as predicate of просьбица","gloss":"there'll be"},{"surface":"просьбица","lemma":"просьбица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"little request"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of просьбица","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"невеликая","lemma":"невеликий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies просьбица","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies копеек","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"шестьдесят","lemma":"шестьдесят","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on копеек","gloss":"sixty"},{"surface":"копеек","lemma":"копейка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (тут ... есть)","gloss":"kopecks"},{"surface":"отдай","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отдай","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of отдай","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"dear man"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отдай (recipient)","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бедней (relative pronoun referring to такой)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of comparison with бедней","gloss":"than I"},{"surface":"бедней","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the relative clause (subject: какая)","gloss":"poorer"},{"surface":"Пошла","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I set out"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Пошла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Пошла","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Пошла","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies подам","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"through","note":"Archaic/dialectal variant of через (\"through\")."},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подам","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"подам","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"I'll give"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"he's sure to"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to подам","gloss":"will know"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of отдать (recipient)","gloss":"which one"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of знает","gloss":"to give"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b2-c3-s135","source":"— Спасибо, милая, спасибо, добрая. Люблю тебя. Непременно исполню. Девочка на руках-то?","translation":"— Thank you, my dear, thank you, kind woman. I love you. I will do it without fail. Is that a little girl in your arms?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Непременно исполню","title":"Perfective future «исполню»","body":"«исполню» is the perfective present-form future of «исполнить» (to carry out, fulfil): 'I will do it [and see it done]'. The perfective promises completion, and «непременно» ('without fail') underscores it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на руках-то","title":"The topic clitic «-то»","body":"Hyphenated «-то» attached to «на руках-то» is the emphatic/topic particle, foregrounding the known topic ('the one there in your arms') — quite distinct from the indefinite «-то» in «кто-то». It gives the question a warm, conversational pointing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спасибо","lemma":"спасибо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thank you"},{"surface":"милая","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"спасибо","lemma":"спасибо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Спасибо","gloss":"thank you"},{"surface":"добрая","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"kind woman"},{"surface":"Люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Люблю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исполню","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"исполню","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will do it"},{"surface":"Девочка","lemma":"девочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical question (copula elided)","gloss":"a girl"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies Девочка","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic -то)","role":"emphatic particle, attached to руках","gloss":"then","note":"Colloquial enclitic -то adds a questioning/confirming tone, roughly \"then?\" or \"right?\"."}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b2-c3-s136","source":"— Девочка, свет, Лизавета.","translation":"— A girl, light of my life, Lizaveta.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"свет","title":"«свет» as endearment","body":"«свет» ('light') is used here as a term of endearment in address — 'light of my eyes, my dear', a folk-poetic vocative the woman offers the elder. «Лизавета» is the older/folk form of the name Елизавета (Elizabeth)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Девочка","lemma":"девочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a girl"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Девочка","gloss":"light of my life"},{"surface":"Лизавета","lemma":"Лизавета","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Девочка","gloss":"Lizaveta"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b2-c3-s137","source":"— Благослови господь вас обеих, и тебя и младенца Лизавету. Развеселила ты мое сердце, мать. Прощайте, милые, прощайте, дорогие, любезные.","translation":"— May the Lord bless you both, you and the infant Lizaveta. You have gladdened my heart, mother. Farewell, my dears, farewell, my beloved, my cherished ones.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Благослови господь вас обеих","title":"«благослови» — imperative of blessing","body":"«Благослови» is the imperative of «благословить» (to bless), in a wish-formula with «господь» as subject: 'may the Lord bless you'. «вас обеих» is the feminine accusative of «обе» (both, of two females) — both the mother and the infant girl."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"младенца Лизавету","title":"«младенец» — babe / infant","body":"«младенец» (here acc. «младенца») is the solemn, slightly Slavonic word for an infant, the word of Scripture and liturgy (cf. 'the holy Innocents'). Its register lifts the blessing above the plain «ребёночек» used earlier in the scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прощайте, милые, прощайте, дорогие","title":"Polite imperative «прощайте»","body":"«Прощайте» is the plural/polite imperative of «прощать» — literally 'forgive [me]', the standard Russian farewell. The -те ending addresses the whole gathered crowd. The piled-up endearments «милые, дорогие, любезные» pour out the elder's tenderness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Благослови","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (optative use)","gloss":"may bless"},{"surface":"господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Благослови","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Благослови","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обеих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine","role":"quantifies вас","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"in apposition to вас, specifying who is meant","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"младенца","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with тебя","gloss":"the infant"},{"surface":"Лизавету","lemma":"Лизавета","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to младенца","gloss":"Lizaveta"},{"surface":"Развеселила","lemma":"развеселить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you have gladdened"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Развеселила","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Развеселила","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"Прощайте","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"farewell"},{"surface":"милые","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"vocative address, accompanying Прощайте","gloss":"my dears"},{"surface":"прощайте","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Прощайте","gloss":"farewell"},{"surface":"дорогие","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"vocative address, accompanying прощайте","gloss":"my beloved"},{"surface":"любезные","lemma":"любезный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with дорогие","gloss":"my cherished ones"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b2-c3-s138","source":"Он всех благословил и глубоко всем поклонился.","translation":"He blessed them all and bowed low to every one of them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всех благословил... всем поклонился","title":"«весь»: accusative vs dative","body":"The same pronoun «весь» (all) appears in two cases by its role: «всех» is animate accusative (object of «благословил» — blessed them all), while «всем» is dative (governed by «поклониться» — bowed to them all). The forms make the syntax visible where word order is free."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поклонился","title":"«поклониться» governs the dative","body":"«поклониться» (to bow [to]) takes its object in the dative — «всем» — because a bow is directed 'to' someone. Both verbs are perfective pasts, closing the scene with two completed, final gestures of blessing and reverence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of благословил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of благословил","gloss":"them all"},{"surface":"благословил","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поклонился","gloss":"low"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of поклонился","gloss":"to everyone"},{"surface":"поклонился","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with благословил","gloss":"bowed"}]}]}