{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b2-c4","title":{"source":"IV. Маловерная дама","translated":"A Lady of Little Faith"},"section":"Book II — An Unfortunate Gathering","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b2-c4","lines":170},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b2-c3","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b2-c5","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b2-c4-s1","source":"Приезжая дама помещица, взирая на всю сцену разговора с простонародьем и благословения его, проливала тихие слезы и утирала их платочком.","translation":"The visiting landowner lady, watching the whole scene of his talk with the common folk and his blessing of them, shed quiet tears and wiped them away with her little handkerchief.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взирая… проливала… утирала","title":"A gerund framing two imperfectives","body":"«взирая» is an imperfective present gerund («деепричастие»), 'while gazing', sharing the subject of the main clause and setting a simultaneous background. Against it the two past-tense verbs «проливала» and «утирала» are imperfective, painting the tears and the wiping as an ongoing, repeated process rather than single acts."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"взирая","title":"«взирать», a lofty 'to gaze'","body":"«взирать» is a bookish, elevated verb for 'to gaze upon', far weightier than the everyday «смотреть». It carries a faintly solemn, contemplative tone fitting the lady's emotional, almost devotional watching of the scene."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с простонародьем","title":"«простонародье», the common folk","body":"«простонародье» is a collective noun (in the instrumental after «с») for the common people, the lower classes — слегка condescending from a landowner's mouth. It marks the social gulf the sentimental lady is tearfully crossing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"платочком","title":"«платочек», a little handkerchief","body":"«платочком» (instrumental, the means of wiping) is the diminutive of «платок». The -очек suffix lends a dainty, genteel touch — exactly the affected delicacy of a 'society lady' dabbing her eyes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приезжая","lemma":"приезжий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дама","gloss":"visiting"},{"surface":"дама","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проливала","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"помещица","lemma":"помещица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to дама","gloss":"landowner"},{"surface":"взирая","lemma":"взирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying проливала (subject: дама)","gloss":"watching"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сцену","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сцену","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"сцену","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взирая","gloss":"scene"},{"surface":"разговора","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сцену","gloss":"of the talk"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking простонародьем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"простонародьем","lemma":"простонародье","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies разговора","gloss":"the common folk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благословения","lemma":"благословение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with разговора","gloss":"the blessing"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of благословения","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"проливала","lemma":"проливать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shed"},{"surface":"тихие","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies слезы","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of проливала","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"утирала","lemma":"утирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with проливала","gloss":"wiped"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of утирала","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"платочком","lemma":"платочек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrument of утирала","gloss":"with a handkerchief"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b2-c4-s2","source":"Это была чувствительная светская дама и с наклонностями во многом искренно добрыми.","translation":"She was a sentimental society lady, with inclinations that were in many ways sincerely kind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это была чувствительная светская дама","title":"Past «была» with a nominative complement","body":"The summarising «это была…» uses the past of «быть»; here the predicate noun phrase «чувствительная светская дама» stands in the nominative because «это» is the impersonal subject and «дама» is its identifying complement, not a role taken on. Contrast the instrumental that would appear in «она была дамой»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чувствительная","title":"«чувствительная», sentimental","body":"«чувствительный» here means 'sentimental, easily moved to feeling' rather than physically 'sensitive'. Paired with «светская» ('of high society'), it gently flags the lady's emotionality as fashionable sensibility — a type Dostoevsky views with irony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дама","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to дама","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"чувствительная","lemma":"чувствительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дама","gloss":"sentimental"},{"surface":"светская","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дама","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"дама","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наклонностями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"наклонностями","lemma":"наклонность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition с, modified by добрыми (not the other way round)","gloss":"inclinations"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking многом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"многом","lemma":"многое","morphology":"noun (substantive), locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of добрыми","gloss":"many ways"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies добрыми","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"добрыми","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies наклонностями","gloss":"kind"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b2-c4-s3","source":"Когда старец подошел наконец и к ней, она встретила его восторженно","translation":"When the elder at last came up to her too, she met him rapturously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подошел… и к ней","title":"Prefixed motion verb «подойти»","body":"«подошёл» is the perfective past of «подойти» ('to come up to, approach'), a prefixed motion verb: the prefix под- adds the sense of approaching, and pairs it as perfective against imperfective «подходить». It governs «к ней» in the dative ('up to her'), the case к always takes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старец","title":"«старец», the elder","body":"«старец» is not merely an old man but a spiritual elder — a monk of recognised holiness and authority as a confessor and guide (here Zosima). The старчество tradition is central to the novel; the word carries deep reverence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подошел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on встретила","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подошел","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies к ней","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of встретила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"встретила","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встретила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"восторженно","lemma":"восторженно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретила","gloss":"rapturously"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b2-c4-s4","source":"— Я столько, столько вынесла, смотря на всю эту умилительную сцену… — не договорила она от волнения.","translation":"\"I have borne so much, so much, watching this whole touching scene...\" — she broke off, unable to finish from agitation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотря на всю эту умилительную сцену","title":"Imperfective gerund «смотря»","body":"«смотря» is the imperfective present gerund of «смотреть», expressing the action accompanying «вынесла» — 'while watching'. It must share the main subject (она), the hallmark of the deepричastie in narrated and reported speech alike."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не договорила","title":"Perfective «не договорить»: failure to complete","body":"«не договорила» is the perfective past of «договорить» under negation — she did NOT finish speaking. The perfective is exactly right: it views the (non-)completion as a single bounded event, snapped off by emotion («от волнения»)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умилительную","title":"«умилительный», touching to tears","body":"«умилительный» describes something that stirs tender, melting emotion («умиление») — the soft, almost teary tenderness of a moving sight. The word itself signals the lady's gushing sentimentality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вынесла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вынесла","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with first столько, modifies вынесла","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"вынесла","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have borne"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вынесла","gloss":"watching"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сцену","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сцену","gloss":"this whole"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сцену","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"умилительную","lemma":"умилительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сцену","gloss":"touching"},{"surface":"сцену","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"scene"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies договорила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"договорила","lemma":"договорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (she didn't finish)","gloss":"couldn't finish"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of договорила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"волнения","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of договорила","gloss":"agitation"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b2-c4-s5","source":"— О, я понимаю, что вас любит народ, я сама люблю народ, я желаю его любить, да и как не любить народ, наш прекрасный, простодушный в своем величии русский народ!","translation":"\"Oh, I understand that the people love you; I love the people myself, I long to love them — and how could one not love the people, our splendid Russian people, so simple-hearted in their greatness!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как не любить народ","title":"Rhetorical «как не» + infinitive","body":"«да и как не любить народ» is a rhetorical-exclamatory construction: «как не» plus an infinitive means 'how could one possibly not (love)…?'. The negated «не» here does not deny but, in this idiom, asserts the inevitability of loving."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я желаю его любить","title":"Genitive «его» as object of «любить»","body":"«его» is the third-person pronoun in the accusative/genitive form serving as the object of «любить» ('to love it', i.e. the народ). Note how the unstressed pronoun precedes the infinitive — a natural Russian ordering driven by information weight, not by rule."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"народ","title":"«народ», the People","body":"«народ» means both 'the people / the folk' and, in 19th-century Russian thought, the idealised peasant nation — the carrier of Russia's soul. The lady's rapturous «наш прекрасный… русский народ» parodies the fashionable narodnik adoration of the simple Russian people."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"простодушный","title":"«простодушный», simple-hearted","body":"«простодушный» (literally 'simple-souled') means guileless, ingenuous, open-hearted. Applied to the народ it is high praise of an innocent, unspoiled nature — the very quality sentimental gentry liked to project onto the peasantry."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, precedes понимаю","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понимаю","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphasizes subject, modifies люблю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of желаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"желаю","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with понимаю","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of желаю","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies second любить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies second любить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main predicate of the rhetorical question (understood subject: one)","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of second любить","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of народ (final)","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"прекрасный","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies народ (final)","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"простодушный","lemma":"простодушный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies народ (final), coordinated with прекрасный","gloss":"simple-hearted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking величии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of величии","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"величии","lemma":"величие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of простодушный","gloss":"greatness"},{"surface":"русский","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies народ (final)","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to народ (direct object of second любить)","gloss":"people"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b2-c4-s6","source":"— Как здоровье вашей дочери? Вы опять пожелали со мною беседовать?","translation":"\"How is your daughter's health? You wished to speak with me again?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как здоровье вашей дочери?","title":"Zero copula and genitive of possession","body":"The present-tense question has no verb 'to be' — Russian omits the copula in the present, so «как здоровье?» is literally 'how [is] the health'. «вашей дочери» is genitive ('of your daughter'), marking possession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пожелали… беседовать","title":"Perfective «пожелали» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«пожелали» is the perfective past of «пожелать» (a single act of wishing), governing the imperfective infinitive «беседовать» ('to converse, at length'). The aspect contrast is deliberate: one wish, an open-ended conversation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"predicate, introduces the question of здоровье","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"здоровье","lemma":"здоровье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the question (predicate: Как)","gloss":"is the health"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дочери","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"дочери","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies здоровье","gloss":"daughter's"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пожелали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожелали","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"пожелали","lemma":"пожелать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мною","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of беседовать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"беседовать","lemma":"беседовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пожелали","gloss":"to speak"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b2-c4-s7","source":"— О, я настоятельно просила, я умоляла, я готова была на колени стать и стоять на коленях хоть три дня пред вашими окнами, пока бы вы меня впустили.","translation":"\"Oh, I begged insistently, I implored; I was ready to go down on my knees and to kneel for three days, if need be, before your windows, until you would let me in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я готова была на колени стать","title":"Short adjective predicate «готова»","body":"«готова» is the short (predicative) form of the adjective «готовый», agreeing with the feminine subject in gender and number. Short adjectives can only predicate, and they suit the temporary state ('I was ready') — a flavour very common in 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пока бы вы меня впустили","title":"Conditional «бы» in a 'until' clause","body":"«пока бы вы меня впустили» uses the past-form verb plus the particle «бы» to make the clause hypothetical — 'until you might let me in'. The «бы» leans on «пока», the mobile particle attaching to the first stressed word rather than the verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умоляла","title":"«умолять», to implore","body":"«умолять» is an intensive verb for begging — 'to implore, beseech', stronger than «просить». The triple climax «просила, умоляла, готова была на колени стать» dramatises the lady's theatrical fervour."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of просила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"настоятельно","lemma":"настоятельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просила","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"просила","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умоляла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"умоляла","lemma":"умолять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with просила","gloss":"implored"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of готова","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"готова","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, complement of была","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to готова","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колени","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"колени","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of стать","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"стать","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готова","gloss":"to kneel down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стоять","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стать","gloss":"to kneel"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коленях","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоять","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies три","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоять","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окнами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вашими","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of окнами","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"окнами","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоять","gloss":"windows"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of впустили","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks впустили as conditional","gloss":"would","note":"бы forms the conditional/subjunctive mood here; it has no separate translation."},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of впустили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of впустили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"впустили","lemma":"впустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стоять","gloss":"would let in"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b2-c4-s8","source":"Мы приехали к вам, великий исцелитель, чтобы высказать всю нашу восторженную благодарность.","translation":"We have come to you, great healer, to pour out all our rapturous gratitude.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы высказать всю нашу… благодарность","title":"Purpose clause with «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«чтобы высказать…» expresses purpose ('in order to express'). When the subject is the same as the main clause, «чтобы» takes a bare infinitive (as here) rather than a past-form verb; it answers 'why did we come?'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"великий исцелитель","title":"«исцелитель», healer","body":"«исцелитель» is a solemn, almost scriptural word for a healer (from «исцелить», 'to heal, make whole'), with overtones of miraculous cure. The grandiose «великий исцелитель» is the lady's hyperbole — gently embarrassing to the elder, who will reject the title."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of приехали","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"приехали","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of приехали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies исцелитель","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"исцелитель","lemma":"исцелитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to вам","gloss":"healer"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of высказать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"высказать","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on приехали","gloss":"pour out"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of благодарность","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"нашу","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of благодарность","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"восторженную","lemma":"восторженный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies благодарность","gloss":"rapturous"},{"surface":"благодарность","lemma":"благодарность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of высказать","gloss":"gratitude"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b2-c4-s9","source":"Ведь вы Лизу мою исцелили, исцелили совершенно, а чем? — тем, что в четверг помолились над нею, возложили на нее ваши руки.","translation":"For you have healed my Liza, healed her completely — and by what means? By praying over her this Thursday and laying your hands upon her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь вы Лизу мою исцелили","title":"The particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» is a modal particle appealing to shared knowledge — 'after all, why, you know'. It frames her claim as something self-evident the elder surely cannot deny, lending the speech its insistent, coaxing tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"исцелили, исцелили совершенно","title":"Perfective «исцелить»: a completed result","body":"«исцелили» is the perfective of «исцелить» — a single, completed cure with a result, reinforced by «совершенно» ('completely'). The repetition hammers the claim home; the elder's later objection turns on whether this perfective 'healing' really happened."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"помолились над нею, возложили на нее ваши руки","title":"«над нею» and «на нее»: prepositional vs accusative","body":"«над нею» (instrumental after «над», 'over her') locates the praying above the sick girl; «на нее» (accusative after «на» for motion-onto) marks the laying-on of hands. The two prepositions and their cases sketch the gesture of blessing precisely."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies исцелили","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of исцелили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Лизу","lemma":"Лиза","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of исцелили","gloss":"Liza"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Лизу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"исцелили","lemma":"исцелить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"healed"},{"surface":"исцелили","lemma":"исцелить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with исцелили","gloss":"healed"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исцелили","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"forms the question а чем? (by what means)","gloss":"by what"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"answers чем, anticipates the что-clause; oblique complement of возложили","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining тем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking четверг","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"четверг","lemma":"четверг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помолились","gloss":"Thursday"},{"surface":"помолились","lemma":"помолиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clause explaining тем","gloss":"prayed"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помолились","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"возложили","lemma":"возложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with помолились","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возложили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of руки","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of возложили","gloss":"hands"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b2-c4-s10","source":"Мы облобызать эти руки спешили, излить наши чувства и наше благоговение!","translation":"We hurried here to kiss those hands, to pour out our feelings and our reverence!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мы облобызать эти руки спешили","title":"Marked word order: infinitive fronted","body":"Neutral order would be «мы спешили облобызать эти руки»; here the infinitive phrase «облобызать эти руки» is fronted before «спешили» for emphasis, throwing the rapturous goal first. Free word order lets Russian weight the new, emotional information forward."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"облобызать","title":"«облобызать», to kiss reverently","body":"«облобызать» is an archaic, elevated, Church-Slavonic-tinged verb for kissing — to kiss devoutly or solemnly, as one kisses an icon or a holy hand. Its grandiloquence (versus plain «поцеловать») marks the lady's overwrought piety."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благоговение","title":"«благоговение», reverence","body":"«благоговение» is awe-filled religious reverence, a bookish noun of the high register (бого- 'God'). Heaping «чувства» and «благоговение» together, the lady casts her gratitude in devotional terms."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of облобызать","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"облобызать","lemma":"облобызать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of спешили","gloss":"to kiss"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of руки","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of облобызать","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"спешили","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hurried"},{"surface":"излить","lemma":"излить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with спешили","gloss":"to pour out"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of чувства","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of излить","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of благоговение","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"благоговение","lemma":"благоговение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with чувства","gloss":"reverence"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b2-c4-s11","source":"— Как так исцелил? Ведь она всё еще в кресле лежит?","translation":"\"How is it that I healed her? Why, she is still lying there in her chair.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как так исцелил?","title":"Incredulous «как так»","body":"«как так?» is an idiomatic exclamation of disbelief — 'how do you mean?', 'how is that?'. The elder picks up her perfective «исцелил» and questions it, the bare verb (no pronoun) carrying his skeptical surprise."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь она всё еще в кресле лежит?","title":"Imperfective «лежит» + «всё еще»","body":"«лежит» is the present (imperfective) of «лежать», a state-verb of position, with «всё ещё» ('still') stressing the unchanged condition — she is still lying there. «в кресле» is prepositional after «в» (location). The «ведь» again appeals to the obvious."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исцелил","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исцелил","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"исцелил","lemma":"исцелить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did I heal"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лежит","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лежит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies еще","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежит","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кресле","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежит","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is lying"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b2-c4-s12","source":"— Но ночные лихорадки совершенно исчезли, вот уже двое суток, с самого четверга, — нервно заспешила дама.","translation":"\"But the night fevers have vanished entirely — for two whole days now, ever since Thursday,\" the lady hurried on nervously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ночные лихорадки совершенно исчезли","title":"Perfective «исчезнуть» with -ся-less change of state","body":"«исчезли» is the perfective past of «исчезнуть» ('to vanish'), a completed change of state reinforced by «совершенно». The plural subject «лихорадки» takes the gender-neutral plural past in -и."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"двое суток","title":"«двое суток», two full days","body":"«сутки» is the noun for a 24-hour day-and-night, used only in the plural; with the collective numeral «двое» it means 'two full days' (in the genitive «суток»). Russian counts whole days this way rather than with «день»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ночные","lemma":"ночной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies лихорадки","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"лихорадки","lemma":"лихорадка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of исчезли","gloss":"fevers"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исчезли","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"исчезли","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have vanished"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies двое","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"двое","lemma":"двое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on суток","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"суток","lemma":"сутки","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive complement of двое, adverbial modifying исчезли","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking четверга","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies четверга","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"четверга","lemma":"четверг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with суток","gloss":"Thursday"},{"surface":"нервно","lemma":"нервно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заспешила","gloss":"nervously"},{"surface":"заспешила","lemma":"заспешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hurried on"},{"surface":"дама","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заспешила","gloss":"the lady"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b2-c4-s13","source":"— Мало того: у ней ноги окрепли.","translation":"\"What is more, her legs have grown stronger.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у ней ноги окрепли","title":"Possessive «у ней» + perfective «окрепнуть»","body":"«у ней» is the «у» + genitive construction of possession ('she has / with her'); «ней» is a colloquial/19th-century variant of «неё». «окрепли» is the perfective past of «окрепнуть» ('to grow strong'), a completed change in her legs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What's more"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of мало","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of окрепли (possessive: she has)","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of окрепли","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"окрепли","lemma":"окрепнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have grown stronger"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b2-c4-s14","source":"Сегодня утром она встала здоровая, она спала всю ночь, посмотрите на ее румянец, на ее светящиеся глазки.","translation":"This morning she rose in good health; she slept the whole night through — look at the color in her cheeks, at her shining little eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встала здоровая","title":"Predicate adjective «здоровая» in the nominative","body":"«встала здоровая» pairs the perfective «встала» ('got up') with the long-form nominative adjective «здоровая» predicating the subject's state — 'rose [as] healthy'. The nominative (not instrumental) here describes the manner/state at the moment of the action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она спала всю ночь","title":"Imperfective «спала» for duration","body":"«спала» is imperfective ('was sleeping / slept'), and «всю ночь» ('the whole night') is exactly the kind of durative time phrase the imperfective takes — the action viewed as a process filling the night."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глазки","title":"«глазки», dear little eyes","body":"«глазки» is the affectionate diminutive of «глаза» ('eyes'). With «светящиеся» ('shining'), it tenderly infantilises the recovering Lise — the mother's doting gaze rendered in the suffix."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встала","gloss":"Today"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of встала","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of встала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"встала","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"здоровая","lemma":"здоровый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of встала","gloss":"healthy"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of спала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"спала","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with встала","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of спала","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"посмотрите","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of a separate imperative clause","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking румянец","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of румянец","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"румянец","lemma":"румянец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрите","gloss":"blush"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глазки","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"светящиеся","lemma":"светиться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies глазки","gloss":"shining"},{"surface":"глазки","lemma":"глазок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with румянец","gloss":"little eyes"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b2-c4-s15","source":"То всё плакала, а теперь смеется, весела, радостна.","translation":"She used to do nothing but weep, and now she laughs, cheerful and full of joy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"То всё плакала, а теперь смеется","title":"Imperfectives of habit + contrastive «а»","body":"«плакала» and «смеётся» are imperfectives of repeated/habitual state ('used to weep' vs 'now laughs'), with «всё» here meaning 'kept (weeping), did nothing but'. The conjunction «а» marks the gentle 'then… now' contrast, not flat opposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смеется","title":"Reflexive «смеяться»","body":"«смеётся» is the present of «смеяться» ('to laugh'), a verb that exists only in the -ся form — there is no «смеять». Such inherently reflexive verbs are a class learners must simply know."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with а теперь, marks a habitual past state","gloss":"she used to","note":"то...а теперь is a contrastive construction: 'at one time... but now'."},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плакала","gloss":"all the time"},{"surface":"плакала","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеется","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with плакала","gloss":"laughs"},{"surface":"весела","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with смеется","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"радостна","lemma":"радостный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with весела","gloss":"joyful"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b2-c4-s16","source":"Сегодня непременно требовала, чтоб ее поставили на ноги постоять, и она целую минуту простояла сама, безо всякой поддержки.","translation":"Today she absolutely insisted on being set on her feet to stand, and she stood for a whole minute on her own, without any support whatever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"требовала, чтоб ее поставили на ноги","title":"«чтобы» + past-form verb after demanding","body":"After a verb of demanding, «чтоб(ы)» introduces a willed outcome with the past-form verb «поставили» — the irrealis/subjunctive use of «чтобы», not a plain report of fact. This is the key «что» vs «чтобы» distinction: she demanded THAT they set her on her feet."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"целую минуту простояла","title":"Perfective «простоять» for a bounded span","body":"«простояла» is the perfective of «простоять», where the prefix про- means 'to spend (a span of time) doing'; «целую минуту» (accusative of duration) gives the bounded 'whole minute' it measures. The perfective frames the standing as a single completed feat."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безо всякой поддержки","title":"«безо всякой», without any whatever","body":"«безо» is the variant of «без» used before certain consonant clusters (без + всякой → безо всякой), governing the genitive. «без всякой поддержки» means 'without any support at all' — the «всякий» strengthening the negation of help."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies требовала","gloss":"Today"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies требовала","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"требовала","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"insisted"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поставили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поставили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"поставили","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of требовала","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of постоять","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"постоять","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of поставили","gloss":"to stand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of простояла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"целую","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of простояла","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"простояла","lemma":"простоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with требовала","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies простояла (on her own)","gloss":"by herself"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поддержки","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всякой","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies поддержки","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"поддержки","lemma":"поддержка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простояла","gloss":"support"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b2-c4-s17","source":"Она бьется со мной об заклад, что через две недели будет кадриль танцевать.","translation":"She is wagering with me that in two weeks she will be dancing the quadrille.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будет кадриль танцевать","title":"Compound imperfective future","body":"«будет… танцевать» is the compound future: conjugated «быть» + imperfective infinitive, naming an ongoing/repeated future action ('will be dancing'). Note the object «кадриль» tucked between «будет» and «танцевать» — free word order placing the focus on the dance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бьется со мной об заклад","title":"«биться об заклад», to make a bet","body":"«биться об заклад» is a set idiom meaning 'to wager, bet'; «заклад» is an old word for a stake or pledge. The phrase is lively and colloquial, conveying Lise's playful, recovered spirits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бьется","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"бьется","lemma":"биться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is wagering","note":"биться об заклад is an idiom meaning 'to bet'."},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of бьется","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заклад","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"заклад","lemma":"заклад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"completes the idiom бьется об заклад","gloss":"wager"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недели","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on недели","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of через","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of танцевать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"кадриль","lemma":"кадриль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of танцевать","gloss":"quadrille"},{"surface":"танцевать","lemma":"танцевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of будет","gloss":"dancing"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b2-c4-s18","source":"Я призывала здешнего доктора Герценштубе; он пожимает плечами и говорит: дивлюсь, недоумеваю.","translation":"I called in the local doctor, Herzenstube; he shrugs his shoulders and says: I marvel, I am at a loss.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он пожимает плечами и говорит","title":"Historic present in narration","body":"«пожимает» and «говорит» are imperfective presents used vividly for past events — the 'historic present', making the doctor's bafflement immediate. «плечами» is the instrumental ('shrugs with his shoulders'), the case the gesture-verb «пожимать» governs."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дивлюсь, недоумеваю","title":"«дивлюсь», «недоумеваю»","body":"«дивлюсь» (from «дивиться», to marvel) is a somewhat bookish 'I marvel/am amazed', and «недоумеваю» means 'I am at a loss, cannot make sense of it'. The doctor's clipped first-person presents render his professional bewilderment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of призывала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"призывала","lemma":"призывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called in"},{"surface":"здешнего","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доктора","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"доктора","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of призывала","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"Герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to доктора","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пожимает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пожимает","lemma":"пожимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with призывала","gloss":"shrugs"},{"surface":"плечами","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"instrumental complement of пожимает","gloss":"shoulders"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пожимает","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"дивлюсь","lemma":"дивиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"quoted clause, complement of говорит","gloss":"I marvel"},{"surface":"недоумеваю","lemma":"недоумевать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дивлюсь","gloss":"I am puzzled"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b2-c4-s19","source":"И вы хотите, чтобы мы не беспокоили вас, могли не лететь сюда, не благодарить?","translation":"And you would have us not trouble you, not fly here, not give thanks?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотите, чтобы мы не беспокоили вас","title":"«чтобы» + negated past-form verb","body":"«хотите, чтобы мы не беспокоили» again uses «чтобы» + past-form verb for a willed (here, would-be forbidden) outcome — 'you want that we not trouble you'. The whole rests on the irrealis logic of «чтобы», not on reported fact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"могли не лететь… не благодарить","title":"Stacked negated infinitives","body":"The chain «не лететь… не благодарить» negates each infinitive with «не». «лететь» ('to fly') is the unidirectional motion verb used figuratively for rushing to him; the rhetorical cascade of negatives builds the lady's indignant 'how could we not?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хотите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of беспокоили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of беспокоили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокоили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"беспокоили","lemma":"беспокоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of хотите","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of беспокоили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with беспокоили","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лететь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"лететь","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"fly here"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лететь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies благодарить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"благодарить","lemma":"благодарить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лететь","gloss":"give thanks"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b2-c4-s20","source":"Lise, благодари же, благодари!","translation":"Lise, give thanks now, give thanks!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"благодари же, благодари!","title":"Imperative + insistent «же»","body":"«благодари» is the imperative of imperfective «благодарить» (stem + stressed -и). The particle «же» adds urging insistence — 'go on, thank him!'. The imperfective imperative here presses for the immediate carrying-out of the act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"благодари","lemma":"благодарить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, imperative addressed to Lise","gloss":"give thanks"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies благодари","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"благодари","lemma":"благодарить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with благодари","gloss":"give thanks"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b2-c4-s21","source":"Миленькое, смеющееся личико Lise сделалось было вдруг серьезным, она приподнялась в кресле, сколько могла, и, смотря на старца, сложила пред ним свои ручки, но не вытерпела и вдруг рассмеялась…","translation":"Lise's sweet, laughing little face suddenly turned grave; she raised herself in her chair as far as she could and, looking at the elder, folded her little hands before him — but she could not hold out, and all at once burst into laughter...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сделалось было… серьезным","title":"The «было» of an interrupted action + predicate instrumental","body":"«сделалось было серьёзным» pairs perfective «сделалось» ('became') with the special particle «было», which signals an action begun but at once reversed — her face started to turn grave, but didn't stay so. «серьёзным» is the predicate instrumental after «сделаться»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотря на старца, сложила… но не вытерпела и… рассмеялась","title":"Gerund + chain of perfectives","body":"The gerund «смотря» ('looking') frames a rapid sequence of perfectives — «приподнялась», «сложила», «не вытерпела», «рассмеялась» — each a discrete, completed event moving the action forward, against the simultaneous backdrop the gerund supplies."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"личико, ручки","title":"Diminutives «личико», «ручки»","body":"«личико» is the tender diminutive of «лицо» ('face'), «ручки» of «руки» ('hands'). These -ик/-к- diminutives convey warmth and smallness, coloring the narrator's fond view of the childlike Lise — why we render 'sweet little face' and 'little hands'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Миленькое","lemma":"миленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies личико","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"смеющееся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies личико","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"личико","lemma":"личико","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сделалось","gloss":"little face"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, genitive","role":"possessive modifier of личико","gloss":"Lise's"},{"surface":"сделалось","lemma":"сделаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"marks сделалось as a begun/interrupted action","gloss":"had (started to)","note":"сделалось было signals an action that began and was then reversed or interrupted."},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies серьезным","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"серьезным","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of сделалось","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приподнялась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"приподнялась","lemma":"приподняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделалось","gloss":"raised herself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кресле","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приподнялась","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of могла","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on приподнялась","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сложила","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"сложила","lemma":"сложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделалось","gloss":"folded"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сложила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of ручки","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ручки","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of сложила","gloss":"little hands"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вытерпела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вытерпела","lemma":"вытерпеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделалось","gloss":"could hold out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмеялась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"рассмеялась","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделалось","gloss":"burst out laughing"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b2-c4-s22","source":"— Это я на него, на него! — указала она на Алешу, с детской досадой на себя за то, что не вытерпела и рассмеялась.","translation":"\"It's because of him — him!\" she said, pointing at Alyosha, vexed with herself, in a childlike way, for not having held out and for laughing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с досадой на себя за то, что","title":"Reflexive «себя» and «за то, что»","body":"«на себя» uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» pointing back to the clause's subject (Lise) — 'annoyed at herself'. «за то, что…» ('for the fact that…') is the correlative «то» + «что» clause giving the cause of her vexation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с детской досадой","title":"«досада», vexation","body":"«досада» is annoyance mixed with chagrin — frustration at oneself or at circumstance. «детская досада» ('childish vexation') captures Lise's half-comic self-reproach, a recurring note in her characterisation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular, demonstrative","role":"introduces the emphatic clause with я","gloss":"It's"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the implied verb (laughing)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the implied verb (laughing) with я","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with него","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"указала","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pointed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of указала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указала","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking досадой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"детской","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies досадой","gloss":"childlike"},{"surface":"досадой","lemma":"досада","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указала","gloss":"vexation"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"modifies досадой","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies досадой","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вытерпела","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вытерпела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вытерпела","lemma":"вытерпеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"hold out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассмеялась","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вытерпела","gloss":"laughed"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b2-c4-s23","source":"Кто бы посмотрел на Алешу, стоявшего на шаг позади старца, тот заметил бы в его лице быструю краску, в один миг залившую его щеки.","translation":"Anyone who happened to glance at Alyosha, standing a step behind the elder, would have noticed on his face a swift flush that flooded his cheeks in an instant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто бы посмотрел… тот заметил бы","title":"Conditional «бы» in a correlative «кто… тот»","body":"This is a hypothetical built twice with «бы»: «кто бы посмотрел… тот заметил бы» — 'whoever might have looked… would have noticed'. The correlative pair «кто… тот» links the indefinite relative to its resumptive demonstrative, and both verbs carry «бы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"залившую его щеки","title":"Past active participle «заливший»","body":"«залившую» is the past active participle of perfective «залить» ('to flood'), in the feminine accusative agreeing with «краску» — 'the flush that had flooded his cheeks'. It condenses a «который»-clause into one bookish modifier, typical of literary description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоявшего на шаг позади старца","title":"Past active participle «стоявший»","body":"«стоявшего» is the past active participle of imperfective «стоять», in the masculine accusative agreeing with «Алёшу» — 'Alyosha, who was standing a step behind the elder'. The imperfective stem gives ongoing past sense; the participle replaces a relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"Whoever"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks посмотрел...заметил as conditional","gloss":"would","note":"бы marks the hypothetical/conditional mood: 'whoever might have looked... would have noticed'."},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заметил","gloss":"had looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"стоявшего","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Алешу","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шаг","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"шаг","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоявшего","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"позади","lemma":"позади","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of позади","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have noticed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks заметил as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лице","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"быструю","lemma":"быстрый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies краску","gloss":"a swift"},{"surface":"краску","lemma":"краска","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"flush"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies миг","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of залившую","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"залившую","lemma":"залить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying краску","gloss":"flooding"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of щеки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"щеки","lemma":"щека","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of залившую","gloss":"cheeks"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b2-c4-s24","source":"Глаза его сверкнули и потупились.","translation":"His eyes flashed and then dropped.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сверкнули и потупились","title":"Perfective «сверкнуть»: the -ну- semelfactive","body":"«сверкнули» is the perfective of «сверкнуть», whose -ну- suffix marks a single, instantaneous flash ('flashed once'). «потупились» is the -ся perfective of «потупиться» ('to drop one's gaze, look down') — a reflexive change of state. Two quick completed acts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сверкнули","gloss":"Eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"determiner of Глаза","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сверкнули","lemma":"сверкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потупились","lemma":"потупиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with сверкнули","gloss":"dropped"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b2-c4-s25","source":"— У ней к вам, Алексей Федорович, поручение… Как ваше здоровье, — продолжала маменька, обращаясь вдруг к Алеше и протягивая к нему свою прелестно гантированную ручку.","translation":"\"She has a message for you, Alexei Fyodorovich... How is your health,\" the mother went on, turning suddenly to Alyosha and holding out to him her exquisitely gloved little hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обращаясь… и протягивая","title":"Two simultaneous imperfective gerunds","body":"«обращаясь» (from reflexive «обращаться», 'turning to') and «протягивая» ('holding out') are imperfective present gerunds, both -сь/-я forms, describing what the mother is doing as she speaks. Stacked gerunds packing attendant actions into one sentence are a hallmark of the literary style."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гантированную ручку","title":"«гантированный», a Gallicism for 'gloved'","body":"«гантированную» is a fashionable French borrowing (from «ganté», gloved) instead of a plain Russian word — the kind of affected Gallicism a 'society lady' uses. «ручку» is the genteel diminutive of «рука» ('hand'); together they ooze drawing-room refinement."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks possessor ней (у + genitive = 'has')","gloss":"[she] has","note":"'У ней ... поручение' is the possession construction ('at her [is] an errand' = 'she has a message')."},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular (archaic oblique form of она used after у in place of неё, possessive)","role":"object of preposition У, possessor of поручение","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural (formal 'you')","role":"complement of поручение, object of к","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct address (vocative), in apposition","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"поручение","lemma":"поручение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"logical subject of the possession construction (у ней ... поручение)","gloss":"a message"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"introduces the question, modifies здоровье","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of здоровье","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"здоровье","lemma":"здоровье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the question (implied есть)","gloss":"health"},{"surface":"продолжала","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"маменька","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of продолжала","gloss":"the mother"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжала","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обращаясь","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"протягивая","lemma":"протягивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обращаясь","gloss":"holding out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of протягивая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ручку","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"прелестно","lemma":"прелестно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гантированную","gloss":"exquisitely"},{"surface":"гантированную","lemma":"гантированный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ручку","gloss":"gloved","note":"From French 'gantée' (gloved) — a fashionable society Gallicism."},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of протягивая","gloss":"little hand"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b2-c4-s26","source":"Старец оглянулся и вдруг внимательно посмотрел на Алешу.","translation":"The elder looked round and suddenly gazed attentively at Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оглянулся… посмотрел","title":"Two perfectives of a single look","body":"«оглянулся» (reflexive perfective of «оглянуться», 'looked round') and «посмотрел» (perfective 'looked / gazed') are discrete completed acts. The adverb «вдруг» ('suddenly') with the perfective marks the abrupt, pointed shift of the elder's attention to Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оглянулся","gloss":"The elder"},{"surface":"оглянулся","lemma":"оглянуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked round"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"внимательно","lemma":"внимательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"attentively"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оглянулся","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b2-c4-s27","source":"Тот приблизился к Лизе и, как-то странно и неловко усмехаясь, протянул и ей руку Lise сделала важную физиономию.","translation":"The young man approached Lise and, smiling somehow strangely and awkwardly, held out his hand to her as well. Lise put on a solemn expression.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот приблизился к Лизе","title":"Anaphoric «тот» as subject","body":"«тот» ('that one, the latter') is the demonstrative used here as a free-standing pronoun to refer back to Alyosha without naming him — a common device for tracking referents. «к Лизе» is dative after «к» (motion toward). «приблизился» is the reflexive perfective 'drew near'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"странно и неловко усмехаясь","title":"Imperfective gerund «усмехаясь»","body":"«усмехаясь» is the imperfective present gerund of reflexive «усмехаться» ('to smile faintly, smirk'), modified by the adverbs «странно и неловко». It paints Alyosha's awkward half-smile as the manner accompanying «протянул»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приблизился","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"приблизился","lemma":"приблизиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"approached"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Лизе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Лизе","lemma":"лиза","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приблизился","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"first half of как-то, modifies странно","gloss":"somehow","note":"'как-то' ('somehow, kind of') is one word split across two tokens by the hyphen."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"second half of как-то, modifies странно","gloss":"(cont'd)"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехаясь","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неловко","lemma":"неловко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with странно","gloss":"awkwardly"},{"surface":"усмехаясь","lemma":"усмехаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on протянул","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"протянул","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приблизился","gloss":"held out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ей ('as well, too')","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of протянул","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of протянул","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of сделала","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"сделала","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"put on"},{"surface":"важную","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies физиономию","gloss":"solemn"},{"surface":"физиономию","lemma":"физиономия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сделала","gloss":"an expression"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b2-c4-s28","source":"— Катерина Ивановна присылает вам чрез меня вот это, — подала она ему маленькое письмецо.","translation":"\"Katerina Ivanovna sends you this through me,\" she said, handing him a small note.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"присылает вам чрез меня вот это","title":"Dative «вам» + the archaic preposition «чрез»","body":"«вам» is the dative indirect object ('sends to you'); «чрез меня» uses «чрез», the bookish/archaic variant of «через» ('through, by way of'), governing the accusative «меня». «вот это» ('this here') points to the note she is handing over."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"письмецо","title":"«письмецо», a little note","body":"«письмецо» is the diminutive of «письмо» ('letter'), with the -ецо suffix conveying smallness and a touch of intimacy — 'a little note'. Its slightness foreshadows the «коротенькую… записочку» described below."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of присылает","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"присылает","lemma":"присылать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sends"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of присылает","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"through","note":"Archaic/poetic form of через."},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"object of preposition чрез","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of присылает","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"подала","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"handed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"маленькое","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмецо","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"письмецо","lemma":"письмецо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подала","gloss":"note"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b2-c4-s29","source":"— Она особенно просит, чтобы вы зашли к ней, да поскорей, поскорей, и чтобы не обманывать, а непременно прийти.","translation":"\"She particularly asks that you come to her, and soon, very soon, and not to deceive her, but to come without fail.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"просит, чтобы вы зашли… и чтобы… прийти","title":"«чтобы» of request: past-form vs infinitive","body":"After «просит», «чтобы вы зашли» takes the past-form verb (different subjects), while «чтобы… прийти» switches to a bare infinitive once the subject is understood. Both express the willed content of her request — a clear case of «чтобы»'s irrealis use."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да поскорей, поскорей","title":"The connective «да» and «поскорей»","body":"«да» here is the folksy, additive 'and' (а not 'yes'), chaining on the urgency. «поскорей» is a colloquial comparative-imperative adverb ('quicker, as soon as possible'), its doubling conveying the breathless insistence of the message."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of просит","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просит","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"просит","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asks"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of зашли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of зашли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"зашли","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of просит","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашли","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поскорей","lemma":"поскорей","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зашли, emphatic repetition","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"поскорей","lemma":"поскорей","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatic repetition of поскорей","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обманывать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обманывать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обманывать","lemma":"обманывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of просит, coordinated with зашли","gloss":"deceive"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прийти","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with обманывать","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b2-c4-s30","source":"— Она меня просит зайти? К ней меня… Зачем же? — с глубоким удивлением пробормотал Алеша.","translation":"\"She asks me to come? To her, me... What for?\" murmured Alyosha in deep astonishment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"К ней меня… Зачем же?","title":"Object-first word order + «же»","body":"Alyosha's broken «К ней меня…» fronts the goal «к ней» (dative) and object «меня» before any verb — fragmented, emphatic word order mirroring his confusion. «Зачем же?» adds the particle «же» to a 'why?' question, lending bewildered insistence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пробормотал","title":"«пробормотать», to mutter","body":"«пробормотал» (perfective of «бормотать», 'to mumble', with про- = 'utter under the breath') captures Alyosha's confused, low murmur «с глубоким удивлением». Dostoevsky's speech-verbs precisely shade each utterance's tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of просит","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of просит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"просит","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asks"},{"surface":"зайти","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of просит","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition К","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"elliptical direct object (implied verb, echoing зайти)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"standalone interrogative","gloss":"What for"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Зачем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"глубоким","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удивлением","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробормотал","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"murmured"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b2-c4-s31","source":"Лицо его вдруг стало совсем озабоченное.","translation":"His face suddenly became utterly troubled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стало совсем озабоченное","title":"Perfective «стать» + predicate adjective","body":"«стало» is the perfective of «стать» ('to become'), here linking the neuter subject «лицо» to the long-form nominative adjective «озабоченное». With «стать» a predicate noun would take the instrumental, but a long adjective complement stands in the nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озабоченное","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"озабоченное","lemma":"озабоченный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"troubled"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b2-c4-s32","source":"— О, это всё по поводу Дмитрия Федоровича и… всех этих последних происшествий, — бегло пояснила мамаша.","translation":"\"Oh, it is all on account of Dmitri Fyodorovich and... all these latest happenings,\" the mama explained hurriedly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это всё по поводу Дмитрия Федоровича","title":"«по поводу» + genitive","body":"«по поводу» ('on account of, concerning') governs the genitive: «Дмитрия Фёдоровича» shows both the first name and patronymic declined into the genitive together. Note that even a person's full name fully inflects for case."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мамаша","title":"«мамаша», «мамаша» vs «маменька»","body":"The narrator calls her «мамаша» — a colloquial, slightly familiar word for 'mama/the mother', distinct from the daughter's tender «маменька» (s25) and the plainer «мама» (s32 elsewhere). Dostoevsky rings changes on the word, half-affectionate, half-ironic toward this fluttering mother."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of всё","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase, predicate of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поводу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"поводу","lemma":"повод","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"forms compound preposition 'по поводу' with по, governs Дмитрия","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of поводу","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of происшествий","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of происшествий","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"последних","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies происшествий","gloss":"latest"},{"surface":"происшествий","lemma":"происшествие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"second complement of поводу, coordinated with Дмитрия Федоровича","gloss":"happenings"},{"surface":"бегло","lemma":"бегло","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пояснила","gloss":"hurriedly"},{"surface":"пояснила","lemma":"пояснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"мамаша","lemma":"мамаша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пояснила","gloss":"the mama"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b2-c4-s33","source":"— Катерина Ивановна остановилась теперь на одном решении… но для этого ей непременно надо вас видеть… зачем?","translation":"\"Katerina Ivanovna has now settled on a single resolution... but for that she absolutely must see you... what for?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ей непременно надо вас видеть","title":"Dative-subject impersonal of necessity","body":"«ей… надо… видеть» is a classic impersonal construction: the experiencer «ей» is in the dative, there is no nominative subject, and «надо» + infinitive expresses necessity ('she must see'). This dative-experiencer pattern pervades the inner life of Dostoevsky's characters."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"остановилась… на одном решении","title":"«остановиться на» + prepositional","body":"«остановилась на одном решении» uses the perfective reflexive «остановиться» idiomatically ('to settle on') with «на» + prepositional «решении» ('a single resolution'). The literal 'stopped on' yields the figurative 'decided upon'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of остановилась","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"остановилась","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has settled"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановилась","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking решении","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies решении","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"решении","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановилась","gloss":"resolution"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"experiencer subject of надо","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"standalone interrogative","gloss":"what for"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b2-c4-s34","source":"Конечно не знаю, но она просила как можно скорей.","translation":"I do not know, of course, but she asked that it be as soon as possible.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как можно скорей","title":"Superlative-of-urgency «как можно» + comparative","body":"«как можно скорей» is the fixed pattern «как можно» + comparative ('as … as possible') — here 'as soon as possible'. «скорей» is the comparative of «скорый/скоро», in its colloquial -ей form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of просила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"просила","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как можно + comparative","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как можно","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"скорей","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies просила","gloss":"as soon as possible","note":"'как можно скорей' is a fixed idiom, literally 'as [it is] possible sooner'."}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b2-c4-s35","source":"И вы это сделаете, наверно сделаете, тут даже христианское чувство велит.","translation":"And you will do it, surely you will do it — here even Christian feeling commands it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тут даже христианское чувство велит","title":"Adjective–noun agreement and «велит»","body":"«христианское чувство» shows neuter agreement (-ое) of adjective with noun in the nominative subject. «велит» is the present of «велеть» ('to command, bid'), governing here an understood infinitive — 'even Christian feeling commands [it]'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сделаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделаете","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сделаете","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will do"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделаете","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"сделаете","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделаете","gloss":"will do"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies велит","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"христианское","lemma":"христианский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"Christian"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of велит","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"велит","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сделаете","gloss":"commands"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b2-c4-s36","source":"— Я видел ее всего только один раз, — продолжал всё в том же недоумении Алеша.","translation":"\"I have seen her only once in all,\" Alyosha went on, still in the same bewilderment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я видел ее всего только один раз","title":"Imperfective «видел» for experience","body":"«видел» is the imperfective past, the natural choice for the experiential 'I have seen' totted up over time. «всего только один раз» ('only once in all') stacks limiting words to stress how slight his acquaintance is."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в недоумении","title":"«недоумение», bewilderment","body":"«недоумение» is perplexity, the state of not understanding — the noun behind the doctor's «недоумеваю» (s18). «всё в том же недоумении» keeps Alyosha in his sustained bafflement; the word recurs as a leitmotif of his confusion in this scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have seen"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"in all"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies раз","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжал","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недоумении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of недоумении","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies том","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"недоумении","lemma":"недоумение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжал","gloss":"bewilderment"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b2-c4-s37","source":"— О, это такое высокое, такое недостижимое существо!.. Уж по одним страданиям своим… Сообразите, что она вынесла, что она теперь выносит, сообразите, что ее ожидает… всё это ужасно, ужасно!","translation":"\"Oh, what a lofty, what an unattainable being she is!.. If only for her sufferings alone... Just think what she has endured, what she endures now, think what awaits her... it is all terrible, terrible!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что она вынесла, что она теперь выносит","title":"Aspect pair «вынести/выносить»","body":"The two verbs are one aspect pair: perfective «вынесла» ('what she has endured', a completed sum) versus imperfective «выносит» ('what she is enduring now', an ongoing process). Set side by side they let the lady span past suffering and present trial."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уж по одним страданиям своим","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой» + «по» + dative","body":"«по… страданиям» is «по» + dative ('by, on the grounds of her sufferings'). «своим» is the reflexive possessive «свой», pointing back to the clause's implicit subject — 'her own' sufferings, not another's. The particle «уж» adds emphatic 'if only for…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"недостижимое существо","title":"«недостижимое существо», an unattainable being","body":"«существо» means 'a being, creature' as a whole person; «недостижимое» ('unattainable, beyond reach') casts Katerina Ivanovna as an almost otherworldly ideal. The hyperbolic register marks the lady's romantic exaltation of her."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of высокое","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of высокое","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"высокое","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"lofty"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of недостижимое","gloss":"such an"},{"surface":"недостижимое","lemma":"недостижимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существо","gloss":"unattainable"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with высокое","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies страданиям","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страданиям","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"quantifies страданиям","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"страданиям","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition по","gloss":"sufferings"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of страданиям","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"Сообразите","lemma":"сообразить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"just think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вынесла","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вынесла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вынесла","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Сообразите","gloss":"has endured"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выносит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выносит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выносит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"выносит","lemma":"выносить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Сообразите, coordinated with вынесла","gloss":"endures"},{"surface":"сообразите","lemma":"сообразить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сообразите (repeated)","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ожидает","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ожидает","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ожидает","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сообразите","gloss":"awaits"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ужасно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"terrible","note":"'ужасно' here is the neuter short-form predicate adjective, not the adverb."},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ужасно","gloss":"terrible"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b2-c4-s38","source":"— Хорошо, я приду, — решил Алеша, пробежав коротенькую и загадочную записочку, в которой, кроме убедительной просьбы прийти, не было никаких пояснений.","translation":"\"Very well, I will come,\" Alyosha decided, having run his eye over the short, enigmatic little note, which, apart from an urgent plea to come, contained no explanation whatever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пробежав коротенькую и загадочную записочку","title":"Perfective past gerund «пробежав»","body":"«пробежав» is the perfective past gerund (-в form) of «пробежать», here idiomatic for 'having run one's eye over (a text)'. It expresses a prior, completed action before «решил», sharing Alyosha's subject — the classic 'having done X, he Y-ed'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в которой… не было никаких пояснений","title":"Relative «который» + genitive of negation","body":"«в которой» is the relative pronoun «который» in the prepositional after «в», agreeing in feminine gender with «записочку». «не было никаких пояснений» is the negated existential: «пояснений» stands in the genitive, the obligatory genitive of negation with «не было»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коротенькую… записочку","title":"Diminutives «коротенький», «записочка»","body":"«коротенькую» is the diminutive-affectionate form of «короткий» ('short'), with the -еньк- suffix softening it; «записочка» is the diminutive of «записка» ('note'). The pile of diminutives makes the note seem touchingly small and slight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, coordinated with приду","gloss":"Very well"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Хорошо","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"пробежав","lemma":"пробежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on решил","gloss":"skimming over"},{"surface":"коротенькую","lemma":"коротенький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies записочку","gloss":"short little"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"загадочную","lemma":"загадочный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with коротенькую","gloss":"enigmatic"},{"surface":"записочку","lemma":"записочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пробежав","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking просьбы","gloss":"apart from"},{"surface":"убедительной","lemma":"убедительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies просьбы","gloss":"urgent"},{"surface":"просьбы","lemma":"просьба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition кроме","gloss":"plea"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies просьбы","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the relative clause on записочку","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of пояснений","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"пояснений","lemma":"пояснение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"subject of было","gloss":"explanations"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b2-c4-s39","source":"— Ах, как это с вашей стороны мило и великолепно будет, — вдруг, вся одушевясь, вскричала Lise.","translation":"\"Ah, how kind and how splendid of you that will be,\" Lise cried out suddenly, all aglow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вся одушевясь","title":"Perfective gerund «одушевясь»","body":"«одушевясь» is the perfective past gerund of reflexive «одушевиться» ('to become animated, light up'), the -сь form after a vowel. With «вся» ('all') it conveys 'having become all aglow' — the completed kindling of feeling just before she cries out."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как это… мило и великолепно будет","title":"Short-form predicate adjectives in the future","body":"«мило» and «великолепно» are the short (predicative) neuter forms of «милый» and «великолепный», agreeing with the neuter «это» and joined to the future «будет» ('how kind and splendid it will be'). Short forms can only predicate, as here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, exclamative","role":"introduces the exclamation, modifies мило","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мило","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мило","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"мило","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"великолепно","lemma":"великолепно","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with мило","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мило","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Lise (predicative, via одушевясь)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"одушевясь","lemma":"одушевиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскричала","gloss":"aglow"},{"surface":"вскричала","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of вскричала","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b2-c4-s40","source":"— А я ведь маме говорю: ни за что он не пойдет, он спасается.","translation":"\"And here I was telling Mama: not for anything will he go, he is saving his soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А я ведь маме говорю","title":"Topic «а» + particle «ведь» + dative «маме»","body":"«а» opens with a topic-shift ('and here…'), «ведь» appeals to shared knowledge ('you know'), and «маме» is the dative indirect object of «говорю» ('I say to Mama'). Three small markers set the chatty, confiding tone of Lise's speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни за что он не пойдет","title":"Emphatic negation «ни за что… не»","body":"«ни за что… не пойдёт» is negative concord: the intensifier «ни за что» ('not for anything') co-occurs with the verbal «не», two negatives for one strong denial. «пойдёт» is the perfective (simple) future of «пойти» — 'he won't go'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"он спасается","title":"«спасаться», to save one's soul","body":"«спасается» (imperfective reflexive «спасаться») here has its religious sense: 'he is saving his soul', i.e. pursuing salvation through monastic withdrawal. Lise teasingly applies the solemn spiritual verb to Alyosha the novice."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"маме","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am telling"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдет","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пойдет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"quoted clausal complement of говорю","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спасается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"спасается","lemma":"спасаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пойдет","gloss":"is saving his soul"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b2-c4-s41","source":"Экой, экой вы прекрасный! Ведь я всегда думала, что вы прекрасный, вот что мне приятно вам теперь сказать!","translation":"What a splendid man you are, splendid! I always thought you were splendid, and how glad I am to be able to tell you so now!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Экой, экой вы прекрасный!","title":"The exclamatory «экой»","body":"«экой» (variant of «экий») is a colloquial exclamatory determiner — 'what a…!', expressing lively admiration or astonishment. Its repetition and folksy ring give Lise's outburst a spontaneous, childlike warmth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот что мне приятно вам теперь сказать","title":"Dative-experiencer «мне приятно»","body":"«мне приятно… сказать» is an impersonal experiencer construction: «мне» dative, the invariable predicate «приятно» ('[it is] pleasant'), and an infinitive — 'it is pleasant for me to say'. «вам» is the dative indirect object of «сказать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Экой","lemma":"экой","morphology":"determiner, exclamative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation, modifies прекрасный","gloss":"What a","note":"'Экой' is an archaic/folk exclamatory determiner ('what a...!')."},{"surface":"экой","lemma":"экой","morphology":"determiner, exclamative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Экой (repeated)","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прекрасный","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прекрасный","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думала","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думала","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"думала","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прекрасный","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прекрасный","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прекрасный","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of думала","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, relative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of приятно","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of приятно","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"приятно","lemma":"приятный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the second clause","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on приятно","gloss":"to tell"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b2-c4-s42","source":"— Lise! — внушительно проговорила мамаша, впрочем тотчас же улыбнулась.","translation":"\"Lise!\" the mama said impressively — though she smiled at once nonetheless.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"впрочем тотчас же улыбнулась","title":"Perfective «улыбнуться» with «тотчас же»","body":"«улыбнулась» is the perfective (-ну- semelfactive) of «улыбнуться» ('to give a smile'), a single bounded act; «тотчас же» ('at once', with insistent «же») marks its immediacy. «впрочем» ('however, nonetheless') concedes the contradiction with her stern «Lise!»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"direct address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"внушительно","lemma":"внушительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"impressively"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"мамаша","lemma":"мамаша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"the mama"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулась","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулась","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"улыбнулась","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проговорила","gloss":"smiled"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b2-c4-s43","source":"— Вы и нас забыли, Алексей Федорович, вы совсем не хотите бывать у нас: а между тем Lise мне два раза говорила, что только с вами ей хорошо.","translation":"\"You have forgotten us too, Alexei Fyodorovich; you do not care to visit us at all — yet Lise has told me twice that only with you does she feel well.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хотите бывать у нас","title":"Iterative «бывать» of habit","body":"«бывать» is the iterative/frequentative of «быть» — 'to frequent, be regularly at a place', distinct from one-time «быть» — 'you don't care to come round to us'. «у нас» is «у» + genitive ('at our place'). The imperfective is required by the habitual sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только с вами ей хорошо","title":"Dative-experiencer «ей хорошо»","body":"«ей хорошо» is the impersonal experiencer pattern: dative «ей» + the invariable «хорошо» — 'she feels good/well'. «с вами» ('with you') is «с» + instrumental. There is no nominative subject; the feeling simply happens to her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of забыли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes нас (\"too\")","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of забыли","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"забыли","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have forgotten"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Вы","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хотите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to забыли","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"бывать","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотите","gloss":"to visit"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of бывать","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"mean-"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"forms adverbial между тем, modifies говорила","gloss":"-while","note":"\"между тем\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"meanwhile/yet\"."},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of говорила","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорила","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, contrasted via а with хотите","gloss":"has told"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хорошо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вами","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of хорошо","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"experiencer of хорошо","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"clausal complement of говорила","gloss":"feels well"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b2-c4-s44","source":"— Алеша поднял потупленные глаза, опять вдруг покраснел и опять вдруг, сам не зная чему, усмехнулся.","translation":"Alyosha lifted his downcast eyes, blushed again suddenly, and again suddenly, without himself knowing why, smiled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поднял потупленные глаза","title":"Past passive participle «потупленные»","body":"«потупленные» is the past passive participle (long form, -енн-) of perfective «потупить», agreeing in the accusative plural with «глаза» — '[his] downcast eyes'. Built from a perfective verb, it states the resulting condition of the eyes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам не зная чему, усмехнулся","title":"Negated gerund «не зная» + dative «чему»","body":"«не зная» is the imperfective gerund of «знать» under negation ('not knowing'), framing the manner of «усмехнулся». «чему» is the dative — «усмехаться чему» takes the dative of what one smiles at — so 'not knowing at what'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lifted"},{"surface":"потупленные","lemma":"потупленный","morphology":"adjective, participle, accusative, plural","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"downcast"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покраснел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покраснел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"покраснел","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"blushed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the implied subject of зная","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зная","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on усмехнулся","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of зная","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"smiled"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b2-c4-s45","source":"Впрочем, старец уже не наблюдал его.","translation":"The elder, however, was no longer watching him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже не наблюдал его","title":"Imperfective «наблюдал» + «уже не»","body":"«наблюдал» is the imperfective past of «наблюдать» ('to watch, observe'), an ongoing action; «уже не» ('no longer') negates the continuation. «его» is the accusative object. The imperfective fits the cessation of a sustained watching."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb, modifies наблюдал","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наблюдал","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наблюдал","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наблюдал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"наблюдал","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was watching"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of наблюдал","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b2-c4-s46","source":"Он вступил в разговор с захожим монахом, ожидавшим, как мы уже говорили, подле кресел Lise его выхода.","translation":"He had entered into conversation with the visiting monk who, as we have already said, had been waiting beside Lise's chair for him to come out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с захожим монахом, ожидавшим… его выхода","title":"Past active participle «ожидавший» + instrumental","body":"«с захожим монахом» is «с» + instrumental ('with the monk'); «ожидавшим» is the past active participle of imperfective «ожидать», agreeing in the instrumental with «монахом» — 'who had been waiting'. The participle governs the genitive «его выхода» ('for his coming out')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"захожим монахом","title":"«захожий», a wayfaring monk","body":"«захожий» is a folk/colloquial adjective for one who has 'dropped in' from afar — a passing, wayfaring visitor. Applied to the monk it marks him as a stranger from outside the monastery, here come on pilgrimage from the far north."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вступил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вступил","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had entered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговор","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступил","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монахом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"захожим","lemma":"захожий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монахом","gloss":"visiting"},{"surface":"монахом","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of разговор","gloss":"monk"},{"surface":"ожидавшим","lemma":"ожидавший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"clause modifying монахом","gloss":"who had been waiting"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорили","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying ожидавшим","gloss":"have said"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресел","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"кресел","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of подле","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies кресел","gloss":"Lise's"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies выхода","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"выхода","lemma":"выход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ожидавшим","gloss":"coming out"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b2-c4-s47","source":"Это был, по-видимому, из самых простых монахов, то есть из простого звания, с коротеньким, нерушимым мировоззрением, но верующий и в своем роде упорный.","translation":"He was, by all appearances, one of the very plainest of monks — that is, of humble station — with a narrow, unshakable view of the world, yet a believer and, in his own way, stubborn.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"верующий и в своем роде упорный","title":"Present active participle «верующий»","body":"«верующий» is the present active participle of «верить» ('believing'), here substantivised toward 'a believer' but functioning adjectivally beside «упорный». Such -ущ-/-ющ- participles are markedly bookish; «в своём роде» uses reflexive «свой» ('in his own way')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из простого звания","title":"«звание», station/rank","body":"«звание» here means social rank or estate; «из простого звания» means 'of humble/common station', i.e. from the lower classes. Placing the monk socially (versus an educated or noble monk) underlines his rough simplicity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мировоззрением","title":"«мировоззрение», worldview","body":"«мировоззрение» (literally 'world-viewing') is a weighty compound noun for one's whole outlook or philosophy of life. Calling the simple monk's worldview «коротенькое» (diminutive of «короткий») и «нерушимое» wryly notes that it is narrow but utterly unshakeable."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to монахов","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb (part of по-видимому)","role":"parenthetical, modifies был","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb (part of по-видимому)","role":"parenthetical, modifies был","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монахов","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies простых","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"простых","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies монахов","gloss":"plainest"},{"surface":"монахов","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"monks"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (part of то есть)","role":"part of phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (part of то есть)","role":"part of phrase то есть","gloss":"is","note":"\"то есть\" is a fixed phrase meaning \"that is / i.e.\""},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking звания","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"простого","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies звания","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"звания","lemma":"звание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to монахов","gloss":"station"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мировоззрением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"коротеньким","lemma":"коротенький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мировоззрением","gloss":"narrow"},{"surface":"нерушимым","lemma":"нерушимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with коротеньким","gloss":"unshakable"},{"surface":"мировоззрением","lemma":"мировоззрение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies монахов","gloss":"view of the world"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"верующий","lemma":"верующий","morphology":"adjective/participle, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with упорный","gloss":"a believer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упорный","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"упорный","lemma":"упорный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with верующий","gloss":"stubborn"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b2-c4-s48","source":"Он объявил себя откуда-то с дальнего севера, из Обдорска, от святого Сильвестра, из одного бедного монастыря всего в девять монахов.","translation":"He announced that he came from somewhere in the far north, from Obdorsk, from St. Sylvester's, from a single poor monastery of only nine monks.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он объявил себя откуда-то с дальнего севера","title":"Reflexive «себя» + indefinite «откуда-то»","body":"«объявил себя» uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» as object ('declared himself [to be]'). «откуда-то» is the indefinite adverb formed with the «-то» particle — 'from somewhere [specific but unnamed]', the speaker knowing a place exists but giving it vaguely."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всего в девять монахов","title":"Numeral «девять» governing the genitive plural","body":"«девять монахов»: the numeral 'nine' (five and above) takes the genitive plural «монахов». «всего» ('only, just') stresses the smallness of a monastery of just nine monks — a number Dostoevsky specifies precisely."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объявил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"announced"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of объявил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда-то","morphology":"adverb (part of откуда-то)","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"from somewhere","note":"\"откуда-то\" (from somewhere) is split across two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"откуда-то","morphology":"adverb (part of откуда-то)","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"-somewhere"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking севера","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дальнего","lemma":"дальний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies севера","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"севера","lemma":"север","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of объявил","gloss":"north"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Обдорска","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Обдорска","lemma":"обдорск","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with севера","gloss":"Obdorsk"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сильвестра","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"святого","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Сильвестра","gloss":"St."},{"surface":"Сильвестра","lemma":"сильвестр","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with севера","gloss":"Sylvester's"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies монастыря","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"бедного","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монастыря","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with севера","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies монахов","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монахов","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"девять","lemma":"девять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on монахов","gloss":"nine"},{"surface":"монахов","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies монастыря","gloss":"monks"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b2-c4-s49","source":"Старец благословил его и пригласил зайти к нему в келью, когда ему будет угодно.","translation":"The elder blessed him and invited him to come to his cell whenever he pleased.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда ему будет угодно","title":"Dative-experiencer «ему… угодно»","body":"«ему будет угодно» is an impersonal dative construction in the future: «ему» dative + the predicative «угодно» ('pleasing') + «будет» — a polite, slightly formal 'whenever it pleases him / he wishes'. No nominative subject; the wish is framed as happening to him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of благословил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"благословил","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of благословил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пригласил","lemma":"пригласить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with благословил","gloss":"invited"},{"surface":"зайти","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пригласил","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зайти","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келью","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"келью","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зайти","gloss":"cell"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of угодно","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of угодно","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to угодно","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"adverbial clause on зайти","gloss":"pleased"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b2-c4-s50","source":"— Как же вы дерзаете делать такие дела? — спросил вдруг монах, внушительно и торжественно указывая на Lise.","translation":"\"How is it you dare to do such things?\" the monk suddenly asked, pointing impressively and solemnly at Lise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же вы дерзаете делать такие дела?","title":"Indignant «как же» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«как же…?» fronts the modal particle «же» onto a 'how?' question for indignant force ('how dare you…?'). «дерзаете делать» pairs the present «дерзаете» ('you dare') with the imperfective infinitive «делать» ('to do, in general') — open-ended, habitual acts."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дерзаете","title":"«дерзать», to dare presumptuously","body":"«дерзать» is an elevated, slightly archaic verb 'to dare, presume' (cf. «дерзкий», insolent). In the monk's solemn mouth it carries reproach — how dare a man presume to do God's healing work? — sharpening the theological challenge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дерзаете","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дерзаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дерзаете","lemma":"дерзать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of дерзаете","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дела","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"монах","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"the monk"},{"surface":"внушительно","lemma":"внушительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указывая","gloss":"impressively"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"торжественно","lemma":"торжественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указывая","gloss":"solemnly"},{"surface":"указывая","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросил","gloss":"pointing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lise","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of указывая","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b2-c4-s51","source":"Он намекал на ее «исцеление»","translation":"He was alluding to her \"healing.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он намекал на ее «исцеление»","title":"Imperfective «намекал» + «на» + accusative","body":"«намекал» is the imperfective past of «намекать» ('to hint, allude'), governing «на» + accusative «исцеление» ('alluding to her healing'). The quotation marks around «исцеление» mark the narrator's skeptical distance from the claimed cure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of намекал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"намекал","lemma":"намекать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was alluding"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исцеление","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of исцеление","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"исцеление","lemma":"исцеление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of намекал","gloss":"healing"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b2-c4-s52","source":"— Об этом, конечно, говорить еще рано.","translation":"\"Of that, of course, it is still too early to speak.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорить еще рано","title":"Impersonal «рано» + infinitive","body":"«говорить… рано» is an impersonal predicate: the invariable word «рано» ('[it is] early/too soon') plus the imperfective infinitive «говорить', with no subject. «об этом» ('about this') is «о» + prepositional. A subjectless judgment typical of measured speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies рано","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on рано","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рано","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"рано","lemma":"рано","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"too early"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b2-c4-s53","source":"Облегчение не есть еще полное исцеление и могло произойти и от других причин.","translation":"Relief is not yet a full healing and could have come about from other causes as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Облегчение не есть еще полное исцеление","title":"The bookish copula «есть»","body":"«не есть» retains the present-tense copula «есть» ('is') — normally dropped in Russian — for a formal, almost definitional statement: 'relief is not yet full healing'. Keeping «есть» lends the elder's distinction a measured, philosophical weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"могло произойти и от других причин","title":"Perfective «произойти» + «от» + genitive","body":"«произойти» is the perfective infinitive ('to come about, occur') after the past «могло»; «от других причин» is «от» + genitive ('from other causes'). The particle «и» here means 'also, as well', conceding alternative explanations for the recovery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Облегчение","lemma":"облегчение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"relief"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полное","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"полное","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies исцеление","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"исцеление","lemma":"исцеление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"healing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"произойти","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"have come about"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes от других причин","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking причин","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies причин","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"причин","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of произойти","gloss":"causes"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b2-c4-s54","source":"Но если что и было, то ничьею силой, кроме как божиим изволением.","translation":"But if anything did occur, it was by no power save the will of God.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничьею силой, кроме как божиим изволением","title":"Instrumental of means + archaic ending «-ею»","body":"«силой» and «изволением» are in the instrumental of means ('by what power… by God's will'). «ничьею» (negative 'by no one's', with negative concord against «кроме») shows the archaic/poetic feminine instrumental ending «-ею» for «-ей», common in the elevated 19th-century register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"божиим изволением","title":"«изволение», (divine) will","body":"«изволение» is an archaic, ecclesiastical word for 'will, good pleasure', here 'God's will' («божиим», possessive adjective from «Бог»). The Slavonic-flavoured phrase grounds the elder's caution in pious humility: any cure is God's doing, not his."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"occurred"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ничьею","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ничьею","lemma":"ничей","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силой","gloss":"no one's","note":"Archaic instrumental spelling of \"ничьей\"."},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate instrumental, complement of elided было","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the exception clause","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle (part of кроме как)","role":"part of phrase кроме как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"божиим","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies изволением","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"изволением","lemma":"изволение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with силой","gloss":"will"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b2-c4-s55","source":"Всё от бога.","translation":"Everything is from God.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё от бога.","title":"Verbless statement: zero copula + «от» + genitive","body":"«Всё от бога» has no verb — the present copula is omitted, leaving the bare 'Everything [is] from God'. «от бога» is «от» + genitive ('from God'). The terse, copula-less form gives the line the ring of an aphorism or creed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бога","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, oblique complement of Всё","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b2-c4-s56","source":"Посетите меня, отец, — прибавил он монаху, — а то не во всякое время могу: хвораю и знаю, что дни мои сочтены.","translation":"Visit me, Father,\" he added to the monk, \"for I cannot receive at every hour: I am ailing, and I know that my days are numbered.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Посетите меня, отец","title":"Polite imperative «посетите» + vocative «отец»","body":"«посетите» is the perfective imperative ('do visit me') with the polite/plural -те ending. «отец» ('Father') is direct address to a monk — the standard form, here functioning as a vocative set off from the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дни мои сочтены","title":"Short-form passive participle «сочтены»","body":"«сочтены» is the short (predicative) past passive participle of «счесть» ('to count'), agreeing with plural «дни» — 'my days are numbered'. The short participle + zero copula yields a stative passive, here a solemn idiom for approaching death."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хвораю","title":"«хворать», to ail","body":"«хвораю» (from «хворать») is a homely, folk word for being ill/ailing, gentler and more colloquial than «болеть». In the elder's mouth it sounds humble and unassuming, fitting his plain acceptance of his decline."}],"words":[{"surface":"Посетите","lemma":"посетить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Посетите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Посетите","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"монаху","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прибавил","gloss":"to the monk"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а то","morphology":"conjunction (part of а то)","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"а то","morphology":"conjunction (part of а то)","role":"introduces the clause of могу","gloss":"otherwise","note":"\"а то\" is an idiom meaning \"otherwise/for\"."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"всякое","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of могу","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Посетите","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"хвораю","lemma":"хворать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to могу","gloss":"I am ailing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хвораю","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сочтены","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive сочтены","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies дни","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сочтены","lemma":"счесть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"are numbered"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b2-c4-s57","source":"— О нет, нет, бог вас у нас не отнимет, вы проживете еще долго, долго, — вскричала мамаша.","translation":"\"Oh no, no, God will not take you from us, you will live a long, long while yet,\" the mama cried out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бог вас у нас не отнимет","title":"Perfective future «отнимет» + «у нас» of dispossession","body":"«отнимет» is the perfective (simple) future of «отнять» ('to take away') — a single completed future act, negated by «не». «у нас» («у» + genitive) marks the ones from whom something is taken: 'God will not take you from us'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы проживете еще долго, долго","title":"Perfective «прожить» for a measured span","body":"«проживёте» is the perfective future of «прожить», where про- = 'to live through (a stretch of time)'. The doubled «долго, долго» ('a long, long while') gives the span; the perfective views the whole future lifetime as one bounded measure."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, precedes нет","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"expresses negation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отнимет","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of отнимет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of отнимет","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отнимет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отнимет","lemma":"отнять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will take away"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of проживете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"проживете","lemma":"прожить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to отнимет","gloss":"will live"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долго","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проживете","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with долго","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"вскричала","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, frames the quotation","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"мамаша","lemma":"мамаша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскричала","gloss":"the mama"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b2-c4-s58","source":"— Да и чем вы больны? Вы смотрите таким здоровым, веселым, счастливым.","translation":"\"And what is it you are ill with? You look so healthy, cheerful, happy.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем вы больны?","title":"Short adjective «больны» + instrumental «чем»","body":"«больны» is the short (predicative) plural form of «больной» ('ill') — short adjectives only predicate. «чем» is the instrumental of «что» ('with what'), since «болеть/быть больным чем» takes the instrumental of the ailment: 'with what are you ill?'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы смотрите таким здоровым","title":"«смотреть» + instrumental of appearance","body":"Here «смотреть» means 'to look, appear', and the predicate adjectives «таким здоровым, весёлым, счастливым» stand in the instrumental — the case for how someone appears or seems. So 'you look so healthy, cheerful, happy'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of больны","gloss":"with what"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of больны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"больны","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate adjective, main clause","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смотрите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"смотрите","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of здоровым","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"здоровым","lemma":"здоровый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of смотрите","gloss":"healthy"},{"surface":"веселым","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with здоровым","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"счастливым","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with здоровым","gloss":"happy"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b2-c4-s59","source":"— Мне сегодня необыкновенно легче, но я уже знаю, что это всего лишь минута.","translation":"\"Today I feel extraordinarily better, but I already know that it is only a moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне сегодня необыкновенно легче","title":"Dative-experiencer + comparative «легче»","body":"«мне… легче» is the impersonal experiencer pattern: dative «мне» + the comparative predicate «легче» ('[it is] easier/better for me'), with no nominative subject. «легче» is the irregular comparative of «лёгкий/легко». The elder frames his relief as something felt, happening to him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это всего лишь минута","title":"Limiting «всего лишь» + zero copula","body":"«это всего лишь минута» has no copula ('this [is] only a moment'); «всего лишь» ('merely, only') limits it. The bare nominative «минута» as predicate is the normal zero-copula present. The elder soberly discounts his good day."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of легче","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легче","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"необыкновенно","lemma":"необыкновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легче","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"легче","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with легче","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of минута","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of минута","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лишь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минута","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"минута","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"a moment"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b2-c4-s60","source":"Я мою болезнь теперь безошибочно понимаю.","translation":"I now understand my illness without error.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я мою болезнь теперь безошибочно понимаю","title":"Object-first word order for emphasis","body":"Neutral order would put the object after the verb; here «мою болезнь» is fronted before «понимаю», throwing weight onto exactly what he understands — his illness. «понимаю» is imperfective present, the verb of an ongoing, settled comprehension."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безошибочно","title":"«безошибочно», without error","body":"«безошибочно» (без- 'without' + «ошибка» 'error' + adverbial -о) means 'unerringly, without mistake'. The elder's claim to read his own illness «безошибочно» quietly conveys his calm certainty of approaching death."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of болезнь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"болезнь","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"безошибочно","lemma":"безошибочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"without error"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b2-c4-s61","source":"Если же я вам кажусь столь веселым, то ничем и никогда не могли вы меня столь обрадовать, как сделав такое замечание.","translation":"And if I seem to you so cheerful, then by nothing, and at no time, could you have gladdened me so much as by making such a remark.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если же я вам кажусь","title":"Conditional «если» plus the particle «же»","body":"«Если» opens a real (indicative, not «бы») conditional — 'if I seem'. The clitic «же» attached to it does not negate or question; it gently insists and links back to the prior turn, something like 'but if I do seem'. It is the texture of spoken concession, not a logical operator."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вам кажусь столь веселым","title":"Instrumental predicate after «казаться»","body":"«Кажусь… веселым» — 'I seem cheerful' — puts the predicate adjective in the instrumental «веселым», the case verbs of seeming and becoming demand for their complement. «Вам» is a dative experiencer: it seems so to you."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничем и никогда не могли вы меня столь обрадовать","title":"Negative concord with «ни»-words","body":"«Ничем… никогда… не могли» stacks two «ни»-words around a «не»-verb — 'by nothing and at no time could you not...' in form, 'by nothing and never' in sense. Russian requires the verb to stay negated even when «ни»-words are present; the piled negatives reinforce, they do not cancel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как сделав такое замечание","title":"Perfective gerund «сделав»","body":"«Сделав» is a perfective adverbial participle (деепричастие), 'having made'. It compresses a whole clause ('by making such a remark') into one indeclinable form, sharing the subject «вы». The -в ending marks completed, prior action — the hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"столь","title":"Bookish «столь» for 'so'","body":"«Столь» ('so, to such a degree') is the elevated, literary cousin of everyday «так». Repeated here ('столь веселым… столь обрадовать'), it lends the elder's speech a measured, almost sermonic gravity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кажусь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кажусь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of кажусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"experiencer of кажусь","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"кажусь","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seem"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веселым","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"веселым","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of кажусь","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ничем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ничем","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of обрадовать","gloss":"by nothing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the то-clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обрадовать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обрадовать","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"обрадовать","lemma":"обрадовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"gladdened"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделав","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"сделав","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on обрадовать","gloss":"by making"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of замечание","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"замечание","lemma":"замечание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделав","gloss":"a remark"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b2-c4-s62","source":"Ибо для счастия созданы люди, и кто вполне счастлив, тот прямо удостоен сказать себе: «Я выполнил завет божий на сей земле».","translation":"For men are created for happiness, and whoever is fully happy is directly worthy to say to himself: 'I have fulfilled God's commandment on this earth.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ибо","title":"Archaic «ибо» — 'for, because'","body":"«Ибо» is the bookish, scriptural conjunction for 'for / because', far more solemn than plain «потому что». It belongs to the register of sermon and Scripture and instantly colours the elder's pronouncement as gnomic truth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для счастия созданы люди","title":"Short passive participle «созданы»","body":"«Созданы» is the short-form past passive participle of «создать» ('created'), agreeing in plural with «люди». Such short passives, joined to an implied «быть», state a result — 'men are [have been] created'. The fronting of «для счастия» throws emphasis onto the purpose: for happiness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто вполне счастлив, тот прямо удостоен","title":"Correlative «кто… тот»","body":"The relative «кто» ('whoever') is picked up by the demonstrative «тот» ('that one') in the main clause — a bookish correlative frame, 'whoever is happy, that one is...'. «Удостоен» is again a short passive participle, 'is deemed worthy'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сказать себе","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себе»","body":"«Себе» is the dative of the reflexive «себя» — 'to oneself', pointing back to the subject «тот». It has no nominative and works for any person; here it frames the happy man's inward declaration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"завет божий","title":"«Завет» — covenant, commandment","body":"«Завет» means 'covenant, testament' (as in Ветхий / Новый Завет, the Old / New Testament), and by extension God's commandment. «Божий» is the possessive adjective 'of God'. The phrase «на сей земле» uses the archaic «сей» for 'this', deepening the biblical tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"счастия","title":"Older genitive «счастия»","body":"«Счастия» is the 19th-century bookish genitive of «счастье» ('happiness'); modern Russian writes «счастья». The full -ия ending preserves the older, more solemn spelling typical of the elder's elevated diction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to preceding context","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастия","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"счастия","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of созданы","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"созданы","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are created"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive созданы","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of счастлив","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies счастлив","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"счастлив","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the кто-clause","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удостоен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удостоен","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"удостоен","lemma":"удостоить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with созданы via и","gloss":"is worthy"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of удостоен","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выполнил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"выполнил","lemma":"выполнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"quoted clause, content of сказать","gloss":"have fulfilled"},{"surface":"завет","lemma":"завет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выполнил","gloss":"commandment"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies завет","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of земле","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выполнил","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b2-c4-s63","source":"Все праведные, все святые, все святые мученики были все счастливы.","translation":"All the righteous, all the saints, all the holy martyrs were all happy.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Все праведные, все святые, все святые мученики были все счастливы","title":"Anaphora and short adjective «счастливы»","body":"The fourfold «все» ('all') hammers home a totality — праведные, святые, мученики all 'were all happy'. «Счастливы» is the short-form plural adjective, the predicate form that follows «были»; its bookish flavour suits the absolute, sweeping claim."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"праведные… святые… мученики","title":"Orthodox categories of holiness","body":"«Праведные» (the righteous), «святые» (saints), and «мученики» (martyrs) are not loose synonyms but distinct ranks in Orthodox sanctity: the righteous lived holy lay lives, the martyrs died for the faith. The elder invokes the whole communion of the holy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of праведные","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"праведные","lemma":"праведный","morphology":"adjective used as noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of счастливы","gloss":"the righteous"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of святые","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"святые","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective used as noun, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with праведные","gloss":"the saints"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мученики","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"святые","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мученики","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"мученики","lemma":"мученик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of счастливы","gloss":"martyrs"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to счастливы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of счастливы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"счастливы","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"happy"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b2-c4-s64","source":"— О, как вы говорите, какие смелые и высшие слова, — вскричала мамаша.","translation":"\"Oh, how you speak — what bold and exalted words,\" the mama cried out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"какие смелые и высшие слова","title":"Exclamatory «какие» plus comparative «высшие»","body":"«Какие» here is exclamatory — 'what bold words!', not a question. «Высшие» is the (originally comparative/superlative) form of «высокий», 'higher / loftiest', used attributively and agreeing in plural with «слова». The pairing of bold and lofty is the mama's gushing register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вскричала мамаша","title":"«Мамаша» — the affectionate-ironic 'mama'","body":"«Мамаша» is a familiar, slightly homely form of address/reference for a mother, warmer and more colloquial than «мать». In the narrator's mouth it carries a faint affectionate irony toward this excitable lady. «Вскричала» (perfective с-/вс- of «кричать») marks the single outburst: 'cried out'."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection opening the exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"exclamative adverb","role":"modifies говорите","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the exclamatory clause","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"смелые","lemma":"смелый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"bold"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"высшие","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with смелые","gloss":"exalted"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"вскричала","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"мамаша","lemma":"мамаша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскричала","gloss":"the mama"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b2-c4-s65","source":"— Вы скажете и как будто пронзите.","translation":"\"You say a thing, and it is as though you pierce one through.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы скажете и как будто пронзите","title":"Perfective futures «скажете… пронзите»","body":"Both verbs are perfective forms with present-tense endings, so they read as future-of-result, but in this generalizing, vivid context they describe a typical effect: 'you (will) say a thing and as if pierce one through'. «Как будто» ('as though') flags the figurative stab."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пронзите","title":"«Пронзить» — to pierce through","body":"«Пронзить» means to run through, transfix, as with a blade — a strong, almost physical metaphor for the wounding power of the elder's words. The lady experiences spiritual truth as bodily penetration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of скажете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"скажете","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"though","note":"как будто = \"as though\"."},{"surface":"пронзите","lemma":"пронзить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with скажете","gloss":"pierce"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b2-c4-s66","source":"А между тем счастие, счастие — где оно?","translation":"And yet happiness, happiness — where is it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А между тем счастие, счастие — где оно?","title":"Contrastive «а» and «между тем»","body":"«А» is the mild adversative 'and yet / but', shifting the topic against what was just said; «между тем» ('meanwhile, yet') reinforces the turn. The repeated «счастие» is topicalized, then the dash and «где оно?» deliver the comment — Russian's topic-first, focus-last rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"yet","note":"между тем is a fixed phrase meaning \"and yet / meanwhile.\""},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of между, forms между тем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"счастие","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic, resumed by оно","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"счастие","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"repeated for emphasis","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"predicate of оно","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of где","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b2-c4-s67","source":"Кто может сказать про себя, что он счастлив?","translation":"Who can say of himself that he is happy?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сказать про себя, что он счастлив","title":"Reflexive «себя» and reported «что»","body":"«Про себя» — 'about himself' — uses the accusative reflexive «себя» after «про»; it points back to the subject «кто». «Что он счастлив» is a plain reported-fact clause introduced by «что» (versus willed «чтобы»). «Счастлив» is the short predicate adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of может","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of сказать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of счастлив","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of счастлив","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"счастлив","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of сказать","gloss":"is happy"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b2-c4-s68","source":"О, если уж вы были так добры, что допустили нас сегодня еще раз вас видеть, то выслушайте всё, что я вам прошлый раз не договорила, не посмела сказать, всё, чем я так страдаю, и так давно, давно!","translation":"Oh, since you have already been so kind as to admit us to see you once more today, then hear out everything that I did not finish saying to you last time, that I dared not say — everything by which I so suffer, and for so long, so long!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если уж вы были так добры, что допустили","title":"«так… что» result clause with «уж»","body":"«Так добры, что допустили» is a result construction — 'so kind that you admitted'. The particle «уж» (a worn-down «уже») adds an emotive 'already / after all', intensifying the lady's grateful pleading. «Добры» is a short predicate adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выслушайте всё","title":"Polite imperative «выслушайте»","body":"«Выслушайте» is the perfective imperative with the plural/polite ending -те, 'hear out (in full)'. The perfective prefix вы- stresses listening through to the end — she begs for a complete hearing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я вам прошлый раз не договорила, не посмела сказать","title":"Imperfective negated past, 'failed to'","body":"«Не договорила» and «не посмела» are negated past-tense verbs whose negation conveys not-managing or not-daring: 'did not finish saying', 'dared not say'. «Договорить» (perfective до- 'finish speaking') and «посметь» ('dare') carry the woman's nervous reticence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё, чем я так страдаю","title":"Relative «чем» — instrumental of 'by which'","body":"«Чем» is the instrumental of «что», here a relative pronoun: 'everything by which I so suffer'. The verb «страдать» takes the instrumental of the thing one suffers by/from, so the case is governed by the verb, not the relative frame."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection opening the sentence","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of добры","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies добры","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of добры","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to добры","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies добры","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"добры","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"adverbial clause on выслушайте","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of допустили","gloss":"as to"},{"surface":"допустили","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of добры","gloss":"allowed"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of допустили","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видеть","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видеть","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of допустили","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause выслушайте","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"выслушайте","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hear out"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выслушайте","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of договорила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of договорила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of договорила","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"прошлый","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of договорила","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies договорила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"договорила","lemma":"договорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying всё","gloss":"finished saying"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посмела","lemma":"посметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with договорила","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of посмела","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with всё (object of выслушайте)","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of страдаю","gloss":"by which"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of страдаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страдаю","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"страдаю","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on всё","gloss":"suffer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of страдаю","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeated for emphasis","gloss":"long"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b2-c4-s69","source":"Я страдаю, простите меня, я страдаю…","translation":"I suffer, forgive me, I suffer...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я страдаю… простите меня, я страдаю","title":"Imperfective «страдаю» — suffering as ongoing state","body":"«Страдаю» is the imperfective present, naming an ongoing, unbounded condition — 'I am suffering', not a single event. Its repetition frames an enduring inner torment. «Простите» is the polite perfective imperative, 'forgive (me)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of страдаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"страдаю","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suffer"},{"surface":"простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with страдаю","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of простите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of страдаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"страдаю","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with страдаю","gloss":"suffer"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b2-c4-s70","source":"— И она в каком-то горячем порывистом чувстве сложила пред ним руки.","translation":"And, in some kind of ardent, impetuous feeling, she folded her hands before him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в каком-то горячем порывистом чувстве","title":"Indefinite «какой-то» plus prepositional","body":"«Каком-то» is «какой» + the indefinite clitic «-то», marking a specific but unnamed quality — 'some kind of'. The whole phrase sits in the prepositional after «в» (location/state): 'in some ardent, impetuous feeling'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сложила пред ним руки","title":"«Сложить руки» — to fold the hands in entreaty","body":"«Сложить руки (пред кем-то)» is the gesture of prayerful pleading, hands pressed together before another. The archaic «пред» (for «перед», 'before') heightens the supplicatory, almost liturgical posture of the lady before the elder."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сложила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чувстве","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the indefinite каком-то","gloss":"some","note":"каком-то is one indefinite word, \"some kind of\"; то is its attached particle."},{"surface":"горячем","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувстве","gloss":"ardent"},{"surface":"порывистом","lemma":"порывистый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувстве","gloss":"impetuous"},{"surface":"чувстве","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сложила","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"сложила","lemma":"сложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"folded"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сложила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of сложила","gloss":"her hands"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b2-c4-s71","source":"— Чем же особенно?","translation":"\"By what in particular?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чем же особенно?","title":"Instrumental «чем» plus insistent «же»","body":"«Чем» is the instrumental of «что» — 'by what?' — picking up the instrumental sense of suffering 'by' something. The particle «же» presses the question, 'by what in particular, then?', a probing follow-up rather than a fresh query."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"by what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Чем","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Чем","gloss":"in particular"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b2-c4-s72","source":"— Я страдаю… неверием…","translation":"\"I suffer... from unbelief...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я страдаю… неверием","title":"Instrumental of cause «неверием»","body":"«Неверием» is the instrumental of «неверие» ('unbelief'), the case «страдать» governs for what one suffers from: 'I suffer from unbelief'. The bare instrumental, set off by ellipsis, lands the confession with quiet weight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неверием","title":"«Неверие» — unbelief, want of faith","body":"«Неверие» is «вера» ('faith') with the negating prefix не-: not active denial of God but the inability to believe, doubt as affliction. It names the chapter's theme and the lady's titular condition — «маловерная» (of little faith)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of страдаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"страдаю","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suffer"},{"surface":"неверием","lemma":"неверие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of страдаю","gloss":"from unbelief"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b2-c4-s73","source":"— В бога неверием?","translation":"\"Unbelief in God?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В бога неверием?","title":"Fronting and «в» + accusative","body":"«Неверие в бога» — 'unbelief in God' — uses «в» + accusative «бога» (animate, so accusative = genitive form) for the object of belief, as «верить в бога» does. The elder fronts «в бога» before «неверием» to focus the precise target of her doubt."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of В, modifies неверием","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"неверием","lemma":"неверие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"unbelief"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b2-c4-s74","source":"— О нет, нет, я не смею и подумать об этом, но будущая жизнь — это такая загадка!","translation":"\"Oh no, no, I dare not even think of that — but the life to come, that is such a riddle!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не смею и подумать об этом","title":"«И» as 'even' plus perfective infinitive","body":"Here «и» is the emphatic particle 'even' — 'I dare not even think of it'. «Подумать» is the perfective ('to give it a thought'), where the imperfective «думать» would be habitual reflection; the perfective fits the single forbidden flicker of thought."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"будущая жизнь — это такая загадка","title":"«Будущая жизнь» — the life to come","body":"«Будущая жизнь» (the future life) is the standard religious term for the afterlife, the existence beyond death. «Загадка» ('riddle, enigma') casts it not as doctrine but as the unsolved puzzle that torments her."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection opening the sentence","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negation","role":"negation particle","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negation","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смею","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies подумать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"подумать","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смею","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"будущая","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of загадка","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle, copular","role":"links жизнь to загадка","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of загадка","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"загадка","lemma":"загадка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of это","gloss":"riddle"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b2-c4-s75","source":"И никто-то, ведь никто на нее не отвечает!","translation":"And no one, no one at all answers it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И никто-то, ведь никто на нее не отвечает!","title":"Emphatic «-то» and appealing «ведь»","body":"«Никто-то» glues the emphatic clitic «-то» to the negative pronoun for an emotive 'no one at all'; «ведь» appeals to shared knowledge, 'no one, after all'. With «не отвечает» this is negative concord — the «ни»-pronoun keeps the verb negated."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of отвечает","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes никто","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes the repetition","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of отвечает","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечает","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвечает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отвечает","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answers"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b2-c4-s76","source":"Послушайте, вы целитель, вы знаток души человеческой; я, конечно, не смею претендовать на то, чтобы вы мне совершенно верили, но уверяю вас самым великим словом, что я не из легкомыслия теперь говорю, что мысль эта о будущей загробной жизни до страдания волнует меня, до ужаса и испуга…","translation":"Listen — you are a healer, you are a knower of the human soul; I do not, of course, dare to claim that you should believe me completely, but I assure you by the most solemn word that it is not out of frivolity that I speak now, that this thought of the future life beyond the grave troubles me to the point of suffering, of terror and dread...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вы целитель, вы знаток души человеческой","title":"«Целитель» and «знаток души»","body":"«Целитель» is a 'healer' with sacred overtones (root цел-, 'whole / heal'), often applied to holy men who cure soul as well as body. «Знаток души человеческой» — 'a knower of the human soul' — casts the elder as spiritual diagnostician, his authority pastoral, not medical."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не смею претендовать на то, чтобы вы мне совершенно верили","title":"«чтобы» plus past-form irrealis","body":"«Чтобы вы… верили» uses «чтобы» with a past-tense verb to express a willed/hypothetical outcome — 'that you should believe me'. «Чтобы» fuses «что» + «бы», so the past form is obligatory; «верить» is imperfective, 'go on believing'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мысль эта о будущей загробной жизни до страдания волнует меня","title":"«до» + genitive of extent","body":"«До страдания… до ужаса и испуга» uses «до» + genitive to mark the degree reached — 'to the point of suffering, of terror and dread'. The piling of genitives measures how far the agitation goes. «Волнует» is imperfective: an ongoing, present disturbance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"загробной","title":"«Загробный» — beyond the grave","body":"«Загробный» is literally 'behind/beyond the coffin' (за- + гроб, 'coffin'), the adjective for what lies past death — «загробная жизнь», life beyond the grave. It sharpens «будущая жизнь» into the explicitly post-mortem realm that frightens her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Послушайте","lemma":"послушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"opens the address","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of целитель","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"целитель","lemma":"целитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a healer"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаток","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаток","lemma":"знаток","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with целитель","gloss":"a knower"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies знаток","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"человеческой","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies души","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies смею","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смею","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"претендовать","lemma":"претендовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смею","gloss":"claim"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of претендовать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of верили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of верили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of верили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верили","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"верили","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уверяю","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"assure"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of уверяю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies великим","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"великим","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies словом","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уверяю","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates из легкомыслия","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking легкомыслия","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"легкомыслия","lemma":"легкомыслие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"frivolity"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of уверяю","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of волнует","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of волнует","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"будущей","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"загробной","lemma":"загробный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"beyond the grave"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страдания","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"страдания","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial complement of волнует","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"волнует","lemma":"волновать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорю","gloss":"troubles"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of волнует","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ужаса","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"ужаса","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of волнует","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"испуга","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ужаса","gloss":"dread"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b2-c4-s77","source":"И я не знаю, к кому обратиться, я не смела всю жизнь… И вот я теперь осмеливаюсь обратиться к вам… О боже, за какую вы меня теперь сочтете!","translation":"And I do not know to whom to turn — all my life I have not dared... And now here I am daring to turn to you... O God, what must you take me for now!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к кому обратиться","title":"«к» + dative with «обратиться»","body":"«Обратиться к кому-то» ('to turn to someone') governs «к» + dative; «к кому» is the dative interrogative. The reflexive -ся verb is intransitive — one turns oneself toward another for help."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я теперь осмеливаюсь обратиться к вам","title":"Reflexive «осмеливаюсь» — 'I bring myself to dare'","body":"«Осмеливаюсь» is a -ся verb, imperfective present, 'I am daring / venturing'. The reflexive marks the inward effort of working up the nerve; against her earlier «не смела» (dared not), this present-tense daring stages her breakthrough."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"О боже, за какую вы меня теперь сочтете!","title":"Vocative «боже» and «счесть за»","body":"«Боже» is the surviving Church-Slavonic vocative of «бог» — 'O God', the form of direct address in exclamation and prayer. «Счесть за кого» means 'to take/reckon someone for', so «за какую» asks 'what (sort of woman) will you take me for'; «сочтёте» is the perfective future."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of обратиться","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"обратиться","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of знаю","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смела","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel main clause","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial time expression modifying смела","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of осмеливаюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осмеливаюсь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"осмеливаюсь","lemma":"осмеливаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"обратиться","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of осмеливаюсь","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of обратиться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection opening the exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to сочтете","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking какую","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of the implied object of сочтете","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сочтете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of сочтете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сочтете","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сочтете","lemma":"счесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consider"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b2-c4-s78","source":"— Она всплеснула руками.","translation":"She clasped her hands together.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всплеснула руками","title":"«Всплеснуть руками» — to throw up the hands","body":"«Всплеснуть руками» is the set gesture of sudden emotion — clasping or flinging up the hands in dismay or wonder, as one might 'throw up one's hands'. The single perfective «всплеснула» captures one abrupt theatrical motion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of всплеснула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"всплеснула","lemma":"всплеснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"clasped"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of всплеснула","gloss":"her hands"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b2-c4-s79","source":"— Не беспокойтесь о моем мнении, — ответил старец.","translation":"\"Do not be anxious about my opinion,\" the elder answered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не беспокойтесь о моем мнении","title":"Negated imperative of a -ся verb","body":"«Не беспокойтесь» is the polite negated imperative of the reflexive «беспокоиться» ('to worry'), 'do not be anxious'. Russian prefers the imperfective for such soothing negative commands. «О моём мнении» takes the prepositional after «о», 'about my opinion'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокойтесь","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"беспокойтесь","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"worry"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мнении","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мнении","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мнении","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of беспокойтесь","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to беспокойтесь","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"the elder"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b2-c4-s80","source":"— Я вполне верую в искренность вашей тоски.","translation":"\"I fully believe in the sincerity of your anguish.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"верую в искренность вашей тоски","title":"«веровать в» plus genitive of possession","body":"«Верую» is the elevated, bookish form of «верю» ('I believe'), here with «в» + accusative «искренность». «Вашей тоски» is the genitive 'of your anguish' modifying искренность — a chain of genitive dependence typical of measured prose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тоски","title":"«Тоска» — the untranslatable Russian anguish","body":"«Тоска» (here genitive «тоски») names a deep, aching spiritual longing or anguish with no single English equivalent — somewhere between yearning, melancholy, and dread. The elder credits the sincerity of precisely this restless ache for God."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верую","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"верую","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking искренность","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"искренность","lemma":"искренность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верую","gloss":"sincerity"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тоски","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"тоски","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies искренность","gloss":"anguish"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b2-c4-s81","source":"— О, как я вам благодарна!","translation":"\"Oh, how grateful I am to you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как я вам благодарна","title":"Short adjective «благодарна» with dative","body":"«Благодарна» is the short feminine predicate adjective, 'grateful', agreeing with the female speaker; «вам» is the dative of the one thanked — 'grateful to you'. The exclamatory «как» intensifies: 'how grateful I am!'."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection opening the exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"exclamative adverb","role":"modifies благодарна","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of благодарна","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of благодарна","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"благодарна","lemma":"благодарный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, head of the clause","gloss":"grateful"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b2-c4-s82","source":"Видите, я закрываю глаза и думаю: если все веруют, то откуда взялось это?","translation":"You see, I close my eyes and think: if everyone believes, then where did this come from?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если все веруют, то откуда взялось это?","title":"Reflexive «взялось» — middle 'came from'","body":"«Взялось» is the neuter past of the -ся verb «взяться» ('to come from, arise'), a middle/inchoative use of «взять». With «откуда» it asks 'where did this come from?'. The neuter agrees with neuter «это». «Веруют» is again the bookish form of «верят»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel clause to закрываю","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of закрываю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"закрываю","lemma":"закрывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of закрываю","gloss":"my eyes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with закрываю","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of веруют","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of веруют","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"веруют","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on взялось","gloss":"believes"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the clause of взялось","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies взялось","gloss":"where...from"},{"surface":"взялось","lemma":"взяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to думаю","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of взялось","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b2-c4-s83","source":"А тут уверяют, что всё это взялось сначала от страха пред грозными явлениями природы и что всего этого нет.","translation":"And then they assure us that it all arose in the first place out of fear before the menacing phenomena of nature, and that none of it exists at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от страха пред грозными явлениями природы","title":"«от» + genitive of cause; «пред» + instrumental","body":"«От страха» uses «от» + genitive for cause, 'out of fear'; the fear is «пред… явлениями», the archaic «пред» (for «перед») governing the instrumental 'before the menacing phenomena'. «Грозными явлениями» shows full adjective-noun agreement in the instrumental plural."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что всего этого нет","title":"Genitive of negation with «нет»","body":"«Всего этого нет» — 'none of this exists' — puts the absent subject in the genitive «всего этого», as «нет» obligatorily demands. The existential negation drains being from the whole religious world she fears losing."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверяют","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уверяют","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"assure"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взялось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of взялось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"взялось","lemma":"взяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверяют","gloss":"arose"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взялось","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страха","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взялось","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking явлениями","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"грозными","lemma":"грозный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies явлениями","gloss":"menacing"},{"surface":"явлениями","lemma":"явление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"modifies страха","gloss":"phenomena"},{"surface":"природы","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies явлениями","gloss":"of nature"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of этого","gloss":"any of"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negation","role":"predicate of the clause, existential negation","gloss":"does not exist"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b2-c4-s84","source":"Ну что, думаю, я всю жизнь верила — умру, и вдруг ничего нет, и только «вырастет лопух на могиле», как прочитала я у одного писателя.","translation":"Well then, I think, I have believed all my life — I shall die, and suddenly there is nothing, and only 'a burdock will grow on my grave,' as I read it in a certain writer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я всю жизнь верила — умру, и вдруг ничего нет","title":"Imperfective past against perfective future","body":"«Верила» is imperfective past — lifelong, habitual believing — set against «умру», the perfective future ('I shall die [once, completed]'). The aspect switch dramatizes a whole life of faith collapsing into a single terminal event and then «ничего нет», nothing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ну что, думаю","title":"Colloquial framing «ну… думаю»","body":"«Ну что» ('well now') and the inserted «думаю» ('I think', 'says I') are conversational fillers staging her inner monologue aloud. They drop the register sharply from the elder's gravity to the lady's anxious chatter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker, part of ну что","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel clause to верила","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial time expression modifying верила","gloss":"my life"},{"surface":"верила","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"умру","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to верила","gloss":"I shall die"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negation","role":"predicate, existential negation, coordinated with умру","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вырастет","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вырастет","lemma":"вырасти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to верила","gloss":"will grow"},{"surface":"лопух","lemma":"лопух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вырастет","gloss":"a burdock"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking могиле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"могиле","lemma":"могила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырастет","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прочитала","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прочитала","lemma":"прочитать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to верила","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прочитала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking писателя","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies писателя","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"писателя","lemma":"писатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прочитала","gloss":"writer"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b2-c4-s85","source":"Это ужасно!","translation":"It is terrible!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ужасно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"terrible"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b2-c4-s86","source":"Чем, чем возвратить веру?","translation":"By what, by what is faith to be restored?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чем, чем возвратить веру?","title":"Instrumental «чем» plus dative-of-task infinitive","body":"«Чем» (instrumental of «что») asks 'by what means?'. The bare perfective infinitive «возвратить» with no subject reads modally — 'is faith to be restored?', a thing to be done by some unstated agent. The repetition «чем, чем» conveys her frantic searching."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвратить (means)","gloss":"By what"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Чем (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"by what"},{"surface":"возвратить","lemma":"возвратить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"restore"},{"surface":"веру","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возвратить","gloss":"faith"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b2-c4-s87","source":"Впрочем, я верила, лишь когда была маленьким ребенком, механически, ни о чем не думая… Чем же, чем это доказать, я теперь пришла повергнуться пред вами и просить вас об этом.","translation":"And yet I believed only when I was a little child, mechanically, thinking of nothing... By what, then, by what is this to be proved? I have come now to cast myself down before you and to ask you about it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лишь когда была маленьким ребенком, механически, ни о чем не думая","title":"Imperfective gerund «не думая»","body":"«(Не) думая» is the imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) of «думать», 'thinking (of nothing)', expressing the manner accompanying her childhood belief. «Маленьким ребёнком» is an instrumental predicate after «была»; «ни о чём… не думая» shows negative concord (the «ни»-word keeps «не»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пришла повергнуться пред вами и просить вас об этом","title":"Reflexive «повергнуться» — to cast oneself down","body":"«Повергнуться» is the -ся (middle) form, 'to throw oneself down, prostrate oneself'; the reflexive marks the subject acting upon herself. With archaic «пред вами» it evokes a posture of penitent supplication before the elder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верила","gloss":"And yet"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"верила","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies когда","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of была","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to маленьким ребенком","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"маленьким","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребенком","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"ребенком","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"механически","lemma":"механически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верила","gloss":"mechanically"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"pairs with не (negation of чем)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думая","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думая","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial modifier of верила","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"Чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of доказать","gloss":"By what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Чем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Чем (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"by what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of доказать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"доказать","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"be proved"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришла","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have come"},{"surface":"повергнуться","lemma":"повергнуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пришла","gloss":"cast myself down"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of повергнуться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with повергнуться","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of просить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of просить","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b2-c4-s88","source":"Ведь если я упущу и теперешний случай — то мне во всю жизнь никто уж не ответит.","translation":"For if I let slip even this present chance, then in all my life no one will ever answer me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь если я упущу и теперешний случай","title":"Appealing «ведь» plus «и» as 'even'","body":"«Ведь» opens with an appeal to shared sense, 'after all'; «и теперешний случай» uses «и» = 'even (this present chance)'. «Упущу» is the perfective future of «упустить» ('let slip'), one missed opportunity seen whole."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то мне во всю жизнь никто уж не ответит","title":"Negative concord with «никто… не»","body":"«Никто… не ответит» pairs the negative pronoun with the obligatory «не» on the verb — 'no one will (ever) answer'. The added «уж» ('any longer / at all') deepens the finality. «Мне» is the dative of the person answered."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ответит","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of упущу","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of упущу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"упущу","lemma":"упустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ответит","gloss":"let slip"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случай","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперешний","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случай","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of упущу","gloss":"chance"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the main clause (correlative with если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of ответит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответит","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ответит","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ответит","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ответит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ответит","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will answer"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b2-c4-s89","source":"Чем же доказать, чем убедиться?","translation":"By what, then, is it to be proved, by what is one to be convinced?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чем же доказать, чем убедиться?","title":"Subjectless infinitives, active vs reflexive","body":"Two bare infinitives carry modal force: «доказать» ('[how] is it to be proved') is active-transitive, «убедиться» the -ся form ('[how] is one to be convinced / convince oneself'), the reflexive turning the proving inward. «Чем же» repeats the instrumental 'by what, then'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of доказать","gloss":"By what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Чем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"доказать","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be proved"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Чем","gloss":"by what"},{"surface":"убедиться","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with доказать","gloss":"be convinced"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b2-c4-s90","source":"О, мне несчастие!","translation":"Oh, wretched me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"О, мне несчастие!","title":"Dative of the experiencer, no verb","body":"A verbless impersonal cry: «мне несчастие» — literally 'to me [is] misfortune', the person affected in the dative «мне», the state simply named. English needs 'wretched me!' or 'woe is me!'. The construction is the very pattern of Russian's experiencer-first inner life."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer with несчастие","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"несчастие","lemma":"несчастие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"misfortune"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b2-c4-s91","source":"Я стою и кругом вижу, что всем всё равно, почти всем, никто об этом теперь не заботится, а я одна только переносить этого не могу.","translation":"I stand and look around me and see that to everyone it is all one, to almost everyone; no one troubles about it now, and I alone cannot bear it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всем всё равно, почти всем","title":"Dative impersonal «всем всё равно»","body":"«Всем всё равно» is a set impersonal — dative «всем» ('to everyone') plus invariable «всё равно» ('it is all one / makes no difference'). There is no nominative subject; the indifferent are the dative experiencers. The afterthought «почти всем» narrows it: 'to almost everyone'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а я одна только переносить этого не могу","title":"Contrastive «а» and genitive of negation","body":"«А» pivots to her against the indifferent crowd; «я одна только» isolates her, 'I alone'. «Этого… не могу [переносить]» shows the negated object slipping into the genitive «этого» — the genitive of negation operating across the modal «не могу»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стою","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"стою","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стою","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of вижу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative experiencer of равно","gloss":"to everyone"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of равно","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всем","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"in apposition to всем (repeats for emphasis)","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of заботится","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заботится","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заботится","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заботится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заботится","lemma":"заботиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with равно within the что-clause","gloss":"cares"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies переносить","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"переносить","lemma":"переносить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of переносить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b2-c4-s92","source":"Это убийственно, убийственно!","translation":"It is killing, killing!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"убийственно","title":"«Убийственно» — 'killing', deadly","body":"«Убийственно» is the adverb/predicate from «убить» ('to kill') — literally 'murderously, in a killing way'. Used of a feeling it means unbearable, crushing. The doubling «убийственно, убийственно» mimics her hysterical escalation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of убийственно","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"убийственно","lemma":"убийственный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"killing"},{"surface":"убийственно","lemma":"убийственный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with убийственно","gloss":"killing"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b2-c4-s93","source":"— Без сомнения, убийственно. Но доказать тут нельзя ничего, убедиться же возможно.","translation":"\"Without doubt, it is killing. But here nothing can be proved, though one can be convinced.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"доказать тут нельзя ничего, убедиться же возможно","title":"Impersonal «нельзя/возможно» plus contrastive «же»","body":"«Нельзя» and «возможно» are impersonal predicatives taking bare infinitives — 'one cannot prove… it is possible to be convinced'. «Ничего» is the genitive «ни»-object under negation. The «же» on «убедиться же» marks the antithesis, 'but to be convinced, that is possible' — the elder's pivotal distinction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сомнения","gloss":"Without"},{"surface":"сомнения","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"убийственно","lemma":"убийственный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the clause (subject это omitted)","gloss":"killing"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"доказать","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"be proved"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of доказать","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"убедиться","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on возможно","gloss":"be convinced"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убедиться","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"возможно","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"parallel to нельзя","gloss":"possible"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b2-c4-s94","source":"— Как? Чем?","translation":"\"How? By what?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как? Чем?","title":"Bare interrogatives 'how? by what?'","body":"Two stripped-down questions: adverbial «как» ('how') and instrumental «чем» ('by what means'). Russian can leave the verb wholly elided, the case ending on «чем» alone signalling 'by what'. The terseness conveys her breathless urgency."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"Чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"By what"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b2-c4-s95","source":"— Опытом деятельной любви.","translation":"\"By the experience of active love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Опытом деятельной любви","title":"Bare instrumental of means","body":"«Опытом» is the instrumental of «опыт» ('experience'), standing alone as the answer to «чем?» — 'by the experience [of active love]'. The instrumental of means needs no preposition; the case itself says 'by/with'. «Деятельной любви» is the genitive 'of active love'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Опытом","lemma":"опыт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"by experience"},{"surface":"деятельной","lemma":"деятельный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"active"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Опытом","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b2-c4-s96","source":"Постарайтесь любить ваших ближних деятельно и неустанно.","translation":"Strive to love your neighbors actively and tirelessly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Постарайтесь любить ваших ближних","title":"Polite imperative «постарайтесь» + infinitive","body":"«Постарайтесь» is the perfective polite imperative of the -ся verb «постараться» ('to try, make an effort'), governing the imperfective infinitive «любить» — try to go on loving. «Ваших ближних» is animate accusative plural (= genitive form), 'your neighbours'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ближних","title":"«Ближний» — the neighbour of Scripture","body":"«Ближний» (literally 'the near one') is the New Testament 'neighbour' of the commandment 'love thy neighbour' (возлюби ближнего твоего). A substantivized adjective, it carries the full Gospel weight the elder intends."}],"words":[{"surface":"Постарайтесь","lemma":"постараться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Strive"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Постарайтесь","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of ближних","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ближних","lemma":"ближний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"neighbors"},{"surface":"деятельно","lemma":"деятельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"actively"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неустанно","lemma":"неустанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with деятельно","gloss":"tirelessly"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b2-c4-s97","source":"По мере того как будете преуспевать в любви, будете убеждаться и в бытии бога, и в бессмертии души вашей.","translation":"In the measure that you advance in love, you will become convinced both of the existence of God and of the immortality of your soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"По мере того как будете преуспевать… будете убеждаться","title":"Compound future twice; correlative «по мере того как»","body":"«Будете преуспевать» and «будете убеждаться» are imperfective compound futures (быть + infinitive), naming gradual, ongoing processes — 'you will [keep] advancing… will [keep] becoming convinced'. The correlative «по мере того как» ('in the measure that') ties the two growths together."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в бытии бога, и в бессмертии души вашей","title":"Prepositional «в бытии… в бессмертии»","body":"«Убеждаться в чём-то» governs «в» + prepositional: «в бытии», «в бессмертии». «Бытие» ('being, existence') and «бессмертие» ('immortality') are bookish neuter -ие nouns; «души вашей», genitive 'of your soul', with the inverted possessive lending solemnity."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase По","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"correlative with как-clause (по мере того как)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of преуспевать","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будете","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of преуспевать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"преуспевать","lemma":"преуспевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"advance"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of преуспевать","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"будете","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of убеждаться","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"убеждаться","lemma":"убеждаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"become convinced"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"correlates with the second и (both...and)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бытии","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"бытии","lemma":"бытие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убеждаться","gloss":"existence"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бытии","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бессмертии","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"бессмертии","lemma":"бессмертие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with бытии","gloss":"immortality"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бессмертии","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies души","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b2-c4-s98","source":"Если же дойдете до полного самоотвержения в любви к ближнему, тогда уж несомненно уверуете, и никакое сомнение даже и не возможет зайти в вашу душу.","translation":"And if you reach the point of complete self-renunciation in love for your neighbor, then you will undoubtedly believe, and no doubt will even be able to enter into your soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если же дойдете до полного самоотвержения","title":"Real conditional with perfective future","body":"«Если… дойдёте» is an open conditional ('if you reach'), the perfective future «дойдёте» (от «дойти») marking attainment of a point. «До полного самоотвержения» is «до» + genitive, the goal reached. «Же» softly links to the preceding promise."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никакое сомнение даже и не возможет зайти в вашу душу","title":"Negative concord and archaic «возможет»","body":"«Никакое сомнение… не возможет» keeps the verb negated beside the «ни»-determiner «никакое» — 'no doubt will be able to'. «Возможет» is an archaic/elevated perfective future of «возмочь», loftier than «сможет»; «даже и» piles on emphasis, 'will not even be able'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"самоотвержения","title":"«Самоотвержение» — self-renunciation","body":"«Самоотвержение» (сам + отвергнуть, 'to reject oneself') is the spiritual ideal of complete self-denial, the giving-over of self in love. A bookish -ие compound, it names the summit of the elder's path toward faith."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дойдете","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дойдете","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дойдете","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on уверуете","gloss":"reach"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking самоотвержения","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"полного","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies самоотвержения","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"самоотвержения","lemma":"самоотвержение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дойдете","gloss":"self-renunciation"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies самоотвержения","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ближнему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ближнему","lemma":"ближний","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"neighbor"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверуете","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несомненно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверуете","gloss":"undoubtedly"},{"surface":"уверуете","lemma":"уверовать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will believe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никакое","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сомнение","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"сомнение","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of возможет","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возможет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces the negation не","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возможет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"возможет","lemma":"возмочь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уверуете","gloss":"will be able"},{"surface":"зайти","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of возможет","gloss":"enter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зайти","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b2-c4-s99","source":"Это испытано, это точно.","translation":"This has been tested; this is certain.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это испытано, это точно","title":"Short passive participle «испытано»","body":"«Испытано» is the short neuter past passive participle of «испытать» ('to test, prove'), agreeing with «это»: 'this has been tested'. The implied «быть» makes it a result-stating passive. «Точно» here is the predicate 'it is certain / exact'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive испытано","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"испытано","lemma":"испытать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tested"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of точно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with испытано","gloss":"certain"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b2-c4-s100","source":"— Деятельной любви? Вот и опять вопрос, и такой вопрос, такой вопрос!","translation":"\"Active love? There again is the question — and such a question, such a question!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Деятельной любви? Вот и опять вопрос","title":"Echoing genitive and presentative «вот»","body":"She echoes the elder's «деятельной любви» in the genitive, picking up his phrase as if turning it over. «Вот и опять вопрос» uses presentative «вот» ('there/here is') — 'there's the question again'; the doubled «такой вопрос» conveys her agitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Деятельной","lemma":"деятельный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"Active"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies опять","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Вот","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вопрос","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вопрос","gloss":"question"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b2-c4-s101","source":"Видите, я так люблю человечество, что, верите ли, мечтаю иногда бросить всё, всё, что имею, оставить Lise и идти в сестры милосердия.","translation":"You see, I love humanity so much that — would you believe it — I sometimes dream of giving up everything, everything I have, of leaving Lise and going off to become a sister of mercy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я так люблю человечество, что… мечтаю","title":"«так… что» result clause","body":"«Так люблю… что мечтаю» is a degree-result construction, 'I love humanity so much that I dream'. «Мечтаю» (imperfective) frames the dreaming as habitual fantasy — the very abstraction the elder will gently puncture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"верите ли","title":"Interrogative particle «ли» — 'would you believe'","body":"«Верите ли» fronts the verb and adds the enclitic «ли» to make a yes/no question, here rhetorical and parenthetical — 'would you believe it?'. The «ли» question is more literary and emphatic than mere rising intonation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical remark","gloss":"You see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"человечество","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"humanity"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мечтаю (так...что)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"верите","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical rhetorical question","gloss":"would you believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верите (marks the question)","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"мечтаю","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросить","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"бросить","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мечтаю","gloss":"give up"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of бросить","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with всё (repeats for emphasis)","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying всё","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"оставить","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросить (complement of мечтаю)","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of оставить","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бросить (complement of мечтаю)","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сестры (idiom: become)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"сестры","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"a sister","note":"Idiom \"идти/пойти в X\" uses the plural form of the profession noun (сёстры), not a genitive singular, to mean \"become an X.\""},{"surface":"милосердия","lemma":"милосердие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сестры","gloss":"mercy"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b2-c4-s102","source":"Я закрываю глаза, думаю и мечтаю, и в эти минуты я чувствую в себе непреодолимую силу.","translation":"I close my eyes, I think and dream, and in those minutes I feel within myself an irresistible strength.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я чувствую в себе непреодолимую силу","title":"Reflexive «в себе» plus accusative object","body":"«В себе» ('within myself') is the prepositional reflexive «себя», pointing back to the subject «я». «Непреодолимую силу» is the accusative direct object of «чувствую», with full adjective agreement — 'an irresistible strength'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of закрываю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"закрываю","lemma":"закрывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of закрываю","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with закрываю","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мечтаю","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with думаю","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of чувствую","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of чувствую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"чувствую","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with закрываю","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of чувствую","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"непреодолимую","lemma":"непреодолимый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силу","gloss":"irresistible"},{"surface":"силу","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of чувствую","gloss":"strength"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b2-c4-s103","source":"Никакие раны, никакие гнойные язвы не могли бы меня испугать.","translation":"No wounds, no festering sores could frighten me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никакие раны, никакие гнойные язвы не могли бы меня испугать","title":"Conditional «бы» plus negative concord","body":"«Не могли бы… испугать» is the conditional/subjunctive — past-form verb + «бы», 'could not frighten'. The doubled «никакие» keeps the verb negated (negative concord). The whole is irrealis: in her imagined heroism, no horror could frighten her."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гнойные язвы","title":"«Гнойные язвы» — festering sores","body":"«Язва» is an ulcer or open sore (also, figuratively, a plague); «гнойный» means 'purulent, suppurating' (from «гной», pus). The graphic phrase makes her romantic fantasy of nursing concrete and repellent — the test the elder is about to name."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никакие","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of раны","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"раны","lemma":"рана","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"wounds"},{"surface":"никакие","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of язвы","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"гнойные","lemma":"гнойный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies язвы","gloss":"festering"},{"surface":"язвы","lemma":"язва","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with раны, subject of могли","gloss":"sores"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of могли","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of испугать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"испугать","lemma":"испугать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"frighten"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b2-c4-s104","source":"Я бы перевязывала и обмывала собственными руками, я была бы сиделкой у этих страдальцев, я готова целовать эти язвы…","translation":"I would bind and bathe them with my own hands, I would be a nurse to these sufferers, I am ready to kiss those very sores...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я бы перевязывала и обмывала… я была бы сиделкой","title":"Conditional «бы» of imagined action","body":"«Бы перевязывала… обмывала» and «была бы сиделкой» are conditionals (past form + «бы»), 'I would bandage and bathe… I would be a nurse'. The imperfectives picture sustained, repeated devotion; «сиделкой» is an instrumental predicate after «была бы», framing the assumed role."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"собственными руками","title":"Instrumental of means «собственными руками»","body":"«Собственными руками» — 'with my own hands' — is a bare instrumental of means/instrument, the case naming the bodily tool of the action. «Собственными» ('one's own') intensifies the hands-on self-sacrifice she imagines."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сиделкой… страдальцев","title":"«Сиделка» and «страдалец»","body":"«Сиделка» is a sick-nurse, one who 'sits with' (сидеть) the ailing. «Страдалец» (genitive plural «страдальцев») is a 'sufferer' with a faintly sentimental, hagiographic ring — the patient as long-suffering martyr. Both feed her romanticized vision of charity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of перевязывала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of перевязывала","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"перевязывала","lemma":"перевязывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обмывала","lemma":"обмывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with перевязывала","gloss":"bathe"},{"surface":"собственными","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies руками","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of обмывала","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to сиделкой","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of была","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"сиделкой","lemma":"сиделка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal with была","gloss":"a nurse"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страдальцев","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of страдальцев","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"страдальцев","lemma":"страдалец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сиделкой","gloss":"sufferers"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of готова","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"готова","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"am ready"},{"surface":"целовать","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of готова","gloss":"to kiss"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of язвы","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"язвы","lemma":"язва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of целовать","gloss":"sores"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b2-c4-s105","source":"— И то уж много и хорошо, что ум ваш мечтает об этом, а не о чем ином.","translation":"\"It is already much, and good, that your mind dreams of this and not of something else.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И то уж много и хорошо, что ум ваш мечтает об этом","title":"Impersonal evaluative plus «что»-clause","body":"«То… много и хорошо, что…» is an impersonal evaluation — '[it is] already much and good that…', with «много/хорошо» as invariable predicatives and a «что»-clause as the real subject. «Уж» adds 'already'; «ум ваш» inverts the possessive for a measured, faintly formal cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Even"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of много","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies много","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with много","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мечтает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мечтает","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ум","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мечтает","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"dreams"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мечтает","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies о чем ином","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with этом (oblique complement of мечтает)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"ином","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"else"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b2-c4-s106","source":"Нет-нет да невзначай и в самом деле сделаете какое-нибудь доброе дело.","translation":"Now and then, quite by chance, you will in fact do some good deed.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"невзначай и в самом деле сделаете какое-нибудь доброе дело","title":"Indefinite «какое-нибудь» and perfective future","body":"«Какое-нибудь» uses the clitic «-нибудь» for a non-specific 'some… or other', any good deed at all — contrast «-то», which would mark a particular one. «Сделаете» is the perfective future, 'you will [actually] do'; the elder gently promises a real, if accidental, deed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Нет-нет да невзначай","title":"Idiom «нет-нет да (и)» — every now and then","body":"«Нет-нет да (и)» is a fixed colloquial idiom meaning 'every now and then, despite everything', describing something that happens occasionally and unexpectedly. With «невзначай» ('inadvertently, by chance') it gives the elder's reassurance a wry, folksy warmth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom нет-нет да (now and then)","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom нет-нет да (now and then)","gloss":"and then","note":"«Нет-нет да (и)» is a fixed idiom meaning \"every once in a while / now and then.\""},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom нет-нет да, links to сделаете","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"невзначай","lemma":"невзначай","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделаете","gloss":"by chance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделаете","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"сделаете","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will do"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"combines with какое (indefinite какое-нибудь)","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"доброе","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделаете","gloss":"deed"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b2-c4-s107","source":"— Да, но долго ли бы я могла выжить в такой жизни? — горячо и почти как бы исступленно продолжала дама.","translation":"\"Yes, but how long could I survive in such a life?\" the lady continued, ardently and almost as though in a frenzy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"долго ли бы я могла выжить в такой жизни?","title":"«ли» plus «бы» — hypothetical question","body":"This rare pairing stacks the interrogative «ли» onto a conditional: «долго ли бы я могла выжить» — 'how long could I [hypothetically] survive?'. «Ли» follows the focused «долго»; «бы» + past «могла» supplies the irrealis. Together they pose a doubtful, self-questioning 'would I be able?'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"горячо и почти как бы исступленно продолжала дама","title":"Adverbs of manner with hedging «как бы»","body":"«Горячо… исступлённо» are manner adverbs ('ardently, frenziedly') modifying «продолжала». «Как бы» ('as if, sort of') hedges the second — 'almost as though in a frenzy' — the narrator softening his own characterization."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступленно","title":"«Исступлённо» — in a frenzy","body":"«Исступление» is a state of frenzy, rapture, or being beside oneself; the adverb «исступлённо» means 'frantically, ecstatically'. A favourite Dostoevskian word, it marks the overheated, near-hysterical pitch of the lady's self-dramatizing emotion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the response","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies долго (marks the question)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of могла","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"выжить","lemma":"выжить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"survive"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выжить","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжала","gloss":"ardently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исступленно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исступленно (как бы = as if)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"исступленно","lemma":"исступленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжала","gloss":"frenziedly"},{"surface":"продолжала","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"дама","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of продолжала","gloss":"the lady"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b2-c4-s108","source":"— Вот главнейший вопрос! Это самый мой мучительный из вопросов.","translation":"\"There is the chief question! It is the most tormenting of my questions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это самый мой мучительный из вопросов","title":"Superlative «самый» plus partitive «из»","body":"«Самый мучительный» forms the superlative with «самый» ('the most tormenting'), which declines with the adjective. «Из вопросов» is «из» + genitive plural, the partitive 'of [my] questions' — 'the most tormenting of my questions'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"главнейший","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мучительный","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мучительный (forms superlative самый мучительный)","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мучительный","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мучительный","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"tormenting"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросов","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вопросов","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies мучительный","gloss":"questions"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b2-c4-s109","source":"Я закрываю глаза и спрашиваю сама себя: долго ли бы ты выдержала на этом пути?","translation":"I close my eyes and ask myself: how long would you hold out on this path?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спрашиваю сама себя: долго ли бы ты выдержала на этом пути?","title":"Intensive «сама себя» and the «ли… бы» self-question","body":"«Сама себя» joins the intensifier «сама» ('myself, in person') to the reflexive object «себя» — she questions her very self. The quoted question «долго ли бы ты выдержала» again uses «ли» + «бы» for a hypothetical, now addressed to «ты», her inner self."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of закрываю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"закрываю","lemma":"закрывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of закрываю","gloss":"my eyes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спрашиваю","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with закрываю","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of я (myself)","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of спрашиваю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выдержала","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks долго as a question (долго ли = how long)","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of выдержала","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выдержала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"выдержала","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause complement of спрашиваю (embedded question)","gloss":"would hold out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пути","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пути","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пути","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выдержала","gloss":"path"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b2-c4-s110","source":"И если больной, язвы которого ты обмываешь, не ответит тебе тотчас же благодарностью, а, напротив, станет тебя же мучить капризами, не ценя и не замечая твоего человеколюбивого служения, станет кричать на тебя, грубо требовать, даже жаловаться какому-нибудь начальству (как и часто случается с очень страдающими) — что тогда?","translation":"And if the sick man, whose sores you are bathing, does not answer you at once with gratitude, but, on the contrary, begins to torment you with his whims, neither valuing nor noticing your charitable service, begins to shout at you, to demand rudely, even to complain to some authority (as so often happens with those who suffer greatly) — what then?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"больной, язвы которого ты обмываешь","title":"Relative «которого» — genitive of possession","body":"«Язвы которого» — 'whose sores' — puts the relative «который» in the genitive to show possession within its clause, while agreeing in masculine singular with «больной». The case is set by its own role (of-whom), not by the antecedent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не ценя и не замечая твоего человеколюбивого служения","title":"Imperfective gerunds plus genitive of negation","body":"«Не ценя… не замечая» are imperfective present gerunds (деепричастия), 'neither valuing nor noticing', expressing attendant circumstance. Under negation the object slides into the genitive «твоего… служения» — the genitive of negation governed by the negated gerunds."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"станет тебя же мучить капризами, грубо требовать, даже жаловаться","title":"Inchoative «станет» plus chained infinitives","body":"«Станет… мучить… требовать… жаловаться» uses «стать» as a perfective-future inchoative, 'will begin to', governing a string of imperfective infinitives. «Тебя же» fronts the object with insistent «же» ('you of all people'); «капризами» is the instrumental of means, tormenting 'with whims'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ответит","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответит","gloss":"the sick man"},{"surface":"язвы","lemma":"язва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of обмываешь","gloss":"sores"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"relative pronoun, modifies язвы (whose)","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обмываешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обмываешь","lemma":"обмывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on больной","gloss":"bathe"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ответит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ответит","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause, coordinated with станет","gloss":"answers"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of ответит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответит","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"благодарностью","lemma":"благодарность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответит","gloss":"gratitude"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies станет (contrastive)","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"станет","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ответит","gloss":"begins to"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of мучить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"мучить","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of станет","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"капризами","lemma":"каприз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of мучить","gloss":"with whims"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ценя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ценя","lemma":"ценить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"converb clause modifying станет, coordinated with замечая","gloss":"valuing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замечая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"замечая","lemma":"замечать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ценя","gloss":"noticing"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of служения","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"человеколюбивого","lemma":"человеколюбивый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies служения","gloss":"charitable"},{"surface":"служения","lemma":"служение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"shared direct object of ценя and замечая","gloss":"service"},{"surface":"станет","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ответит (second станет clause)","gloss":"begins to"},{"surface":"кричать","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of станет","gloss":"shout"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of кричать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"грубо","lemma":"грубо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies требовать","gloss":"rudely"},{"surface":"требовать","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричать","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жаловаться","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"жаловаться","lemma":"жаловаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричать and требовать","gloss":"complain"},{"surface":"какому","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of начальству","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite какому-нибудь with какому","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"начальству","lemma":"начальство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of жаловаться","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of случается","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"(intensifier)"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случается","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"случается","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause commenting on the whole situation","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страдающими","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страдающими","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"страдающими","lemma":"страдающий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of случается","gloss":"those who suffer"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the separate question что тогда","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b2-c4-s111","source":"Продолжится твоя любовь или нет?","translation":"Will your love endure or not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Продолжится твоя любовь или нет?","title":"Reflexive «продолжится» — middle 'will endure'","body":"«Продолжится» is the perfective future of the -ся verb «продолжиться» ('to continue, go on'), intransitive/middle — love as the thing that does or does not endure, with no external agent. «Или нет» tags the alternative: 'or not?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Продолжится","lemma":"продолжиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will continue"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любовь","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Продолжится","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Продолжится","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b2-c4-s112","source":"И вот — представьте, я с содроганием это уже решила: если есть что-нибудь, что могло бы расхолодить мою «деятельную» любовь к человечеству тотчас же, то это единственно неблагодарность.","translation":"And so — imagine — I have already decided this, with a shudder: if there is anything at all that could chill my 'active' love for humanity on the spot, it is, solely, ingratitude.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если есть что-нибудь, что могло бы расхолодить мою «деятельную» любовь","title":"Indefinite «что-нибудь» and conditional «бы»","body":"«Что-нибудь» is the non-specific 'anything at all'; the following relative «что… могло бы расхолодить» uses «бы» for a hypothetical capacity, 'that could chill'. The scare-quotes on «деятельную» turn the elder's own term back ironically on herself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с содроганием это уже решила","title":"Instrumental of manner «с содроганием»","body":"«С содроганием» — 'with a shudder' — is «с» + instrumental, the standard way to express manner/accompaniment. «Решила» is the perfective past: she has, once and for all, decided. «Содрогание» (a shuddering) names the bodily recoil accompanying her self-knowledge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"расхолодить","title":"«Расхолодить» — to cool, dampen","body":"«Расхолодить» (раз- + холод, 'cold') means to cool someone's ardour, to dishearten or put off. The thermal metaphor — passion cooled to indifference — captures exactly how ingratitude would quench her self-warming 'love'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies представьте","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative addressed to the listener","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of решила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking содроганием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"содроганием","lemma":"содрогание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of решила","gloss":"a shudder"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of решила","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решила","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"решила","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause (existential)","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of есть, forms что-нибудь with нибудь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with что, forms что-нибудь","gloss":"-thing","note":"что-нибудь together means \"anything/something\"."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло, relative pronoun referring to что-нибудь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying что-нибудь","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of могло","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"расхолодить","lemma":"расхолодить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"chill"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любовь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"деятельную","lemma":"деятельный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"active"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of расхолодить","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человечеству","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"человечеству","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of к, modifies любовь","gloss":"humanity"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расхолодить","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlative with если, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then","note":"если...то pairs a condition with its consequence: \"if...then\"."},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неблагодарность","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неблагодарность","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"неблагодарность","lemma":"неблагодарность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"ingratitude"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b2-c4-s113","source":"Одним словом, я работница за плату, я требую тотчас же платы, то есть похвалы себе и платы за любовь любовью.","translation":"In a word, I am a hireling working for wages; I demand my wages at once — that is, praise for myself and love repaid for love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я работница за плату… платы за любовь любовью","title":"Instrumental of exchange «любовью»","body":"«Платы за любовь любовью» — 'payment for love with love' — ends on the bare instrumental «любовью», the means of repayment. «За плату / за любовь» use «за» + accusative for 'in exchange for'. The chiasmus (love for love) sharpens her mercenary self-accusation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"работница за плату","title":"«Работница за плату» — a hireling","body":"«Работница» is a (female) labourer/worker; «за плату» means 'for pay, for wages'. She brands herself a hireling — echoing the Gospel hireling who, unlike the good shepherd, serves only for wages — a stinging act of self-exposure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom одним словом (in a word)","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical adverbial phrase, part of одним словом","gloss":"word","note":"одним словом is idiomatic for \"in a word/in short\"."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of работница","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"работница","lemma":"работница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, head of the phrase","gloss":"a hired worker"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плату","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"плату","lemma":"плата","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies работница","gloss":"wages"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of требую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"требую","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with работница","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies требую","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"платы","lemma":"плата","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of требую","gloss":"payment"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom то есть (that is)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom то есть","gloss":"is","note":"то есть together is the fixed idiom \"that is/i.e.\"."},{"surface":"похвалы","lemma":"похвала","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to платы, restates the direct object of требую","gloss":"praise"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of похвалы","gloss":"for myself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"платы","lemma":"плата","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with похвалы","gloss":"payment"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любовь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies платы","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"любовью","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of платы (repaid with love)","gloss":"with love"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b2-c4-s114","source":"Иначе я никого не способна любить!","translation":"Otherwise I am capable of loving no one!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иначе я никого не способна любить!","title":"Negative concord with «никого»","body":"«Никого… не способна любить» keeps «не» on the predicate beside the negative pronoun «никого» (animate genitive/accusative of «никто») — 'capable of loving no one'. «Способна» is the short feminine adjective 'capable'; «иначе» means 'otherwise'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies способна","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of способна","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of способна (with любить)","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies способна","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"способна","lemma":"способный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of способна","gloss":"of loving"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b2-c4-s115","source":"Она была в припадке самого искреннего самобичевания и, кончив, с вызывающею решимостью поглядела на старца.","translation":"She was in a fit of the most sincere self-flagellation, and, having finished, she looked at the elder with a defiant resolve.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кончив, с вызывающею решимостью поглядела на старца","title":"Perfective gerund «кончив» and -ою instrumental","body":"«Кончив» is the perfective past gerund, 'having finished', marking prior completed action before the main verb «поглядела». «С вызывающею решимостью» shows the older bookish instrumental ending -ою (for -ой), 'with a defiant resolve' — a period flavour."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"припадке самого искреннего самобичевания","title":"«Самобичевание» — self-flagellation","body":"«Самобичевание» (сам + бичевать, 'to scourge') literally means self-scourging, and figuratively the theatrical self-reproach she is performing. «Припадок» is a 'fit, attack'; the narrator's dry phrasing exposes her penance as half-genuine, half-display."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to припадке","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking припадке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"припадке","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"a fit"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies искреннего","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"искреннего","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies самобичевания","gloss":"sincere"},{"surface":"самобичевания","lemma":"самобичевание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies припадке","gloss":"self-flagellation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кончив","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поглядела","gloss":"having finished"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking решимостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вызывающею","lemma":"вызывающий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies решимостью","gloss":"defiant"},{"surface":"решимостью","lemma":"решимость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядела","gloss":"resolve"},{"surface":"поглядела","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with была","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядела","gloss":"the elder"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b2-c4-s116","source":"— Это точь-в-точь как рассказывал мне, давно уже впрочем, один доктор, — заметил старец.","translation":"\"That is precisely what a certain doctor once told me, a long while ago now,\" the elder remarked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как рассказывал мне, давно уже впрочем, один доктор","title":"Imperfective «рассказывал» of a recalled telling","body":"«Рассказывал» is imperfective past, here recalling the general fact of a past telling rather than a single completed report. «Мне» is the dative recipient; «один доктор» uses «один» as the indefinite article 'a certain doctor'. «Впрочем» softens with 'though, by the way'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"точь-в-точь","title":"«Точь-в-точь» — exactly, to a T","body":"«Точь-в-точь» is an emphatic colloquial reduplication meaning 'exactly, precisely the same'. The elder uses it to align the lady's confession with the doctor's — a small folksy touch that levels his speech to hers before the parable that follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь, predicate of это","gloss":"exactly","note":"точь-в-точь is a fixed idiom meaning \"precisely/exactly like\"."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассказывал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the как-clause, modifies точь-в-точь","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказывал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of рассказывал","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies доктор","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказывал","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"the elder"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b2-c4-s117","source":"— Человек был уже пожилой и бесспорно умный.","translation":"\"He was already an elderly man and indisputably intelligent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Человек был уже пожилой и бесспорно умный","title":"Long-form predicate adjectives after «был»","body":"«Пожилой… умный» are long-form adjectives in the nominative, used predicatively after «был» — common in describing a lasting characterization ('he was an elderly and… intelligent man'). The adverb «бесспорно» ('indisputably') vouches for the trait."}],"words":[{"surface":"Человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to пожилой and умный","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожилой","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"пожилой","lemma":"пожилой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with умный","gloss":"elderly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бесспорно","lemma":"бесспорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умный","gloss":"indisputably"},{"surface":"умный","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with пожилой","gloss":"intelligent"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b2-c4-s118","source":"Он говорил так же откровенно, как вы, хотя и шутя, но скорбно шутя; я, говорит, люблю человечество, но дивлюсь на себя самого: чем больше я люблю человечество вообще, тем меньше я люблю людей в частности, то есть порознь, как отдельных лиц.","translation":"He spoke just as frankly as you, though in jest — yet a mournful jest: I, he said, love humanity, but I marvel at myself; the more I love humanity in general, the less I love people in particular — that is, separately, as distinct individuals.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он говорил так же откровенно, как вы, хотя и шутя, но скорбно шутя","title":"Imperfective gerund «шутя»","body":"«Шутя» is the imperfective present gerund of «шутить» ('joking'), an adverbial 'in jest' attending «говорил». «Хотя и… но» frames a concession, 'though… yet'; «скорбно шутя» — 'jesting mournfully' — is the oxymoron at the heart of the doctor's confession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем больше я люблю человечество вообще, тем меньше я люблю людей","title":"Correlative comparatives «чем больше… тем меньше»","body":"«Чем… тем» plus comparatives sets up a proportional correlation — 'the more… the less'. «Больше» and «меньше» are the invariable predicative comparatives of «много / мало». The construction crystallizes the doctor's (and the lady's) paradox of abstract love."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дивлюсь на себя самого","title":"Reflexive verb plus emphatic «себя самого»","body":"«Дивлюсь» is the -ся verb «дивиться» ('to marvel, wonder'); «на себя самого» joins the reflexive object «себя» with the intensifier «самого» — 'I marvel at my very self'. The reflexive verb and reflexive object together turn his astonishment fully inward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил, forms так же (just as)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так, forms так же","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"откровенно","lemma":"откровенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил (так же откровенно)","gloss":"frankly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with вы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"complement of как","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of шутя","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шутя (хотя и = although)","gloss":"(intensifier)"},{"surface":"шутя","lemma":"шутить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"converb, concessive clause modifying говорил","gloss":"joking"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"скорбно","lemma":"скорбно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шутя (second)","gloss":"mournfully"},{"surface":"шутя","lemma":"шутить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with шутя (first), contrastive converb","gloss":"joking"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb (he says)","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"человечество","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"humanity"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"дивлюсь","lemma":"дивиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with люблю","gloss":"marvel"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of дивлюсь","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces correlative clause with тем","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю (w26)","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю (w26)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the чем-clause","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"человечество","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of люблю (w26)","gloss":"humanity"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю (w26)","gloss":"in general"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlative with чем, introduces the result clause","gloss":"the less","note":"чем...тем... pairs proportional clauses: \"the more...the less\"."},{"surface":"меньше","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies люблю (w32)","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю (w32)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the тем-clause","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of люблю (w32)","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в частности","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom в частности, modifies люблю","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"частности","lemma":"в частности","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"part of idiom в частности","gloss":"particular","note":"в частности means \"in particular/specifically\"."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"порознь","lemma":"порознь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю, restates то есть","gloss":"separately"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лиц","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"отдельных","lemma":"отдельный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лиц","gloss":"individual"},{"surface":"лиц","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"complement of как, parallel to порознь","gloss":"persons"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b2-c4-s119","source":"В мечтах я нередко, говорит, доходил до страстных помыслов о служении человечеству и, может быть, действительно пошел бы на крест за людей, если б это вдруг как-нибудь потребовалось, а между тем я двух дней не в состоянии прожить ни с кем в одной комнате, о чем знаю из опыта.","translation":"In my dreams, he said, I often went so far as passionate visions of serving humanity, and perhaps I really would have gone to the cross for people, had it suddenly been required somehow — and yet I am incapable of living two days in the same room with anyone, as I know from experience.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"действительно пошел бы на крест за людей, если б это вдруг как-нибудь потребовалось","title":"Full conditional: «если б» plus «бы»","body":"A textbook irrealis pair: main clause «пошёл бы» (would have gone) and protasis «если б… потребовалось» (had it been required). «Если б» is the clipped «если бы»; «потребовалось» is a reflexive impersonal, 'it were demanded'. «Как-нибудь» adds vague 'somehow'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я двух дней не в состоянии прожить ни с кем в одной комнате","title":"Genitive «двух дней» and negative concord «ни с кем»","body":"«два дня» has the genitive singular «дня» after «два»; here the whole numeral phrase is itself put in the genitive (of negation, 'not [even] two days'), so the noun appears as the genitive plural «дней». «Ни с кем» keeps the verb negated via «не в состоянии» — 'with no one'; the preposition «с» splits the negative pronoun («ни с кем»), a distinctive Russian pattern."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мечтах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мечтах","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of доходил","gloss":"dreams"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of доходил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"нередко","lemma":"нередко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доходил","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb (he says)","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"доходил","lemma":"доходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went as far as"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помыслов","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"страстных","lemma":"страстный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies помыслов","gloss":"passionate"},{"surface":"помыслов","lemma":"помысел","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of доходил","gloss":"visions"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking служении","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"служении","lemma":"служение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies помыслов","gloss":"serving"},{"surface":"человечеству","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of служении","gloss":"humanity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom может быть, modifies пошел","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom может быть","gloss":"(idiom)","note":"может быть together is the fixed idiom \"perhaps\"."},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with доходил","gloss":"would have gone"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of пошел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крест","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"крест","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the cross"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of потребовалось","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of потребовалось (contracted бы)","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of потребовалось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потребовалось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom как-нибудь, modifies потребовалось","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom как-нибудь","gloss":"-how","note":"как-нибудь together means \"somehow\"."},{"surface":"потребовалось","lemma":"потребоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пошел","gloss":"were required"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между тем","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom между тем (meanwhile)","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"между тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom между тем","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the predicate не в состоянии","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies дней","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies прожить (duration)","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the predicate phrase не в состоянии (unable)","gloss":"a state"},{"surface":"прожить","lemma":"прожить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of состоянии","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"negative particle with с кем","gloss":"(negative)"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of прожить","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies комнате","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прожить","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаю","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause commenting on the preceding statement","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking опыта","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"опыта","lemma":"опыт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаю","gloss":"experience"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b2-c4-s120","source":"Чуть он близко от меня, и вот уж его личность давит мое самолюбие и стесняет мою свободу.","translation":"The moment he is close to me, his personality already crushes my self-esteem and cramps my freedom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чуть он близко от меня, и вот уж его личность давит","title":"Verbless «чуть… и вот» — 'the moment… already'","body":"«Чуть… и вот уж» is a vivid colloquial frame: «чуть» ('the moment, as soon as') sets a verbless condition, «и вот уж» ('and already') springs the consequence. «От меня» is «от» + genitive, 'from me'. The clipped, copula-less syntax mimics instant recoil."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давит мое самолюбие и стесняет мою свободу","title":"«Самолюбие» — self-love, amour-propre","body":"«Самолюбие» (сам + любить) is 'self-regard, pride, vanity' — the touchy ego, French amour-propre. «Давит» ('crushes, presses') and «стесняет» ('cramps, constrains') are vivid present-tense imperfectives; the other's mere nearness oppresses his pride and freedom — the deflating last word of the parable."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the temporal clause (the moment)","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of близко","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"близко","lemma":"близко","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adjective, head of the phrase","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of близко","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom и вот уж, modifies давит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давит","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of личность","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"личность","lemma":"личность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of давит","gloss":"personality"},{"surface":"давит","lemma":"давить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crushes"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of самолюбие","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"самолюбие","lemma":"самолюбие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of давит","gloss":"self-esteem"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стесняет","lemma":"стеснять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with давит","gloss":"cramps"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of свободу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"свободу","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of стесняет","gloss":"freedom"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b2-c4-s121","source":"В одни сутки я могу даже лучшего человека возненавидеть: одного за то, что он долго ест за обедом, другого за то, что у него насморк и он беспрерывно сморкается.","translation":"In the span of a single day I can come to detest even the finest of men: one because he is slow over his dinner, another because he has a head cold and is forever blowing his nose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"В одни сутки","title":"«сутки» — the 24-hour day","body":"«сутки» is a plurale tantum: it exists only in the plural and names a full day-and-night, a 24-hour period, with no singular form. Here «в одни сутки» («in a single day-and-night») uses the numeral «одни», the plural of «один», precisely because the noun has no singular."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за то, что он долго ест… другого за то, что у него насморк","title":"«за то, что» — cause clause","body":"«за то, что» («for the fact that, because») uses the demonstrative «то» as a placeholder governed by the preposition «за», then unpacked by a «что»-clause. It is a bookish, explicit way of giving the ground of an emotion, and the parallel «одного… другого…» («one man… another…») balances the two pretexts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него насморк","title":"«у него» — possession without 'have'","body":"Russian states possession with «у» + genitive and a bare nominative for the thing possessed: «у него насморк» literally 'by him [there is] a head-cold'. There is no verb 'to have'; the possessor sits in the genitive after «у»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возненавидеть","title":"Inceptive «воз-» perfective","body":"«возненавидеть» is the perfective of «ненавидеть» (to hate), the prefix «воз-» here marking the entry into the state — 'to come to hate, conceive a hatred'. With the modal «могу» it frames a single completed possibility ('I can come to detest'), not an ongoing one."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сутки","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies сутки","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"сутки","lemma":"сутки","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"temporal complement of могу","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучшего","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лучшего","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"the best"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возненавидеть","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"возненавидеть","lemma":"возненавидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"come to hate"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человека, introduces the first reason","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom за то, что (because)","gloss":"the fact","note":"за то, что is a fixed construction meaning \"because\"."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ест","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ест","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ест","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"ест","lemma":"есть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"eats"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обедом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"обедом","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ест","gloss":"dinner"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человека, introduces the second reason","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom за то, что","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of насморк","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"(has)"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of у in the existential clause у него насморк","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"насморк","lemma":"насморк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the existential clause у него насморк","gloss":"a cold"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сморкается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"беспрерывно","lemma":"беспрерывно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сморкается","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"сморкается","lemma":"сморкаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the у него насморк clause","gloss":"blows his nose"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b2-c4-s122","source":"Я, говорит, становлюсь врагом людей, чуть-чуть лишь те ко мне прикоснутся.","translation":"I become, he says, an enemy of people the moment they so much as brush against me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"говорит","title":"«говорит» — reported-speech marker","body":"Dropped into the middle of a quotation, «говорит» ('says he/she') is a parenthetical evidential that signals the words are being relayed at second hand — the elder quoting a male doctor's confession (the masculine «ненавидел» in the next segment confirms the speaker is the doctor), not the lady quoting words said to her. It is colloquial and very frequent in Dostoevsky's reported speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"становлюсь врагом людей","title":"«становлюсь врагом» — predicate instrumental","body":"«становиться» ('to become') takes its predicate noun in the instrumental, hence «врагом» rather than nominative «враг». The instrumental frames the role as one assumed or moved into, the natural complement of a verb of becoming."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чуть-чуть лишь те ко мне прикоснутся","title":"«прикоснутся» — perfective future as 'the moment…'","body":"The perfective «прикоснутся» (from «прикоснуться», to touch lightly) is conjugated like a present but means future/conditional time: 'the moment they so much as brush against me'. The reduplicated «чуть-чуть» ('ever so slightly') plus the particle «лишь» ('only, merely') stresses how slight the trigger is."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of становлюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel to становлюсь","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"становлюсь","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I become"},{"surface":"врагом","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of становлюсь","gloss":"an enemy"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies врагом","gloss":"of people"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прикоснутся","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прикоснутся","gloss":"barely","note":"чуть-чуть is the doubled form of чуть ('just barely'), split here across two tokens."},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чуть-чуть","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прикоснутся","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of прикоснутся","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"прикоснутся","lemma":"прикоснуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause modifying становлюсь","gloss":"touch"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b2-c4-s123","source":"Зато всегда так происходило, что чем более я ненавидел людей в частности, тем пламеннее становилась любовь моя к человечеству вообще.","translation":"Yet it has always turned out that the more I hated people in particular, the more ardent grew my love for mankind in general.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем более я ненавидел… тем пламеннее становилась","title":"«чем… тем…» — correlative comparatives","body":"The «чем более… тем пламеннее…» frame ('the more… the more…') pairs two comparatives in a proportional correlation. «более» is the analytic comparative ('more') and «пламеннее» the synthetic comparative of «пламенный» ('ardent') in -ее; both are predicative and invariable."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"становилась любовь моя","title":"Inverted, postposed possessive","body":"The natural order would be «моя любовь становилась…»; placing «любовь» before the verb and «моя» after it («становилась любовь моя») is rhetorical inversion that throws weight onto 'love' and lends the sentence an elevated, almost scriptural cadence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зато","title":"«зато» — compensating 'but on the other hand'","body":"«зато» (one word, 'but to make up for it, on the other hand') opens the sentence with a contrastive that offsets the preceding admission: the misanthropy is balanced by a swelling love of mankind. Distinguish it from «за то» (two words, 'for that') seen in s121."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходило","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходило","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"происходило","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ненавидел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative with тем, modifies более","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненавидел","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ненавидел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ненавидел","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of происходило","gloss":"hated"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of ненавидел","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking частности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"частности","lemma":"частность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase в","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative with чем, introduces the clause of становилась","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"пламеннее","lemma":"пламенный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies становилась","gloss":"more ardent"},{"surface":"становилась","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ненавидел","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of становилась","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любовь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человечеству","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"человечеству","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies становилась","gloss":"in general"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b2-c4-s124","source":"— Но что же делать? Что же в таком случае делать? Тут надо в отчаяние прийти?","translation":"\"But what is one to do? What is one to do in such a case? Must one fall into despair over it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что же делать?","title":"«же» — the insistent particle","body":"The modal particle «же» here intensifies the helpless question: «что же делать?» is 'but what on earth is one to do?', the «же» carrying the exasperation English would mark only by stress. It leans on the preceding «что»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тут надо в отчаяние прийти?","title":"«надо» — impersonal necessity","body":"«надо» + infinitive is a subjectless construction of necessity; there is no nominative subject, the doer is left general ('must one…'). This experiencer-light impersonal framing, so common in Dostoevsky, lets the question hang over no one in particular."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в отчаяние прийти","title":"«прийти в отчаяние» — to fall into despair","body":"A fixed idiom: «прийти в» + accusative of an emotion means 'to come into / fall into' a state — «прийти в отчаяние» (despair), «прийти в ярость» (rage). The motion verb «прийти» is bleached of literal movement here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of делать","gloss":"a case"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаяние","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"отчаяние","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прийти","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of надо","gloss":"fall"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b2-c4-s125","source":"— Нет, ибо и того довольно, что вы о сем сокрушаетесь.","translation":"\"No, for it is enough that you grieve over it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — bookish 'for'","body":"«ибо» ('for, because') is an archaic, elevated causal conjunction, the mark of Scripture, sermon, and high prose. The elder uses it repeatedly in this passage; a plain speaker would say «потому что». Its recurrence stamps his speech as that of a churchman."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"о сем сокрушаетесь","title":"«сем» and «сокрушаться» — archaic register","body":"«о сем» is the prepositional of the archaic demonstrative «сей» ('this'), in place of modern «об этом»; «сокрушаться» ('to grieve, be contrite over') is bookish and devotional. Together they pitch the elder's reassurance in a deliberately old, churchly key."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"того довольно, что вы… сокрушаетесь","title":"«довольно» + genitive correlative","body":"«того довольно, что…» — 'it is enough that…', where «довольно» ('enough, sufficient') governs the genitive demonstrative «того», which is then spelled out by the «что»-clause. The reflexive «-ся» on «сокрушаетесь» makes the verb intransitive, the grief turned inward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to довольно","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of довольно","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of довольно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the phrase (predicate)","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сокрушаетесь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сокрушаетесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сем","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сокрушаетесь","gloss":"this","note":"archaic locative of сей ('this')."},{"surface":"сокрушаетесь","lemma":"сокрушаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of довольно","gloss":"grieve"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b2-c4-s126","source":"Сделайте, что можете, и сочтется вам.","translation":"Do what you can, and it will be reckoned to you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сделайте, что можете","title":"«сделайте» — polite imperative","body":"«сделайте» is the perfective imperative of «сделать» with the polite/plural ending «-те». The perfective fits the single decisive deed ('do [and accomplish] what you can'), against an imperfective «делайте» which would mean keep on doing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сочтется вам","title":"«сочтётся» — reflexive-passive with dative","body":"«сочтётся» is the «-ся» middle/passive of «счесть» ('to reckon, count'): 'it will be reckoned'. The beneficiary stands in the dative «вам» ('to you'), and there is no expressed subject — an impersonal, biblical 'it shall be counted unto you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сделайте","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можете","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Сделайте","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сочтется","lemma":"счесться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with можете","gloss":"will be reckoned"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сочтется","gloss":"to you"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b2-c4-s127","source":"У вас же много уже сделано, ибо вы могли столь глубоко и искренно сознать себя сами!","translation":"Much has already been done by you, for you have been able to know yourself so deeply and so sincerely!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У вас же много уже сделано","title":"«сделано» — short passive participle, agentless","body":"«сделано» is the short (predicative) form of the past passive participle of «сделать»: 'much has been done'. The neuter short form states a result with no auxiliary, and «у вас» ('by you / on your part') supplies the doer obliquely rather than as an instrumental agent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь глубоко и искренно сознать себя сами","title":"«себя… сами» — reflexive object and intensifier","body":"«сознать себя» is 'to know/recognize oneself', with the objective reflexive pronoun «себя» (which has no nominative). «сами» is the emphatic «сам» ('yourselves'), reinforcing that the self-knowledge was the lady's own act. «столь» ('so') and «искренно» are the bookish variants of «так» and «искренне»."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of сделано","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"subject of passive сделано","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделано","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сделано","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могли","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сделано","gloss":"were able"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глубоко","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознать","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with глубоко","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"сознать","lemma":"сознать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сознать","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies сознать","gloss":"yourself"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b2-c4-s128","source":"Если же вы и со мной теперь говорили столь искренно для того, чтобы, как теперь от меня, лишь похвалу получить за вашу правдивость, то, конечно, ни до чего не дойдете в подвигах деятельной любви; так всё и останется лишь в мечтах ваших, и вся жизнь мелькнет как призрак.","translation":"But if you have spoken so sincerely with me even now only in order, as just now from me, to win some praise for your truthfulness, then of course you will achieve nothing in the deeds of active love; everything will simply remain confined to your daydreams, and your whole life will flit past like a phantom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если же вы… говорили… для того, чтобы… лишь похвалу получить","title":"«для того, чтобы» — purpose clause","body":"«для того, чтобы» + infinitive ('in order to') states purpose; «чтобы» already contains the irrealis particle «бы», which is why purpose clauses pair with the infinitive or a past-form verb. Here it frames the suspect motive: to speak only so as to win praise."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни до чего не дойдете","title":"«ни до чего не» — negative concord","body":"«ни до чего не дойдёте» stacks the intensifier «ни» on the genitive «чего» (after «до») with the verbal «не»: 'you will reach nothing at all'. Russian requires this double negative — the «ни»-word and «не» together carry one negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так всё и останется лишь в мечтах ваших","title":"«так… и» — 'just so it will remain'","body":"The «так… и» frame ('and so it will simply…') marks an outcome that stays exactly as it was; «и» here is not 'and' but an emphatic particle reinforcing «так». «мелькнёт как призрак» uses the perfective future of «мелькнуть» (to flash by) for the single, fleeting whole of a life."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорили","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мной","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"мной","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on дойдете","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies искренно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase для, antecedent of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"the sake of"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of получить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of получить (via от)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies похвалу","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"похвалу","lemma":"похвала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of получить","gloss":"praise"},{"surface":"получить","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of того (purpose clause)","gloss":"to receive"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правдивость","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правдивость","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"правдивость","lemma":"правдивость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получить","gloss":"truthfulness"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дойдете","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to дойдете","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дойдете","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дойдете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дойдете","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will attain"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подвигах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подвигах","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of дойдете","gloss":"deeds"},{"surface":"деятельной","lemma":"деятельный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"active"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies подвигах","gloss":"of love"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies останется","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of останется","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies останется","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"останется","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дойдете","gloss":"will remain"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мечтах","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мечтах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мечтах","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of останется","gloss":"dreams"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of мечтах","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of мелькнет","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"мелькнет","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дойдете","gloss":"will flit"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle, comparative","role":"marks the comparison with призрак","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"призрак","lemma":"призрак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнет","gloss":"a phantom"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b2-c4-s129","source":"Тут, понятно, и о будущей жизни забудете, и сами собой под конец как-нибудь успокоитесь.","translation":"Then, naturally, you will forget the life to come as well, and in the end you will somehow lull yourself into calm of your own accord.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"о будущей жизни","title":"«будущая жизнь» — the life to come","body":"«будущая жизнь» ('the future life') is the standard Orthodox term for the afterlife, the life of the soul after death. The elder's warning is that a life lived for applause forgets eternity itself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сами собой… успокоитесь","title":"«сами собой» — 'of one's own accord'","body":"«сам собой» (here plural «сами собой», instrumental of the intensifier + reflexive) is an idiom meaning 'by oneself, of its own accord, automatically'. The «-ся» verb «успокоитесь» ('you will settle into calm') is the reflexive future; together they suggest a drifting, effortless self-pacification."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как-нибудь","title":"«как-нибудь» — 'somehow, anyhow'","body":"Formed with the indefinite clitic «-нибудь», «как-нибудь» means 'in some way or other, anyhow', with a dismissive shade of carelessness. The elder uses it to imply a slack, undirected calming, not a hard-won peace."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забудете","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"понятно","lemma":"понятно","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parallel clause to забудете","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"будущей","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забудете","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"забудете","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will forget"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies собой","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of успокоитесь","gloss":"of your own accord"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of успокоитесь","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успокоитесь (part of как-нибудь)","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успокоитесь (part of как-нибудь)","gloss":"somehow","note":"как-нибудь ('somehow') is one word split across w13–w14."},{"surface":"успокоитесь","lemma":"успокоиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with забудете","gloss":"will calm down"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b2-c4-s130","source":"— Вы меня раздавили! Я теперь только, вот в это мгновение, как вы говорили, поняла, что я действительно ждала только вашей похвалы моей искренности, когда вам рассказывала о том, что не выдержу неблагодарности.","translation":"\"You have crushed me! Only now, at this very instant, while you were speaking, did I understand that I really was waiting for nothing but your praise of my sincerity when I told you that I could not bear ingratitude.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вы меня раздавили!","title":"«раздавить» — to crush","body":"«раздавить» literally is 'to crush, squash flat' (a bug underfoot); used of a person here it is wholly figurative — the lady feels morally pulverized by being seen through. The perfective past states the blow as a single accomplished thing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я теперь только, вот в это мгновение… поняла","title":"«только… поняла» — perfective of sudden insight","body":"«поняла» (perfective past, feminine, of «понять») marks the realization as a single completed event — 'only now did I understand'. The fronted «теперь только» ('only now') and the deictic «вот в это мгновение» ('at this very instant') pin the insight to the moment of speaking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что не выдержу неблагодарности","title":"Genitive of negation under «не выдержу»","body":"The negated perfective future «не выдержу» ('I shall not endure') takes its object in the genitive: «неблагодарности» rather than accusative «неблагодарность». This is the genitive of negation, especially regular with abstract nouns."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of раздавили","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of раздавили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"раздавили","lemma":"раздавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have crushed"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поняла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поняла","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мгновение","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поняла","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорили","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying мгновение","gloss":"were speaking"},{"surface":"поняла","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ждала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ждала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждала","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"ждала","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of поняла","gloss":"was waiting"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вашей","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of похвалы","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"похвалы","lemma":"похвала","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ждала","gloss":"praise"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of искренности","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"искренности","lemma":"искренность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies похвалы","gloss":"sincerity"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассказывала","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of рассказывала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"рассказывала","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ждала","gloss":"was telling"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"том","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказывала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выдержу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдержу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выдержу","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"неблагодарности","lemma":"неблагодарность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выдержу","gloss":"ingratitude"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b2-c4-s131","source":"Вы мне подсказали меня, вы уловили меня и мне же объяснили меня!","translation":"You have prompted me to myself, you have caught me out and laid me bare to my own eyes!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы мне подсказали меня… мне же объяснили меня","title":"«мне» dative beside «меня» accusative","body":"The triad pivots on case: «мне» (dative, 'to me') is the person addressed, «меня» (accusative, 'me') the thing revealed — 'you prompted me to myself… and explained me to me'. The startling repetition of «меня» as object of self-revelation is the whole rhetorical point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне же объяснили","title":"«же» reinforcing the dative","body":"The particle «же» here leans on «мне» to underline the paradox — 'and to me, of all people, you explained me'. It adds the emphatic insistence English would carry by stress on 'me'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подсказали","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of подсказали","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"подсказали","lemma":"подсказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"prompted"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of подсказали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of уловили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уловили","lemma":"уловить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with подсказали","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of уловили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of объяснили","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"объяснили","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with подсказали","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of объяснили","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b2-c4-s132","source":"— Взаправду вы говорите? Ну теперь, после такого вашего признания, я верую, что вы искренни и сердцем добры.","translation":"\"Do you mean that in earnest? Well, now, after such a confession from you, I believe that you are sincere and good at heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Взаправду","title":"«взаправду» — colloquial 'for real'","body":"«взаправду» ('really, in earnest, truly') is a folksy, colloquial adverb, warmer and more childlike than the neutral «действительно». Its homeliness softens the elder's probing question after the lady's distress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я верую, что вы искренни и сердцем добры","title":"Short-form predicate adjectives","body":"«искренни» and «добры» are short (predicative) forms of «искренний» and «добрый», used only as predicates after the implied copula. The short form gives an aphoristic, assessing ring ('you are sincere and good at heart'); «сердцем» is an instrumental of respect, 'in/by the heart'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"верую","title":"«верую» — the creedal 'I believe'","body":"«верую» is the archaic, solemn first-person of «веровать», the very word that opens the Creed («Верую…»). Where «верю» would be everyday 'I believe / trust', «верую» carries a confessional, religious weight fitting the elder's mouth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Взаправду","lemma":"взаправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорите","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верую","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking признания","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of признания","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of признания","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"признания","lemma":"признание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition после","gloss":"confession"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"верую","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of искренни","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of искренни","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"искренни","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"clausal complement of верую","gloss":"sincere"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies добры","gloss":"at heart"},{"surface":"добры","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"coordinated with искренни","gloss":"good"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b2-c4-s133","source":"Если не дойдете до счастия, то всегда помните, что вы на хорошей дороге, и постарайтесь с нее не сходить.","translation":"If you do not attain happiness, still remember always that you are on a good road, and try not to leave it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если не дойдете до счастия, то всегда помните","title":"«если… то…» — real conditional","body":"A real (non-hypothetical) conditional: «если» + perfective future «не дойдёте» in the protasis, the «то» introducing an imperative apodosis «помните». No «бы» appears, so this is a factual 'if/then', not a contrary-to-fact wish. «счастия» is the archaic genitive of «счастье»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"постарайтесь с нее не сходить","title":"«постарайтесь… не сходить» — imperative + imperfective infinitive","body":"«постарайтесь» is the perfective imperative of «постараться» ('do try'); it governs the imperfective infinitive «не сходить» ('not to step off'), the imperfective being normal under a negated 'try not to' that means refrain from an ongoing action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дойдете","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дойдете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дойдете","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on помните","gloss":"attain"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастия","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"счастия","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дойдете","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помните","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помните","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дороге","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дороге (elided 'are')","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"хорошей","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дороге","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement (elided 'are') within the что-clause, which as a whole is the clausal complement of помните","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"постарайтесь","lemma":"постараться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with помните","gloss":"try"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"нее","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сходить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сходить","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of постарайтесь","gloss":"to leave"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b2-c4-s134","source":"Главное, убегайте лжи, всякой лжи, лжи себе самой в особенности.","translation":"Above all, flee from falsehood, every kind of falsehood, and the lie to oneself in particular.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"убегайте лжи, всякой лжи","title":"«убегайте» + genitive of avoidance","body":"The imperative «убегайте» ('flee, shun') governs the genitive «лжи» (gen. of «ложь», the soft-sign feminine noun). Verbs of avoidance and fear in Russian take the genitive, not the accusative — the lie is the thing-fled-from. «всякой лжи» repeats it for emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лжи себе самой в особенности","title":"«лжи себе самой» — reflexive dative of the lie","body":"«ложь себе» is 'the lie to oneself', with the indirect object «себе» (dative reflexive) and the agreeing intensifier «самой» (feminine, matching the female addressee). The whole phrase stands in the genitive «лжи» as another object of «убегайте»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to убегайте","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"убегайте","lemma":"убегать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flee"},{"surface":"лжи","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of убегайте","gloss":"falsehood"},{"surface":"всякой","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of лжи","gloss":"every kind of"},{"surface":"лжи","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with лжи","gloss":"falsehood"},{"surface":"лжи","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with лжи","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of лжи","gloss":"to oneself"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies себе","gloss":"one's very"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies убегайте (idiom в особенности)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"особенности","lemma":"особенность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase в","gloss":"particular"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b2-c4-s135","source":"Наблюдайте свою ложь и вглядывайтесь в нее каждый час, каждую минуту.","translation":"Keep watch over your own lying, and look hard into it every hour, every minute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Наблюдайте свою ложь","title":"«свою» — reflexive possessive","body":"«свою» is the reflexive possessive «свой» ('one's own'), pointing back to the clause's subject — your own lying, not someone else's. Using «вашу» would be possible but «свою» binds the lie tightly to the self under scrutiny."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вглядывайтесь в нее каждый час, каждую минуту","title":"Imperfective imperatives of habit; accusative of duration","body":"«наблюдайте» and «вглядывайтесь» are imperfective imperatives prescribing a continual, repeated practice — fitting the 'every hour, every minute' rhythm. «каждый час, каждую минуту» are accusatives expressing recurring time-spans (note feminine «минуту» vs masculine «час»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наблюдайте","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ложь","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"ложь","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Наблюдайте","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вглядывайтесь","lemma":"вглядываться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Наблюдайте","gloss":"look closely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"нее","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вглядывайтесь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of час","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вглядывайтесь","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"каждую","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with час","gloss":"minute"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b2-c4-s136","source":"Брезгливости убегайте тоже и к другим, и к себе: то, что вам кажется внутри себя скверным, уже одним тем, что вы это заметили в себе, очищается.","translation":"Flee from squeamishness too, toward others and toward yourself: that which seems vile to you within yourself is already cleansed by the very fact that you have noticed it in yourself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Брезгливости","title":"«брезгливость» — fastidious disgust","body":"«брезгливость» is squeamishness, a fastidious physical-moral revulsion at what one finds repugnant in others or oneself. Fronted to the head of the sentence as a genitive object of «убегайте», it gets full rhetorical stress — flee this above all."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже одним тем, что вы это заметили… очищается","title":"«одним тем, что» — instrumental of cause; «-ся» middle","body":"«одним тем, что…» is an instrumental-of-means causal phrase: 'by the very fact that…'. The «-ся» verb «очищается» ('is cleansed, purifies itself') is a middle/passive — the vile thing cleanses by the mere act of being noticed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то, что вам кажется внутри себя скверным","title":"«кажется… скверным» — predicate instrumental with «казаться»","body":"«казаться» ('to seem') takes its predicate in the instrumental, hence «скверным» ('vile') rather than nominative. The experiencer is dative «вам» ('to you'), giving the impersonal 'that which seems vile to you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брезгливости","lemma":"брезгливость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of убегайте","gloss":"squeamishness"},{"surface":"убегайте","lemma":"убегать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flee"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убегайте","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking других","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of убегайте (via к)","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"coordinated with другим","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of очищается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"relative clause on то, subject of кажется","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of кажется","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"внутри","lemma":"внутри","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of кажется","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"скверным","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of кажется","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одним","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies тем","gloss":"the mere"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of очищается","gloss":"fact","note":"одним тем, что = 'by the very fact that'."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заметили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заметили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметили","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"заметили","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of заметили","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"очищается","lemma":"очищаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is cleansed"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b2-c4-s137","source":"Страха тоже убегайте, хотя страх есть лишь последствие всякой лжи.","translation":"Flee from fear as well, though fear is only the consequence of every falsehood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Страха тоже убегайте","title":"Fronted genitive object «страха»","body":"Again the verb of avoidance «убегайте» governs the genitive — «страха» (gen. of «страх», fear). Placing the object before the verb («страха… убегайте») parallels the previous commands and makes 'fear' the topic, the new instruction hanging on the familiar verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"страх есть лишь последствие всякой лжи","title":"«есть» — the retained copula","body":"Russian normally drops the present copula, but bookish, definitional prose retains «есть» ('is') for a formal equation: «страх есть… последствие» ('fear is… a consequence'). It signals a sententious, almost catechetical definition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убегайте","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убегайте","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"убегайте","lemma":"убегать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flee"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause modifying убегайте","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"страх","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the хотя-clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies последствие","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"последствие","lemma":"последствие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"consequence"},{"surface":"всякой","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of лжи","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"лжи","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies последствие","gloss":"falsehood"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b2-c4-s138","source":"Не пугайтесь никогда собственного вашего малодушия в достижении любви даже дурных при этом поступков ваших не пугайтесь очень.","translation":"Never be frightened by your own faintheartedness in the attainment of love, and do not be too frightened even by your own evil deeds along the way.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не пугайтесь никогда собственного вашего малодушия","title":"Negative imperative + negative concord + genitive","body":"«не пугайтесь… никогда» pairs the verbal «не» with the «ни»-adverb «никогда» ('never') in obligatory negative concord. The «-ся» verb «пугаться» ('to be frightened of') governs the genitive «малодушия» ('faintheartedness'), the thing feared."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"малодушия","title":"«малодушие» — smallness of soul","body":"«малодушие» is transparently «мало» (little) + «душа» (soul): faintheartedness, pusillanimity, a failure of spiritual courage. The calque-from-Greek formation (oligo-psychia) belongs to the moral-religious vocabulary the elder commands."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пугайтесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пугайтесь","lemma":"пугаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be frightened"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пугайтесь","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"собственного","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies малодушия","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of малодушия","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"малодушия","lemma":"малодушие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пугайтесь","gloss":"faintheartedness"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking достижении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"достижении","lemma":"достижение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пугайтесь","gloss":"attainment"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies достижении","gloss":"of love"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дурных","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"дурных","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies поступков","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом (idiom при этом)","gloss":"along the way"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase при","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"поступков","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of пугайтесь","gloss":"deeds"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of поступков","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пугайтесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пугайтесь","lemma":"пугаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пугайтесь","gloss":"be frightened"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пугайтесь","gloss":"too"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b2-c4-s139","source":"Жалею, что не могу сказать вам ничего отраднее, ибо любовь деятельная сравнительно с мечтательною есть дело жестокое и устрашающее.","translation":"I am sorry I can tell you nothing more comforting, for active love, compared with love in dreams, is a harsh and terrifying thing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Жалею, что не могу сказать вам ничего отраднее","title":"«ничего отраднее» — genitive of negation + comparative","body":"Under the negated «не могу сказать» the object goes genitive: «ничего» (gen. of «ничто») governing the comparative «отраднее» ('more comforting', from «отрадный'). The whole is 'I can say [you] nothing more comforting', with negative concord between «не» and «ничего»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"любовь деятельная сравнительно с мечтательною есть дело жестокое","title":"Postposed adjectives and archaic «-ою» ending","body":"The adjectives follow their nouns («любовь деятельная», 'active love') for elevated effect, and «мечтательною» shows the bookish instrumental feminine ending «-ою» (modern «-ой»). «есть» is again the retained copula of definition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"любовь деятельная… мечтательная","title":"Active love vs love-in-dreams","body":"«деятельная любовь» ('active, working love') against «мечтательная любовь» ('dreamy, imagined love') is the thematic axis of the whole chapter and of Zosima's teaching: love proven in patient labour versus love savoured in fantasy. The pair recurs across the next segments."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жалею","lemma":"жалеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I am sorry"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Жалею","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"отраднее","lemma":"отрадный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"more comforting"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"деятельная","lemma":"деятельный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"active"},{"surface":"сравнительно","lemma":"сравнительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"compared"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мечтательною","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мечтательною","lemma":"мечтательный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of the preposition с","gloss":"love in dreams","note":"archaic instrumental feminine ending -ою (modern -ой); agrees with an elided любовью, \"[love] in dreams\"."},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by ибо","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"a thing"},{"surface":"жестокое","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"harsh"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"устрашающее","lemma":"устрашающий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жестокое","gloss":"terrifying"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b2-c4-s140","source":"Любовь мечтательная жаждет подвига скорого, быстро удовлетворимого и что бы все на него глядели.","translation":"Love in dreams thirsts for some quick feat, swiftly accomplished and with everyone looking on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"жаждет подвига скорого","title":"«жаждет» + genitive object","body":"«жаждать» ('to thirst for, crave') governs the genitive: «подвига» ('a feat', gen. of «подвиг»), with the agreeing adjective «скорого» ('quick'). Verbs of desiring and craving regularly take the genitive of the thing longed for."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подвига","title":"«подвиг» — feat, spiritual exploit","body":"«подвиг» is a heroic or self-sacrificing deed; in the religious register it also means an ascetic 'labour' or spiritual exploit (whence «подвижник», an ascetic). The lady's daydream craves the showy version, «подвиг скорый» — a quick, applauded feat."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и что бы все на него глядели","title":"«чтобы… глядели» — irrealis purpose with «бы»","body":"«что бы… глядели» (here «чтобы» spelt apart, with «бы» + past-form «глядели») expresses a wished-for purpose: 'and so that everyone would look on'. The past form after «бы» is the standard irrealis of such желательные clauses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of жаждет","gloss":"Love"},{"surface":"мечтательная","lemma":"мечтательный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Любовь","gloss":"in dreams"},{"surface":"жаждет","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thirsts for"},{"surface":"подвига","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of жаждет","gloss":"a feat"},{"surface":"скорого","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подвига","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удовлетворимого","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"удовлетворимого","lemma":"удовлетворимый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with скорого","gloss":"accomplished"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of глядели","gloss":"so","note":"\"что бы\" is an old split spelling of чтобы, \"so that\"."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase что бы (=чтобы)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of глядели","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядели","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"глядели","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"purpose clause modifying жаждет","gloss":"would look"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b2-c4-s141","source":"Тут действительно доходит до того, что даже и жизнь отдают, только бы не продлилось долго, а поскорей совершилось, как бы на сцене, и чтобы все глядели и хвалили.","translation":"It truly goes so far that people will give up even their lives, so long as it does not drag on but is done quickly, as if on a stage, and so that everyone may watch and applaud.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"доходит до того, что даже и жизнь отдают","title":"«отдают» — impersonal-plural 'they/people'","body":"«отдают» ('give up', 3rd-person plural) has no expressed subject — the generic 'people, one' rendered by a bare plural verb, a common Russian impersonal. «доходит до того, что…» is the idiom 'it goes/comes to the point that…'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только бы не продлилось долго, а поскорей совершилось","title":"«только бы» — 'so long as / if only'","body":"«только бы» + past-form perfectives («продлилось», «совершилось», both «-ся» middles) expresses an urgent proviso-wish: 'so long as it not drag on but be done quickly'. The «бы» marks the irrealis; «а» is the contrastive 'but rather'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы на сцене","title":"«как бы» — 'as if'","body":"«как бы» ('as if, as it were') with «на сцене» ('on a stage') frames the theatricality the elder condemns — the deed performed for an audience. «чтобы все глядели и хвалили» again uses «чтобы» + imperfective past for the desired ongoing watching and praising."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доходит","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доходит","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"доходит","lemma":"доходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it comes"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of доходит","gloss":"the point"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отдают","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отдают","gloss":"their lives"},{"surface":"отдают","lemma":"отдавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by что","gloss":"give up"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies продлилось","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of продлилось","gloss":"provided"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies продлилось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"продлилось","lemma":"продлиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отдают","gloss":"it drag on"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продлилось","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"поскорей","lemma":"поскорей","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совершилось","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"совершилось","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with продлилось","gloss":"be done"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы (=as if)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы (=as if)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сцене","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сцене","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершилось","gloss":"a stage"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of глядели","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of глядели","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"глядели","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the чтобы-clause, coordinated with хвалили","gloss":"may watch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хвалили","lemma":"хвалить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глядели","gloss":"applaud"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b2-c4-s142","source":"Любовь же деятельная — это работа и выдержка, а для иных так, пожалуй, целая наука.","translation":"Active love, on the other hand, is labor and endurance, and for some, perhaps, a whole science.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Любовь же деятельная — это работа и выдержка","title":"«же» topic-shifting; dash for the dropped copula","body":"«же» here is the contrastive 'as for / on the other hand', pivoting from dreamy love to active. The dash stands in for the absent present-tense copula in an equational sentence ('active love [is] labour and endurance'); «это» reinforces the equation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"для иных… целая наука","title":"«иные» — 'some people'; «целая наука» — 'a whole science'","body":"Substantivized «иные» means 'some (people), certain ones'. «целая наука» ('a whole science') is idiomatic for something demanding real mastery — active love as a discipline to be learned. «пожалуй» softens it to 'perhaps, I daresay'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of работа","gloss":"Love"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Любовь","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"деятельная","lemma":"деятельный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Любовь","gloss":"active"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"expletive with работа","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"работа","lemma":"работа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of Любовь","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выдержка","lemma":"выдержка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with работа","gloss":"endurance"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иных","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"иных","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"object of the preposition для","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наука","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of наука","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"целая","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies наука","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"наука","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with работа","gloss":"science"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b2-c4-s143","source":"Но предрекаю, что в ту даже самую минуту, когда вы будете с ужасом смотреть на то, что, несмотря на все ваши усилия, вы не только не подвинулись к цели, но даже как бы от нее удалились, — в ту самую минуту, предрекаю вам это, вы вдруг и достигнете цели и узрите ясно над собою чудодейственную силу господа, вас всё время любившего и всё время таинственно руководившего.","translation":"But I foretell that at the very moment when you look with horror upon the fact that, for all your efforts, you have not only failed to draw nearer to the goal but seem even to have drawn away from it — at that very moment, this I foretell to you, you will suddenly reach the goal, and see clearly above you the miraculous power of the Lord, who has loved you all the while and all the while led you on in secret.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"предрекаю… узрите… чудодейственную силу господа… руководившего","title":"«предрекаю», «узрите» — prophetic register","body":"«предрекаю» ('I foretell, prophesy') and «узрите» (archaic future of «узреть», 'you shall behold') lift the passage into oracular, scriptural speech, matched by «чудодейственная сила господа» ('the miraculous power of the Lord'). The elder speaks as a prophet here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда вы будете… смотреть на то, что… вы не подвинулись","title":"Compound imperfective future «будете смотреть»","body":"«будете смотреть» is the analytic imperfective future (future of «быть» + imperfective infinitive), naming a drawn-out future act of looking. It contrasts with the perfective futures «достигнете», «узрите» later, which name the sudden completed turn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"господа, вас всё время любившего и… руководившего","title":"Past active participles modifying «господа»","body":"«любившего» and «руководившего» are past active participles (from «любить», «руководить») in -вш-, agreeing with «господа» in the genitive — 'the Lord who had loved you and led you'. They condense two который-clauses into modifiers, a hallmark of literary syntax. «руководить» governs the instrumental, hence «вами» (here implicit / the object 'you')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы вдруг и достигнете цели","title":"«достигнете цели» — perfective future + genitive object","body":"«достигнуть/достичь» ('to attain, reach') governs the genitive: «цели» ('the goal', gen. of «цель»). The perfective future «достигнете» names the single completed arrival, set against the long imperfective striving just described."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"предрекаю","lemma":"предрекать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I foretell"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of достигнете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самую","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, temporal adjunct on достигнете","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смотреть","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смотреть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"будете","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of смотреть","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ужасом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ужасом","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying минуту","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подвинулись","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking усилия","gloss":"in spite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of усилия","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of усилия","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"усилия","lemma":"усилие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition несмотря на","gloss":"efforts"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подвинулись","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подвинулись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подвинулись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подвинулись","lemma":"подвинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"advanced"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цели","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"цели","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подвинулись","gloss":"the goal"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удалились","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if","note":"как бы here means \"as it were / seemingly,\" not the conditional бы."},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удалились","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"удалились","lemma":"удалиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with подвинулись","gloss":"drawn away"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct on достигнете (resumptive phrase)","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"предрекаю","lemma":"предрекать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical repetition of предрекаю","gloss":"I foretell"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of предрекаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предрекаю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of достигнете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достигнете","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying достигнете","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"достигнете","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, coordinated with узрите","gloss":"will reach"},{"surface":"цели","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of достигнете","gloss":"the goal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"узрите","lemma":"узреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with достигнете","gloss":"will see"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узрите","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of узрите","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"чудодейственную","lemma":"чудодейственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силу","gloss":"miraculous"},{"surface":"силу","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of узрите","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies силу","gloss":"of the Lord"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любившего","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of любившего","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"любившего","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies господа","gloss":"who has loved"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of руководившего","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"таинственно","lemma":"таинственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies руководившего","gloss":"mysteriously"},{"surface":"руководившего","lemma":"руководить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любившего","gloss":"guided"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b2-c4-s144","source":"Простите, что пробыть не могу с вами долее, ждут меня. До свидания.","translation":"Forgive me that I cannot stay longer with you; I am awaited. Until we meet again.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что пробыть не могу с вами долее","title":"«долее» — archaic comparative; «пробыть» perfective","body":"«долее» is the bookish comparative of «долго» ('long'), the everyday form being «дольше». «пробыть» ('to stay, spend [time]') is perfective, viewing the whole intended stay as a single bounded thing he cannot complete."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ждут меня","title":"«ждут меня» — impersonal plural","body":"«ждут» ('[they] are waiting'), bare 3rd-plural with no subject, is the generic-impersonal 'I am awaited / they are expecting me'. «меня» is the accusative object. The terse, subjectless form fits the elder's hurried farewell."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Простите… До свидания","title":"Formulas of leave-taking","body":"«простите» ('forgive [me]', polite imperative) is the conventional apology for departing; «до свидания» literally 'until [our next] meeting' is the standard goodbye, its genitive «свидания» governed by «до»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Forgive me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пробыть","lemma":"пробыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Простите","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of пробыть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"долее","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies пробыть","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"ждут","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of a new clause","gloss":"I am awaited"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ждут","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"До","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидания","gloss":"Until"},{"surface":"свидания","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition До","gloss":"we meet again","note":"\"До свидания\" is the standard idiom for \"goodbye,\" literally \"until [our next] meeting.\""}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b2-c4-s145","source":"Дама плакала.","translation":"The lady was weeping.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дама плакала","title":"Imperfective past «плакала» — ongoing state","body":"«плакала» is the imperfective past of «плакать» (to weep), feminine -ла, presenting the weeping as an ongoing background condition rather than a single act — 'the lady was weeping'. Aspect alone, with no auxiliary, carries the 'was -ing' sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дама","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of плакала","gloss":"The lady"},{"surface":"плакала","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was weeping"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b2-c4-s146","source":"— Lise, Lise, благословите же ее, благословите! вдруг вспорхнулась она вся.","translation":"\"Lise, Lise, bless her, do bless her!\" she suddenly fluttered up with her whole being.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"благословите же ее, благословите!","title":"«благословите же» — imperative urged by «же»","body":"«благословите» is the polite imperative of «благословить» ('to bless'), and the particle «же» turns the command into an urgent plea — 'do bless her!'. The repetition heightens the entreaty."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вспорхнулась она вся","title":"«вспорхнуться» — to flutter up","body":"«вспорхнуть(ся)» is properly of a bird startling into flight; applied to the mother ('she fluttered up with her whole being') it is a vivid, slightly comic metaphor of agitation. «вся» ('all of her, her whole self') intensifies the bodily flutter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"repeated vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"благословите","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"bless"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies благословите","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of благословите","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"благословите","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with the first благословите","gloss":"bless her"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспорхнулась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вспорхнулась","lemma":"вспорхнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fluttered up"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вспорхнулась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она","gloss":"with her whole being"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b2-c4-s147","source":"— А ее и любить не стоит. Я видел, как она всё время шалила, — шутливо произнес старец.","translation":"\"She isn't worth loving. I saw how she was playing the fool the whole time,\" the elder said playfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ее и любить не стоит","title":"«не стоит» + infinitive; emphatic «и»","body":"«не стоит» + infinitive is the impersonal 'it isn't worth (doing)'; «ее любить не стоит» = 'she isn't worth loving'. The particle «и» before «любить» is emphatic ('not even worth loving'), and «а» opens the line with a teasing contrastive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как она всё время шалила","title":"Imperfective «шалила» — sustained mischief","body":"«шалить» (to be naughty, play pranks) in the imperfective past «шалила» depicts continuous, repeated misbehaviour across «всё время» ('the whole time'). «шутливо произнёс» ('said playfully') colours the elder's reproach as gentle teasing."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on стоит","gloss":"loving"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is worth"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of шалила","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of шалила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of шалила","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"шалила","lemma":"шалить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видел","gloss":"was playing the fool"},{"surface":"шутливо","lemma":"шутливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"playfully"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quotative clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"the elder"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b2-c4-s148","source":"— Вы зачем всё время смеялись над Алексеем?","translation":"\"Why have you been laughing at Alexei all this while?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы зачем всё время смеялись над Алексеем?","title":"«смеяться над» + instrumental","body":"«смеяться над» ('to laugh at, mock') governs the instrumental — «над Алексеем». The «-ся» verb is one that exists only reflexively, and «над» fixes the instrumental case. Fronting «зачем» ('why, what for') after «вы» is the colloquial reproachful word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смеялись","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеялись","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеялись","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"смеялись","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have been laughing"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алексеем","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алексеем","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеялись","gloss":"Alexei"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b2-c4-s149","source":"A Lise и вправду всё время занималась этою проделкой.","translation":"And Lise had indeed been busy the whole time with this prank.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и вправду… занималась этою проделкой","title":"«проделка» — a prank, «и вправду» — 'indeed'","body":"«проделка» is a trick, prank, escapade. «заниматься» ('to be occupied with') governs the instrumental «этою проделкой» (note the archaic feminine ending «-ою»). «и вправду» confirms the narrator's aside — 'and indeed she really had been at this prank'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"занималась этою проделкой","title":"«заниматься» + instrumental","body":"«заниматься/заняться» ('to busy oneself with, engage in') takes its complement in the instrumental: «проделкой». The «-ся» verb plus instrumental object is a fixed government pattern, here imperfective past for the sustained 'had been busy the whole time'."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of занималась","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вправду","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вправду","lemma":"вправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies занималась","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of занималась","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"занималась","lemma":"заниматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been busy"},{"surface":"этою","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of проделкой","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"проделкой","lemma":"проделка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of занималась","gloss":"prank"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b2-c4-s150","source":"Она давно уже, еще с прошлого раза, заметила, что Алеша ее конфузится и старается не смотреть на нее, и вот это ее ужасно стало забавлять.","translation":"She had noticed long ago, ever since the last visit, that Alyosha grew bashful before her and tried not to look at her, and this had begun to amuse her terribly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она давно уже… заметила, что Алеша ее конфузится","title":"Pluperfect sense from perfective past «заметила»","body":"Russian has no separate pluperfect; the perfective past «заметила» ('had noticed'), with «давно уже» ('long ago already') and «еще с прошлого раза» ('ever since last time'), conveys prior completed time relative to the main narrative — English's 'had noticed'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеша ее конфузится","title":"«конфузиться» + genitive object","body":"«конфузиться» ('to be embarrassed, shy of') is a «-ся» verb governing the genitive of the person before whom one is abashed: «её» (gen.) — 'Alyosha grew bashful of her'. The reflexive form turns the embarrassment inward."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алеша","title":"«Алёша» — the diminutive of Alexei","body":"«Алёша» is the affectionate diminutive of Алексей (Alexei), the form by which the narrator and intimates name the youngest Karamazov. Its warmth contrasts with the formal «Алексей» the lady used, and signals the narrator's tenderness toward him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это ее ужасно стало забавлять","title":"«стало забавлять» — inceptive «стать» + infinitive","body":"«стать» + imperfective infinitive («забавлять», to amuse) means 'to begin to…': «стало забавлять» = 'began to amuse'. «её» is the accusative object ('to amuse her'); «это» the nominative subject. The phrasal past «ужасно стало забавлять» reads 'began terribly to amuse her'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заметила","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметила","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметила","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раза","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раза","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"прошлого","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раза","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition с, modifying заметила","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"заметила","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had noticed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of конфузится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of конфузится","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of конфузится","gloss":"before her"},{"surface":"конфузится","lemma":"конфузиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заметила","gloss":"grows bashful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"старается","lemma":"стараться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with конфузится","gloss":"tries"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотреть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of старается","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of забавлять","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забавлять","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"забавлять","lemma":"забавлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"to amuse"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b2-c4-s151","source":"Она пристально ждала и ловила его взгляд: не выдерживая упорно направленного на него взгляда, Алеша нет-нет и вдруг невольно, непреодолимою силой, взглядывал на нее сам, и тотчас же она усмехалась торжествующею улыбкой прямо ему в глаза.","translation":"She watched intently and waited to catch his glance: unable to withstand her stare fixed stubbornly upon him, Alyosha, again and again, would suddenly and against his will, drawn by some irresistible force, glance at her himself, and at once she would smile straight into his eyes with a triumphant grin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не выдерживая упорно направленного на него взгляда","title":"Imperfective gerund «не выдерживая»","body":"«не выдерживая» is the imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) of «выдерживать»: 'not being able to withstand', an attendant circumstance sharing Alyosha's subject. It governs the genitive «взгляда» (gen. of negation under the negated verb of enduring)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"упорно направленного на него взгляда","title":"Past passive participle «направленного»","body":"«направленного» is the past passive participle of «направить» ('to direct, fix'), declined in the genitive to agree with «взгляда» — 'a gaze fixed [upon him]'. The participial phrase «упорно направленного на него» packs a whole relative clause into a modifier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нет-нет и вдруг… взглядывал","title":"«нет-нет (да) и» — 'every now and then'","body":"«нет-нет и» (often «нет-нет да и») is an idiom meaning 'every so often, now and again' an action breaks through despite resistance. Here it captures Alyosha helplessly stealing glances 'again and again' against his will («невольно»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она усмехалась торжествующею улыбкой","title":"«усмехаться» + instrumental of manner","body":"«усмехаться» ('to smirk, grin') is a «-ся» verb, and «торжествующею улыбкой» is an instrumental of manner ('with a triumphant smile') — the means by which she smiled. «торжествующею» is a present active participle ('triumphing') in the bookish «-ою» instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ждала","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждала","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"ждала","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ловила","lemma":"ловить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ждала","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of взгляд","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ловила","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдерживая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выдерживая","lemma":"выдерживать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"converb clause modifying взглядывал","gloss":"unable to withstand"},{"surface":"упорно","lemma":"упорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies направленного","gloss":"stubbornly"},{"surface":"направленного","lemma":"направить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies взгляда","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направленного","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"взгляда","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выдерживая","gloss":"the stare"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взглядывал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет-нет","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom нет-нет и (=again and again), modifies взглядывал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет-нет","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom нет-нет и","gloss":"and again"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom нет-нет и","gloss":"and","note":"нет-нет и is an idiom meaning \"every so often, now and then.\""},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взглядывал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"невольно","lemma":"невольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взглядывал","gloss":"against his will"},{"surface":"непреодолимою","lemma":"непреодолимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силой","gloss":"irresistible"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглядывал","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"взглядывал","lemma":"взглядывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, modified by the выдерживая converb","gloss":"would glance"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглядывал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взглядывал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехалась","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of усмехалась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"усмехалась","lemma":"усмехаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взглядывал","gloss":"would smile"},{"surface":"торжествующею","lemma":"торжествующий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"triumphant"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of усмехалась","gloss":"grin"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of усмехалась","gloss":"at him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of усмехалась","gloss":"the eyes"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b2-c4-s152","source":"Алеша конфузился и досадовал еще более.","translation":"Alyosha grew more bashful and more vexed still.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"конфузился и досадовал еще более","title":"Imperfective pair of states; «более» comparative","body":"Both «конфузился» (was embarrassed) and «досадовал» (was vexed) are imperfective pasts of continuing emotional states. «ещё более» ('still more') is the analytic comparative intensifying the rising discomfort."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"досадовал","title":"«досадовать» — to feel vexed","body":"«досадовать» is to feel annoyance, chagrin, irritation (the noun «досада» = vexation). It is a notch more inward and self-directed than plain anger — Alyosha is cross at his own helpless blushing as much as at Lise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of конфузился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"конфузился","lemma":"конфузиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew bashful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"досадовал","lemma":"досадовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with конфузился","gloss":"grew vexed"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies досадовал","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b2-c4-s153","source":"Наконец совсем от нее отвернулся и спрятался за спину старца.","translation":"At last he turned away from her altogether and hid behind the elder's back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Наконец совсем от нее отвернулся и спрятался","title":"Perfective pasts move the action forward","body":"«отвернулся» and «спрятался» are perfective «-ся» pasts ('turned away', 'hid'), each a single completed event advancing the narrative against the imperfective background of his squirming. «от неё» (gen. after «от») marks what he turned from."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвернулся","gloss":"At last"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвернулся","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвернулся","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"отвернулся","lemma":"отвернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he turned away"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спрятался","lemma":"спрятаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвернулся","gloss":"hid"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спину","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"спину","lemma":"спина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрятался","gloss":"the back"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спину","gloss":"the elder's"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b2-c4-s154","source":"После нескольких минут он опять, влекомый тою же непреодолимою силой, повернулся посмотреть, глядят ли на него или нет, и увидел, что Lise, совсем почти свесившись из кресел, выглядывала на него сбоку и ждала изо всех сил, когда он поглядит; поймав же его взгляд, расхохоталась так, что даже и старец не выдержал:","translation":"After a few minutes, drawn once more by that same irresistible force, he turned again to see whether they were looking at him or not, and saw that Lise, having leaned almost entirely out of her chair, was peering at him from the side and waiting with all her might for him to look; and when she caught his glance she burst into such laughter that even the elder could not hold back:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"влекомый тою же непреодолимою силой","title":"«влекомый» — rare present passive participle","body":"«влекомый» is a present passive participle in -мый (from «влечь», to draw/pull) — 'being drawn' — agreeing with Alyosha (masc. nom.). The form is bookish and uncommon; «тою же… силою/силой» is its instrumental agent ('by that same force'), with archaic «-ою» endings."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повернулся посмотреть, глядят ли на него или нет","title":"«ли… или нет» — embedded yes/no question","body":"The particle «ли» builds an indirect yes/no question after the verb of looking: «глядят ли на него или нет» ('whether they were looking at him or not'). «ли» follows the focused word «глядят» and is the literary way to embed 'whether'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем почти свесившись из кресел","title":"Perfective past gerund «свесившись»","body":"«свесившись» is the perfective past gerund of «свеситься» ('to lean/hang out'), in -вшись, naming a prior completed action whose result attends the main verb — 'having leaned almost out of her chair, she was peering…'. The «-ся» makes it intransitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поймав же его взгляд, расхохоталась","title":"Gerund «поймав» + inceptive «рас-» perfective","body":"«поймав» is the perfective gerund of «поймать» ('having caught'); «расхохоталась» is the perfective «-ся» past of «расхохотаться», whose prefix «рас-» marks a sudden bursting-out into laughter. The «же» here is a mild narrative connective ('and when…')."}],"words":[{"surface":"После","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минут","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"нескольких","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies минут","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"complement of После","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"влекомый","lemma":"влечь","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"participle modifying он","gloss":"drawn"},{"surface":"тою","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силой","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тою","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"непреодолимою","lemma":"непреодолимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силой","gloss":"irresistible"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental agent of влекомый","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"посмотреть","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose complement of повернулся","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"глядят","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of посмотреть","gloss":"they were looking"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глядят","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядят","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with глядят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"увидел","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повернулся","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выглядывала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of выглядывала","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почти","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свесившись","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"свесившись","lemma":"свеситься","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying выглядывала","gloss":"having leaned out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресел","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"кресел","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of свесившись","gloss":"her chair"},{"surface":"выглядывала","lemma":"выглядывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of увидел","gloss":"was peering"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выглядывала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сбоку","lemma":"сбоку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выглядывала","gloss":"from the side"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ждала","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выглядывала","gloss":"was waiting"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сил","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ждала","gloss":"her might"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поглядит","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поглядит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поглядит","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ждала","gloss":"would look"},{"surface":"поймав","lemma":"поймать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on расхохоталась","gloss":"having caught"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поймав","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of взгляд","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поймав","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"расхохоталась","lemma":"расхохотаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выглядывала","gloss":"burst into laughter"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расхохоталась","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выдержал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies старец","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies старец","gloss":"even","note":"даже и is an emphatic doubling of \"even\"."},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выдержал","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдержал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выдержал","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"result clause on расхохоталась","gloss":"hold back"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b2-c4-s155","source":"— Вы зачем его, шалунья, так стыдите?","translation":"\"Why do you shame him so, you little rogue?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шалунья","title":"«шалунья» — little rogue","body":"«шалунья» is the feminine of «шалун», a mischievous, naughty child — 'you little rogue / minx'. Set off in mid-sentence as a fond vocative-style address, it carries the elder's amused tenderness rather than rebuke."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы зачем его… так стыдите?","title":"Imperfective «стыдите» — ongoing shaming","body":"«стыдить» ('to shame, put to shame') in the imperfective present «стыдите» frames the action as ongoing and repeated — 'why do you keep shaming him so?'. «его» is the accusative object; the colloquial «зачем» reproach echoes s148."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стыдите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыдите","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of стыдите","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"шалунья","lemma":"шалунья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"you little rogue"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыдите","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"стыдите","lemma":"стыдить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shame"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b2-c4-s156","source":"Lise вдруг, совсем неожиданно, покраснела, сверкнула глазками, лицо ее стало ужасно серьезным, и она с горячею, негодующею жалобой вдруг заговорила скоро, нервно:","translation":"Lise suddenly, quite unexpectedly, blushed, her eyes flashed, her face turned terribly serious, and with a heated, indignant complaint she suddenly began to speak quickly, nervously:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"покраснела, сверкнула глазками, лицо… стало… серьезным","title":"Chain of perfectives + predicate instrumental","body":"A rapid string of perfective pasts («покраснела», «сверкнула») fires off the sudden changes as discrete events. «стало… серьёзным» uses «стать» + instrumental predicate adjective ('became serious'), the instrumental marking the new, assumed state."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сверкнула глазками","title":"«глазками» — diminutive of «глаза»","body":"«глазки» is the diminutive of «глаза» (eyes), here in the instrumental «глазками» ('flashed [with] her [bright little] eyes'). The diminutive lends an affectionate, youthful note to Lise's flashing glance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с горячею, негодующею жалобой","title":"Instrumental of manner + present active participle","body":"«с… жалобой» ('with a complaint') is an instrumental governed by «с». «негодующею» is a present active participle ('indignant, fuming', from «негодовать») used adjectivally, in the bookish «-ею» instrumental agreeing with «жалобой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of покраснела","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покраснела","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покраснела","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"покраснела","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blushed"},{"surface":"сверкнула","lemma":"сверкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with покраснела","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"глазками","lemma":"глазок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of сверкнула","gloss":"her eyes"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"her face"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with покраснела","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies серьезным","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"серьезным","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заговорила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жалобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"горячею","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жалобой","gloss":"heated"},{"surface":"негодующею","lemma":"негодующий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"coordinated with горячею","gloss":"indignant"},{"surface":"жалобой","lemma":"жалоба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорила","gloss":"complaint"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"заговорила","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with покраснела","gloss":"began to speak"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорила","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"нервно","lemma":"нервно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with скоро","gloss":"nervously"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b2-c4-s157","source":"— А он зачем всё забыл? Он меня маленькую на руках носил, мы играли с ним.","translation":"\"And why has he forgotten everything? When I was little he carried me in his arms, we used to play together.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А он зачем всё забыл?","title":"«а» + «зачем» — indignant retort","body":"Lise opens with the contrastive «а» ('and/but — what about him?') turning the reproach back on Alyosha, plus colloquial «зачем» ('why on earth'). «забыл» is perfective ('has forgotten [it all]'), the single accomplished lapse she resents."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он меня маленькую на руках носил","title":"«носил» — multidirectional/habitual carrying","body":"«носил» is the imperfective, multidirectional member of the carry-pair («носить» vs «нести»), fitting repeated, habitual action — 'he used to carry me'. «меня маленькую» is 'me [when I was] little', the adjective agreeing with the accusative object."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of забыл","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has he forgotten"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of носил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of носил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"маленькую","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of носил","gloss":"his arms"},{"surface":"носил","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of играли","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"играли","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with носил","gloss":"used to play"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of играли","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b2-c4-s158","source":"Ведь он меня читать ходил учить, вы это знаете?","translation":"Why, he used to come and teach me to read — did you know that?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь он меня читать ходил учить","title":"«ходил… учить» — habitual round-trips with purpose infinitive","body":"«ходил» is the multidirectional motion verb (round trips, habit), here with a purpose infinitive «учить» ('used to come [round] to teach') and a further dependent infinitive «читать» ('to read'). The stacked infinitives read 'he used to come to teach me to read'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь… вы это знаете?","title":"«ведь» — appeal to shared knowledge","body":"«ведь» opens the line as an appeal to common knowledge — 'why, after all…, you do know this, don't you?'. It seeks the listener's complicity, a particle Dostoevsky's speakers lean on constantly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ходил","gloss":"why, after all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of учить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"читать","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of учить","gloss":"to read"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"used to come"},{"surface":"учить","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of ходил","gloss":"to teach"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b2-c4-s159","source":"Он два года назад, прощаясь, говорил, что никогда не забудет, что мы вечные друзья, вечные, вечные!","translation":"Two years ago, taking his leave, he said he would never forget, that we were eternal friends, eternal, eternal!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прощаясь, говорил, что никогда не забудет","title":"Gerund «прощаясь» + reported future","body":"«прощаясь» is the imperfective present gerund of «прощаться» ('while taking his leave'), an attendant circumstance. «никогда не забудет» keeps the original perfective future inside reported speech — Russian does not back-shift tenses as English does, so 'he said he would never forget' stays «не забудет»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вечные, вечные!","title":"«вечные» — emphatic reduplication","body":"The repetition «вечные друзья, вечные, вечные!» ('eternal friends, eternal, eternal') is expressive reduplication, conveying childish, breathless insistence. Such triple repetition is a recurring marker of Lise's nervous, impassioned speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on года","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies года","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"прощаясь","lemma":"прощаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорил","gloss":"as he said goodbye"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of забудет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забудет","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забудет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забудет","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорил","gloss":"would forget"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a second clause of говорил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of друзья","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"вечные","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies друзья","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"друзья","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"clausal complement of говорил","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"вечные","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies друзья","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"вечные","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with друзья","gloss":"eternal"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b2-c4-s160","source":"И вот он вдруг меня теперь боится, я его съем, что ли?","translation":"And now all of a sudden he's afraid of me — am I going to eat him, or what?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он вдруг меня теперь боится","title":"«бояться» + genitive","body":"«бояться» ('to fear') is a verb that exists only with «-ся» and governs the genitive of what is feared — here «меня» (gen.). The clustered adverbs «вдруг… теперь» ('all of a sudden, now') heighten the affronted bafflement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я его съем, что ли?","title":"«что ли?» — colloquial 'or what?'","body":"«что ли» is a colloquial tag question ('or what? eh?'), the particle «ли» giving a dubious, half-joking interrogation. «съем» is the perfective future of «съесть» ('I'll eat [him up]'), the indignant hyperbole — 'am I going to devour him?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боится","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of боится","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боится","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is afraid"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of съем","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"direct object of съем","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"съем","lemma":"съесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with боится","gloss":"am going to eat"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of съем","gloss":"what","note":"что ли together is a colloquial tag idiom meaning \"or what.\""},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"or"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b2-c4-s161","source":"Чего он не хочет подойти, чего он не разговаривает?","translation":"Why won't he come over, why won't he talk?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего он не хочет подойти, чего он не разговаривает?","title":"«чего» — colloquial 'why'; aspect contrast","body":"«чего» here is colloquial for «почему/зачем» ('why, what for'), the bare genitive of «что» pressed into adverbial use. «подойти» is perfective (a single approach) under «не хочет», while «разговаривает» is imperfective (ongoing conversing) — the aspects sort one act from a continuing one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"why","note":"чего used colloquially as an adverb meaning \"why.\""},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does he want"},{"surface":"подойти","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to come over"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies разговаривает","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разговаривает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разговаривает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разговаривает","lemma":"разговаривать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to хочет","gloss":"talk"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b2-c4-s162","source":"Зачем он к нам не хочет прийти?","translation":"Why won't he come to see us?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зачем он к нам не хочет прийти?","title":"«к нам» — dative of destination; «прийти» perfective","body":"«к» governs the dative «нам» ('to us, to our place'), the goal of motion. «прийти» is the prefixed perfective of motion ('to arrive, come [the once]'), the single completed visit Lise wishes for. The «при-» prefix turns the motion pair into an ordinary perfective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of хочет","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to come"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b2-c4-s163","source":"Разве вы его не пускаете: ведь мы же знаем, что он везде ходит.","translation":"Surely you don't keep him from it: after all, we know he goes everywhere.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разве вы его не пускаете","title":"«разве» — incredulous question particle","body":"«разве» introduces a question coloured with surprise or disbelief — 'surely you don't…? you can't be…?'. «не пускаете» is imperfective ('keep him from [going]'), framing a habitual prohibition Lise suspects but doubts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь мы же знаем, что он везде ходит","title":"Stacked «ведь… же»; multidirectional «ходит»","body":"«ведь… же» piles two appealing particles ('after all, we do know, don't we'). «ходит» is the multidirectional motion verb for habitual going about — 'he goes everywhere [as a rule]', exactly the round-trip, generalized sense «ходить» carries against «идти»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пускаете","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пускаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пускаете","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пускаете","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"пускаете","lemma":"пускать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let go"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаем","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"знаем","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to пускаете","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ходит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"везде","lemma":"везде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходит","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"ходит","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаем","gloss":"goes"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b2-c4-s164","source":"Мне неприлично его звать, он первый должен бы был припомнить, коли не забыл.","translation":"It isn't proper for me to summon him; he should have been the first to remember, if he hasn't forgotten.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне неприлично его звать","title":"«мне неприлично» — dative-subject impersonal","body":"«неприлично» ('it is improper') is an impersonal predicate with a dative experiencer «мне» and an infinitive «звать»: 'it isn't proper for me to summon [him]'. There is no nominative subject — the propriety presses on 'me'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он первый должен бы был припомнить, коли не забыл","title":"«должен бы был» — conditional 'ought'; «коли» archaic 'if'","body":"«должен бы был» is the conditional of obligation ('he ought to have…'), with the irrealis «бы» plus past «был». «коли» is a folksy/archaic «если» ('if'), and «припомнить» is the perfective ('to recall, call to mind')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of неприлично","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"неприлично","lemma":"неприлично","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"improper"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of звать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"звать","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on неприлично","gloss":"to summon"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to неприлично","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of должен","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of должен","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"припомнить","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of забыл","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause on должен","gloss":"forgotten"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b2-c4-s165","source":"Нет-с, он теперь спасается!","translation":"No, sir, now he is saving his soul!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Нет-с","title":"«-с» — the deferential «словоерс»","body":"The clitic «-с» appended to «нет» (giving «нет-с») is the «словоерс», a contraction of «сударь» ('sir') once tacked onto words to mark deference or, by Dostoevsky's day, a faintly servile or ironic politeness. Here it gives Lise's 'No, sir!' a mock-formal, sarcastic edge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он теперь спасается!","title":"«спасаться» — the reflexive of salvation","body":"«спасаться» (imperfective «-ся» of «спастись») literally 'to save oneself', in religious usage means 'to seek/work out one's salvation', the standard verb for a monastic life. Lise's sarcastic 'now he's saving his soul!' mocks Alyosha's pious withdrawal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"interjection","role":"standalone interjection","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches to Нет","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спасается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спасается","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"спасается","lemma":"спасаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is saving his soul"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b2-c4-s166","source":"Вы что на него эту долгополую-то ряску надели… Побежит, упадет…","translation":"Why did you put that long-skirted little cassock on him… He'll run, he'll trip…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"долгополую-то ряску","title":"«ряска» (dimin. of «ряса»); the «-то» topic clitic","body":"«ряса» is the cassock, the long monastic robe; «ряску» is its mocking diminutive ('that little cassock'). «долгополую» ('long-skirted') is a compound adjective. The hyphenated «-то» is the topic-emphasizing clitic — 'that long-skirted little cassock [of all things]'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы что на него… надели… Побежит, упадет","title":"Perfective futures of vivid prediction","body":"«надели» is perfective past ('you have put on him'). «побежит» and «упадёт» are perfective futures ('he'll run, he'll fall'), the conjugated perfective giving single, vivid completed future events — Lise teasingly forecasting the gawky monk-boy tripping over his hem."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of надели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надели","gloss":"why","note":"colloquial что used adverbially for \"why.\""},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надели","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ряску","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"долгополую","lemma":"долгополый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ряску","gloss":"long-skirted"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies долгополую","gloss":"indeed","note":"enclitic -то adds emphasis, not a separate word."},{"surface":"ряску","lemma":"ряска","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of надели","gloss":"cassock"},{"surface":"надели","lemma":"надеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"Побежит","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he'll run"},{"surface":"упадет","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Побежит","gloss":"he'll fall"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b2-c4-s167","source":"И она вдруг, не выдержав, закрыла лицо рукой и рассмеялась ужасно, неудержимо, своим длинным, нервным, сотрясающимся и неслышным смехом.","translation":"And suddenly, unable to hold back, she covered her face with her hand and laughed terribly, uncontrollably, with that long, nervous, shaking, soundless laughter of hers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не выдержав, закрыла лицо рукой и рассмеялась","title":"Perfective gerund «не выдержав» + chain of perfectives","body":"«не выдержав» is the perfective past gerund ('unable to hold back, having failed to restrain herself'), a prior cause of the main verbs. «закрыла… рукой» uses the instrumental «рукой» (with her hand), and «рассмеялась» (perfective «рас-» of bursting into laughter) caps the sequence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"своим длинным, нервным, сотрясающимся и неслышным смехом","title":"Instrumental of manner; present active participle in the chain","body":"«своим… смехом» is an instrumental of manner ('with her own… laughter'), «своим» the reflexive possessive. Among the modifiers «сотрясающимся» is a present active participle (of «сотрясаться», to shake) used as an adjective, all agreeing in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of закрыла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закрыла","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдержав","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выдержав","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on закрыла","gloss":"unable to hold back"},{"surface":"закрыла","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of закрыла","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of закрыла","gloss":"her hand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассмеялась","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закрыла","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмеялась","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"неудержимо","lemma":"неудержимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмеялась","gloss":"uncontrollably"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of длинным","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"длинным","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смехом","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"нервным","lemma":"нервный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with длинным","gloss":"nervous"},{"surface":"сотрясающимся","lemma":"сотрясаться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"coordinated with длинным","gloss":"shaking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неслышным","lemma":"неслышный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with длинным","gloss":"soundless"},{"surface":"смехом","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассмеялась","gloss":"laughter"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b2-c4-s168","source":"Старец выслушал ее улыбаясь и с нежностью благословил; когда же она стала целовать его руку, то вдруг прижала ее к глазам своим и заплакала:","translation":"The elder heard her out with a smile and blessed her tenderly; and when she began to kiss his hand she suddenly pressed it to her eyes and burst into tears:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Старец выслушал ее улыбаясь","title":"Gerund «улыбаясь» — simultaneous smiling","body":"«улыбаясь» is the imperfective present gerund of «улыбаться» ('smiling'), an attendant circumstance running parallel to the main act — 'heard her out, smiling'. «выслушал» is perfective ('heard [her] out, to the end')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда же она стала целовать его руку, то вдруг прижала… и заплакала","title":"Inceptive «стала целовать»; «за-» inceptive «заплакала»","body":"«стала целовать» ('began to kiss', стать + imperfective infinitive) opens a durative act; then perfectives «прижала» ('pressed') and «заплакала» fire as completed events — the «за-» of «заплакала» marks the onset of weeping ('burst into tears'). «когда же… то…» frames the temporal correlation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выслушал","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"выслушал","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard out"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выслушал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"улыбаясь","lemma":"улыбаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"complement of выслушал","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нежностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нежностью","lemma":"нежность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of благословил","gloss":"tenderness"},{"surface":"благословил","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выслушал","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies стала","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies когда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"temporal clause on прижала","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"целовать","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стала","gloss":"to kiss"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of руку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of целовать","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прижала","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прижала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"прижала","lemma":"прижать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выслушал","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прижала","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"глазам","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прижала","gloss":"her eyes"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of глазам","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заплакала","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прижала","gloss":"burst into tears"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b2-c4-s169","source":"— Вы на меня не сердитесь, я дура, ничего не стою… и Алеша, может быть, прав, очень прав, что не хочет к такой смешной ходить.","translation":"\"Don't be angry with me, I'm a fool, I'm worth nothing… and Alyosha may be right, quite right, not to want to visit such a ridiculous creature.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы на меня не сердитесь","title":"«сердиться на» + accusative","body":"«сердиться» ('to be angry') is a «-ся» verb taking «на» + accusative for the person one is angry at: «на меня». Imperfective present here functions as a soft negative imperative — 'don't be angry with me'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я дура, ничего не стою","title":"Zero copula + negative concord","body":"«я дура» ('I [am] a fool') shows the zero present copula with a nominative predicate. «ничего не стою» ('I'm worth nothing') joins the «ни»-word «ничего» (genitive) with verbal «не» in negative concord — 'I am worth nothing at all'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что не хочет к такой смешной ходить","title":"Substantivized adjective «такой смешной»; «ходить» habitual","body":"«к такой смешной» is the dative of a substantivized adjective ('to such a ridiculous [creature/woman]'), with the noun left implicit. «ходить» is the multidirectional motion verb for habitual visiting ('to come [regularly] to see')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сердитесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of сердитесь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердитесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"сердитесь","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be angry"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дура","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"дура","lemma":"дура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я","gloss":"a fool"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of стою","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стою","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стою","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сердитесь","gloss":"am worth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прав","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"modal parenthetical modifying прав","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"прав","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Алеша","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прав","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"прав","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прав","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of прав","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смешной","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of смешной","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"смешной","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходить","gloss":"ridiculous one"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"visit"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b2-c4-s170","source":"— Непременно пришлю его, — решил старец.","translation":"\"I will send him to you without fail,\" the elder decided.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Непременно пришлю его","title":"«пришлю» — perfective future of promise","body":"«пришлю» is the perfective future of «прислать» ('to send'), conjugated like a present but future in meaning — 'I will send [him]'. The adverb «непременно» ('without fail, certainly') gives the elder's promise its firmness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"решил старец","title":"«решил» — settled the matter","body":"«решить» here is 'to decide, settle [it]', the perfective stamping the elder's word as a final resolution rather than a mere reply. The narrator's «решил старец» closes the scene on a note of quiet authority."}],"words":[{"surface":"Непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришлю","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"пришлю","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will send"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пришлю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to пришлю","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"the elder"}]}]}