{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b2-c5","title":{"source":"V. Буди, буди!","translated":"So Be It! So Be It!"},"section":"Book II — An Unfortunate Gathering","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b2-c5","lines":152},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b2-c4","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b2-c6","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b2-c5-s1","source":"Отсутствие старца из кельи продолжалось минут около двадцати пяти.","translation":"The elder's absence from the cell lasted about twenty-five minutes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отсутствие старца из кельи","title":"A chain of genitives","body":"The abstract noun «отсутствие» ('absence') governs «старца» ('of the elder', genitive of possession) and is paired with «из кельи» ('from the cell', genitive after из). Stacking nominalized abstraction over genitives like this is a hallmark of the bookish, measured narrative voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"минут около двадцати пяти","title":"'About twenty-five minutes' — approximation by inversion","body":"Putting the noun «минут» before «около двадцати пяти» (rather than the plain около двадцати пяти минут) signals approximation: 'some twenty-five minutes or so'. The numeral phrase governs the genitive plural «минут», as numbers ending in five and above require."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"келья","title":"«келья» — a monk's cell","body":"«келья» is the small private room of a monk in a monastery, here the elder Zosima's. The word comes through Church Slavonic from Greek/Latin cella and belongs to the monastic vocabulary that saturates this Book of the novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отсутствие","lemma":"отсутствие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of продолжалось","gloss":"absence"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Отсутствие","gloss":"the elder's"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кельи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кельи","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Отсутствие","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"продолжалось","lemma":"продолжаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lasted"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of продолжалось","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пяти","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"двадцати","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies пяти","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"пяти","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies минут","gloss":"five"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b2-c5-s2","source":"Было уже за половину первого, а Дмитрия Федоровича, ради которого все собрались, всё еще не бывало.","translation":"It was already past half past twelve, and Dmitri Fyodorovich, for whose sake they had all assembled, still had not appeared.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ради которого все собрались","title":"Relative «который» in the genitive after «ради»","body":"«ради» ('for the sake of') governs the genitive, so the relative pronoun appears as «которого», agreeing in masculine singular with its antecedent Dmitri but taking the case its own preposition demands. The comma-set clause condenses 'for whose sake everyone had assembled'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё еще не бывало","title":"Iterative «бывало» under negation","body":"«бывало» is the past of «бывать», the iterative-frequentative partner of «быть»: 'still kept not appearing / was still not there'. The imperfective stresses a continuing state of absence rather than a single non-event, coloring the dragging wait."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"за половину первого","title":"'Past half-past twelve'","body":"«половина первого» literally means 'half of the first [hour]', i.e. 12:30; «за» here marks 'past, beyond'. Russian counts the half toward the coming hour, so 'half of the first' is half past twelve, not half past one — a recurring trap for English readers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies половину","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking половину","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"половину","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Было","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies половину","gloss":"one o'clock"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive subject of бывало","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"ради","lemma":"ради","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of собрались","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of собрались","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"собрались","lemma":"собраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on Дмитрия","gloss":"had gathered"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b2-c5-s3","source":"Но о нем почти как бы и забыли, и когда старец вступил опять в келью, то застал самый оживленный общий разговор между своими гостями.","translation":"But they had almost as good as forgotten him, and when the elder stepped back into the cell he found the liveliest general conversation in progress among his guests.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о нем почти как бы и забыли","title":"Subjectless 'they' with «как бы»","body":"The bare third-person plural «забыли» with no stated subject means an unspecified 'they / people' — a common Russian way to background the agent. The hedge «как бы» ('as it were, as good as') softens it, and «о нем» shows that «забыть» governs «о» + prepositional ('forget about him')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда старец вступил... то застал","title":"Correlative «когда... то» framing two perfectives","body":"The literary correlative «когда... то» ('when... then') links the temporal clause to the main one. Both verbs are perfective — «вступил» (stepped in) and «застал» (found, came upon) — moving the narrative forward as two completed, sequenced events."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies как","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies забыли","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if","note":"как бы is a fixed hedge, 'as if/as good as'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыли","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"забыли","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had forgotten"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вступил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вступил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"вступил","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause, paired with застал","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вступил","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келью","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"келью","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступил","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlative introducing the main clause with застал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"застал","lemma":"застать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies оживленный, forms superlative","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"оживленный","lemma":"оживлённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"lively"},{"surface":"общий","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of застал","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостями","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of гостями","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"гостями","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement, modifies разговор","gloss":"guests"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b2-c5-s4","source":"В разговоре участвовали прежде всего Иван Федорович и оба иеромонаха.","translation":"Taking part in the conversation were, above all, Ivan Fyodorovich and the two hieromonks.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В разговоре участвовали прежде всего Иван Федорович и оба иеромонаха","title":"Verb-first word order foregrounds the participants","body":"By opening with the locative «В разговоре» and the verb «участвовали», and holding the subjects to the end, the sentence makes the participants the new, stressed information ('Taking part were, above all...'). This topic-then-comment ordering is how free Russian word order directs emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговоре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"разговоре","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of участвовали","gloss":"the conversation"},{"surface":"участвовали","lemma":"участвовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took part"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase прежде всего, modifies участвовали","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase прежде всего","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of участвовали","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"modifies иеромонаха","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"иеромонаха","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Иван","gloss":"hieromonks"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b2-c5-s5","source":"Ввязывался, и по-видимому очень горячо, в разговор и Миусов, но ему опять не везло; он был видимо на втором плане, и ему даже мало отвечали, так что это новое обстоятельство лишь усилило всё накоплявшуюся его раздражительность.","translation":"Miusov too kept breaking in, and apparently with great heat, but again he had no luck; he was plainly relegated to the second rank, and they hardly even answered him, so that this new circumstance only intensified the irritation that had been mounting in him all along.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ввязывался... в разговор и Миусов","title":"Imperfective past for repeated breaking-in","body":"«Ввязывался» (reflexive imperfective) describes Miusov's repeated attempts to break into the talk, not a single intrusion — 'kept getting himself entangled in the conversation'. The verb's fronting and the trailing subject «и Миусов» again carry the new information to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему опять не везло","title":"Dative-subject impersonal «не везло»","body":"«везти» in the impersonal sense 'to have luck' takes the experiencer in the dative: «ему не везло» = 'he had no luck' (literally 'to him it was not carrying'). There is no nominative subject — a quintessentially Russian framing of fortune as something that happens to a person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё накоплявшуюся его раздражительность","title":"Past active participle «накоплявшуюся»","body":"«накоплявшуюся» is a reflexive active participle in -вш- functioning as an adjective: 'the irritation that had all along been accumulating'. With «всё» ('all the while') it compresses a whole который-clause into one bookish modifier — a signature of the literary register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ввязывался","lemma":"ввязываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept breaking in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-видимому","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-видимому, modifies Ввязывался","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies горячо","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ввязывался","gloss":"hotly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговор","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Ввязывался","gloss":"the conversation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Миусов","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Ввязывался","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of везло","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies везло","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies везло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"везло","lemma":"везти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the clause after но","gloss":"had luck"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking он to на втором плане","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"втором","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies плане","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"плане","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отвечали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мало","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвечали","gloss":"hardly"},{"surface":"отвечали","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause linked by и","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так что, introduces усилило","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обстоятельство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"новое","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обстоятельство","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"обстоятельство","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of усилило","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies усилило","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"усилило","lemma":"усилить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the так что-clause","gloss":"intensified"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накоплявшуюся","gloss":"constantly"},{"surface":"накоплявшуюся","lemma":"накопляться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying раздражительность","gloss":"building up"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of раздражительность","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"раздражительность","lemma":"раздражительность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of усилило","gloss":"irritation"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b2-c5-s6","source":"Дело в том, что он и прежде с Иваном Федоровичем несколько пикировался в познаниях и некоторую небрежность его к себе хладнокровно не выносил: «До сих пор, по крайней мере, стоял на высоте всего, что есть передового в Европе, а это новое поколение решительно нас игнорирует», — думал он про себя.","translation":"The thing was that even before this he had crossed swords once or twice with Ivan Fyodorovich over matters of learning, and he could not coolly endure a certain offhandedness in the man toward him: \"Up to now, at the very least, I have stood at the height of everything most advanced in Europe, and yet this new generation flatly ignores us,\" he thought to himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пикировался","title":"«пикироваться» — to spar verbally","body":"A Gallicism from French se piquer / piquer, «пикироваться в познаниях» means to exchange sharp, fencing-like remarks, here 'crossing swords over matters of learning'. The borrowed, salon-flavored word fits Miusov, the Europeanized liberal of the 1840s generation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"некоторую небрежность его к себе... не выносил","title":"Negated verb still takes the accusative object","body":"Here the negated «не выносил» keeps its object «небрежность» in the accusative rather than shifting to the genitive of negation — common with a concrete, specified object. Note «его к себе»: 'his offhandedness toward him', with reflexive «себе» pointing back to the subject Miusov."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хладнокровно","title":"«хладнокровно» — coolly, with the Slavonic «хлад-»","body":"'Coolly, in cold blood', from «хладный», the Church-Slavonic high-style doublet of native «холодный» (note the non-pleophonic «хлад-» vs «холод-»). The elevated form lends a faint bookish irony to Miusov's wounded composure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это новое поколение решительно нас игнорирует","title":"Present tense in reported inner speech","body":"Miusov's silent self-quotation slips into the imperfective present «игнорирует» ('ignores'), the tense of a live, ongoing grievance, set against the imperfective past «стоял» ('I have stood', from imperfective-only «стоять') for his settled past standing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the idiom Дело в том","gloss":"the point"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"correlate anticipating the что-clause","gloss":"this","note":"дело в том, что = 'the thing/point is that'."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пикировался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пикировался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пикировался","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иваном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Иваном","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пикировался","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иваном","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пикировался","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"пикировался","lemma":"пикироваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"had sparred"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking познаниях","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"познаниях","lemma":"познание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of пикировался","gloss":"matters of learning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"некоторую","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of небрежность","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"небрежность","lemma":"небрежность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выносил","gloss":"offhandedness"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of небрежность","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"modifies небрежность","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"хладнокровно","lemma":"хладнокровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выносил","gloss":"coolly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выносил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выносил","lemma":"выносить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пикировался","gloss":"could endure"},{"surface":"До","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор, modifies стоял","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере, modifies стоял","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted thought","gloss":"I have stood"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking высоте","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"высоте","lemma":"высота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the height"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies высоте","gloss":"of everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying всего","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"передового","lemma":"передовой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of есть, modifies что","gloss":"advanced"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Европе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Европе","lemma":"европа","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies передового","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of поколение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"новое","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies поколение","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"поколение","lemma":"поколение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of игнорирует","gloss":"generation"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies игнорирует","gloss":"flatly"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of игнорирует","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"игнорирует»,","lemma":"игнорировать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause, coordinated with а","gloss":"ignores"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, introduces the quoted thought","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b2-c5-s7","source":"Федор Павлович, который сам дал слово усесться на стуле и замолчать, действительно некоторое время молчал, но с насмешливою улыбочкой следил за своим соседом Петром Александровичем и видимо радовался его раздражительности.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovich, who had himself given his word to sit still on his chair and hold his tongue, did indeed keep silent for a while, but he watched his neighbor Pyotr Alexandrovich with a mocking little smile and was plainly delighted by his irritation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"который сам дал слово усесться... и замолчать","title":"«сам» plus two perfective infinitives","body":"The intensifier «сам» ('himself, of his own accord') stresses that Fyodor Pavlovich had given his word voluntarily. He pledges two perfective infinitives — «усесться» (settle down) and «замолчать» (fall/stay silent) — each naming a single intended completed act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с насмешливою улыбочкой","title":"«улыбочка» — a sly little smile","body":"The diminutive «улыбочка» (from «улыбка», 'smile') is not about size but tone: a 'little smirk', mocking and insinuating, perfectly suited to Fyodor Pavlovich's needling. Note also the old bookish instrumental ending «-ою» in «насмешливою», a 19th-century literary variant of modern «-ой»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"следил за своим соседом","title":"«следить за» plus instrumental","body":"«следить за» ('to watch, keep an eye on') governs the instrumental: «за своим соседом». The reflexive possessive «своим» refers back to the subject ('his own neighbor'), the standard precision Russian draws between «свой» and «его»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дал, emphatic","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Федор","gloss":"had given"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"his word"},{"surface":"усесться","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дал","gloss":"to sit down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стуле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"стуле","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of усесться","gloss":"his chair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"замолчать","lemma":"замолчать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with усесться","gloss":"to hold his tongue"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of молчал","gloss":"a while"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did keep silent"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбочкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"насмешливою","lemma":"насмешливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбочкой","gloss":"mocking"},{"surface":"улыбочкой","lemma":"улыбочка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следил","gloss":"little smile"},{"surface":"следил","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молчал","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соседом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of соседом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"соседом","lemma":"сосед","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следил","gloss":"neighbor"},{"surface":"Петром","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to соседом","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александровичем","lemma":"александрович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петром","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies радовался","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"радовался","lemma":"радоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with следил","gloss":"was delighted by"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of раздражительности","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"раздражительности","lemma":"раздражительность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative complement of радовался","gloss":"irritation"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b2-c5-s8","source":"Он давно уже собирался отплатить ему кое за что и теперь не хотел упустить случая.","translation":"He had long been meaning to pay him back for one thing and another, and now he had no wish to let the chance slip.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"собирался отплатить ему кое за что","title":"Imperfective intention + perfective goal","body":"«собирался» (imperfective, 'had long been meaning/intending') frames a standing intention, while the dependent infinitive «отплатить» (perfective, 'to pay back [in full]') names the single completed act aimed at. Pairing an imperfective phase verb with a perfective infinitive is the normal way to express building intent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кое за что","title":"«кое за что» — 'for one thing or another'","body":"The indefinite prefix «кое-» on «за что» yields a vague, knowing 'for this and that', here split around the preposition («кое за что») as Russian allows. It hints that Fyodor Pavlovich has specific old scores in mind but coyly won't name them."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of собирался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies собирался","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies собирался","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"собирался","lemma":"собираться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been meaning"},{"surface":"отплатить","lemma":"отплатить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of собирался","gloss":"to pay back"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отплатить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase кое за что","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отплатить","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with собирался","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"упустить","lemma":"упустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to miss"},{"surface":"случая","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of упустить","gloss":"the chance"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b2-c5-s9","source":"Наконец не вытерпел, нагнулся к плечу соседа и вполголоса поддразнил его еще раз:","translation":"At last he could hold out no longer, leaned toward his neighbor's shoulder, and in an undertone needled him once again:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Наконец не вытерпел, нагнулся... и... поддразнил","title":"A run of perfectives, subject dropped","body":"Three perfective past verbs in sequence — «не вытерпел» (couldn't bear it), «нагнулся» (leaned over), «поддразнил» (needled) — drive the action forward in quick completed steps. The subject is omitted entirely, carried over from the prior sentence, which speeds the narrative tempo."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поддразнил","title":"«поддразнить» — to tease, with the under-handed «под-»","body":"From «дразнить» ('to tease') plus prefix «под-», which adds a sly, sidelong, 'slightly from underneath' quality — to needle or goad covertly. «вполголоса» ('in a half-voice, undertone') reinforces the conspiratorial jab."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вытерпел","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вытерпел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вытерпел","lemma":"вытерпеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could bear it"},{"surface":"нагнулся","lemma":"нагнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вытерпел","gloss":"leaned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечу","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"плечу","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нагнулся","gloss":"the shoulder"},{"surface":"соседа","lemma":"сосед","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies плечу","gloss":"his neighbor's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вполголоса","lemma":"вполголоса","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поддразнил","gloss":"in an undertone"},{"surface":"поддразнил","lemma":"поддразнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вытерпел","gloss":"needled"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поддразнил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поддразнил","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b2-c5-s10","source":"— Ведь вы давеча почему не ушли после «любезно-то лобызаше» и согласились в такой неприличной компании оставаться?","translation":"\"Now why didn't you leave just now, after that 'and lovingly did kiss him,' and instead consented to remain in such unseemly company?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь вы давеча почему не ушли","title":"The appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'after all', 'you know' — coloring the taunt as a sly reminder of what both men know. Combined with «давеча» (folksy 'a while ago, earlier today') it gives Fyodor Pavlovich's needling its insinuating, buttonholing tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"любезно-то лобызаше","title":"A mocking Church-Slavonic tag","body":"Fyodor Pavlovich quotes a liturgical-sounding scrap, 'and lovingly did kiss'; «лобызаше» carries the dead Slavonic past ending -аше (where modern Russian has «лобызал/целовал»). He weaponizes the sacred register to mock the monastery scene — the clitic «-то» on «любезно-то» adds a knowing, pointed emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"согласились... оставаться","title":"Imperfective infinitive after «согласиться»","body":"«оставаться» is the imperfective infinitive ('to keep staying, remain') chosen because the staying is a continued state, not a single act; «согласиться оставаться» = 'consent to remain'. Russian regularly opposes such imperfective infinitives of duration to perfective ones of single completion."}],"words":[{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ушли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ушли","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ушли","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ушли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ушли","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did leave"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лобызаше","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"любезно","lemma":"любезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лобызаше","gloss":"lovingly"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic particle attached to любезно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"лобызаше","lemma":"лобызать","morphology":"verb, past, archaic (Church Slavonic aorist), active, third, singular","role":"complement of после, quoted phrase","gloss":"did kiss","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic quotation (the elder's ritual kiss), not modern Russian."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"согласились","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with ушли","gloss":"consented"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking компании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of неприличной","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"неприличной","lemma":"неприличный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies компании","gloss":"unseemly"},{"surface":"компании","lemma":"компания","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставаться","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of согласились","gloss":"to remain"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b2-c5-s11","source":"А потому, что чувствовали себя униженным и оскорбленным и остались, чтобы для реваншу выставить ум.","translation":"It was because you felt humiliated and insulted, and you stayed in order to display your wit by way of revenge.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чувствовали себя униженным и оскорбленным","title":"Short-form passive participles as predicate","body":"«униженным и оскорбленным» are past passive participles ('humiliated and insulted') in the instrumental, the predicate complement after «чувствовать себя» ('to feel oneself [to be]...'). The pairing is the very title of Dostoevsky's earlier novel «Униженные и оскорблённые»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы для реваншу выставить ум","title":"Purpose clause with «чтобы» + perfective infinitive","body":"«чтобы» introduces purpose ('in order to') and here governs a bare perfective infinitive «выставить» ('to put on display') because the subject is the same throughout. «реваншу» shows an older/colloquial dative-style ending on this French loan; modern Russian would write «для реванша» (genitive after «для»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous question","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"чувствовали","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the because-clause","gloss":"you felt"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of чувствовали","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"униженным","lemma":"униженный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of чувствовали","gloss":"humiliated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оскорбленным","lemma":"оскорблённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with униженным","gloss":"insulted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"остались","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with чувствовали","gloss":"you stayed"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выставить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking реваншу","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"реваншу","lemma":"реванш","morphology":"noun, genitive (archaic partitive), masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выставить","gloss":"revenge"},{"surface":"выставить","lemma":"выставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остались","gloss":"to display"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выставить","gloss":"his wit"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b2-c5-s12","source":"Теперь уж вы не уйдете, пока им ума своего не выставите.","translation":"Now you won't leave until you have paraded your cleverness before them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пока им ума своего не выставите","title":"«пока... не» — 'until' with built-in negation","body":"«пока... не» means 'until', and Russian leaves the «не» in place even though English drops it ('until you have displayed'). «выставите» is the perfective future ('will have displayed'); «ума своего» stands in the genitive — both the partial/quantified object and the reflexive «своего» ('your own wit')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Теперь уж вы не уйдете","title":"Perfective future «не уйдёте» with insisting «уж»","body":"«уйдёте» is the simple (perfective) future of «уйти» — 'you won't leave [and be gone]'. The particle «уж» (a worn form of «уже») adds insistence and finality, 'now you certainly won't', tightening the goading."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уйдете","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уйдете","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of уйдете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уйдете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уйдете","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will leave"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выставите","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of выставите","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выставите","gloss":"your wit"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ума","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выставите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выставите","lemma":"выставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the пока-clause","gloss":"have displayed"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b2-c5-s13","source":"— Вы опять?","translation":"\"You again?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы опять?","title":"Verbless exasperation","body":"A complete utterance with no verb: 'You [at it] again?' Russian freely drops a recoverable verb, and the elliptical bark conveys Miusov's worn-out irritation more sharply than any full clause would."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject, elliptical clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverb, modifies вы","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b2-c5-s14","source":"Сейчас уйду, напротив.","translation":"On the contrary, I am leaving this instant.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сейчас уйду, напротив","title":"Perfective future for an imminent act","body":"«уйду» is the perfective future of «уйти», here with «сейчас» ('right now') to mean an immediate, decisive 'I am leaving this instant'. The perfective stresses the single, completed departure he threatens."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уйду","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"уйду","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm leaving"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentential adverb, modifies уйду","gloss":"on the contrary"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b2-c5-s15","source":"— Позже, позже всех отправитесь! — кольнул еще раз Федор Павлович.","translation":"\"Later, you'll be the last of all to go!\" Fyodor Pavlovich jabbed once more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Позже, позже всех отправитесь!","title":"Superlative-by-genitive «позже всех»","body":"The comparative «позже» ('later') plus the genitive «всех» ('than all') makes a superlative — 'latest of all, the very last'. Reduplicating «позже, позже» heaps on the taunt. «отправитесь» is the perfective future of «отправиться» ('to set off')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кольнул","title":"«кольнуть» — to prick, to jab","body":"From «колоть» ('to prick, stab'), the semelfactive «кольнуть» names a single sharp jab; figuratively, a verbal sting. Dostoevsky keeps the bodily metaphor of Fyodor Pavlovich's needling vivid — he doesn't 'say' but 'jabbed once more'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Позже","lemma":"поздний","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies отправитесь","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"позже","lemma":"поздний","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies отправитесь","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of comparative позже","gloss":"than everyone"},{"surface":"отправитесь!","lemma":"отправиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"will set off"},{"surface":"кольнул","lemma":"кольнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"jabbed"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кольнул","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кольнул","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b2-c5-s16","source":"Это было почти в самый момент возвращения старца.","translation":"This was almost at the very moment of the elder's return.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в самый момент возвращения старца","title":"Intensifier «самый» plus genitives","body":"«самый» here means 'the very' ('at the very moment'), intensifying the noun rather than forming a superlative. The phrase chains genitives: «возвращения старца» = 'of the return of the elder'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Это to момент","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момент","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"возвращения","lemma":"возвращение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"of the return"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies возвращения","gloss":"the elder's"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b2-c5-s17","source":"Спор на одну минутку затих, но старец, усевшись на прежнее место, оглядел всех, как бы приветливо вызывая продолжать.","translation":"The dispute died down for a minute, but the elder, having settled into his former place, looked round at them all as though cordially inviting them to continue.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"старец, усевшись на прежнее место, оглядел всех","title":"Perfective past gerund «усевшись»","body":"«усевшись» is the perfective adverbial participle (деепричастие) of «усесться»: 'having settled himself down'. It names an action completed just before the main verb «оглядел» ('looked round'), sharing the same subject — the standard literary way to sequence 'having done X, he did Y'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы приветливо вызывая продолжать","title":"Imperfective present gerund «вызывая»","body":"«вызывая» is the imperfective present gerund ('inviting, summoning') expressing an action simultaneous with «оглядел» — the elder's look itself is the cordial invitation. «как бы» ('as though') hedges it as the narrator's interpretation of his expression."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спор","lemma":"спор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of затих","gloss":"the dispute"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минутку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies минутку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of затих","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"затих","lemma":"затихнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"died down"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оглядел","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"усевшись","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on оглядел","gloss":"having settled"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"прежнее","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"his former"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of усевшись","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"оглядел","lemma":"оглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with затих via но","gloss":"looked round at"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of оглядел","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"приветливо","lemma":"приветливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вызывая","gloss":"cordially"},{"surface":"вызывая","lemma":"вызывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on оглядел","gloss":"inviting"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of вызывая","gloss":"to continue"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b2-c5-s18","source":"Алеша, изучивший почти всякое выражение его лица, видел ясно, что он ужасно утомлен и себя пересиливает.","translation":"Alyosha, who had studied almost every expression of his face, saw clearly that he was dreadfully worn out and was forcing himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеша, изучивший почти всякое выражение его лица","title":"Past active participle as a relative clause","body":"«изучивший» (from perfective «изучить») is a past active participle, 'who had studied / come to know'; it agrees with Алеша in masculine singular nominative and stands for a full который-clause. Perfective stem gives the sense of completed, settled knowledge of Zosima's every look."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ужасно утомлен и себя пересиливает","title":"Short passive participle predicate; reflexive «себя»","body":"«утомлён» is the short-form past passive participle ('worn out'), a predicate of state, while «пересиливает» governs the reflexive pronoun «себя» — 'forces himself, overpowers himself'. «себя» (not «-ся») is a full object pronoun pointing back to the elder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"изучивший","lemma":"изучить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Алеша","gloss":"who had studied"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всякое","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"всякое","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of выражение","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"выражение","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of изучивший","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лица","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражение","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of утомлен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of утомлен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утомлен","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"утомлен","lemma":"утомлённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of видел","gloss":"worn out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of пересиливает","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"пересиливает","lemma":"пересиливать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with утомлен","gloss":"was forcing"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b2-c5-s19","source":"В последнее время болезни с ним случались от истощения сил обмороки.","translation":"Of late, in his illness, he had been subject to fainting fits brought on by exhaustion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с ним случались... обмороки","title":"Iterative imperfective for recurring fits","body":"«случались» (imperfective past plural) describes fainting fits that 'kept happening' to him — a habit, not one event. The construction «с ним случались обмороки» ('fits used to befall him') makes the elder the location/experiencer («с ним») rather than agent of his own collapse."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от истощения сил","title":"Causal «от» + genitive","body":"«от» here marks cause, 'from / brought on by', and governs the genitive «истощения» ('exhaustion'), which in turn governs «сил» (genitive plural of «сила», 'of strength'). A tidy double genitive: 'from the exhaustion of [his] powers'."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"the recent"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of случались","gloss":"period"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"of his illness"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случались","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"случались","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been happening"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking истощения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"истощения","lemma":"истощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of случались","gloss":"exhaustion"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies истощения","gloss":"of strength"},{"surface":"обмороки","lemma":"обморок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of случались","gloss":"fainting fits"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b2-c5-s20","source":"Почти такая же бледность, как пред обмороком, распространялась и теперь по его лицу, губы его побелели.","translation":"Almost the same pallor as before a fainting fit was spreading over his face even now, and his lips had turned white.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"распространялась... по его лицу","title":"Reflexive intransitive «распространялась»","body":"The «-ся» verb «распространяться» is a middle/intransitive: the pallor 'spread itself' over his face, with no external agent. The imperfective past renders the spreading as an ongoing process unfolding before Alyosha's eyes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как пред обмороком","title":"Archaic «пред» for «перед»","body":"«пред» ('before') is the bookish/Church-Slavonic short form of the preposition «перед», governing the instrumental «обмороком». Dostoevsky's narration favors such elevated reduced forms, lending gravity to the description of Zosima's failing body."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies такая","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of бледность (with же: 'the same')","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такая (completes 'the same')","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"бледность","lemma":"бледность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of распространялась","gloss":"pallor"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison of обмороком","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обмороком","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"обмороком","lemma":"обморок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition пред","gloss":"a fainting fit"},{"surface":"распространялась","lemma":"распространяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was spreading"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies распространялась","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицу","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лицу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лицу","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition по","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of побелели","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of губы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"побелели","lemma":"побелеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with распространялась","gloss":"had turned white"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b2-c5-s21","source":"Но он, очевидно, не хотел распустить собрание, казалось, он имел притом какую-то свою цель — какую же?","translation":"But he evidently did not wish to break up the gathering; it seemed, moreover, that he had some purpose of his own in this — but what could it be?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хотел распустить собрание","title":"Negated wish + perfective infinitive","body":"«не хотел» negates the wish, while the perfective infinitive «распустить» ('to break up, dismiss') names the single completed action not desired. The object «собрание» stays accusative — negation of the matrix verb doesn't pull the infinitive's object into the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какую-то свою цель — какую же?","title":"Indefinite «-то» answered by insisting «же»","body":"«какую-то» marks a specific-but-unknown 'some purpose of his own'; the narrator then turns it into a question «какую же?» where «же» presses the puzzle — 'but what [purpose], exactly?'. The two particles together stage the narrator's curiosity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"очевидно","lemma":"очевидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"распустить","lemma":"распустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to break up"},{"surface":"собрание","lemma":"собрание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of распустить","gloss":"the gathering"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause introducing имел","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by казалось","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"притом","lemma":"притом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of цель  (with то: 'some')","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle completing какую-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of цель","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"цель","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"elliptical question modifying цель","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какую","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b2-c5-s22","source":"Алеша пристально следил за ним","translation":"Alyosha watched him intently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пристально следил за ним","title":"Imperfective «следил» of sustained watching","body":"«следил» (imperfective past of «следить за» + instrumental) frames Alyosha's watching as a continuous, attentive process — 'kept watching him intently' — rather than a single glance. «пристально» ('fixedly') reinforces the duration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of следил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies следил","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"следил","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b2-c5-s23","source":"— О любопытнейшей их статье толкуем, — произнес иеромонах Иосиф, библиотекарь, обращаясь к старцу и указывая на Ивана Федоровича.","translation":"\"We are discussing a most curious article of his,\" said the hieromonk Iosif, the librarian, turning to the elder and pointing to Ivan Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"О любопытнейшей их статье толкуем","title":"Suffixal superlative «любопытнейшей»","body":"«любопытнейшей» is the bookish suffixal superlative in -ейш- ('a most curious'), here in prepositional case after «о». This synthetic superlative is more literary than the everyday «самый любопытный» and recurs as a near-leitmotif in this scene's praise of Ivan's article."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"толкуем","title":"«толковать» — to discuss, expound","body":"«толковать о чём-то» means to talk over, interpret, or hold forth about something — slightly more bookish and deliberative than просто «говорить». It suits the monks' learned exegesis of Ivan's article."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обращаясь к старцу и указывая на Ивана Федоровича","title":"Two simultaneous present gerunds","body":"«обращаясь» (к + dative, 'turning to') and «указывая» (на + accusative, 'pointing to') are imperfective present gerunds describing Iosif's accompanying gestures as he speaks — the literary way to bundle attendant action onto the main verb «произнёс»."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking статье","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"любопытнейшей","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"modifies статье","gloss":"most curious"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of статье","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"статье","lemma":"статья","morphology":"noun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition О","gloss":"article"},{"surface":"толкуем,","lemma":"толковать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we're discussing"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel clause to толкуем","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"иеромонах","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"the hieromonk"},{"surface":"Иосиф","lemma":"Иосиф","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to иеромонах","gloss":"Iosif"},{"surface":"библиотекарь","lemma":"библиотекарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to иеромонах","gloss":"the librarian"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"старцу","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition к","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"указывая","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обращаясь","gloss":"pointing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b2-c5-s24","source":"— Нового много выводят, да, кажется, идея-то о двух концах.","translation":"\"He draws a great deal that is new, but the idea, it seems, cuts both ways.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нового много выводят","title":"Partitive genitive «нового» after «много»","body":"«много» ('much, a lot') governs the genitive, and the neuter adjective «нового» is substantivized: 'a great deal of what is new'. Fronting it before «выводят» ('they draw/derive') puts the weight on the novelty of Ivan's conclusions."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"идея-то о двух концах","title":"«о двух концах» — 'cuts both ways'","body":"The idiom «палка о двух концах» ('a stick with two ends') means a double-edged thing; here «идея... о двух концах» = the idea cuts both ways. The clitic «-то» on «идея» topicalizes it ('the idea, now...'), gently flagging a caveat amid the praise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нового","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of много","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"quantifier, accusative","role":"direct object of выводят","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"выводят","lemma":"выводить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"draws out"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"идея","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate: о двух концах)","gloss":"the idea"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"topic particle attached to идея","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking концах","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, prepositional","role":"quantifies концах","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"концах","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, prepositional, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of идея (idiom: cuts both ways)","gloss":"ends"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b2-c5-s25","source":"По поводу вопроса о церковно-общественном суде и обширности его права ответили журнальною статьею одному духовному лицу, написавшему о вопросе сем целую книгу...","translation":"On the question of the ecclesiastical court and the scope of its jurisdiction, he answered in a journal article a certain churchman who had written a whole book on the matter...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"духовному лицу, написавшему о вопросе сем целую книгу","title":"Dative participle + archaic «сем»","body":"«написавшему» is a past active participle (from perfective «написать») agreeing in the dative with «лицу» — 'a churchman who had written'. Embedded in it is the archaic demonstrative «сем» (prepositional of «сей», 'this'), a stock bookish marker of the period register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"духовному лицу","title":"«духовное лицо» — a clergyman","body":"«духовное лицо» (literally 'a spiritual person') is the formal term for a member of the clergy. «лицо» here means not 'face' but 'person/personage' — a recurring polysemy worth noting; the phrase recurs throughout the debate to name Ivan's anonymous clerical opponent."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поводу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"поводу","lemma":"повод","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition По (idiom: regarding)","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"вопроса","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of поводу","gloss":"of the question"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"церковно","lemma":"церковный","morphology":"adjective (compound part)","role":"modifies суде","gloss":"ecclesiastical"},{"surface":"общественном","lemma":"общественный","morphology":"adjective, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суде","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопроса","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обширности","lemma":"обширность","morphology":"noun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with суде","gloss":"the scope"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of права","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обширности","gloss":"jurisdiction"},{"surface":"ответили","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he answered"},{"surface":"журнальною","lemma":"журнальный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies статьею","gloss":"journal"},{"surface":"статьею","lemma":"статья","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответили (means)","gloss":"in an article"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies лицу","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"духовному","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицу","gloss":"spiritual"},{"surface":"лицу","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of ответили","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"написавшему","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"clause modifying лицу","gloss":"who had written"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вопросе","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition о","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопросе","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"целую","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies книгу","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"книгу","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of написавшему","gloss":"book"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b2-c5-s26","source":"— К сожалению, вашей статьи не читал, но о ней слышал, — ответил старец, пристально и зорко вглядываясь в Ивана Федоровича.","translation":"\"Unfortunately I have not read your article, but I have heard of it,\" replied the elder, gazing keenly and intently at Ivan Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вашей статьи не читал","title":"Genitive of negation: «вашей статьи»","body":"Under negation the object «вашу статью» shifts to genitive «вашей статьи» — 'I have not read your article' — the classic genitive of negation, here fronted for emphasis. Contrast the next clause «о ней слышал», where «о» + prepositional is unaffected."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пристально и зорко вглядываясь в Ивана Федоровича","title":"Present gerund «вглядываясь»","body":"«вглядываясь» (в + accusative, 'peering into') is an imperfective present gerund giving the manner of the elder's reply: he speaks while gazing keenly at Ivan. The verb «вглядываться» is intensive — to look searchingly, to read a face."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сожалению (idiom: unfortunately)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сожалению","lemma":"сожаление","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition К","gloss":"regret"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of статьи","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"статьи","lemma":"статья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of читал","gloss":"article"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies читал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"читал","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have read"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition о","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"слышал,","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with читал","gloss":"have heard"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel clause to читал","gloss":"replied"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вглядываясь","gloss":"keenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зорко","lemma":"зорко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вглядываясь","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"вглядываясь","lemma":"вглядываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ответил","gloss":"gazing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b2-c5-s27","source":"— Они стоят на любопытнейшей точке, — продолжал отец библиотекарь, — по-видимому, совершенно отвергают в вопросе о церковно-общественном суде разделение церкви от государства.","translation":"\"He stands on a most curious point,\" the father librarian went on, \"in that, on the question of the ecclesiastical court, he apparently rejects altogether the separation of Church from State.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Они стоят на любопытнейшей точке","title":"Plural «они» as deferential singular","body":"The librarian refers to Ivan as «они» ('they') with plural verb «стоят» — an old, deferential third-person plural used of a single respected person (compare archaic English usage). It runs through his speech ('they answer', 'they stand'), marking obsequious courtesy toward the layman author."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отвергают... разделение церкви от государства","title":"Genitive of separation «церкви от государства»","body":"«разделение» ('separation') governs «церкви» (genitive, 'of the Church') and «от государства» ('from the State', «от» + genitive). The doubled genitive crisply names the very thing rejected: the separation of Church from State."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural (polite singular)","role":"subject of стоят","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стоят","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точке,","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"любопытнейшей","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"modifies точке,","gloss":"most curious"},{"surface":"точке,","lemma":"точка","morphology":"noun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel clause to стоят","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"the father"},{"surface":"библиотекарь,","lemma":"библиотекарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"librarian"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb (compound part)","role":"part of the idiom по-видимому","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb (compound part)","role":"modifies отвергают","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвергают","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"отвергают","lemma":"отвергать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоят","gloss":"rejects"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вопросе","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"церковно","lemma":"церковный","morphology":"adjective (compound part)","role":"modifies суде","gloss":"ecclesiastical"},{"surface":"общественном","lemma":"общественный","morphology":"adjective, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суде","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопросе","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"разделение","lemma":"разделение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отвергают","gloss":"the separation"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies разделение","gloss":"of Church"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking государства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"государства","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies разделение","gloss":"State"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b2-c5-s28","source":"— Это любопытно, но в каком же смысле? — спросил старец Ивана Федоровича.","translation":"\"That is curious, but in what sense?\" the elder asked Ivan Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"но в каком же смысле?","title":"Interrogative «какой» with pressing «же»","body":"«в каком смысле» = 'in what sense', with the interrogative adjective «какой» agreeing in masculine prepositional with «смысле». The particle «же» here urges the question along — 'but in what sense, exactly?' — inviting Ivan to elaborate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of любопытно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"любопытно","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"predicate of Это","gloss":"is curious"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смысле?","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смысле?","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies каком","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"смысле?","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with любопытно","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel clause to любопытно","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спросил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b2-c5-s29","source":"Тот наконец ему ответил, но не свысока-учтиво, как боялся еще накануне Алеша, а скромно и сдержанно, с видимою предупредительностью и, по-видимому, без малейшей задней мысли.","translation":"At last the latter answered him, not with the condescending courtesy Alyosha had still been dreading the day before, but modestly and with restraint, with evident deference and, to all appearances, without the slightest ulterior motive.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот наконец ему ответил","title":"Demonstrative «тот» as 'the latter'","body":"«Тот» ('that one') stands in for Ivan to disambiguate after two referents — Russian's tidy way of saying 'the latter / the former'. It tracks the topic across sentences where English would repeat the name or risk an ambiguous 'he'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не свысока-учтиво... а скромно и сдержанно","title":"Contrastive «не... а» pivoting on manner","body":"«не X, а Y» ('not X, but rather Y') sets the dreaded condescension against the actual modesty. The series of manner adverbs («скромно», «сдержанно») builds the contrast that surprises Alyosha."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"без малейшей задней мысли","title":"«без» + genitive superlative «малейшей»","body":"«без» governs the genitive; «малейшей» is the suffixal superlative of «малый» ('slightest'), and «задняя мысль» is a calque of French arrière-pensée ('ulterior motive'). Together: 'without the slightest ulterior motive'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner (used pronominally), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ответил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свысока","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"свысока","lemma":"свысока","morphology":"adverb (compound part)","role":"modifies ответил (negated manner)","gloss":"condescendingly"},{"surface":"учтиво","lemma":"учтиво","morphology":"adverb (compound part)","role":"modifies ответил, part of compound свысока-учтиво","gloss":"courteously"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"comparative clause modifying свысока-учтиво","gloss":"had been dreading"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накануне","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"накануне","lemma":"накануне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боялся","gloss":"the day before"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боялся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but rather"},{"surface":"скромно","lemma":"скромно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with свысока (modifies ответил)","gloss":"modestly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сдержанно","lemma":"сдержанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with скромно","gloss":"with restraint"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предупредительностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"видимою","lemma":"видимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies предупредительностью","gloss":"evident"},{"surface":"предупредительностью","lemma":"предупредительность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"deference"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb (compound part)","role":"part of the idiom по-видимому","gloss":"to all appearances"},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb (compound part)","role":"parenthetical modifying без... мысли","gloss":"to all appearances"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мысли","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"малейшей","lemma":"малейший","morphology":"adjective, superlative, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысли","gloss":"the slightest"},{"surface":"задней","lemma":"задний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысли","gloss":"ulterior"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition без","gloss":"motive"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b2-c5-s30","source":"— Я иду из положения, что это смешение элементов, то есть сущностей церкви и государства, отдельно взятых, будет, конечно, вечным, несмотря на то, что оно невозможно и что его никогда нельзя будет привести не только в нормальное, но и в сколько-нибудь согласимое состояние, потому что ложь лежит в самом основании дела.","translation":"\"I proceed from the position that this blending of the elements — that is, of the essences of Church and State taken separately — will of course be everlasting, despite the fact that it is impossible and that it can never be brought into a state that is normal, or even in any degree reconcilable, because a lie lies at the very foundation of the matter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его никогда нельзя будет привести... в нормальное... состояние","title":"Impersonal «нельзя будет» — no subject","body":"«нельзя» ('it is impossible/not allowed') heads a subjectless impersonal construction; with «будет» it projects into the future ('it will never be possible'). The thing acted upon, «его», is the accusative object of the infinitive «привести» — the experiencer-less, modal framing typical of Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ложь лежит в самом основании дела","title":"A pun in the grammar: «ложь лежит»","body":"«ложь лежит» ('a lie lies') sets the noun «ложь» (falsehood) beside the verb «лежать» (to lie/recline) — the same etymological play English happens to share. «в самом основании» uses «самый» as intensifier ('at the very foundation'), prepositional case after «в»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of иду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"иду","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"proceed"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"положения","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition из","gloss":"the position"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of смешение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"смешение","lemma":"смешение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"blending"},{"surface":"элементов","lemma":"элемент","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies смешение","gloss":"of the elements"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (compound part)","role":"part of the idiom то есть (i.e.)","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (compound part)","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"сущностей","lemma":"сущность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to элементов","gloss":"the essences"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сущностей","gloss":"of Church"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"государства","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with церкви","gloss":"State"},{"surface":"отдельно","lemma":"отдельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взятых","gloss":"separately"},{"surface":"взятых","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying сущностей","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking смешение to вечным","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет (parenthetical)","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"вечным","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будет","gloss":"everlasting"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition (compound part)","role":"part of the idiom несмотря на (despite)","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition (compound part)","role":"part of the idiom несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of несмотря на, anticipates the что-clause","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of невозможно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of невозможно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement modifying то","gloss":"is impossible"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нельзя","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of привести","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"coordinated with невозможно","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"future auxiliary with нельзя","gloss":"will [not] be"},{"surface":"привести","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"be brought"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не только... но и","morphology":"particle (correlative part)","role":"part of the correlative не только... но и","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"не только... но и","morphology":"particle (correlative part)","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нормальное","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"нормальное","lemma":"нормальный","morphology":"adjective (substantive), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"a normal [state]"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"не только... но и","morphology":"conjunction (correlative part)","role":"part of the correlative но и","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"не только... но и","morphology":"conjunction (correlative part)","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состояние","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько-нибудь","morphology":"adverb (compound part)","role":"part of the idiom сколько-нибудь, modifying согласимое","gloss":"to any degree"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"сколько-нибудь","morphology":"adverb (compound part)","role":"modifies согласимое","gloss":"to any degree"},{"surface":"согласимое","lemma":"согласимый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состояние","gloss":"reconcilable"},{"surface":"состояние","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нормальное","gloss":"a state"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"conjunction (compound part)","role":"introduces the clause of лежит","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"conjunction (compound part)","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ложь","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лежит","gloss":"a lie"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the causal clause (modifies привести)","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking основании","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"modifies основании","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"основании","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"foundation"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies основании","gloss":"of the matter"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b2-c5-s31","source":"Компромисс между государством и церковью в таких вопросах, как например о суде, по-моему, в совершенной и чистой сущности своей невозможен.","translation":"A compromise between State and Church on questions such as, for example, that of jurisdiction, is in my view impossible in its perfect and pure essence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в совершенной и чистой сущности своей невозможен","title":"Short adjective predicate «невозможен»","body":"«невозможен» is the short form of «невозможный», functioning as predicate ('is impossible'); the short form is the bookish, categorical choice for an absolute assertion. The reflexive «своей» ('its own') points back to the subject «компромисс»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Компромисс","lemma":"компромисс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of невозможен","gloss":"a compromise"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking государством","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"государством","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Компромисс","gloss":"State"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"церковью","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with государством","gloss":"Church"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, prepositional, plural","role":"determiner of вопросах","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"вопросах","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, prepositional, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Компромисс","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces example modifying вопросах","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies суде","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"example modifying вопросах","gloss":"jurisdiction"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-моему","morphology":"adverb (compound part)","role":"part of the idiom по-моему","gloss":"in my"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"по-моему","morphology":"adverb (compound part)","role":"parenthetical modifying невозможен","gloss":"view"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сущности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"совершенной","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сущности","gloss":"perfect"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чистой","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with совершенной","gloss":"pure"},{"surface":"сущности","lemma":"сущность","morphology":"noun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"essence"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сущности","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"невозможен","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"is impossible"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b2-c5-s32","source":"Духовное лицо, которому я возражал, утверждает, что церковь занимает точное и определенное место в государстве.","translation":"The churchman with whom I was taking issue maintains that the Church occupies a precise and definite place within the State.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Духовное лицо, которому я возражал","title":"Relative «который» in the dative","body":"«возражать» ('to object to') governs the dative, so the relative pronoun appears as «которому» — 'the churchman to whom I objected'. It agrees in neuter singular with «лицо» but takes the dative its verb requires, a textbook split of agreement vs. case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Духовное","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"the churchman"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of утверждает","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of возражал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возражал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"возражал","lemma":"возражать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on лицо","gloss":"was taking issue with"},{"surface":"утверждает","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"maintains"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of занимает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of занимает","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"занимает","lemma":"занимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of утверждает","gloss":"occupies"},{"surface":"точное","lemma":"точный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"precise"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"определенное","lemma":"определённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with точное","gloss":"definite"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of занимает","gloss":"a place"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking государстве","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"государстве","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"the State"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b2-c5-s33","source":"Я же возразил ему, что, напротив, церковь должна заключать сама в себе всё государство, а не занимать в нем лишь некоторый угол, и что если теперь это почему-нибудь невозможно, то в сущности вещей несомненно должно быть поставлено прямою и главнейшею целью всего дальнейшего развития христианского общества.","translation":"I objected to him that, on the contrary, the Church ought to contain the whole State within itself, and not merely occupy some corner of it, and that if at present this is for some reason impossible, then in the essence of things it must undoubtedly be set up as the direct and chief aim of all the further development of Christian society.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я же возразил ему","title":"Contrastive «же» on the pronoun","body":"Here «же» follows «я» to mark a contrast of speakers — 'I, for my part, objected' — setting Ivan's view against the churchman's just-quoted one. Distinguish this contrastive-topic «же» from the emphatic question-particle «же» seen earlier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"церковь должна заключать сама в себе всё государство","title":"Intensive «сама» + reflexive «в себе»","body":"«сама» intensifies the subject ('the Church itself'), and «в себе» is the reflexive pronoun «себя» in the prepositional ('within itself'). Together they stress that the Church should contain the State inside its own self — the crux of Ivan's thesis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должно быть поставлено прямою и главнейшею целью","title":"Predicate instrumental: 'be set up as the aim'","body":"«поставлено... целью» puts the predicate noun in the instrumental — 'set up as the aim' — the regular instrumental-of-predicate after verbs of making/becoming/appointing. Note the archaic feminine instrumental endings «-ою» («прямою», «главнейшею»), 19th-century literary variants of «-ой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возразил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Я (emphatic)","gloss":"for my part"},{"surface":"возразил","lemma":"возразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"objected"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of возразил","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должна","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должна (parenthetical)","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of должна","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"должна","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective (short form, modal predicate), feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of возразил","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"заключать","lemma":"заключать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должна","gloss":"to contain"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies церковь (reflexive emphasis)","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of государство","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"государство","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заключать","gloss":"State"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies занимать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"занимать","lemma":"занимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заключать","gloss":"occupy"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies некоторый","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"некоторый","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of угол","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"угол","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of занимать","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of невозможно","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невозможно","gloss":"at present"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of невозможно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему-нибудь","morphology":"adverb (compound part)","role":"part of the idiom почему-нибудь","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"почему-нибудь","morphology":"adverb (compound part)","role":"modifies невозможно","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the если-clause (modifies должно)","gloss":"is impossible"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction (correlative with если)","role":"introduces the clause of должно","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сущности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сущности","lemma":"сущность","morphology":"noun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"the essence"},{"surface":"вещей","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies сущности","gloss":"of things"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должно","gloss":"undoubtedly"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective (short form, impersonal predicate), neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the то-clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of поставлено","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"поставлено","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"set up"},{"surface":"прямою","lemma":"прямой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies целью","gloss":"direct"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главнейшею","lemma":"главнейший","morphology":"adjective, superlative, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with прямою, modifies целью","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"целью","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of поставлено","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of развития","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"дальнейшего","lemma":"дальнейший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies развития","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"развития","lemma":"развитие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies целью","gloss":"development"},{"surface":"христианского","lemma":"христианский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общества","gloss":"of Christian"},{"surface":"общества","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies развития","gloss":"society"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b2-c5-s34","source":"— Совершенно справедливо! — твердо и нервно проговорил отец Паисий, молчаливый и ученый иеромонах.","translation":"\"Perfectly true!\" said Father Paissy, the silent and learned hieromonk, firmly and nervously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Совершенно справедливо!","title":"Neuter short adverb as a verdict","body":"«справедливо» ('justly, rightly so / true') is used predicatively with no subject — an impersonal verdict, 'Perfectly true!'. Such bare neuter short-form exclamations are a compact, emphatic way to assent in Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies справедливо","gloss":"Perfectly"},{"surface":"справедливо!","lemma":"справедливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular (predicate)","role":"predicate of the exclamation, modified by Совершенно","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links твердо and нервно","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нервно","lemma":"нервно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with твердо","gloss":"nervously"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"молчаливый","lemma":"молчаливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies иеромонах","gloss":"silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links молчаливый and ученый","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ученый","lemma":"учёный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with молчаливый","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"иеромонах","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец Паисий, modified by молчаливый and ученый","gloss":"hieromonk"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b2-c5-s35","source":"— Чистейшее ультрамонтанство! — вскричал Миусов, в нетерпении переложив ногу на ногу.","translation":"\"The purest Ultramontanism!\" cried Miusov, impatiently recrossing his legs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"переложив ногу на ногу","title":"Perfective gerund of attendant action","body":"«переложив» is the perfective past gerund of «переложить» — 'having shifted', here 'recrossing his legs' (ногу на ногу). It marks a completed gesture accompanying the cry «вскричал», sharing Miusov as subject; the body again betrays the mounting impatience."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чистейшее","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ультрамонтанство","gloss":"purest"},{"surface":"ультрамонтанство!","lemma":"ультрамонтанство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamation, modified by Чистейшее","gloss":"Ultramontanism"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нетерпении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нетерпении","lemma":"нетерпение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies переложив (manner)","gloss":"impatience"},{"surface":"переложив","lemma":"переложить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскричал","gloss":"recrossing","note":"переложить ногу на ногу is an idiom for crossing one's legs."},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of переложив","gloss":"one leg"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the second ногу","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переложив","gloss":"the other"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b2-c5-s36","source":"— Э, да у нас и гор-то нету! — воскликнул отец Иосиф и, обращаясь к старцу, продолжал: — Они отвечают, между прочим, на следующие «основные и существенные» положения своего противника, духовного лица, заметьте себе.","translation":"\"Eh, but we have no mountains!\" exclaimed Father Iosif, and, turning to the elder, went on: \"They answer, among other things, the following 'fundamental and essential' propositions of their opponent, the churchman, mark you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у нас и гор-то нету!","title":"Genitive of absence + folksy «нету» and «-то»","body":"«нету» is the colloquial expanded form of «нет» ('there is no'), which forces its noun into the genitive: «гор» (genitive plural of «горы», 'mountains'). The clitic «-то» on «гор» adds wry emphasis to the joke — 'why, we haven't even got any mountains!' — Iosif's pun deflating Miusov's 'ultramontanism'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заметьте себе","title":"Imperative «заметьте» with ethical dative «себе»","body":"«заметьте» is the polite/plural imperative of «заметить» ('note, mark'); «себе» is a dative reflexive used here as an 'ethical dative' — 'mark you', 'mind you' — adding an appeal to the listener's attention with no literal 'to yourself' meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Э","lemma":"э","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"Eh"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of у in the possessive construction (\"we have\")","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying гор (\"even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"гор","lemma":"гора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of the existential нету","gloss":"mountains"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic attached to гор","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"нету!","lemma":"нету","morphology":"existential negation particle, present","role":"predicate of the existential clause, negates гор","gloss":"there isn't"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Иосиф","lemma":"иосиф","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Iosif"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links воскликнул and продолжал","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжал","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"старцу","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"продолжал:","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with воскликнул","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отвечают","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"отвечают","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прочим","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"прочим","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of между, idiom \"among other things\"","gloss":"other things"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положения","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"следующие","lemma":"следующий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies положения","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"основные","lemma":"основной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies положения","gloss":"fundamental"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links основные and существенные","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"существенные","lemma":"существенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with основные","gloss":"essential"},{"surface":"положения","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition на, complement of отвечают","gloss":"propositions"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of противника","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"противника","lemma":"противник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies положения","gloss":"opponent"},{"surface":"духовного","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лица","gloss":"spiritual"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to противника (\"the churchman\")","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"заметьте","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative addressed to the listener","gloss":"mark"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"part of the idiom \"заметьте себе\" (\"mark you\")","gloss":"to yourselves"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b2-c5-s37","source":"Первое: что «ни один общественный союз не может и не должен присвоивать себе власть — распоряжаться гражданскими и политическими правами своих членов».","translation":"First: that 'no social union can or ought to arrogate to itself the power to dispose of the civil and political rights of its members.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни один общественный союз не может и не должен присвоивать себе власть","title":"Emphatic «ни один» with negative concord","body":"«ни один» ('not a single') pairs with the negated verbs «не может и не должен» — Russian negative concord, where the ни-phrase and the не on the verb together make one negation ('no union can or ought'). «присвоивать себе» = 'arrogate to itself', with the dative reflexive «себе»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Первое","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase, introduces the list","gloss":"First"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the quoted clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies союз (\"ни один\" = \"no single\")","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"общественный","lemma":"общественный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies союз","gloss":"social"},{"surface":"союз","lemma":"союз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может and должен","gloss":"union"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links может and должен","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with может","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"присвоивать","lemma":"присвоивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может/должен","gloss":"to arrogate"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of присвоивать","gloss":"to itself"},{"surface":"власть","lemma":"власть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of присвоивать","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"распоряжаться","lemma":"распоряжаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitival complement of власть (\"the power to dispose of\")","gloss":"to dispose of"},{"surface":"гражданскими","lemma":"гражданский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies правами","gloss":"civil"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links гражданскими and политическими","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"политическими","lemma":"политический","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with гражданскими","gloss":"political"},{"surface":"правами","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of распоряжаться","gloss":"rights"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of членов","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"членов","lemma":"член","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies правами","gloss":"members"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b2-c5-s38","source":"Второе: что «уголовная и судебно-гражданская власть не должна принадлежать церкви и несовместима с природой ее и как божественного установления, и как союза людей для религиозных целей» и наконец, в-третьих: что «церковь есть царство не от мира сего»..","translation":"Second: that 'criminal and civil-judicial authority ought not to belong to the Church and is incompatible with its nature, both as a divine institution and as a union of men for religious ends,' and finally, in the third place: that 'the Church is a kingdom not of this world.'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"несовместима с природой ее","title":"Short adjective «несовместима» + instrumental of accompaniment","body":"«несовместима» is the short feminine form ('is incompatible'), predicating of «власть»; «совместимый с чем-то» governs «с» + instrumental, hence «с природой» ('with its nature'). The postposed «ее» ('its') is the bookish word order favoring weight at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Второе","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase, introduces the list","gloss":"Second"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the quoted clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уголовная","lemma":"уголовный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies власть","gloss":"criminal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links уголовная and судебно-гражданская","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"судебно","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective (compound first element)","role":"first part of the compound судебно-гражданская, modifies власть","gloss":"judicial-"},{"surface":"гражданская","lemma":"гражданский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"second part of the compound, modifies власть","gloss":"civil"},{"surface":"власть","lemma":"власть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of должна","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies должна","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"должна","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"принадлежать","lemma":"принадлежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должна","gloss":"to belong"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of принадлежать","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links должна and несовместима","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несовместима","lemma":"несовместимый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with должна","gloss":"incompatible"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking природой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"природой","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of несовместима","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"possessive pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies природой","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two как-phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the phrase \"as a divine institution\", complement of природой","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"божественного","lemma":"божественный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies установления","gloss":"divine"},{"surface":"установления","lemma":"установление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of как, parallel to природой","gloss":"institution"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two как-phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the phrase \"as a union of men\", parallel to the first как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"союза","lemma":"союз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как, parallel to установления","gloss":"union"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies союза","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"религиозных","lemma":"религиозный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies целей","gloss":"religious"},{"surface":"целей","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies союза","gloss":"purposes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the third point","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition (idiom element)","role":"part of the idiom в-третьих (\"thirdly\")","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"третьих","lemma":"третий","morphology":"ordinal numeral, locative, plural (idiom element)","role":"part of the idiom в-третьих, coordinated with Второе","gloss":"the third place"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the final quoted clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"царство","lemma":"царство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominal of есть","gloss":"a kingdom"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies от мира сего","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мира","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"мира","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies царство","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"demonstrative, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мира","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b2-c5-s39","source":"— Недостойнейшая игра слов для духовного лица! — не вытерпел и прервал опять отец Паисий.","translation":"\"A most unworthy play on words for a churchman!\" Father Paissy could not contain himself and broke in once more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не вытерпел и прервал опять","title":"Twin perfectives for a sudden interruption","body":"«не вытерпел» ('could not endure it') and «прервал» ('broke in') are perfective pasts naming two abrupt completed acts. The omitted subject and the terse pairing convey Paissy bursting out — the same «не вытерпел» that opened Fyodor Pavlovich's earlier jab, now in the monk's mouth."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Недостойнейшая игра слов","title":"«игра слов» — wordplay, and «недостойнейшая»","body":"«игра слов» ('play of words') is the standard term for a pun or quibble; Paissy's point is that the cleric is merely quibbling with scripture. The suffixal superlative «недостойнейшая» ('a most unworthy') gives his rebuke its indignant, sermonic force."}],"words":[{"surface":"Недостойнейшая","lemma":"недостойный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies игра","gloss":"most unworthy"},{"surface":"игра","lemma":"игра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, modified by Недостойнейшая","gloss":"play"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies игра","gloss":"on words"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking духовного лица","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"духовного","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лица","gloss":"spiritual"},{"surface":"лица!","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of для (\"a churchman\")","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вытерпел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вытерпел","lemma":"вытерпеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could bear"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links вытерпел and прервал","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прервал","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вытерпел","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прервал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вытерпел","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b2-c5-s40","source":"— Я читал эту книгу, на которую вы возражали, — обратился он к Ивану Федоровичу, — и удивлен был словами духовного лица, что «церковь есть царство не от мира сего».","translation":"\"I have read the book you were taking issue with,\" he said, turning to Ivan Fyodorovich, \"and I was astonished by the churchman's words, that 'the Church is a kingdom not of this world.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"книгу, на которую вы возражали","title":"«возражать на» + accusative relative","body":"Here «возражать» appears with «на» + accusative ('to object to / argue against'), so the relative is «на которую», agreeing feminine with «книгу». Compare s32, where the same verb took a bare dative — Dostoevsky uses both rections."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"удивлен был словами","title":"Short passive participle + instrumental cause","body":"«удивлён был» is a short past passive participle with «был» ('was astonished'); the cause/stimulus of passive 'being astonished' goes in the instrumental: «словами» ('by the words'). Note the bookish word order with the participle before «был»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of читал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"читал","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have read"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of книгу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"книгу","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of читал","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которую (\"object to\")","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на, refers to книгу","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of возражали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"возражали,","lemma":"возражать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause on книгу","gloss":"objected to"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to читал, introduces the speech","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивану Федоровичу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичу,","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ивану","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links обратился and удивлен","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"удивлен","lemma":"удивлённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate with был","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to удивлен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"словами","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"complement of удивлен","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"духовного","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лица","gloss":"spiritual"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies словами","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"царство","lemma":"царство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominal of есть","gloss":"a kingdom"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мира","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мира","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"мира","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies царство","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"demonstrative, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мира","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b2-c5-s41","source":"Если не от мира сего, то, стало быть, и не может быть на земле ее вовсе.","translation":"If it is not of this world, then it follows that it cannot exist on earth at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если не от мира сего, то, стало быть...","title":"Conditional «если... то» drawing a consequence","body":"«если... то» ('if... then') here is not hypothetical but logical-deductive: 'if [it is] not of this world, then it follows...'. «стало быть» ('consequently, so it follows') is a fixed inferential connector, the language of Paissy's tight syllogism."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не может быть на земле ее вовсе","title":"Negated existential with genitive «ее»","body":"«не может быть... ее» negates existence: 'it cannot exist at all'. The pronoun «ее» (genitive of «она», the Church) sits in the genitive as the subject of a negated 'to be', the genitive of negation extended to a modal existential."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the implied predicate (\"is not of this world\")","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мира","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"мира","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement in the conditional clause","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"demonstrative, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мира","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the consequence clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective (idiom \"стало быть\")","role":"part of the idiom стало быть (\"it follows\")","gloss":"it follows"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective (idiom \"стало быть\")","role":"part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"(idiom: consequently)","note":"стало быть is a fixed idiom meaning 'consequently, it follows.'"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies не может (\"cannot even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"to exist"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of быть","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of быть, genitive under negation, refers to церковь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b2-c5-s42","source":"В святом Евангелии слова «не от мира сего» не в том смысле употреблены.","translation":"In the holy Gospel the words 'not of this world' are not used in that sense.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мира сего","title":"Frozen Slavonic «мира сего»","body":"«сего» is the genitive of the archaic demonstrative «сей» ('this'); «мира сего» ('of this world') is fixed liturgical phrasing preserved intact from Church Slavonic. Such surviving forms of «сей» are a hallmark of the novel's scriptural register."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Евангелии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"святом","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Евангелии","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"Евангелии","lemma":"евангелие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of preposition В","gloss":"Gospel"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of passive употреблены","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мира (within the quoted phrase)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мира","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"мира","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слова (the quoted words \"not of this world\")","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"demonstrative, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мира","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies употреблены","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смысле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смысле","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"смысле","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of употреблены","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"употреблены","lemma":"употребить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are used"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b2-c5-s43","source":"Играть такими словами невозможно.","translation":"One cannot play with such words.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Играть такими словами невозможно","title":"Impersonal «невозможно» + infinitive","body":"A subjectless impersonal verdict: the predicative «невозможно» ('it is impossible') heads an infinitive «играть» ('to play [with]'). «играть» governs «с»-less instrumental here — «словами» ('with words') — the instrumental of the thing toyed with."}],"words":[{"surface":"Играть","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject of невозможно","gloss":"To play"},{"surface":"такими","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of словами","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"словами","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of Играть","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"impossible"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b2-c5-s44","source":"Господь наш Иисус Христос именно приходил установить церковь на земле.","translation":"Our Lord Jesus Christ came precisely to establish the Church upon earth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"именно приходил установить церковь","title":"Imperfective «приходил» for the purpose of coming","body":"«приходил» is the imperfective past of the prefixed motion verb «приходить» ('to come'); the imperfective here states the fact and purpose of Christ's coming ('came precisely [in order] to establish'), with «именно» ('precisely') stressing the very point. The goal infinitive «установить» is perfective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приходил","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Господь","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Иисус","lemma":"иисус","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Господь","gloss":"Jesus"},{"surface":"Христос","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иисус","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходил","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"установить","lemma":"установить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of приходил","gloss":"to establish"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of установить","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of установить","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b2-c5-s45","source":"Царство небесное, разумеется, не от мира сего, а в небе, но в него входят не иначе как чрез церковь, которая основана и установлена на земле.","translation":"The Kingdom of Heaven, to be sure, is not of this world but in heaven, yet one enters it in no other way than through the Church, which is founded and established upon earth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в него входят не иначе как чрез церковь","title":"Archaic «чрез» for «через»","body":"«чрез» is the bookish/Slavonic short form of «через» ('through'), governing the accusative «церковь». The idiom «не иначе как» ('in no other way than') heightens the categorical tone; «входят» is the imperfective present of general truth ('one enters')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которая основана и установлена на земле","title":"Short passive participles of result","body":"«основана и установлена» are short-form past passive participles ('is founded and established') agreeing feminine with «церковь» — the periphrastic passive stating a settled result. Their perfective source verbs give the sense of a completed founding still in force."}],"words":[{"surface":"Царство","lemma":"царство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"Kingdom"},{"surface":"небесное","lemma":"небесный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Царство","gloss":"of Heaven"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"to be sure"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies от мира сего","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мира","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"мира","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of implied \"есть\", modifies Царство","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"demonstrative, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мира","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"небе","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement, coordinated with мира","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of входят, refers to Царство","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"входят","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (impersonal \"one enters\")","gloss":"one enters"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies иначе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies входят, part of the idiom \"не иначе как\"","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom \"не иначе как\" (\"in no other way than\")","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церковь","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition чрез","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive основана","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"основана","lemma":"основать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on церковь","gloss":"founded"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links основана and установлена","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"установлена","lemma":"установить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with основана","gloss":"established"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of установлена","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b2-c5-s46","source":"А потому светские каламбуры в этом смысле невозможны и недостойны.","translation":"And therefore worldly puns in this sense are impossible and unworthy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"светские каламбуры","title":"«каламбур» — a pun, and «светский»","body":"«каламбур» (from French calembour) is a pun or wordplay; «светский» means 'worldly, secular, of [high] society' — the antonym of «духовный». Paissy condemns 'worldly puns' on holy words, the secular cleverness he and Ivan both, in different ways, mistrust."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"невозможны и недостойны","title":"Plural short adjectives as predicate","body":"«невозможны» and «недостойны» are short-form plural adjectives predicating of «каламбуры» ('are impossible and unworthy'). The short form, here categorical and judgmental, is the register of Paissy's pronouncement."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the preceding sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невозможны, idiom \"а потому\" (\"and therefore\")","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"светские","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies каламбуры","gloss":"worldly"},{"surface":"каламбуры","lemma":"каламбур","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of невозможны","gloss":"puns"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смысле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смысле","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"смысле","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of невозможны","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"невозможны","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links невозможны and недостойны","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"недостойны","lemma":"недостойный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with невозможны","gloss":"unworthy"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b2-c5-s47","source":"Церковь же есть воистину царство и определена царствовать и в конце своем должна явиться как царство на всей земле несомненно — на что имеем обетование...","translation":"The Church is in very truth a kingdom and is ordained to reign, and at its end it must without doubt appear as a kingdom over all the earth — of which we have the promise...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воистину","title":"«воистину» — verily, in very truth","body":"«воистину» ('truly, verily') is a Church-Slavonic adverb of asseveration, famous from the Paschal greeting «Христос воскресе — Воистину воскресе» ('Christ is risen — He is risen indeed'). It lifts «церковь воистину царство» into solemn, creedal affirmation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"определена царствовать... должна явиться","title":"Short passive participle + modal future","body":"«определена» is the short feminine passive participle ('is ordained, destined') with the imperfective infinitive «царствовать» ('to reign'); «должна явиться» pairs the modal «должна» with perfective «явиться» ('must appear'). The chain projects the Church's destiny as fixed and future."}],"words":[{"surface":"Церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"The Church"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Церковь, emphatic","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"in truth"},{"surface":"царство","lemma":"царство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominal of есть","gloss":"a kingdom"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links есть and определена","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"определена","lemma":"определить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"ordained"},{"surface":"царствовать","lemma":"царствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of определена","gloss":"to reign"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links определена and должна","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конце","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of должна явиться","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of конце","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"должна","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"явиться","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должна","gloss":"to appear"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"preposition marking царство","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"царство","lemma":"царство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of явиться","gloss":"a kingdom"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of земле","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явиться","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явиться","gloss":"without doubt"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что, refers back to the whole statement","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition на, complement of имеем","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"имеем","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"обетование","lemma":"обетование","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеем","gloss":"the promise"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b2-c5-s48","source":"Он вдруг умолк, как бы сдержав себя.","translation":"He suddenly fell silent, as though checking himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы сдержав себя","title":"Perfective gerund «сдержав» + reflexive «себя»","body":"«сдержав» is the perfective past gerund of «сдержать» ('having restrained'), governing the reflexive object «себя» ('himself') — 'as though having checked himself'. «как бы» ('as though') marks the narrator's inference about why Paissy suddenly stopped."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умолк","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умолк","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"умолк","lemma":"умолкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle (idiom \"как бы\")","role":"part of the idiom как бы (\"as though\")","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle (idiom \"как бы\")","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"сдержав","lemma":"сдержать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on умолк","gloss":"checking"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сдержав","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b2-c5-s49","source":"Иван Федорович, почтительно и внимательно его выслушав, с чрезвычайным спокойствием, но по-прежнему охотно и простодушно продолжал, обращаясь к старцу:","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich, having heard him out respectfully and attentively, with extraordinary composure but as readily and openheartedly as before, continued, addressing the elder:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почтительно и внимательно его выслушав","title":"Perfective gerund «выслушав» — 'having heard out'","body":"«выслушав» is the perfective past gerund of «выслушать»; the prefix «вы-» gives 'hear to the end, hear out'. It names a completed action prior to «продолжал» ('went on'), the deferential listening that precedes Ivan's measured reply."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с чрезвычайным спокойствием","title":"Instrumental of manner «с... спокойствием»","body":"«с» + instrumental «спокойствием» ('with composure') states the manner of Ivan's speaking. The string of such manner phrases — composure, readiness, openheartedness — paints the studied calm Alyosha had not expected."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"почтительно","lemma":"почтительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выслушав","gloss":"respectfully"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links почтительно and внимательно","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"внимательно","lemma":"внимательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with почтительно","gloss":"attentively"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выслушав","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"выслушав","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжал","gloss":"having heard out"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спокойствием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чрезвычайным","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies спокойствием","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"спокойствием","lemma":"спокойствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies продолжал (manner)","gloss":"composure"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb (idiom element)","role":"part of the idiom по-прежнему (\"as before\")","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adverb (idiom element)","role":"part of the idiom по-прежнему, modifies охотно and простодушно","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"охотно","lemma":"охотно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжал","gloss":"readily"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links охотно and простодушно","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"простодушно","lemma":"простодушно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with охотно","gloss":"openheartedly"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжал","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"старцу","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"the elder"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b2-c5-s50","source":"— Вся мысль моей статьи в том, что в древние времена, первых трех веков христианства, христианство на земле являлось лишь церковью и было лишь церковь.","translation":"\"The whole thought of my article is that in ancient times, in the first three centuries of Christianity, Christianity on earth appeared solely as the Church and was nothing but the Church.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"являлось лишь церковью и было лишь церковь","title":"Predicate instrumental vs. nominative — a deliberate switch","body":"Ivan first says «являлось... церковью» (instrumental after «являться», 'appeared as the Church') then «было лишь церковь» with a bare nominative «церковь» after «быть». The shift to nominative makes the identification absolute — not merely 'appeared as' but 'simply was the Church' — a fine point of predicate case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль (the leading ' ' is a stray HTML-entity artifact, not part of the word)","gloss":"The whole","note":"' ' is a stray non-breaking-space HTML entity left over from the em-dash markup; the actual Russian word is 'Вся'."},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (zero-copula predicate is в том)","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of статьи","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"статьи","lemma":"статья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of мысль","gloss":"article"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в; predicate of мысль, introduces the что-clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause completing том","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времена","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"древние","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies времена","gloss":"ancient"},{"surface":"времена","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"temporal adverbial of являлось","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies веков","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies веков","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"apposition specifying времена","gloss":"centuries"},{"surface":"христианства","lemma":"христианство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies веков","gloss":"of Christianity"},{"surface":"христианство","lemma":"христианство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of являлось and было","gloss":"Christianity"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of являлось","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"являлось","lemma":"являться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause (complement of том)","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies церковью","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"церковью","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of являлось","gloss":"as the Church"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with являлось (main verb)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies церковь","gloss":"nothing but"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of было (nominative used for emphasis)","gloss":"the Church","note":"Dostoevsky uses the nominative here instead of the expected instrumental predicate, stressing identity."}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b2-c5-s51","source":"Когда же римское языческое государство возжелало стать христианским, то непременно случилось так, что, став христианским, оно лишь включило в себя церковь, но само продолжало оставаться государством языческим по-прежнему, в чрезвычайно многих своих отправлениях.","translation":"But when the pagan Roman State desired to become Christian, it inevitably came about that, in becoming Christian, it merely took the Church into itself, while it continued itself to remain a pagan State as before, in an extraordinary number of its functions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"став христианским, оно лишь включило в себя церковь","title":"Perfective gerund «став» + predicate instrumental","body":"«став» is the perfective gerund of «стать» ('having become'), and «стать» takes its predicate in the instrumental: «христианским» ('Christian'). 'Having become Christian, it merely took the Church into itself («в себя»)' — gerund and instrumental working in tandem."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возжелало","title":"«возжелать» — to desire, in high style","body":"«возжелало» (from «возжелать», a Slavonic-flavored intensive of «желать») means 'conceived a desire, desired ardently'. The lofty prefix «воз-» and the biblical ring suit Ivan's grand historical narration of the Roman state's conversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause, correlates with то","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Когда","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"римское","lemma":"римский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies государство","gloss":"Roman"},{"surface":"языческое","lemma":"языческий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies государство","gloss":"pagan"},{"surface":"государство","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of возжелало","gloss":"State"},{"surface":"возжелало","lemma":"возжелать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause introduced by Когда","gloss":"desired"},{"surface":"стать","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of возжелало","gloss":"to become"},{"surface":"христианским","lemma":"христианский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стать","gloss":"Christian"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle introducing the main clause, correlate of Когда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"inevitably"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came about"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlate with что-clause, modifies случилось","gloss":"in such a way"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause (predicate включило...продолжало)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"став","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on включило","gloss":"having become"},{"surface":"христианским","lemma":"христианский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of став","gloss":"Christian"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of включило","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies включило","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"включило","lemma":"включить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause, coordinated with продолжало","gloss":"took in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of включило","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of включило","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"само","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of продолжало (=оно)","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"продолжало","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with включило","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжало","gloss":"to remain"},{"surface":"государством","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of оставаться","gloss":"a State"},{"surface":"языческим","lemma":"языческий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies государством","gloss":"pagan"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb (part of compound)","role":"part of the phrase по-прежнему, modifies оставаться","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb (part of compound)","role":"part of the phrase по-прежнему, modifies оставаться","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отправлениях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многих","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies отправлениях","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of отправлениях","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"отправлениях","lemma":"отправление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of оставаться","gloss":"functions"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b2-c5-s52","source":"В сущности так несомненно и должно было произойти.","translation":"In essence this is undoubtedly how it was bound to happen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так несомненно и должно было произойти","title":"Modal past «должно было произойти»","body":"«должно было произойти» layers the impersonal modal «должно» with «было» and the perfective infinitive «произойти» ('was bound to happen'). The neuter «должно... было» has no nominative subject — an impersonal of necessity. The particle «и» here is emphatic ('precisely so')."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сущности","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"сущности","lemma":"сущность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the adverbial phrase в сущности, modifies должно","gloss":"essence"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должно","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должно","gloss":"undoubtedly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes должно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"predicate adjective (modal), neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"was bound"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of должно (past-tense marker)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"произойти","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"to happen"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b2-c5-s53","source":"Но в Риме, как в государстве, слишком многое осталось от цивилизации и мудрости языческой, как например самые даже цели и основы государства.","translation":"But in Rome, as a State, far too much was left over from pagan civilization and wisdom — for example, the very aims and foundations of the State.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слишком многое осталось от цивилизации","title":"Substantivized «многое» + «от» + genitive","body":"«многое» ('much, a great deal') is a neuter substantivized adjective serving as subject of «осталось» ('remained'). «осталось от» takes the genitive of source: «от цивилизации и мудрости языческой» ('from pagan civilization and wisdom')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самые даже цели и основы","title":"Intensifier «самые» — 'the very'","body":"«самые» here intensifies ('the very aims and foundations'), not a superlative; interleaving «даже» ('even') heightens it further — 'the very aims and foundations themselves'. This emphatic «самый» recurs across the chapter wherever a point is pressed home."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Риме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Риме","lemma":"Рим","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осталось","gloss":"Rome"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical 'as a State', modifies Риме","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking государстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"государстве","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Риме","gloss":"a State"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многое","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of осталось","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"осталось","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was left over"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цивилизации","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"цивилизации","lemma":"цивилизация","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осталось","gloss":"civilization"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мудрости","lemma":"мудрость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with цивилизации","gloss":"wisdom"},{"surface":"языческой","lemma":"языческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies цивилизации и мудрости","gloss":"pagan"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the example clause (как например)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как например","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies цели","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самые","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"цели","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to многое (the example), subject of осталось","gloss":"aims"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"основы","lemma":"основа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with цели","gloss":"foundations"},{"surface":"государства","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies цели и основы","gloss":"of the State"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b2-c5-s54","source":"Христова же церковь, вступив в государство, без сомнения не могла уступить ничего из своих основ, от того камня, на котором стояла она, и могла лишь преследовать не иначе как свои цели, раз твердо поставленные и указанные ей самим господом, между прочим: обратить весь мир, а стало быть, и всё древнее языческое государство в церковь.","translation":"The Church of Christ, however, on entering into the State, could without doubt yield nothing of its own foundations, of that rock on which it stood, and could only pursue, in no other way, its own aims, once firmly set and appointed to it by the Lord himself — among them, to convert the whole world, and consequently the whole ancient pagan State as well, into the Church.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вступив в государство, без сомнения не могла уступить ничего","title":"Perfective gerund + genitive of negation under «ничего»","body":"«вступив» (perfective gerund, 'having entered') sets the prior action. The negated «не могла уступить» pulls its object into the genitive: «ничего из своих основ» ('nothing of its foundations'), with «ничего» itself the genitive negative pronoun — negative concord plus genitive of negation together."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"указанные ей самим господом","title":"Passive participle with instrumental agent","body":"«указанные» (past passive participle, 'appointed, indicated') describes the aims, and its agent stands in the instrumental: «самим господом» ('by the Lord himself'). The instrumental of the agent is the regular way Russian names the doer in a passive construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Христова","lemma":"христов","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies церковь","gloss":"Christ's"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"contrastive particle modifying the clause","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"Church"},{"surface":"вступив","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on могла","gloss":"having entered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking государство","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"государство","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступив","gloss":"the State"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сомнения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сомнения","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase без сомнения, modifies могла","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"уступить","lemma":"уступить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"yield"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of уступить","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking основ","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of основ","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"основ","lemma":"основа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of уступить","gloss":"foundations"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking камня","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of камня","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"камня","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to основ (oblique complement of уступить)","gloss":"rock"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояла","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"стояла","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on камня","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стояла","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with могла (main verb)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies преследовать","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"преследовать","lemma":"преследовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"pursue"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies иначе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies преследовать","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase не иначе как, introduces цели","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of цели","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"цели","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of преследовать","gloss":"aims"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying цели (once/since)","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поставленные","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"поставленные","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies цели (relative clause)","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"указанные","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with поставленные","gloss":"appointed"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of поставленные and указанные","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"самим","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies господом","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"господом","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent complement of поставленные and указанные","gloss":"by the Lord"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прочим","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"прочим","lemma":"прочий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase между прочим, parenthetical","gloss":"other things","note":"прочим is the instrumental neuter singular of the adjective/pronoun прочий ('other, remaining'), fixed in the idiom между прочим ('by the way'); the citation form is прочий, not the neuter surface form прочее."},{"surface":"обратить","lemma":"обратить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"in apposition to цели, explaining the aims","gloss":"to convert"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мир","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обратить","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the phrase стало быть (consequently)","gloss":"consequently"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало (idiom стало быть)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of государство","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"древнее","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies государство","gloss":"ancient"},{"surface":"языческое","lemma":"языческий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies государство","gloss":"pagan"},{"surface":"государство","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with мир (direct object of обратить)","gloss":"State"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церковь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратить","gloss":"the Church"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b2-c5-s55","source":"Таким образом (то есть в целях будущего), не церковь должна искать себе определенного места в государстве, как «всякий общественный союз» или как «союз людей для религиозных целей» (как выражается о церкви автор, которому возражаю), а, напротив, всякое земное государство должно бы впоследствии обратиться в церковь вполне и стать не чем иным, как лишь церковью, и уже отклонив всякие несходные с церковными свои цели.","translation":"In this way (that is, with the future in view), it is not the Church that should seek a definite place for itself within the State, like 'any social union' or like 'a union of men for religious ends' (as the author I am disputing describes the Church), but, on the contrary, every earthly State should in the end be wholly transformed into the Church and become nothing else but the Church, having now cast off any of its own aims that are at variance with those of the Church.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не церковь должна искать... а... всякое земное государство должно бы","title":"Contrastive «не... а» with the softening «бы»","body":"The frame «не X..., а... Y» reverses the cleric's claim. In the second limb «должно бы... обратиться» adds the conditional particle «бы» to «должно», softening the necessity to 'ought ideally to be transformed' — a hypothetical, willed outcome rather than a flat fact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стать не чем иным, как лишь церковью","title":"«стать» + predicate instrumental, twice","body":"«стать» governs the instrumental for its predicate: «не чем иным, как... церковью» ('nothing else but the Church'), where «ничто иное» itself appears in the instrumental «ничем иным». The whole idiom «не что иное, как» means 'nothing other than'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отклонив всякие несходные с церковными свои цели","title":"Perfective gerund «отклонив» closing the clause","body":"«отклонив» is the perfective past gerund of «отклонить» ('having cast off, rejected'); «уже отклонив» = 'having now cast off'. The reflexive «свои» ('its own') and the instrumental «с церковными» ('with the Church's [aims]') round out a densely participial, very literary sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"In this"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase таким образом ('in this way'), modifies должна","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть (that is)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть (that is)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целях","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"целях","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase в целях будущего, modifies должна","gloss":"view"},{"surface":"будущего","lemma":"будущее","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies целях","gloss":"the future"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies церковь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of должна","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"должна","lemma":"должный","morphology":"predicate adjective (modal), feminine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"искать","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должна","gloss":"seek"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"benefactive complement of искать","gloss":"for itself"},{"surface":"определенного","lemma":"определённый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies места","gloss":"a definite"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of искать (genitive under negation)","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking государстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"государстве","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies места","gloss":"the State"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison, modifies места","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of союз","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"общественный","lemma":"общественный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies союз","gloss":"social"},{"surface":"союз","lemma":"союз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the comparison (как...)","gloss":"union"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second comparison","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"союз","lemma":"союз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with союз","gloss":"a union"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies союз","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"религиозных","lemma":"религиозный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies целей","gloss":"religious"},{"surface":"целей","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies союз (purpose)","gloss":"ends"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"выражается","lemma":"выражаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"puts it"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церкви","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выражается","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"автор","lemma":"автор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выражается","gloss":"the author"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of возражаю","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"возражаю","lemma":"возражать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on автор","gloss":"I am disputing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies должно","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"всякое","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of государство","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"земное","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies государство","gloss":"earthly"},{"surface":"государство","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of должно","gloss":"State"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должный","morphology":"predicate adjective (modal), neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional marker with должно","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратиться","gloss":"eventually"},{"surface":"обратиться","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"be transformed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церковь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратиться","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратиться","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стать","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with обратиться","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of стать","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"иным","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the exception (не...как = 'but')","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies церковью","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"церковью","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of стать","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отклонив","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"отклонив","lemma":"отклонить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated adverbial clause with обратиться","gloss":"having cast off"},{"surface":"всякие","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of цели","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"несходные","lemma":"несходный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies цели","gloss":"at variance"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церковными","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"церковными","lemma":"церковный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of несходные","gloss":"the Church's"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of цели","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"цели","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of отклонив","gloss":"aims"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b2-c5-s56","source":"Всё же это ничем не унизит его, не отнимет ни чести, ни славы его как великого государства, ни славы властителей его, а лишь поставит его с ложной, еще языческой и ошибочной дороги на правильную и истинную дорогу, единственно ведущую к вечным целям.","translation":"None of this would in any way debase the State, would rob it of neither honor nor glory as a great State, nor of the glory of its rulers, but would only set it from the false, still pagan and mistaken road onto the right and true road, the only one leading to eternal ends.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничем не унизит его, не отнимет ни чести, ни славы","title":"Layered negation: «ничем... не... ни... ни»","body":"A cascade of negative concord: «ничем не унизит» ('would in no way debase'), then «не отнимет ни чести, ни славы» ('would rob it of neither honor nor glory'), where each «ни...» phrase sits in the genitive of negation. Russian piles negatives that all point one way."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"единственно ведущую к вечным целям","title":"Present active participle «ведущую»","body":"«ведущую» is the present active participle of «вести» ('leading'), agreeing feminine accusative with «дорогу» — 'the road... the only one leading to eternal ends'. It compresses 'which leads' into a single modifier, the bookish participial economy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom \"всё же\" (nevertheless/all the same), modifies the whole clause","gloss":"still","note":"Всё literally means 'all/everything'; the negative sense in the English translation ('None of this...') comes from the later ничем не, not from Всё itself. Glossing Всё as 'None' inverts its actual meaning."},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Всё","gloss":"nevertheless","note":"же here pairs with Всё to form the idiom всё же ('nevertheless/still'); 'at all' misattributes to же a sense that actually belongs to the later ничем не."},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of унизит","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"ничем","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of унизит (instrumental of manner)","gloss":"in any way"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies унизит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"унизит","lemma":"унизить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would debase"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of унизит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отнимет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отнимет","lemma":"отнять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with унизит","gloss":"would take away"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"чести","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отнимет","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"славы","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with чести","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of славы","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison, modifies славы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"великого","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies государства","gloss":"a great"},{"surface":"государства","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies славы (predicate of comparison)","gloss":"State"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"славы","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with чести","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"властителей","lemma":"властитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies славы","gloss":"of its rulers"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of властителей","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поставит","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"поставит","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with унизит","gloss":"would set"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поставит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороги","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ложной","lemma":"ложный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дороги","gloss":"false"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies языческой","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"языческой","lemma":"языческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ложной","gloss":"pagan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ошибочной","lemma":"ошибочный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ложной","gloss":"mistaken"},{"surface":"дороги","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставит","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дорогу","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"правильную","lemma":"правильный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дорогу","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"истинную","lemma":"истинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with правильную","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставит","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ведущую","gloss":"the only one"},{"surface":"ведущую","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies дорогу","gloss":"leading"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целям","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вечным","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies целям","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"целям","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ведущую","gloss":"ends"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b2-c5-s57","source":"Вот почему автор книги об «Основах церковно-общественного суда» судил бы правильно, если бы, изыскивая и предлагая эти основы, смотрел бы на них как на временный, необходимый еще в наше грешное и незавершившееся время компромисс, но не более.","translation":"That is why the author of the book On the Foundations of the Ecclesiastical Court would have judged rightly if, in seeking out and proposing these foundations, he had regarded them as a temporary compromise, still necessary in our sinful and unconsummated age — but no more than that.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"судил бы правильно, если бы... смотрел бы на них","title":"Full conditional with doubled «бы»","body":"A counterfactual conditional: «если бы... смотрел бы» in the protasis and «судил бы» in the apodosis, each a past-tense verb plus «бы». The repeated «бы» — even doubled within one clause — is characteristic, marking the whole as hypothetical: 'would have judged rightly if he had regarded'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"изыскивая и предлагая эти основы","title":"Paired imperfective present gerunds","body":"«изыскивая» and «предлагая» are imperfective present gerunds ('seeking out and proposing') describing actions simultaneous with the hypothetical 'regarding'. Even inside an irrealis clause, the gerund's simultaneity logic holds."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот почему (that is why)","gloss":"That is"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies судил","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"автор","lemma":"автор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of судил","gloss":"the author"},{"surface":"книги","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies автор","gloss":"of the book"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Основах","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"Основах","lemma":"основа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies книги","gloss":"Foundations"},{"surface":"церковно","lemma":"церковно-общественный","morphology":"adjective (compound, first element)","role":"modifies суда","gloss":"ecclesiastical"},{"surface":"общественного","lemma":"церковно-общественный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular (compound, second element)","role":"modifies суда","gloss":"social"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Основах","gloss":"Court"},{"surface":"судил","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would judge"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional marker with судил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"правильно","lemma":"правильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies судил","gloss":"rightly"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional marker with смотрел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"изыскивая","lemma":"изыскивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on смотрел","gloss":"seeking out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"предлагая","lemma":"предлагать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with изыскивая","gloss":"proposing"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of основы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"основы","lemma":"основа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of изыскивая and предлагая","gloss":"foundations"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"regarded"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional marker with смотрел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the predicate comparison (как на компромисс)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking компромисс","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"временный","lemma":"временный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies компромисс","gloss":"a temporary"},{"surface":"необходимый","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with временный","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies необходимый","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"грешное","lemma":"грешный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"sinful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"незавершившееся","lemma":"незавершившийся","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with грешное","gloss":"unconsummated"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of необходимый","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"компромисс","lemma":"компромисс","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of на, predicate complement of смотрел","gloss":"compromise"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement, coordinated with компромисс","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b2-c5-s58","source":"Но чуть лишь сочинитель этих основ осмеливается объявлять, что основы, которые предлагает он теперь и часть которых перечислил сейчас отец Иосиф, суть основы незыблемые, стихийные и вековечные, то уже прямо идет против церкви и святого, вековечного и незыблемого предназначения ее.","translation":"But the moment the framer of these foundations ventures to declare that the foundations he now proposes, some of which Father Iosif has just enumerated, are unshakable, elemental, and everlasting, he goes straight against the Church and against its holy, everlasting, and unshakable destiny.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чуть лишь сочинитель... осмеливается объявлять","title":"«чуть лишь» — 'the moment that'","body":"«чуть лишь» ('as soon as, the very moment') opens a temporal-conditional clause with present-tense «осмеливается» ('ventures, dares') for a general, recurring truth. The main clause «то уже прямо идёт против церкви» completes the 'the moment X, then Y' pattern."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"незыблемые, стихийные и вековечные","title":"A bookish triad: 'unshakable, elemental, everlasting'","body":"«незыблемый» ('unshakable', from «зыбь», a swell/ripple — that which cannot be made to ripple), «стихийный» ('elemental', from «стихия»), and «вековечный» ('age-old, everlasting', from «век»). The rolling triad, echoed again in the next breath, is Ivan's deliberately grandiose paraphrase of his opponent's claim."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"часть которых перечислил сейчас отец Иосиф","title":"Relative «которых» in the genitive","body":"«часть которых» = 'part of which', where «которых» is genitive plural ('of which [foundations]'), governed by «часть». The relative agrees in number with «основы» but takes the genitive its role as 'part of' demands."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"opens the sentence, contrasts with the preceding statement","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осмеливается (part of чуть лишь \"the moment\")","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чуть, reinforcing it","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"сочинитель","lemma":"сочинитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осмеливается","gloss":"framer"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of основ","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"основ","lemma":"основа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies сочинитель","gloss":"foundations"},{"surface":"осмеливается","lemma":"осмеливаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the чуть лишь clause","gloss":"ventures"},{"surface":"объявлять","lemma":"объявлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of осмеливается","gloss":"to declare"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of суть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"основы","lemma":"основа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of суть","gloss":"foundations"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of предлагает","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"предлагает","lemma":"предлагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on основы","gloss":"proposes"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предлагает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предлагает","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two relative clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"часть","lemma":"часть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of перечислил","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies часть","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"перечислил","lemma":"перечислить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on основы, coordinated with предлагает","gloss":"has enumerated"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перечислил","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перечислил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Иосиф","lemma":"Иосиф","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Iosif"},{"surface":"суть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, archaic","role":"copula linking основы to the predicate основы незыблемые...","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"основы","lemma":"основа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate nominal of суть","gloss":"foundations"},{"surface":"незыблемые","lemma":"незыблемый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies основы","gloss":"unshakable"},{"surface":"стихийные","lemma":"стихийный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with незыблемые","gloss":"elemental"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вековечные","lemma":"вековечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with незыблемые","gloss":"everlasting"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative of чуть лишь, introduces the main clause (идет)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идет","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идет","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церкви","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идет","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links церкви and предназначения","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"святого","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies предназначения","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"вековечного","lemma":"вековечный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with святого","gloss":"everlasting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"незыблемого","lemma":"незыблемый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with святого","gloss":"unshakable"},{"surface":"предназначения","lemma":"предназначение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with церкви","gloss":"destiny"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies предназначения","gloss":"its"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b2-c5-s59","source":"Вот вся моя статья, полный ее конспект.","translation":"There you have my whole article, the full summary of it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот вся моя статья, полный ее конспект","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"A nominative-only equational sentence with no verb 'to be': 'There [is] my whole article, [its] full summary'. Russian omits the present-tense copula entirely, so both halves stand in the nominative, joined by «вот» ('here [is]')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"there you have"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of статья","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of статья","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"статья","lemma":"статья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of Вот","gloss":"article"},{"surface":"полный","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конспект","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of конспект","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"конспект","lemma":"конспект","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with статья","gloss":"summary"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b2-c5-s60","source":"— То есть в двух словах, — упирая на каждое слово, проговорил опять отец Паисий, — по иным теориям, слишком выяснившимся в наш девятнадцатый век, церковь должна перерождаться в государство, так как бы из низшего в высший вид, чтобы затем в нем исчезнуть, уступив науке, духу времени и цивилизации.","translation":"\"That is to say, in two words,\" pronounced Father Paissy again, laying weight on every word, \"according to certain theories that have grown all too plain in this nineteenth century of ours, the Church ought to be transformed into the State, as though from a lower into a higher species, so as then to vanish into it, giving way to science, the spirit of the age, and civilization.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"упирая на каждое слово","title":"Present gerund «упирая» — 'laying weight on'","body":"«упирая на каждое слово» ('pressing on / stressing every word') is an imperfective present gerund giving the manner of Paissy's speaking. The idiom «упирать на» means to emphasize, to drive home — fitting his deliberate, weighty summation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"церковь должна перерождаться в государство... чтобы затем в нем исчезнуть","title":"«чтобы» + perfective infinitive of purpose","body":"«чтобы... исчезнуть» states the purpose/result, with «чтобы» plus a bare perfective infinitive ('so as then to vanish') because the subject is the same. The imperfective «перерождаться» ('to be transformed, reborn') names the ongoing process, the perfective «исчезнуть» its final endpoint."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слишком выяснившимся в наш... век","title":"Past active participle «выяснившимся»","body":"«выяснившимся» is the reflexive past active participle of «выясниться» ('having become clear'), in the dative agreeing with «теориям» — 'theories that have grown all too plain'. The reflexive «-ся» makes it a middle/change-of-state verb, and the participle packs the whole который-clause into one word."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, nominative, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть, modifies есть","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, third, singular, fixed idiom","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть (\"that is\")","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах,","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies словах,","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"словах,","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"упирая","lemma":"упирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"laying stress"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слово","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"каждое","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of упирая","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quoted speech","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий,","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking теориям","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"иным","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies теориям","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"теориям","lemma":"теория","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of должна","gloss":"theories"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выяснившимся","gloss":"all too"},{"surface":"выяснившимся","lemma":"выяснившийся","morphology":"participle, past, active, dative, plural, perfective","role":"modifies теориям","gloss":"grown plain"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking век","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of век","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"девятнадцатый","lemma":"девятнадцатый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies век","gloss":"nineteenth"},{"surface":"век","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выяснившимся","gloss":"century"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of должна","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"должна","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence (modal \"ought\")","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"перерождаться","lemma":"перерождаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должна","gloss":"be transformed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking государство","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"государство","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of перерождаться","gloss":"the State"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking низшего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"низшего","lemma":"низший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of из","gloss":"a lower [state]"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вид","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"высший","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of в, paired with низшего","gloss":"species"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of исчезнуть","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исчезнуть","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of исчезнуть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"исчезнуть","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on перерождаться","gloss":"vanish"},{"surface":"уступив","lemma":"уступить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on исчезнуть","gloss":"giving way"},{"surface":"науке","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of уступив","gloss":"to science"},{"surface":"духу","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with науке","gloss":"the spirit"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies духу","gloss":"of the age"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"цивилизации","lemma":"цивилизация","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with науке","gloss":"civilization"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b2-c5-s61","source":"Если же не хочет того и сопротивляется, то отводится ей в государстве за то как бы некоторый лишь угол, да и то под надзором, — и это повсеместно в наше время в современных европейских землях.","translation":"And if it refuses this and resists, then it is allotted within the State only a kind of corner, and that under supervision — and this is everywhere in our time, in the modern lands of Europe.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хочет того","title":"Genitive object under negation","body":"«того» is the genitive of «то» ('that'), pulled out of the accusative by the negated verb «не хочет». A negated transitive verb, especially with an abstract object, routinely shifts its object to the genitive — here 'does not want that'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отводится ей","title":"Reflexive passive «-ся»","body":"«отводится» (from «отводить», 'to allot, set aside') is an imperfective passive built with the clitic «-ся»: the corner 'is allotted to it'. The agent (the State) is left implied, and «ей» is the dative of the recipient."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы некоторый лишь угол","title":"Hedging particles «как бы» and «лишь»","body":"«как бы» ('as it were, a kind of') softens and approximates, while «лишь» ('only, merely') restricts — together they belittle the 'corner' grudgingly granted to the Church. Such stacked qualifiers give the elder's reported argument its hesitant, ironic texture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отводится","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хочет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сопротивляется","lemma":"сопротивляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочет","gloss":"resists"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative of если, introduces the clause of отводится","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"отводится","lemma":"отводиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is allotted"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of отводится","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking государстве","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"государстве","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отводится","gloss":"the State"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of за","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"некоторый","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of угол","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies угол","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"угол","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отводится","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и то","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase да и то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking надзором,","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"надзором,","lemma":"надзор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отводится (under supervision)","gloss":"supervision"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of повсеместно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"повсеместно","lemma":"повсеместно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"is everywhere"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повсеместно","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"современных","lemma":"современный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies землях","gloss":"modern"},{"surface":"европейских","lemma":"европейский","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies землях","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"землях","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with время","gloss":"lands"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b2-c5-s62","source":"По русскому же пониманию и упованию надо, чтобы не церковь перерождалась в государство, как из низшего в высший тип, а, напротив, государство должно кончить тем, чтобы сподобиться стать единственно лишь церковью и ничем иным более.","translation":"But by the Russian understanding and hope, it should be not that the Church is transformed into the State, as from a lower into a higher type, but, on the contrary, that the State should end by being found worthy to become solely the Church and nothing else whatever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не церковь перерождалась в государство","title":"«чтобы» + past form for a willed outcome","body":"«надо, чтобы…» governs «чтобы» plus a past-tense verb («перерождалась», «сподобиться стать») — the irrealis construction for a desired or required result, not a plain reported fact. The «бы» fused into «чтобы» is the same conditional particle seen throughout the chapter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стать единственно лишь церковью","title":"Instrumental predicate after «стать»","body":"«стать» ('to become') takes its predicate noun in the instrumental: «церковью» ('[into] the Church'). The instrumental frames the new role as something assumed or arrived at, exactly the transformation Ivan is describing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сподобиться","title":"«сподобиться» — to be deemed worthy","body":"A bookish, religiously coloured verb meaning 'to be granted the grace / found worthy' of something. It belongs to the elevated ecclesiastical register and lends the State's hoped-for transformation a tone of divine favour rather than mere progress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничем иным более","title":"Instrumental in the negative-concord chain","body":"«ничем» is the instrumental of «ничто» ('nothing'), agreeing with the instrumental «церковью» it stands beside: 'nothing else more'. The «ни-» word still rides on the «не» implied by the whole exclusive construction — Russian's negative concord."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пониманию","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"русскому","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пониманию","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies русскому","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"пониманию","lemma":"понимание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"упованию","lemma":"упование","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with пониманию","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it should be"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перерождалась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies церковь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of перерождалась","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"перерождалась","lemma":"перерождаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of надо","gloss":"is transformed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking государство","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"государство","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of перерождалась","gloss":"the State"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative phrase modifying перерождалась","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking низшего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"низшего","lemma":"низший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of из","gloss":"a lower [type]"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тип","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"высший","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тип","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"тип","lemma":"тип","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of в, paired with низшего","gloss":"type"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, introduces the contrast","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"государство","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of должно","gloss":"the State"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with перерождалась (second complement of чтобы)","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"кончить","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончить","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сподобиться","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сподобиться","lemma":"сподобиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement clause of тем","gloss":"being found worthy"},{"surface":"стать","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сподобиться","gloss":"to become"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лишь","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies церковью","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"церковью","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of стать","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничем","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with церковью","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"иным","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ничем","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничем иным","gloss":"whatever"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b2-c5-s63","source":"Сие и бу́ди, бу́ди!","translation":"So be it, then; so be it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Сие и буди, буди!","title":"'So be it! So be it!'","body":"«Буди» is the archaic, Church-Slavonic imperative of «быть» ('to be'); in modern Russian the imperative is «будь». «Сие» is the old word for 'this' (modern «это»; «сие» survives only in set phrases). The doubled «буди, буди» functions like a solemn liturgical 'Amen, so be it', which is why it gives the chapter its title. The stress mark («бу́ди») tells the reader to stress the first syllable."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сие","title":"The archaic demonstrative «сие»","body":"«сие» is the neuter of the bookish demonstrative «сей» ('this'), the high-style counterpart of «это». In 19th-century literary and ecclesiastical Russian it carries solemnity; here it points back to the whole vision just laid out — 'this'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, nominative, neuter, singular, archaic","role":"subject of the first бу́ди","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бу́ди","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative, third, singular, archaic (Church Slavonic)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"so be it"},{"surface":"бу́ди","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative, third, singular, archaic (Church Slavonic)","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with the first бу́ди","gloss":"so be it"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b2-c5-s64","source":"— Ну-с, признаюсь, вы меня теперь несколько ободрили, — усмехнулся Миусов, переложив опять ногу на ногу.","translation":"\"Well, I confess you have now somewhat heartened me,\" Miusov smiled, recrossing his legs once more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ну-с","title":"The deferential clitic «-с»","body":"«-с» is the «словоерс», a contraction of «сударь» ('sir') tacked onto a word for a tone of deference, irony, or fussy politeness. Here «Ну-с» ('Well, sir…') marks the worldly Miusov's faintly affected, drawing-room manner — a register signal lost in plain English."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"переложив опять ногу на ногу","title":"Perfective past gerund «деепричастие»","body":"«переложив» is a perfective past gerund ('having shifted'), an indeclinable verb-adverb sharing Miusov's subject and expressing the action that frames his speech — he recrosses his legs as he confesses. Such gerund tags on dialogue verbs are a hallmark of the novel's narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"признаюсь","title":"Reflexive verb «признаться»","body":"«признаюсь» ('I confess') is the «-сь» (post-vowel «-ся») form of «признаться». The reflexive here is lexicalised — the verb simply exists in this form, a frequent conversational parenthetical."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, enclitic","role":"attaches to Ну as a polite enclitic","gloss":"(polite tag)"},{"surface":"признаюсь","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"I confess"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ободрили,","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ободрили,","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ободрили,","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ободрили,","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"ободрили,","lemma":"ободрить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have heartened"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quoted speech","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"переложив","lemma":"переложить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on усмехнулся","gloss":"recrossing"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переложив","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of переложив","gloss":"leg"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногу","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переложив","gloss":"leg"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b2-c5-s65","source":"— Сколько я понимаю, это, стало быть, осуществление какого-то идеала, бесконечно далекого, во втором пришествии.","translation":"\"As far as I understand, this is, then, the realization of some ideal, infinitely remote, at the Second Coming.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"осуществление какого-то идеала","title":"Indefinite «какого-то» + genitive","body":"«какого-то» is «какой» ('some, what kind of') with the clitic «-то», marking a specific but unidentified referent — 'some ideal or other'. Its genitive ending agrees with «идеала», the genitive object of the verbal noun «осуществление» ('the realization of…')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стало быть","title":"Parenthetical «стало быть»","body":"A frozen phrase ('therefore, that is to say, consequently'), literally 'it has become to be'. It functions as a logical connective in reasoning speech and no longer parses as a live verb construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause, modifies понимаю","gloss":"as far as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of осуществление (zero copula)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, third, singular, perfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase стало быть (\"so to speak\")","gloss":"so, then"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase стало быть","gloss":"(so to speak)"},{"surface":"осуществление","lemma":"осуществление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominal of это","gloss":"realization"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of идеала","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix of какого, determiner of идеала","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"идеала","lemma":"идеал","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies осуществление","gloss":"ideal"},{"surface":"бесконечно","lemma":"бесконечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies далекого","gloss":"infinitely"},{"surface":"далекого","lemma":"далёкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies идеала","gloss":"remote"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пришествии","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"втором","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пришествии","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"пришествии","lemma":"пришествие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of осуществление","gloss":"Coming"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b2-c5-s66","source":"Это как угодно.","translation":"That is as you please.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как угодно","title":"«как угодно» — as you please","body":"A set phrase built on «угодно» ('pleasing, agreeable'), used impersonally: 'however you like, as you please'. Miusov waves the metaphysics aside with a dismissive idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of угодно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the predicate угодно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of Это","gloss":"you please"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b2-c5-s67","source":"Прекрасная утопическая мечта об исчезновении войн, дипломатов, банков и проч.","translation":"A lovely utopian dream of the disappearance of wars, diplomats, banks, and so forth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"об исчезновении войн, дипломатов, банков","title":"Genitive of the thing that disappears","body":"The verbal noun «исчезновение» ('disappearance') governs a genitive list — «войн» (gen. pl. of «война»), «дипломатов», «банков» — naming what vanishes. The varied genitive-plural endings (zero in «войн», «-ов» in «дипломатов/банков») are on display."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и проч.","title":"«и прочее» — and so forth","body":"The abbreviation «и проч.» stands for «и прочее» ('and the rest, etcetera'). Miusov's clipped list-ending adds to the tone of weary, worldly dismissal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прекрасная","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мечта","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"утопическая","lemma":"утопический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мечта","gloss":"utopian"},{"surface":"мечта","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исчезновении","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"исчезновении","lemma":"исчезновение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мечта","gloss":"disappearance"},{"surface":"войн","lemma":"война","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies исчезновении","gloss":"of wars"},{"surface":"дипломатов","lemma":"дипломат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with войн","gloss":"diplomats"},{"surface":"банков","lemma":"банк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with войн","gloss":"banks"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"abbreviation, particle","role":"coordinated with банков","gloss":"so forth"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b2-c5-s68","source":"Что-то даже похожее на социализм.","translation":"Something even resembling socialism.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что-то даже похожее на социализм","title":"Indefinite «что-то» + agreeing adjective","body":"«что-то» ('something', specific-but-unnamed) is the neuter indefinite pronoun; «похожее» is a neuter adjective agreeing with it, and «похожий на» ('resembling') governs the accusative «социализм». A verbless fragment — pure topic-less remark."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of похожее (part of что-то)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix of что, part of что-то","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies похожее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"похожее","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"resembling"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking социализм","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"социализм","lemma":"социализм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похожее","gloss":"socialism"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b2-c5-s69","source":"А то я думал, что всё это серьезно и что церковь теперь, например, будет судить уголовщину и приговаривать розги и каторгу, а пожалуй, так и смертную казнь.","translation":"But I had thought all this was meant in earnest, and that the Church would now, for example, try criminal cases and sentence men to the rod and to penal servitude, and perhaps even to death.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А то я думал","title":"Contrastive opener «А то»","body":"«А» is the mild contrastive conjunction marking a shift of footing, and «а то» here means 'whereas, but otherwise / for I had thought'. It pivots from the dismissed utopia to what Miusov says he had assumed instead."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будет судить … и приговаривать","title":"Compound imperfective future","body":"«будет судить» and «приговаривать» are imperfective infinitives under one conjugated «будет» (future of «быть») — the analytic future for ongoing or repeated action: 'would be trying… and sentencing…'. The single auxiliary covers both infinitives."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"розги и каторгу","title":"«розги» and «каторга» — the rod and penal servitude","body":"«розги» (rods, birching) was corporal punishment; «каторга» was the brutal forced-labour exile to Siberia that Dostoevsky himself endured. Naming these concrete penal realities, Miusov sneers that he had taken the Church-court idea as a literal apparatus of flogging and the bagne."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уголовщину","title":"«уголовщина» — criminal matters","body":"A colloquial collective noun (accusative «уголовщину») for criminal offences / the criminal element, from «уголовный» ('criminal'). Slightly dismissive in tone, it suits Miusov's worldly impatience."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase а то (\"as it was\")","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of серьезно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of серьезно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of думал","gloss":"was in earnest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of судить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of судить","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies судить","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies судить","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of судить","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"судить","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, coordinated with приговаривать","gloss":"try"},{"surface":"уголовщину","lemma":"уголовщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of судить","gloss":"criminal cases"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приговаривать","lemma":"приговаривать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with судить","gloss":"sentence"},{"surface":"розги","lemma":"розга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of приговаривать","gloss":"the rod"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"каторгу","lemma":"каторга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with розги","gloss":"penal servitude"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies казнь","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так и (\"even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"смертную","lemma":"смертный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies казнь","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"казнь","lemma":"казнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with каторгу","gloss":"penalty"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b2-c5-s70","source":"— Да если б и теперь был один лишь церковно-общественный суд, то и теперь бы церковь не посылала на каторгу или на смертную казнь.","translation":"\"But even if there were nothing now but the ecclesiastical court, even now the Church would not send men to penal servitude or to death.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да если б … то … бы церковь не посылала","title":"Counterfactual «если бы … то … бы»","body":"The conditional is doubled: «если б» (= «если бы») in the protasis and a second «бы» on the verb «не посылала» in the apodosis, both with past-tense forms. This is the standard irrealis — 'even if there were…, the Church would not send'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"церковно-общественный суд","title":"'Ecclesiastical-communal court'","body":"A coined compound adjective ('church-and-social') modifying «суд» ('court'). Ivan imagines a court grounded in the Church-as-society, the central conceit of the whole disputation about jurisdiction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"modifies был","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on посылала","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies суд","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies суд","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"церковно","lemma":"церковный","morphology":"adjective, part of compound, indeclinable","role":"modifies суд","gloss":"ecclesiastical"},{"surface":"общественный","lemma":"общественный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суд","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative of если, introduces the clause of посылала","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посылала","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of посылала","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of посылала","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посылала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посылала","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"send"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каторгу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"каторгу","lemma":"каторга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посылала","gloss":"penal servitude"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking казнь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"смертную","lemma":"смертный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies казнь","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"казнь","lemma":"казнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with каторгу","gloss":"penalty"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b2-c5-s71","source":"Преступление и взгляд на него должны бы были несомненно тогда измениться, конечно мало-помалу, не вдруг и не сейчас, но, однако, довольно скоро... — спокойно и не смигнув глазом произнес Иван Федорович.","translation":"Crime, and the view taken of it, would undoubtedly have to change then, little by little, of course, not suddenly and not at once, but still fairly soon...\" said Ivan Fyodorovich calmly and without batting an eyelid.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"должны бы были … измениться","title":"Conditional with «бы» split across the verb","body":"«должны бы были измениться» — 'would have had to change' — shows the mobile «бы» wedged between the short adjective «должны» and the past auxiliary «были». The «бы» makes the obligation hypothetical, contingent on the imagined Church-court order."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мало-помалу","title":"«мало-помалу» — little by little","body":"A reduplicated adverbial idiom ('bit by bit, gradually'), paired here with «не вдруг и не сейчас» ('not suddenly and not at once'). The folksy phrasing softens Ivan's claim into something inevitable but slow."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не смигнув глазом","title":"Negated perfective gerund","body":"«не смигнув глазом» ('without batting an eyelid') is a negated perfective past gerund «деепричастие», describing the manner of «произнес». The instrumental «глазом» ('with an eye') is the means; the whole tag underscores Ivan's unnerving calm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Преступление","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Преступление","gloss":"the view"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"would have to"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of должны","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies измениться","gloss":"undoubtedly"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies измениться","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"измениться","lemma":"измениться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"change"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies измениться","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of compound мало-помалу, modifies измениться","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"помалу","lemma":"помалу","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of compound мало-помалу, modifies измениться","gloss":"by little"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on измениться","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with вдруг","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies скоро","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скоро","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with измениться","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"calmly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смигнув","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"смигнув","lemma":"смигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"batting"},{"surface":"глазом","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смигнув","gloss":"an eyelid"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quoted speech","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b2-c5-s72","source":"— Вы серьезно? — пристально глянул на него Миусов","translation":"\"Are you in earnest?\" Miusov said, looking at him intently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пристально глянул на него","title":"Perfective «глянул» as a single look","body":"«глянул» (perfective of «глядеть/глянуть») presents a single, momentary glance — one completed act — against the imperfective «смотрел» that would suggest sustained looking. The adverb «пристально» ('intently') sharpens it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of серьезно?","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"серьезно?","lemma":"серьёзно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of Вы","gloss":"in earnest"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глянул","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"глянул","lemma":"глянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глянул (object of на)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глянул","gloss":"Miusov"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b2-c5-s73","source":"— Если бы всё стало церковью, то церковь отлучала бы от себя преступного и непослушного, а не рубила бы тогда голов, — продолжал Иван Федорович.","translation":"\"If everything became the Church, then the Church would excommunicate the criminal and the disobedient from itself, and would not then cut off heads,\" Ivan Fyodorovich went on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если бы всё стало церковью, то церковь отлучала бы … а не рубила бы","title":"Counterfactual with paired «бы» verbs","body":"A textbook irrealis: «если бы» plus past «стало» in the condition, then two «бы» + past verbs in the result — «отлучала бы» / «не рубила бы». Both result verbs are imperfective past, picturing the habitual conduct of the imagined Church."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стало церковью","title":"Instrumental predicate after «стать»","body":"Again «стать» + instrumental «церковью»: 'if everything became the Church'. The instrumental marks the transformed role the State would assume."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отлучала бы от себя","title":"«отлучать» — to excommunicate","body":"«отлучать (от церкви)» is the technical verb for excommunication, cutting someone off from communion. It is the chapter's key term, deliberately set against the secular «рубить голову» ('cut off heads') — spiritual exclusion versus the executioner's axe."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional/subjunctive marker","role":"marks conditional mood with Если","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause introduced by Если","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"церковью","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of стало","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause (отлучала)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отлучала","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"отлучала","lemma":"отлучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would excommunicate"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of отлучала","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of отлучала","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"преступного","lemma":"преступный","morphology":"adjective (substantive), accusative animate, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отлучала","gloss":"the criminal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"непослушного","lemma":"непослушный","morphology":"adjective (substantive), accusative animate, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with преступного","gloss":"the disobedient"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction, contrastive","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negation","role":"modifies рубила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"рубила","lemma":"рубить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отлучала","gloss":"would cut off"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of рубила","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рубила","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"голов,","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, genitive (of negation), feminine, plural","role":"direct object of рубила","gloss":"heads"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the attribution clause","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b2-c5-s74","source":"— Я вас спрашиваю, куда бы пошел отлученный?","translation":"\"I ask you, where would the excommunicated man go?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"куда бы пошел отлученный?","title":"Conditional question with «бы»","body":"«куда бы пошел» ('where would [he] go') is a conditional with «бы» + past «пошел», projecting a hypothetical. «отлученный» is a substantivised past passive participle ('the excommunicated one') serving as the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спрашиваю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of спрашиваю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спрашиваю","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of пошел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of спрашиваю","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"отлученный","lemma":"отлучённый","morphology":"adjective (substantive), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"the excommunicated man"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b2-c5-s75","source":"Ведь тогда он должен был бы не только от людей, как теперь, но и от Христа уйти.","translation":"For then he would have to go away not only from men, as now, but from Christ as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь тогда он должен был бы … уйти","title":"Particle «ведь» + conditional obligation","body":"«Ведь» opens the sentence appealing to shared, self-evident knowledge ('for, after all'). «должен был бы … уйти» is the conditional of obligation — 'he would have to go away'. The «бы» again splits off after the past auxiliary «был»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только от людей … но и от Христа","title":"Correlative «не только … но и»","body":"The framework «не только X, но и Y» ('not only X but also Y') escalates from men to Christ; «уйти от» ('to go away from') governs the genitive in both arms — «от людей», «от Христа». The rising pair is the rhetorical engine of Ivan's point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective (predicative), masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"have to"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of должен","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative не только ... но и","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of уйти","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"introduces the comparison теперь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уйти (comparative clause)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Христа","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Христа","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with людей","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"уйти","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"go away"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b2-c5-s76","source":"Ведь он своим преступлением восстал бы не только на людей, но и на церковь Христову.","translation":"For by his crime he would have risen up not only against men, but against the Church of Christ.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"восстал бы … на людей … на церковь","title":"«восстать на» + accusative — to rise against","body":"«восстал бы» is a conditional («бы» + perfective past «восстал»), and «восстать на кого» ('to rise up against') takes the accusative — «на людей», «на церковь». The preposition «на» governs the accusative here in its hostile sense, not location."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"церковь Христову","title":"Possessive adjective «Христова»","body":"«Христову» (acc. fem.) is from «Христов», a possessive adjective ('Christ's') rather than the genitive «Христа». Such -ов/-ова possessive adjectives, common in fixed religious phrases (церковь Христова, заповеди Господни), carry a solemn, scriptural ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies восстал","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восстал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of преступлением","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"преступлением","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of восстал","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"восстал","lemma":"восстать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose up"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of восстал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative не только ... но и","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of восстал","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церковь","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with людей","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"Христову","lemma":"христов","morphology":"possessive adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies церковь","gloss":"of Christ"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b2-c5-s77","source":"Это и теперь, конечно, так в строгом смысле, но все-таки не объявлено, и совесть нынешнего преступника весьма и весьма часто вступает с собою в сделки: «Украл, дескать, но не на церковь иду, Христу не враг» — вот что говорит себе нынешний преступник сплошь да рядом, ну а тогда, когда церковь станет на место государства, тогда трудно было бы ему это сказать, разве с отрицанием всей церкви на всей земле: «Все, дескать, ошибаются, все уклонились, все ложная церковь, я один, убийца и вор, — справедливая христианская церковь».","translation":"This is so even now, of course, in the strict sense, but it is nonetheless not proclaimed, and the conscience of the present-day criminal very, very often enters into bargains with itself: 'I stole,' he tells himself, 'but I am not going against the Church, I am no enemy of Christ' — that is what the present-day criminal tells himself time and again; yet then, when the Church takes the place of the State, it would be hard for him to say such a thing, except by denying the whole Church over all the earth: 'Everyone is mistaken,' he would have to say, 'everyone has gone astray, all of it is a false Church, and I alone, a murderer and a thief, am the true Christian Church.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"Reportative particle «дескать»","body":"«дескать» flags reported or quoted speech with a shade of the speaker's distance or scepticism — 'he says / supposedly'. Twice here it frames the criminal's self-justifying inner quotation, lending it a sardonic, second-hand colour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вступает с собою в сделки","title":"Reflexive pronoun «собою» (instrumental)","body":"«собою» is the instrumental of the reflexive «себя», governed by «с» ('with') after «вступать в сделки с кем» ('to enter into bargains with'). It points back to the clause's subject — the conscience bargains 'with itself'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда церковь станет на место государства, тогда трудно было бы ему это сказать","title":"Impersonal dative with conditional «было бы»","body":"«трудно было бы ему … сказать» is an impersonal construction: the experiencer «ему» stands in the dative, the predicate is the invariable «трудно» ('[it is] hard'), and «было бы» makes it hypothetical. No nominative subject — the difficulty simply befalls him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сплошь да рядом","title":"«сплошь да рядом» — time and again","body":"A colloquial set phrase ('constantly, every other moment, more often than not'), with the folksy conjunction «да» linking the two adverbs. It earths the elder's-style argument in everyday speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical modifier of так","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate, head of the clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смысле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"строгом","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смысле","gloss":"strict"},{"surface":"смысле","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies так","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle, part of все-таки","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle, part of все-таки","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negation","role":"modifies объявлено","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"объявлено","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate, coordinated with так","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совесть","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вступает","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"нынешнего","lemma":"нынешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies преступника","gloss":"present-day"},{"surface":"преступника","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies совесть","gloss":"criminal's"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто (paired with weight на весьма)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вступает","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"вступает","lemma":"вступать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"enters"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of вступает","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сделки","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сделки","lemma":"сделка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вступает","gloss":"bargains"},{"surface":"Украл","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I stole"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, reportative","role":"parenthetical particle within the quote","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negation","role":"modifies иду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церковь","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of иду","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"иду","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Украл","gloss":"am going"},{"surface":"Христу","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of враг","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negation","role":"modifies враг","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"враг»","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with Украл","gloss":"an enemy"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect object of говорит","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"нынешний","lemma":"нынешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies преступник","gloss":"present-day"},{"surface":"преступник","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"criminal"},{"surface":"сплошь","lemma":"сплошь","morphology":"adverb, part of сплошь да рядом","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle, part of сплошь да рядом","role":"part of the phrase сплошь да рядом","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рядом","lemma":"рядом","morphology":"adverb, part of сплошь да рядом","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle, discourse marker","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трудно (correlative тогда...тогда)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of станет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of станет","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"станет","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on трудно","gloss":"takes"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"in place of"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of станет","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"государства","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"the state"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трудно","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"трудно","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adverb, predicative, neuter","role":"head of the main clause","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to трудно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of трудно","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer complement of трудно","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on трудно","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle, exceptive","role":"modifies с отрицанием","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отрицанием","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"отрицанием","lemma":"отрицание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказать","gloss":"denying"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of церкви","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отрицанием","gloss":"Church"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of земле","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies церкви","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"Все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ошибаются","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, reportative","role":"parenthetical particle within the quote","gloss":"he'd say"},{"surface":"ошибаются","lemma":"ошибаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"are mistaken"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of уклонились","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"уклонились","lemma":"уклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with ошибаются","gloss":"has strayed"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of церковь (copula omitted)","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"ложная","lemma":"ложный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies церковь","gloss":"false"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with уклонились","gloss":"a church"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of церковь (w85)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to я","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to я","gloss":"a murderer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вор,","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with убийца","gloss":"a thief"},{"surface":"справедливая","lemma":"справедливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies церковь (w85)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"христианская","lemma":"христианский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies церковь (w85)","gloss":"Christian"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я","gloss":"Church"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b2-c5-s78","source":"Это ведь очень трудно себе сказать, требует условий огромных, обстоятельств, не часто бывающих.","translation":"That is a very hard thing to say to oneself; it demands enormous conditions, circumstances that do not often occur.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"очень трудно себе сказать","title":"Reflexive «себе» (dative) + impersonal predicate","body":"«себе» is the dative of the reflexive «себя» — 'to say to oneself'. The clause is impersonal-evaluative ('it is very hard to say to oneself'), the infinitive «сказать» standing as the logical subject of «трудно»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обстоятельств, не часто бывающих","title":"Present active participle «бывающих»","body":"«бывающих» is the present active participle of «бывать» ('to happen, occur'), genitive plural agreeing with «обстоятельств» — 'circumstances [that are] not often occurring'. It compresses a «который»-clause into a single bookish modifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of трудно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трудно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трудно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"трудно","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adverb, predicative, neuter","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on трудно","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"требует","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with трудно","gloss":"demands"},{"surface":"условий","lemma":"условие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of требует","gloss":"conditions"},{"surface":"огромных","lemma":"огромный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies условий","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"обстоятельств","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with условий","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negation","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывающих","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"бывающих","lemma":"бывающий","morphology":"present active participle, genitive, plural","role":"modifies обстоятельств","gloss":"occurring"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b2-c5-s79","source":"Теперь, с другой стороны, возьмите взгляд самой церкви на преступление: разве не должен он измениться против теперешнего, почти языческого, и из механического отсечения зараженного члена, как делается ныне для охранения общества, преобразиться, и уже вполне и не ложно, в идею о возрождении вновь человека, о воскресении его и спасении его...","translation":"Now, on the other hand, take the view of crime held by the Church itself: must it not change from its present, almost pagan, view, and from the mechanical cutting off of an infected member, as is done nowadays for the protection of society, be transfigured — and now fully and without falsehood — into the idea of the rebirth of the man anew, of his resurrection and his salvation...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве не должен он измениться","title":"Rhetorical «разве … не»","body":"«разве» introduces a question expecting agreement, sharpened by «не» into a rhetorical 'must it not…?'. The doubled negation pulls the listener toward the obvious yes — a favourite device of the elder's persuasion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из механического отсечения … преобразиться … в идею","title":"«преобразиться из … в …» with case pairing","body":"«преобразиться» ('to be transfigured') frames a transformation: «из» + genitive («отсечения») for the starting point, «в» + accusative («идею») for the result. The prepositions fix the cases that carry the 'from-into' logic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"преобразиться","title":"«преобразиться» — to be transfigured","body":"The verb of the Transfiguration of Christ («Преображение»), here applied to the Church's view of crime. Its sacred resonance deliberately lifts the social argument into theological vocabulary — reform as transfiguration, not mere reform."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возьмите","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of с, adverbial phrase modifying возьмите","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"возьмите","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возьмите","gloss":"view"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies церкви","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"Church's"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступление","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"преступление","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle, rhetorical","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negation","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, predicative, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"измениться","lemma":"измениться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"change"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking теперешнего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"теперешнего","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective (substantive), genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of измениться","gloss":"the present"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies языческого","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"языческого","lemma":"языческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with теперешнего","gloss":"pagan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отсечения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"механического","lemma":"механический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отсечения","gloss":"mechanical"},{"surface":"отсечения","lemma":"отсечение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of измениться","gloss":"cutting off"},{"surface":"зараженного","lemma":"заражённый","morphology":"past passive participle, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies члена","gloss":"infected"},{"surface":"члена","lemma":"член","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отсечения","gloss":"member"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of делается","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"делается","lemma":"делаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying измениться","gloss":"is done"},{"surface":"ныне","lemma":"ныне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делается","gloss":"nowadays"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking охранения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"охранения","lemma":"охранение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of делается","gloss":"protection"},{"surface":"общества","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies охранения","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"преобразиться","lemma":"преобразиться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with измениться, complement of должен","gloss":"be transfigured"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вполне","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies преобразиться","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negation","role":"modifies ложно","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"ложно","lemma":"ложный","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with вполне, modifies преобразиться","gloss":"falsely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идею","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"идею","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of преобразиться","gloss":"the idea"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возрождении","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"возрождении","lemma":"возрождение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies идею","gloss":"rebirth"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возрождении","gloss":"anew"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies возрождении","gloss":"of man"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воскресении","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"воскресении","lemma":"воскресение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with возрождении","gloss":"resurrection"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воскресении","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спасении","lemma":"спасение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with возрождении","gloss":"salvation"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спасении","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b2-c5-s80","source":"— То есть что же это такое?","translation":"\"But what on earth does this mean?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что же это такое?","title":"Emphatic particle «же» in a question","body":"«же» drives indignant emphasis into the question — 'but what on earth is this?'. Set in «что же это такое», it conveys Miusov's exasperated incomprehension, a flavour English can only carry through stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, part of the idiom то есть","role":"forms the idiom то есть with есть","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, part of the idiom то есть","role":"forms the idiom то есть with То","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"interrogative pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of что","gloss":"sort of thing"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b2-c5-s81","source":"Я опять перестаю понимать, — перебил Миусов, — опять какая-то мечта.","translation":"I am ceasing to understand again,\" Miusov interrupted, \"some sort of dream again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"перестаю понимать","title":"Imperfective phase verb + infinitive","body":"«перестаю» (present, imperfective «переставать») means 'I am ceasing'; phase verbs like «начинать/переставать/продолжать» pair only with an imperfective infinitive, here «понимать». The present tense conveys the process unfolding as Miusov speaks."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какая-то мечта","title":"Dismissive indefinite «какая-то»","body":"«какая-то» ('some kind of') with «-то» marks a vague, unidentified referent, and in context drips dismissal — 'some sort of dream again'. The repeated «опять» frames the elder's vision as one more piece of fog."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of перестаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перестаю","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"перестаю","lemma":"переставать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am ceasing"},{"surface":"понимать,","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестаю","gloss":"to understand"},{"surface":"перебил","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the attribution clause","gloss":"interrupted"},{"surface":"Миусов,","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебил","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мечта","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, part of какая-то, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мечта","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix of какая-то","role":"part of the phrase какая-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"мечта","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause","gloss":"dream"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b2-c5-s82","source":"Что-то бесформенное, да и понять нельзя.","translation":"Something shapeless, and impossible even to make sense of.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"понять нельзя","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + infinitive","body":"«понять нельзя» is an impersonal modal: «нельзя» ('it is impossible / not allowed') plus the perfective infinitive «понять» means 'it is impossible to make sense of'. With a perfective infinitive «нельзя» reads as impossibility rather than prohibition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, part of что-то, nominative","role":"subject of нельзя","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix of что-то","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"бесформенное","lemma":"бесформенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"shapeless"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"impossible"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b2-c5-s83","source":"Как это отлучение, что за отлучение?","translation":"What is this excommunication, what kind of excommunication?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что за отлучение?","title":"Idiom «что за» — what kind of","body":"«что за» (literally 'what for/behind') is a fixed exclamatory-interrogative meaning 'what kind of…?', taking a nominative noun («отлучение»). It conveys puzzled or indignant wonder — 'what is this excommunication of yours?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies отлучение, head of the question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отлучение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"отлучение","lemma":"отлучение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the question","gloss":"excommunication"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что за","morphology":"pronoun, part of что за","role":"part of the idiom что за","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"что за","morphology":"preposition, part of что за","role":"part of the idiom что за, marking отлучение","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"отлучение","lemma":"отлучение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with отлучение (w3)","gloss":"excommunication"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b2-c5-s84","source":"Я подозреваю, вы просто потешаетесь, Иван Федорович.","translation":"I suspect you are simply amusing yourself, Ivan Fyodorovich.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потешаетесь","title":"Reflexive «потешаться» — to amuse oneself","body":"«потешаетесь» (2nd pl., imperfective «потешаться») is a middle-reflexive «-ся» verb, 'to amuse / divert oneself, to mock'. Miusov accuses Ivan of toying with them; the «-ся» here turns the action inward as self-amusement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подозреваю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подозреваю","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suspect"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of потешаетесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потешаетесь","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"потешаетесь","lemma":"потешаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подозреваю","gloss":"are amusing yourself"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular, vocative use","role":"direct address, in apposition with вы","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular, vocative use","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b2-c5-s85","source":"— Да ведь по-настоящему то же самое и теперь, — заговорил вдруг старец, и все разом к нему обратились, — ведь если бы теперь не было Христовой церкви, то не было бы преступнику никакого и удержу в злодействе и даже кары за него потом, то есть кары настоящей, не механической, как они сказали сейчас, и которая лишь раздражает в большинстве случаев сердце, а настоящей кары, единственной действительной, единственной устрашающей и умиротворяющей, заключающейся в сознании собственной совести.","translation":"\"But in truth it is the very same even now,\" the elder suddenly began to speak, and all of them at once turned to him, \"for if there were now no Church of Christ, there would be nothing whatever to restrain the criminal in his wrongdoing, nor any chastisement for it afterward — that is, real chastisement, not the mechanical kind they spoke of just now, which in most cases only embitters the heart, but the real chastisement, the only effective one, the only one that both deters and brings peace, lying in the awareness of one's own conscience.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь по-настоящему то же самое и теперь","title":"Opening particles «Да ведь»","body":"«Да» here is not 'yes' but an emphatic discourse opener, and «ведь» appeals to shared truth ('for, after all') — together a gentle, insistent 'But in fact…'. The elder enters the debate by claiming common ground rather than contradiction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы … не было … то не было бы … никакого и удержу","title":"Negated existential conditional + genitive","body":"Both arms use «не было (бы)» — the negated existential, which forces its subject into the genitive: «не было … удержу» ('there would be no restraint'), «не было … кары» ('no chastisement'). «никакого» ('no … at all') agrees in the genitive and feeds the negative concord."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"единственной устрашающей и умиротворяющей … заключающейся","title":"A chain of present active participles","body":"«устрашающей», «умиротворяющей», «заключающейся» are present active participles (the last with «-ся») in a dense feminine-genitive chain agreeing with «кары»: the chastisement 'that deters, that pacifies, that consists in…'. Such participial stacking is the elevated literary syntax the catalog flags as bookish."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"удержу","title":"«удерж» — restraint, check","body":"«удержу» (gen. of «удерж») is an old, now mostly fixed-phrase noun for a curb or restraint, surviving chiefly in «без удержу» ('unrestrainedly'). Here it means there would be 'no check' on the criminal — a slightly archaic, weighty word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"злодействе","title":"«злодейство» — villainy, evildoing","body":"A heightened, almost theatrical noun for wrongdoing ('villainy, evil deed'), stronger than the neutral «преступление». It belongs to the moral-religious vocabulary of sin rather than the legal vocabulary of crime."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"but","note":"surface is a tokenizer artifact merging the stray \" \" from an em-dash's   with the word Да."},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the clause","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-настоящему","morphology":"adverb (part of по-настоящему)","role":"part of по-настоящему, modifies самое","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"настоящему","lemma":"по-настоящему","morphology":"adverb (part of по-настоящему)","role":"part of по-настоящему, modifies самое","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of то же самое","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь,","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies самое","gloss":"now","note":"surface carries a trailing comma and the stray   fragment from the dash markup."},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the quotation, subject старец","gloss":"began to speak"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заговорил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обратились","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"разом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратились","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of к","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обратились,","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb, subject все","gloss":"turned","note":"surface carries a trailing comma and the stray   fragment from the dash markup."},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood with было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, impersonal, imperfective","role":"verb of the если clause, subject церкви","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"Христовой","lemma":"христов","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies церкви","gloss":"Christ's"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive under negation)","gloss":"Church"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause (correlate of если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, impersonal, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, with бы conditional","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood with было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"преступнику","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative of interest with было","gloss":"the criminal"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of удержу","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удержу","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"удержу","lemma":"удерж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of было (genitive under negation)","gloss":"restraint"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злодействе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"злодействе","lemma":"злодейство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of удержу","gloss":"his wrongdoing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кары","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"кары","lemma":"кара","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with удержу","gloss":"chastisement"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of за","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кары","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (part of то есть)","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"verb (part of то есть idiom)","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"кары","lemma":"кара","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to кары, clarifying it","gloss":"chastisement"},{"surface":"настоящей","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кары","gloss":"real"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies механической","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"механической","lemma":"механический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with настоящей (contrast)","gloss":"mechanical"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказали","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сказали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"сказали","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying механической","gloss":"spoke of"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказали","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of раздражает, refers to механической кары","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раздражает","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"раздражает","lemma":"раздражать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying кары","gloss":"embitters"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking большинстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"большинстве","lemma":"большинство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздражает","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"случаев","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies большинстве","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of раздражает","gloss":"the heart"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (contrast)","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"настоящей","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кары","gloss":"real"},{"surface":"кары","lemma":"кара","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кары (w45), the true chastisement","gloss":"chastisement"},{"surface":"единственной","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кары, paired with действительной","gloss":"the only"},{"surface":"действительной","lemma":"действительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кары","gloss":"genuine"},{"surface":"единственной","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кары, paired with устрашающей","gloss":"the only"},{"surface":"устрашающей","lemma":"устрашать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, genitive, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying кары","gloss":"that deters"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"умиротворяющей","lemma":"умиротворять","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, genitive, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with устрашающей","gloss":"that pacifies"},{"surface":"заключающейся","lemma":"заключаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, participle, genitive, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying кары","gloss":"consisting"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сознании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сознании","lemma":"сознание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключающейся","gloss":"the awareness"},{"surface":"собственной","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies совести","gloss":"one's own"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сознании","gloss":"conscience"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b2-c5-s86","source":"— Как же так, позвольте узнать? — с живейшим любопытством спросил Миусов","translation":"\"How is that, may I ask?\" Miusov asked with the liveliest curiosity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с живейшим любопытством","title":"Superlative suffix «-ейший»","body":"«живейшим» is the bookish superlative of «живой» formed with «-ейш-» ('liveliest'), here in the instrumental of manner after «с» — 'with the liveliest curiosity'. The synthetic «-ейший» superlative is markedly literary beside the everyday «самый живой»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"позвольте узнать","title":"«позвольте узнать» — may I ask","body":"A polite formula ('permit [me] to learn / inquire'), with the imperative «позвольте» plus an infinitive. It is the courteous, faintly formal register Miusov keeps even while pressing the elder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"how","note":"surface is a tokenizer artifact merging the stray \" \" from an em-dash's   with the word Как."},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with как, predicate","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"let me"},{"surface":"узнать?","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitival complement of позвольте","gloss":"ask","note":"surface carries the sentence's question mark and the stray   fragment from the dash markup."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"живейшим","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"liveliest"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросил","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Miusov"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b2-c5-s87","source":"— Это вот как, — начал старец.","translation":"\"It is like this,\" the elder began.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"this","note":"surface is a tokenizer artifact merging the stray \" \" from an em-dash's   with the word Это."},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как,","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"like this","note":"surface carries a trailing comma and the stray   fragment from the dash markup."},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"the elder"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b2-c5-s88","source":"— Все эти ссылки в работы, а прежде с битьем, никого не исправляют, а главное, почти никакого преступника и не устрашают, и число преступлений не только не уменьшается, а чем далее, тем более нарастает.","translation":"\"All these deportations to hard labor, and formerly with flogging too, reform no one, and, what is more, hardly deter any criminal at all, and the number of crimes, far from diminishing, grows greater the further it goes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ссылки в работы … с битьем","title":"«ссылка в работы», «битьё» — penal exile and flogging","body":"«ссылка в работы» is exile to hard labour (the «каторжные работы»), «битьё» the flogging that 'formerly' accompanied it. The elder names the same brutal penal apparatus Miusov mentioned, now to argue it reforms no one."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"число преступлений не только не уменьшается, а … нарастает","title":"«не только не …, а …» with imperfective process","body":"The correlative «не только не …, а (тем более)» builds a rising contrast, and both verbs are imperfective present («уменьшается», «нарастает») depicting an ongoing trend, not a single event. «чем далее, тем более» ('the further, the more') is the proportional 'the…the…' frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уменьшается … нарастает","title":"Middle «-ся» of change","body":"Only «уменьшается» (from «уменьшаться») is a «-ся» middle verb here, 'decreases of itself'. «нарастает» (from «нарастать») is a plain intransitive verb with no «-ся» at all (there is no form «нарастается»). The «-ся» on «уменьшается» marks the change-of-state, not a true reflexive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of ссылки","gloss":"all","note":"surface is a tokenizer artifact merging the stray \" \" from an em-dash's   with the word Все."},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of ссылки","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"ссылки","lemma":"ссылка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of исправляют","gloss":"deportations"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking работы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"работы","lemma":"работа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies ссылки","gloss":"hard labor"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies битьем","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking битьем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"битьем","lemma":"битьё","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"elliptical coordinate with ссылки","gloss":"flogging"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of исправляют","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies исправляют","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"исправляют","lemma":"исправлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reform"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies устрашают","gloss":"what is more"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никакого","gloss":"hardly"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of преступника","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"преступника","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of устрашают","gloss":"any criminal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies устрашают","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies устрашают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"устрашают","lemma":"устрашать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with исправляют","gloss":"deter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"число","lemma":"число","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of уменьшается","gloss":"the number"},{"surface":"преступлений","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies число","gloss":"of crimes"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не только","morphology":"particle (part of не только)","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"не только","morphology":"particle (part of не только)","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уменьшается","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уменьшается","lemma":"уменьшаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause headed by число","gloss":"diminishes"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (contrast)","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"correlative conjunction (чем...тем)","role":"introduces the comparative clause with далее","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чем (correlative pair)","gloss":"it goes on"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"correlative pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the main correlative clause of нарастает","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нарастает","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"нарастает","lemma":"нарастать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"contrasted with уменьшается","gloss":"grows","note":"чем далее, тем более is a correlative \"the further..., the more...\" construction."}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b2-c5-s89","source":"Ведь вы с этим должны же согласиться.","translation":"Surely you must agree with this.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь вы с этим должны же согласиться","title":"Twin particles «ведь … же»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to the obvious ('surely, after all') and «же» adds insistence to «должны» — together 'surely you simply must agree'. The «-ся» verb «согласиться» ('to agree') governs «с» + instrumental «с этим» ('with this')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies должны","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этим","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of согласиться","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies должны","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"согласиться","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"agree"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b2-c5-s90","source":"И выходит, что общество, таким образом, совсем не охранено, ибо хоть и отсекается вредный член механически и ссылается далеко, с глаз долой, но на его место тотчас же появляется другой преступник, а может, и два другие.","translation":"And it turns out that society, in this way, is not protected at all, for although the harmful member is cut off mechanically and sent far away, out of sight, another criminal at once appears in his place, and perhaps two others.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отсекается … и ссылается","title":"Imperfective passive in «-ся»","body":"«отсекается» ('is cut off') and «ссылается» ('is exiled') are imperfective passives formed with «-ся», the harmful member acted upon while the agent (society) stays implicit. The pairing makes the cutting-off sound mechanical and habitual."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на его место тотчас же появляется другой преступник","title":"Topic–comment word order","body":"The locative phrase «на его место» is fronted as topic and the new information — «другой преступник» — lands at the end, the stressed comment. Russian's free word order lets the sentence's weight fall on the replacement criminal."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с глаз долой","title":"«с глаз долой» — out of sight","body":"A folk idiom ('out of sight, away with him'), half of the proverb «с глаз долой — из сердца вон». «долой» is an old adverb of removal. It colours the sentence with vernacular impatience: society simply gets the criminal out of view."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выходит","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it turns out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of охранено","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"общество","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive охранено","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies охранено","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies охранено","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"охранено","lemma":"охранить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of общество, clausal complement of выходит","gloss":"protected"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of появляется","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"хоть и","morphology":"particle (part of хоть и)","role":"part of phrase хоть и, modifies отсекается","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"отсекается","lemma":"отсекаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause, subject член","gloss":"is cut off"},{"surface":"вредный","lemma":"вредный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies член","gloss":"harmful"},{"surface":"член","lemma":"член","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отсекается","gloss":"member"},{"surface":"механически","lemma":"механически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отсекается","gloss":"mechanically"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ссылается","lemma":"ссылаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отсекается","gloss":"is exiled"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ссылается","gloss":"far away"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаз","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"part of idiom с глаз долой, modifies ссылается","gloss":"sight"},{"surface":"долой","lemma":"долой","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom с глаз долой, modifies ссылается","gloss":"away","note":"с глаз долой is a fixed idiom, \"out of sight.\""},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of место","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of появляется","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появляется","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"появляется","lemma":"появляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by ибо","gloss":"appears"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies преступник","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"преступник","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of появляется","gloss":"criminal"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies два другие","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies два","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"modifies другие","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with преступник (elliptical, \"[appear]\")","gloss":"others"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b2-c5-s91","source":"Если что и охраняет общество даже в наше время и даже самого преступника исправляет и в другого человека перерождает, то это опять-таки единственно лишь закон Христов, сказывающийся в сознании собственной совести.","translation":"If anything does protect society even in our time, and even reforms the criminal himself and transforms him into another man, it is, once again, solely the law of Christ, making itself heard in the awareness of one's own conscience.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если что и охраняет … то это … закон Христов","title":"Concessive «если … и …, то»","body":"«если что и охраняет … то это…» is the concessive frame 'if anything does protect…, it is…', where «и» concedes the point and «то» introduces the answer. The construction lets the elder grant a minimal truth before naming its sole real source."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сказывающийся в сознании","title":"Present active participle «сказывающийся»","body":"«сказывающийся» is the present active participle of the «-ся» verb «сказываться» ('to make itself felt / heard'), agreeing with «закон» — 'the law… making itself heard'. Participle plus «-ся» together compress 'the law which makes itself felt' into one modifier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"опять-таки","title":"«опять-таки» — once again, after all","body":"A compound discourse adverb ('all the same, once again') with the emphatic clitic «-таки». It signals the elder returning, with quiet insistence, to his recurring claim — only Christ's law truly protects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of охраняет","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies охраняет","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"охраняет","lemma":"охранять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause, coordinated with исправляет","gloss":"protects"},{"surface":"общество","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of охраняет","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies время","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of охраняет","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самого","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies преступника","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"преступника","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of исправляет","gloss":"the criminal"},{"surface":"исправляет","lemma":"исправлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with охраняет","gloss":"reforms"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перерождает","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"перерождает","lemma":"перерождать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with исправляет","gloss":"transforms"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the main clause (predicate закон)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"adverb (part of опять-таки)","role":"modifies закон","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"particle (part of опять-таки)","role":"part of phrase опять-таки, modifies закон","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies закон","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies закон","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"закон","lemma":"закон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"the law"},{"surface":"Христов","lemma":"христов","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies закон","gloss":"Christ's"},{"surface":"сказывающийся","lemma":"сказываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, participle, nominative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying закон","gloss":"manifesting itself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сознании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сознании","lemma":"сознание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказывающийся","gloss":"the awareness"},{"surface":"собственной","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies совести","gloss":"one's own"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сознании","gloss":"conscience"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b2-c5-s92","source":"Только сознав свою вину как сын Христова общества, то есть церкви, он сознает и вину свою пред самим обществом, то есть пред церковью.","translation":"Only by acknowledging his guilt as a son of Christ's society, that is, of the Church, does he acknowledge his guilt before society itself, that is, before the Church.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только сознав свою вину … он сознает","title":"Perfective gerund «сознав» framing the main verb","body":"«сознав» is a perfective past gerund ('having acknowledged'), expressing the prior act on which the present-tense «сознает» depends — only by first acknowledging guilt before the Church does he then acknowledge it before society. The gerund shares the subject «он»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вину свою пред самим обществом","title":"Reflexive possessive «свою» + archaic «пред»","body":"«свою» ('his own') refers back to the clause subject «он», the guilt belonging to himself. «пред» is the bookish/Church-Slavonic variant of «перед» ('before'), governing the instrumental «обществом» — its solemn register suits the confessional theme."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сознав","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"сознав","lemma":"сознать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сознает","gloss":"by acknowledging"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вину","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вину","lemma":"вина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сознав","gloss":"guilt"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the phrase сын Христова общества","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сознав (predicative phrase)","gloss":"a son"},{"surface":"Христова","lemma":"христов","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общества","gloss":"Christ's"},{"surface":"общества","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (part of то есть)","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"verb (part of то есть idiom)","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to общества","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сознает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сознает","lemma":"сознавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"acknowledges"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сознает","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"вину","lemma":"вина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сознает","gloss":"his guilt"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вину","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"самим","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обществом","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"обществом","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сознает","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (part of то есть)","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"verb (part of то есть idiom)","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церковью","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"церковью","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to обществом","gloss":"the Church"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b2-c5-s93","source":"Таким образом, пред одною только церковью современный преступник и способен сознать вину свою, а не то что пред государством.","translation":"Thus it is before the Church alone that the modern criminal is even capable of acknowledging his guilt, and not before the State.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред одною только церковью современный преступник и способен сознать","title":"Fronting for emphasis with focus «и»","body":"The instrumental phrase «пред одною только церковью» ('before the Church alone') is fronted, and the focusing «и» before «способен» marks it as the exclusive point — 'it is before the Church alone that he is even capable…'. Word order does the emphatic work English needs a cleft for."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а не то что пред государством","title":"Contrastive «а … не то что»","body":"«а» is the mild contrastive conjunction shifting the comparison, and «не то что» ('and certainly not, far from') sets the State below the Church. The pairing closes the sentence on a dismissal of secular jurisdiction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies способен","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церковью","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"одною","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies церковью","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies церковью","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"церковью","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of способен (governed by пред)","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"современный","lemma":"современный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies преступник","gloss":"modern"},{"surface":"преступник","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of способен","gloss":"criminal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies способен","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"способен","lemma":"способный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"сознать","lemma":"сознать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of способен","gloss":"acknowledge"},{"surface":"вину","lemma":"вина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сознать","gloss":"guilt"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вину","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"не то что","morphology":"pronoun (part of idiom не то что)","role":"part of idiom не то что, contrasted with церковью","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"не то что","morphology":"conjunction (part of idiom не то что)","role":"part of idiom не то что, introduces пред государством","gloss":"alone","note":"а не то что is an idiom meaning \"and not, as before,\" here contrasting church and state."},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking государством","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"государством","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with церковью (contrast)","gloss":"the State"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b2-c5-s94","source":"Вот если бы суд принадлежал обществу как церкви, тогда бы оно знало, кого воротить из отлучения и опять приобщить к себе.","translation":"Now if jurisdiction belonged to society as the Church, then it would know whom to bring back from excommunication and reunite once more to itself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот если бы суд принадлежал … тогда бы оно знало","title":"Counterfactual «если бы … тогда бы»","body":"A full irrealis period: «если бы … принадлежал» (condition) answered by «тогда бы … знало» (result), both with past-tense verbs and «бы». The opening «Вот» ('now, here's the thing') stages the hypothesis vividly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кого воротить","title":"Animate accusative = genitive in «кого»","body":"«кого» (object of «воротить», 'to bring back') is the accusative of «кто», which for the animate interrogative coincides with the genitive — Russian's animacy rule. «воротить» is itself a colloquial/archaic variant of «возвратить» ('to return, bring back')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приобщить к себе","title":"«приобщить» — to reunite to communion","body":"«приобщить» means to join someone (back) to a community, and in church usage specifically 'to administer Holy Communion'. Paired with «воротить из отлучения» ('bring back from excommunication'), it carries the sacramental sense of restoring the sinner to the Church."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принадлежал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"auxiliary of принадлежал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принадлежал","gloss":"jurisdiction"},{"surface":"принадлежал","lemma":"принадлежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"belonged"},{"surface":"обществу","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of принадлежал","gloss":"to society"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the phrase церкви","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to обществу","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знало","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"auxiliary of знало","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of знало","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"знало","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would know"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of воротить","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"воротить","lemma":"воротить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of знало","gloss":"to bring back"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отлучения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"отлучения","lemma":"отлучение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротить","gloss":"excommunication"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приобщить","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"приобщить","lemma":"приобщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with воротить","gloss":"reunite"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of приобщить","gloss":"itself"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b2-c5-s95","source":"Теперь же церковь, не имея никакого деятельного суда, а имея лишь возможность одного нравственного осуждения, от деятельной кары преступника и сама удаляется.","translation":"As it is, the Church, having no active jurisdiction at all but only the power of moral condemnation, itself holds back from any active chastisement of the criminal.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не имея никакого деятельного суда, а имея лишь возможность","title":"Paired gerunds «не имея … а имея»","body":"Two imperfective present gerunds «деепричастие» — «(не) имея» / «имея» ('not having… but having…') — set up the Church's circumstance as attendant background to the main verb «удаляется». «никакого … суда» is the genitive demanded by the negated «не имея»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от деятельной кары … сама удаляется","title":"Middle «-ся» + «от» + genitive","body":"«удаляется» ('withdraws, holds back') is an intransitive «-ся» verb, and «удаляться от» governs the genitive «от … кары». The intensifying «сама» ('itself') stresses that the Church withdraws of its own accord."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удаляется","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Теперь","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of удаляется","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имея","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имея","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on удаляется","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of суда","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"деятельного","lemma":"деятельный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суда","gloss":"active"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имея","gloss":"jurisdiction"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (contrast)","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"имея","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with имея","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возможность","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"возможность","lemma":"возможность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имея","gloss":"the power"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies осуждения","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"нравственного","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies осуждения","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"осуждения","lemma":"осуждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies возможность","gloss":"condemnation"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кары","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"деятельной","lemma":"деятельный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кары","gloss":"active"},{"surface":"кары","lemma":"кара","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удаляется","gloss":"chastisement"},{"surface":"преступника","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кары","gloss":"the criminal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies церковь, modifies удаляется","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"удаляется","lemma":"удаляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"holds back"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b2-c5-s96","source":"Не отлучает она его от себя, а лишь не оставляет его отеческим назиданием.","translation":"It does not excommunicate him from itself, but only does not abandon him to fatherly admonition.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не отлучает она его … а лишь не оставляет","title":"Contrastive «а» between two negations","body":"The contrastive «а» pivots from what the Church does not do («не отлучает») to what it instead does — though the second clause is itself oddly negated. «отеческим назиданием» is the instrumental of means: it does not abandon him, [supporting him] by fatherly admonition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отеческим назиданием","title":"«отеческое назидание» — fatherly admonition","body":"«назидание» is an elevated, churchly word for edifying instruction or admonition; «отеческий» ('paternal, fatherly') ties it to the pastoral image of the Church as father. The pairing keeps the passage in its devotional register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отлучает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отлучает","lemma":"отлучать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"excommunicate"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отлучает","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отлучает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of отлучает","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставляет","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставляет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оставляет","lemma":"оставлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отлучает","gloss":"abandon"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставляет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"отеческим","lemma":"отеческий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies назиданием","gloss":"fatherly"},{"surface":"назиданием","lemma":"назидание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставляет","gloss":"admonition"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b2-c5-s97","source":"Мало того, даже старается сохранить с преступником всё христианское церковное общение: допускает его к церковным службам, к святым дарам, дает ему подаяние и обращается с ним более как с плененным, чем как с виновным.","translation":"More than that, it even strives to preserve all Christian communion of the Church with the criminal: it admits him to the church services, to the Holy Gifts, gives him alms, and treats him more as a captive than as a guilty man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"к церковным службам, к святым дарам, дает ему подаяние","title":"Liturgical vocabulary","body":"«церковные службы» are the church services, the «святые дары» ('Holy Gifts') the consecrated bread and wine of the Eucharist, and «подаяние» is alms. The cluster paints the Church keeping the criminal inside full sacramental and charitable communion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"более как с плененным, чем как с виновным","title":"Substantivised participle/adjective in comparison","body":"«плененным» (past passive participle of «пленить», 'taken captive') and «виновным» (adjective, 'guilty') are both substantivised and stand in the instrumental after «с» — 'with [him as] a captive… than as a guilty man'. The «более … чем» frame makes the comparison."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало того","morphology":"adverb, fixed phrase","role":"head of the idiom мало того, modifying старается","gloss":"more than that","note":"«мало того» is a fixed phrase meaning \"moreover, more than that\"."},{"surface":"того","lemma":"того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of Мало in the idiom мало того","gloss":"than that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies старается","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"старается","lemma":"стараться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"strives"},{"surface":"сохранить","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of старается","gloss":"to preserve"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступником","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"преступником","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies общение","gloss":"the criminal"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of общение","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"христианское","lemma":"христианский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общение","gloss":"Christian"},{"surface":"церковное","lemma":"церковный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общение","gloss":"church"},{"surface":"общение","lemma":"общение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сохранить","gloss":"communion"},{"surface":"допускает","lemma":"допускать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to старается","gloss":"admits"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of допускает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking службам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"церковным","lemma":"церковный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies службам","gloss":"church"},{"surface":"службам","lemma":"служба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of допускает","gloss":"services"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дарам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"святым","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies дарам","gloss":"Holy"},{"surface":"дарам","lemma":"дар","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with службам","gloss":"Gifts"},{"surface":"дает","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with допускает","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"подаяние","lemma":"подаяние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дает","gloss":"alms"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обращается","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with допускает","gloss":"treats"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращается","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обращается","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison более...как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плененным","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"плененным","lemma":"плененный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращается","gloss":"a captive"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of виновным","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the comparison чем как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виновным","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"виновным","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with плененным","gloss":"a guilty man"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b2-c5-s98","source":"И что было бы с преступником, о господи! если б и христианское общество, то есть церковь, отвергло его подобно тому, как отвергает и отсекает его гражданский закон?","translation":"And what would become of the criminal, O Lord, if Christian society too, that is, the Church, were to reject him in the same way that the civil law rejects and cuts him off?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что было бы с преступником … если б … отвергло его","title":"Counterfactual question with «если б»","body":"«что было бы … если б … отвергло» is a full irrealis: a conditional question 'what would become of him if [the Church] rejected him'. «отвергло» is perfective past neuter agreeing with «общество», and «если б» is the reduced «если бы»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"о господи!","title":"Vocative interjection «о господи!»","body":"«господи» is the old vocative of «Господь» ('O Lord'), here an exclamation of dismay rather than literal prayer. Such Church-Slavonic vocatives — «Господи», «Боже», «отче» — survive in Russian only as set forms of address, and Dostoevsky's speech is full of them."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подобно тому, как отвергает и отсекает его гражданский закон","title":"Correlative «подобно тому, как»","body":"«подобно тому, как» ('in the same way that') is a correlative comparison, the demonstrative «тому» (dative after «подобно») picking up the «как»-clause. It contrasts the Church's mercy with the civil law's mechanical rejection."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступником","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"преступником","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"the criminal"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господи","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"object of о in the exclamation","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отвергло","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle modifying отвергло","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies общество","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"христианское","lemma":"христианский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общество","gloss":"Christian"},{"surface":"общество","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of отвергло","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction, fixed phrase","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction, fixed phrase","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to общество","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"отвергло","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"reject"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отвергло","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"подобно","lemma":"подобно","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тому","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвергло, part of the idiom подобно тому как","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отвергает","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"отвергает","lemma":"отвергать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тому","gloss":"rejects"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отсекает","lemma":"отсекать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отвергает","gloss":"cuts off"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отвергает and отсекает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"гражданский","lemma":"гражданский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies закон","gloss":"civil"},{"surface":"закон","lemma":"закон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отвергает and отсекает","gloss":"law"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b2-c5-s99","source":"Что было бы, если б и церковь карала его своим отлучением тотчас же и каждый раз вослед кары государственного закона?","translation":"What would become of him if the Church too were to punish him with its excommunication at once and every time, hard on the heels of the punishment of the law of the State?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б и церковь карала его … тотчас же и каждый раз","title":"Imperfective conditional for habitual punishing","body":"«карала бы» (imperfective past + «бы») in the «если б» clause pictures a repeated, habitual action — punishing 'at once and every time'. The imperfective is deliberate: the horror lies in the unrelenting repetition, not a single act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вослед кары","title":"«вослед» — hard on the heels of","body":"«вослед» is a bookish/archaic preposition ('following after, in the wake of'), governing the genitive «кары» — 'hard on the heels of the punishment'. The lofty word reinforces the passage's solemn cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would become"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of карала","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle modifying карала","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies церковь","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of карала","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"карала","lemma":"карать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause modifying было","gloss":"punish"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of карала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of отлучением","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"отлучением","lemma":"отлучение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of карала","gloss":"excommunication"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies карала","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifying карала","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"вослед","lemma":"вослед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кары","gloss":"hard on the heels of"},{"surface":"кары","lemma":"кара","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition вослед","gloss":"punishment"},{"surface":"государственного","lemma":"государственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies закона","gloss":"of the State"},{"surface":"закона","lemma":"закон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кары","gloss":"law"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b2-c5-s100","source":"Да выше не могло бы и быть отчаяния, по крайней мере для преступника русского, ибо русские преступники еще веруют.","translation":"Surely there could be no greater despair, at least for a Russian criminal, for Russian criminals still believe.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выше не могло бы и быть отчаяния","title":"Genitive subject of negated «не могло быть»","body":"«не могло бы … быть отчаяния» negates existence, so the subject «отчаяния» stands in the genitive — 'there could be no [greater] despair'. The fronted comparative «выше» ('higher / greater') and the conditional «бы» heighten the rhetorical pitch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо русские преступники еще веруют","title":"Causal «ибо» + the bookish «веровать»","body":"«ибо» is the archaic, bookish conjunction 'for, because', loftier than «потому что». «веруют» (from «веровать») is the elevated verb of religious faith, distinct from everyday «верить» — Russian criminals 'still hold the faith'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"выше","lemma":"выше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of могло","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"отчаяния","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло (genitive of negation)","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по крайней мере","morphology":"preposition, fixed phrase","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере, modifying могло","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"по крайней мере","morphology":"adjective, fixed phrase","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"по крайней мере","morphology":"noun, fixed phrase","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступника","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"преступника","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of могло","gloss":"a criminal"},{"surface":"русского","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies преступника","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of веруют","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"русские","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies преступники","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"преступники","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of веруют","gloss":"criminals"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веруют","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"веруют","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by ибо","gloss":"believe"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b2-c5-s101","source":"А впрочем, кто знает: может быть, случилось бы тогда страшное дело — произошла бы, может быть, потеря веры в отчаянном сердце преступника, и тогда что?","translation":"And yet, who knows: perhaps something terrible would come to pass then — a loss of faith might come about, perhaps, in the despairing heart of the criminal, and then what?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"случилось бы … произошла бы … потеря веры","title":"Conditional perfective verbs of an event","body":"«случилось бы», «произошла бы» are perfective past + «бы», projecting single hypothetical events — 'something terrible would come to pass', 'a loss of faith might come about'. The perfective aspect frames each as a sudden, completed turn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А впрочем, кто знает","title":"Concessive «а впрочем»","body":"«а впрочем» ('and yet, however, then again') with the contrastive «а» marks the speaker turning to qualify his own claim. The colloquial «кто знает» ('who knows') opens the door to doubt that the rest of the sentence walks through."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the independent clause кто знает","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb, fixed phrase, parenthetical","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть, modifying случилось","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb, fixed phrase, parenthetical","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"would happen"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of случилось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"страшное","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"произошла","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to случилось","gloss":"would come about"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of произошла","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb, fixed phrase, parenthetical","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть, modifying произошла","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb, fixed phrase, parenthetical","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"потеря","lemma":"потеря","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of произошла","gloss":"a loss"},{"surface":"веры","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies потеря","gloss":"of faith"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отчаянном","lemma":"отчаянный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"despairing"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of потеря","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"преступника","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"of the criminal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial of the elliptical clause и тогда что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b2-c5-s102","source":"Но церковь, как мать нежная и любящая, от деятельной кары сама устраняется, так как и без ее кары слишком больно наказан виновный государственным судом, и надо же его хоть кому-нибудь пожалеть.","translation":"But the Church, like a tender and loving mother, holds back from any active chastisement, since even without its punishment the guilty man is all too painfully punished by the court of the State, and someone, at least, must take pity on him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"церковь, как мать нежная и любящая","title":"The Church as tender mother","body":"«мать нежная и любящая» ('a tender and loving mother') is the traditional image of the Church as «Мать-Церковь». «любящая» is a present active participle ('loving') used adjectivally. The maternal metaphor frames the Church's refusal to punish as compassion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо же его хоть кому-нибудь пожалеть","title":"Impersonal «надо» + dative + «-нибудь»","body":"«надо … пожалеть» is the impersonal modal of necessity with an infinitive, the would-be agent in the dative «кому-нибудь» ('to someone or other'). The «-нибудь» marks a non-specific 'anyone at all', and the particle «же» adds insistence — 'someone, at least, simply must pity him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of устраняется","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking мать","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to церковь","gloss":"a mother"},{"surface":"нежная","lemma":"нежный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мать","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"любящая","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нежная","gloss":"loving"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кары","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"деятельной","lemma":"деятельный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кары","gloss":"active"},{"surface":"кары","lemma":"кара","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устраняется","gloss":"chastisement"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies церковь","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"устраняется","lemma":"устраняться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"holds back"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, fixed phrase","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"так как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, fixed phrase","role":"part of the phrase так как, introduces the clause of наказан","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наказан","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кары","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of кары","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"кары","lemma":"кара","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наказан","gloss":"punishment"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больно","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наказан","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"наказан","lemma":"наказать","morphology":"verb, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the так как-clause","gloss":"is punished"},{"surface":"виновный","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, used as noun","role":"subject of наказан","gloss":"the guilty man"},{"surface":"государственным","lemma":"государственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies судом","gloss":"of the State"},{"surface":"судом","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наказан","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"main predicate of the clause, governs пожалеть","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пожалеть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кому-нибудь","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, dative","role":"logical subject of надо пожалеть","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"кто-нибудь","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun кому-нибудь","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"пожалеть","lemma":"пожалеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"pity"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b2-c5-s103","source":"Главное же потому устраняется, что суд церкви есть суд единственно вмещающий в себе истину и ни с каким иным судом вследствие сего существенно и нравственно сочетаться даже и в компромисс временный не может.","translation":"But it holds back chiefly because the court of the Church is the only court that contains within it the truth, and which therefore cannot, in essence and in morality, join with any other court even in a temporary compromise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"суд … вмещающий в себе истину","title":"Present active participle «вмещающий»","body":"«вмещающий» is the present active participle of «вмещать» ('to contain, hold within'), agreeing with «суд» — 'the court that contains the truth within it'. «в себе» is the reflexive «себя» (prepositional) pointing back to the court itself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сочетаться … не может","title":"Reflexive «сочетаться» — to be joined","body":"«сочетаться» ('to combine, be joined') is an «-ся» verb here in its reciprocal/passive sense — the Church's court cannot 'join with' («с» + instrumental «с … судом») any other. Lexically it also carries a marriage-and-union resonance fitting the sacred theme."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вследствие сего","title":"Archaic «вследствие сего»","body":"«сего» is the bookish genitive of «сей» ('this'), and «вследствие сего» means 'in consequence of this, therefore' — a stiff, chancery-and-Church turn of phrase. It marks the elder's discourse shifting into its most formal, doctrinal register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, used adverbially","role":"modifies устраняется","gloss":"mainly"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Главное","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb, correlative, fixed phrase","role":"modifies устраняется, correlative with что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"устраняется","lemma":"устраняться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"holds back"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, fixed phrase","role":"introduces the clause of есть, correlative with потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"the court"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies суд","gloss":"of the Church"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking суд to the second суд","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"the court"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вмещающий","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вмещающий","lemma":"вмещать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying the second суд","gloss":"containing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of вмещающий","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"истину","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вмещающий","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies судом, part of ни с каким","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of судом","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"иным","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies судом","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"судом","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сочетаться","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"вследствие","lemma":"вследствие","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сего","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition вследствие","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"существенно","lemma":"существенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сочетаться","gloss":"essentially"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нравственно","lemma":"нравственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with существенно","gloss":"morally"},{"surface":"сочетаться","lemma":"сочетаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"join"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в компромисс","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"даже и","morphology":"particle, fixed phrase","role":"part of the phrase даже и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking компромисс","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"компромисс","lemma":"компромисс","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сочетаться","gloss":"a compromise"},{"surface":"временный","lemma":"временный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies компромисс","gloss":"temporary"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, governs сочетаться","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b2-c5-s104","source":"Тут нельзя уже в сделки вступать.","translation":"Here one can no longer enter into bargains.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тут нельзя уже в сделки вступать","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«нельзя … вступать» is the impersonal modal of prohibition with an imperfective infinitive, which gives «нельзя» its 'one must not / cannot' sense. The particle «уже» ('any longer') marks the point at which bargaining ends."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one cannot"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сделки","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сделки","lemma":"сделка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вступать","gloss":"bargains"},{"surface":"вступать","lemma":"вступать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"enter"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b2-c5-s105","source":"Иностранный преступник, говорят, редко раскаивается, ибо самые даже современные учения утверждают его в мысли, что преступление его не есть преступление, а лишь восстание против несправедливо угнетающей силы.","translation":"The foreign criminal, they say, rarely repents, for the very teachings of our day confirm him in the thought that his crime is not a crime but only a rising up against an unjustly oppressing force.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо самые даже современные учения утверждают его в мысли","title":"Causal «ибо» + intensifier «самые»","body":"«ибо» again opens a bookish causal clause ('for'). «самые … современные» uses «самый» as an intensifier ('the very most modern'), and «утверждать кого в мысли» ('to confirm someone in the thought') governs «в» + prepositional «в мысли»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"преступление его не есть преступление","title":"The bookish copula «есть»","body":"Russian normally drops the present-tense 'to be', but the bookish «есть» surfaces in solemn or definitional statements — here «не есть преступление» ('is not a crime'). Its presence lifts the criminal's self-justification into the register of doctrine."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иностранный","lemma":"иностранный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies преступник","gloss":"foreign"},{"surface":"преступник","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раскаивается","gloss":"criminal"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical parallel to раскаивается","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"редко","lemma":"редко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раскаивается","gloss":"rarely"},{"surface":"раскаивается","lemma":"раскаиваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"repents"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of утверждают","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies современные","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies современные","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"современные","lemma":"современный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies учения","gloss":"modern"},{"surface":"учения","lemma":"учение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of утверждают","gloss":"teachings"},{"surface":"утверждают","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"confirm"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of утверждают","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мысли","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of утверждают","gloss":"the thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"преступление","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of преступление","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula of the что-clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"преступление","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"a crime"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies восстание","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"восстание","lemma":"восстание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with преступление as predicate complement of есть","gloss":"an uprising"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силы","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"несправедливо","lemma":"несправедливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies угнетающей","gloss":"unjustly"},{"surface":"угнетающей","lemma":"угнетать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying силы","gloss":"oppressing"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies восстание","gloss":"force"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b2-c5-s106","source":"Общество отсекает его от себя вполне механически торжествующею над ним силой и сопровождает отлучение это ненавистью (так по крайней мере они сами о себе, в Европе, повествуют), — ненавистью и полнейшим к дальнейшей судьбе его, как брата своего, равнодушием и забвением.","translation":"Society cuts him off from itself wholly mechanically, with a force that triumphs over him, and accompanies this excommunication with hatred (so at least they themselves relate of themselves, in Europe) — with hatred and with utter indifference to and oblivion of his further fate as that of a brother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"торжествующею над ним силой","title":"Present active participle in instrumental of means","body":"«торжествующею» is the present active participle of «торжествовать» ('to triumph'), in an archaic long instrumental ending «-ею» (for modern «-ей»), agreeing with «силой» — 'with a force triumphing over him'. The whole phrase is the instrumental of means after «отсекает»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так … они сами о себе … повествуют","title":"Intensive «сами» + reflexive «о себе»","body":"«сами» ('themselves') intensifies the subject and «о себе» is the reflexive «себя» (prepositional after «о») pointing back to it — 'they themselves relate of themselves'. «повествуют» (from «повествовать», 'to narrate') is a literary verb for solemn telling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"полнейшим … равнодушием и забвением","title":"Superlative «полнейший» + bookish «забвение»","body":"«полнейшим» is the «-ейш-» superlative of «полный» ('utter, most complete'), and «забвение» is an elevated noun for oblivion / forgetting. Both, in the instrumental after «с», intensify the cold European indifference 'to the fate of a brother'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Общество","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of отсекает","gloss":"Society"},{"surface":"отсекает","lemma":"отсекать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cuts off"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отсекает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of отсекает","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies механически","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"механически","lemma":"механически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies торжествующею","gloss":"mechanically"},{"surface":"торжествующею","lemma":"торжествовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies силой","gloss":"triumphing"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of торжествующею","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отсекает","gloss":"a force"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сопровождает","lemma":"сопровождать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отсекает","gloss":"accompanies"},{"surface":"отлучение","lemma":"отлучение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сопровождает","gloss":"excommunication"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отлучение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ненавистью","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of сопровождает","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повествуют","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по крайней мере","morphology":"preposition, fixed phrase","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"по крайней мере","morphology":"adjective, fixed phrase","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"по крайней мере","morphology":"noun, fixed phrase","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of повествуют","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, plural","role":"modifies они","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of повествуют","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Европе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Европе","lemma":"европа","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повествуют","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"повествуют),","lemma":"повествовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"relate"},{"surface":"ненавистью","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with the first ненавистью, complement of сопровождает","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"полнейшим","lemma":"полнейший","morphology":"adjective, superlative, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies равнодушием","gloss":"utter"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судьбе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дальнейшей","lemma":"дальнейший","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies судьбе","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"судьбе","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of равнодушием","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of судьбе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the comparison modifying судьбе","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"равнодушием","lemma":"равнодушие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with the second ненавистью, complement of сопровождает","gloss":"indifference"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"забвением","lemma":"забвение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with равнодушием","gloss":"oblivion"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b2-c5-s107","source":"Таким образом, всё происходит без малейшего сожаления церковного, ибо во многих случаях там церквей уже и нет вовсе, а остались лишь церковники и великолепные здания церквей, сами же церкви давно уже стремятся там к переходу из низшего вида, как церковь, в высший вид, как государство, чтобы в нем совершенно исчезнуть.","translation":"Thus everything proceeds without the least churchly compassion, for in many cases there are no churches there at all any longer, but only churchmen and magnificent church buildings have remained, while the churches themselves have long been striving there to pass over from the lower species, the Church, into the higher species, the State, so as to vanish into it entirely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стремятся … к переходу из низшего вида … в высший вид","title":"Reflexive «стремиться к» + the from/into frame","body":"«стремятся» («-ся» verb, 'strive') governs «к» + dative «к переходу». The transition is then mapped with «из» + genitive («из низшего вида») and «в» + accusative («в высший вид») — the same lower-to-higher schema Ivan used at the chapter's start."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы в нем совершенно исчезнуть","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"When the subject of the purpose clause matches the main clause, «чтобы» takes a bare infinitive rather than a past form — «чтобы … исчезнуть» ('so as to vanish'). The churches strive upward into the State only 'in order to disappear into it'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"церковники","title":"«церковники» — churchmen (slightly disparaging)","body":"«церковники» means clergy / church functionaries, but with a faintly cold or pejorative tinge — institutional men rather than living faith. The elder's point turns on the gap between «церковники» and a true «церковь», which there have 'long since' gone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase (thus), modifies происходит","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of происходит","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"происходит","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"proceeds"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сожаления","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"малейшего","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сожаления","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"сожаления","lemma":"сожаление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of происходит","gloss":"compassion"},{"surface":"церковного","lemma":"церковный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сожаления","gloss":"churchly"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies случаях","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"церквей","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"churches"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies нет (\"at all\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"negative existential particle, present","role":"predicate of the ибо-clause, negates церквей","gloss":"there are none"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"остались","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with происходит","gloss":"have remained"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies церковники","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"церковники","lemma":"церковник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of остались","gloss":"churchmen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"великолепные","lemma":"великолепный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies здания","gloss":"magnificent"},{"surface":"здания","lemma":"здание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with церковники","gloss":"buildings"},{"surface":"церквей","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies здания","gloss":"of churches"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сами","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies церкви","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сами (contrastive \"while\")","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of стремятся","gloss":"churches"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стремятся","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стремятся","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"стремятся","lemma":"стремиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with происходит","gloss":"are striving"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стремятся","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переходу","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"переходу","lemma":"переход","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стремятся","gloss":"transition"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вида","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"низшего","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вида","gloss":"lower"},{"surface":"вида","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies переходу","gloss":"species"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the apposition церковь (\"namely\")","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"apposition to вида","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вид","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"высший","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стремятся","gloss":"species"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the apposition государство (\"namely\")","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"государство","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"apposition to вид","gloss":"the State"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of исчезнуть","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"нем","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of исчезнуть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исчезнуть","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"исчезнуть","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on стремятся","gloss":"vanish"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b2-c5-s108","source":"Так, кажется, по крайней мере в лютеранских землях.","translation":"So it is, it seems, at least in the Lutheran lands.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence (\"so it is\")","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies Так","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"at","note":"Idiom \"по крайней мере\" = \"at least.\""},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лютеранских","lemma":"лютеранский","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies землях","gloss":"Lutheran"},{"surface":"землях","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Так","gloss":"lands"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b2-c5-s109","source":"В Риме же так уж тысячу лет вместо церкви провозглашено государство.","translation":"But in Rome the State has already been proclaimed in place of the Church for a thousand years.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В Риме же так уж тысячу лет … провозглашено государство","title":"Short-form passive participle «провозглашено»","body":"«провозглашено» is the short (predicative) past passive participle of «провозгласить» ('to proclaim'), neuter to agree with «государство»: 'the State has been proclaimed'. The short passive participle states a standing result, and the duration «тысячу лет» (accusative of extent) measures it."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Риме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Риме","lemma":"рим","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of провозглашено","gloss":"Rome"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"contrastive particle, modifies the clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies тысячу лет (idiom \"так уж\")","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"тысячу","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of провозглашено","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церкви","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of провозглашено","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"провозглашено","lemma":"провозгласить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has been proclaimed"},{"surface":"государство","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive провозглашено","gloss":"the State"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b2-c5-s110","source":"А потому сам преступник членом церкви уж и не сознает себя и, отлученный, пребывает в отчаянии.","translation":"And therefore the criminal himself no longer recognizes himself as a member of the Church and, excommunicated, abides in despair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"членом церкви уж и не сознает себя","title":"Instrumental predicate + reflexive «себя»","body":"«сознавать себя кем» ('to recognize oneself as someone') takes the predicate in the instrumental — «членом церкви» ('as a member of the Church') — while «себя» is the reflexive object. The criminal 'no longer recognizes himself as a member'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отлученный, пребывает в отчаянии","title":"Substantivised participle + bookish «пребывает»","body":"«отлученный» (past passive participle, 'the excommunicated one') here stands in apposition to «преступник». «пребывает» (from «пребывать», 'to abide, remain') is an elevated, almost scriptural verb of dwelling in a state — he 'abides in despair'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознает","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies преступник","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"преступник","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сознает","gloss":"the criminal"},{"surface":"членом","lemma":"член","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of себя (with сознает)","gloss":"a member"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies членом","gloss":"of the Church"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сознает","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies не (\"уж и не\" = no longer)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сознает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сознает","lemma":"сознавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recognizes"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сознает","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отлученный","lemma":"отлученный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies преступник (appositive)","gloss":"excommunicated"},{"surface":"пребывает","lemma":"пребывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сознает","gloss":"abides"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отчаянии","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пребывает","gloss":"despair"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b2-c5-s111","source":"Если же возвращается в общество, то нередко с такою ненавистью, что самое общество как бы уже само отлучает от себя.","translation":"And if he returns to society, it is often with such hatred that society itself, as it were, already excommunicates him from itself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"общество как бы уже само отлучает от себя","title":"Hedge «как бы» + reflexive «от себя»","body":"«как бы» ('as it were') hedges the bold claim that society itself excommunicates the returning man. «от себя» is the reflexive «себя» after «от» (genitive), pointing back to «общество» — it pushes him away 'from itself'. «само» intensifies: society does it of its own accord."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возвращается","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Если","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"возвращается","lemma":"возвращаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"protasis clause, modifies отлучает","gloss":"returns"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking общество","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"общество","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвращается","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"нередко","lemma":"нередко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвращается","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking такою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такою","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ненавистью","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ненавистью","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отлучает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самое","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общество","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"общество","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of отлучает","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"as it were","note":"Idiom \"как бы\" = \"as if / as it were.\""},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"(as it were)"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отлучает","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"само","lemma":"само","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общество (emphatic)","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"отлучает","lemma":"отлучать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"excommunicates"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of отлучает","gloss":"itself"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b2-c5-s112","source":"Чем это кончится, можете сами рассудить.","translation":"How this will end, you can judge for yourselves.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чем это кончится, можете сами рассудить","title":"Fronted indirect question + impersonal address","body":"«Чем это кончится» ('how this will end', literally 'with what it will end') is an embedded question fronted before the main clause. «кончится» (perfective future) and «рассудить» (perfective infinitive) both point to a single completed outcome the listeners can judge for themselves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончится","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кончится","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"кончится","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рассудить","gloss":"will end"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сами","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"emphatic, modifies the implied subject of можете","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"рассудить","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можете","gloss":"judge"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b2-c5-s113","source":"Во многих случаях, казалось бы, и у нас то же; но в том и дело, что, кроме установленных судов, есть у нас, сверх того, еще и церковь, которая никогда не теряет общения с преступником, как с милым и всё еще дорогим сыном своим, а сверх того, есть и сохраняется, хотя бы даже только мысленно, и суд церкви, теперь хотя и не деятельный, но всё же живущий для будущего, хотя бы в мечте, да и преступником самим несомненно, инстинктом души его, признаваемый.","translation":"In many cases, it would seem, it is the same with us too; but the very point is that, besides the established courts, we have, over and above them, the Church as well, which never loses communion with the criminal as with a dear son still precious to it, and besides this there exists and is preserved, if only in thought, the court of the Church too — now inactive, it is true, but still living for the future, if only in a dream, and undoubtedly recognized by the criminal himself, by the instinct of his soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которая никогда не теряет общения","title":"Relative «которая» + negative-concord genitive","body":"«которая» (fem., agreeing with «церковь») opens a relative clause taking nominative as its own subject. «никогда … не теряет» shows negative concord (никогда + не), and the negated «теряет» pulls its object «общения» into the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы даже только мысленно","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» — if only","body":"«хотя бы» ('if only, even if just') concedes a minimal case — the Church-court survives 'if only in thought'. Repeated here («хотя бы … мысленно», «хотя бы в мечте»), it keeps qualifying the ideal down to its faintest possible existence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"преступником самим … признаваемый","title":"Present passive participle «признаваемый»","body":"«признаваемый» is the rare, bookish present passive participle in «-мый» ('being recognized'), with its agent in the instrumental — «преступником самим» ('by the criminal himself'). This is exactly the literary -мый passive the catalog flags as elevated."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies случаях","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies казалось","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical predicate","gloss":"it would seem"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of казалось","gloss":"(would)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies у нас (\"too\")","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"нас","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase то же","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies дело (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the idiom в том дело","gloss":"the point"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судов","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"установленных","lemma":"установить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies судов","gloss":"established"},{"surface":"судов","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"courts"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (existential)","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"нас","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"сверх","lemma":"сверх","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition сверх (idiom \"moreover\")","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies церковь","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies церковь","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of теряет","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies теряет","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теряет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"теряет","lemma":"терять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on церковь","gloss":"loses"},{"surface":"общения","lemma":"общение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of теряет","gloss":"communion"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступником","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"преступником","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies общения","gloss":"the criminal"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of милым","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking милым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"милым","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сыном","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дорогим (idiom \"всё еще\" = still)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дорогим","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"дорогим","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сыном","gloss":"precious"},{"surface":"сыном","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"compared to преступником (via как)","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сыном","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сверх","lemma":"сверх","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition сверх (idiom \"besides this\")","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть (w20)","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сохраняется","lemma":"сохраняться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть (w47)","gloss":"is preserved"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom хотя бы","gloss":"if only","note":"Idiom \"хотя бы\" = \"if only / even if.\""},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom хотя бы","gloss":"(if only)"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мысленно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мысленно","lemma":"мысленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on сохраняется","gloss":"in thought"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть and сохраняется","gloss":"the court"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies суд","gloss":"of the Church"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies деятельный","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of деятельный","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies деятельный","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies деятельный","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"деятельный","lemma":"деятельный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суд","gloss":"active"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё же (\"still\")","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё же","gloss":"(still)"},{"surface":"живущий","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with деятельный","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking будущего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"будущего","lemma":"будущее","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of живущий","gloss":"the future"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мечте","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"(if only)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мечте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мечте","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies живущий","gloss":"a dream"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom да и","gloss":"(also)"},{"surface":"преступником","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of признаваемый","gloss":"by the criminal"},{"surface":"самим","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies преступником","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies признаваемый","gloss":"undoubtedly"},{"surface":"инстинктом","lemma":"инстинкт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent/means of признаваемый","gloss":"by the instinct"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies инстинктом","gloss":"of the soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies души","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"признаваемый","lemma":"признавать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying суд","gloss":"recognized"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b2-c5-s114","source":"Справедливо и то, что было здесь сейчас сказано, что если бы действительно наступил суд церкви, и во всей своей силе, то есть если бы всё общество обратилось лишь в церковь, то не только суд церкви повлиял бы на исправление преступника так, как никогда не влияет ныне, но, может быть, и вправду самые преступления уменьшились бы в невероятную долю.","translation":"True too is what was said here just now, that if the court of the Church really came into being, and in all its force — that is, if all of society were transformed into nothing but the Church — then not only would the court of the Church influence the reform of the criminal as it never influences it nowadays, but, perhaps, the very crimes themselves would actually diminish to an incredible degree.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что было здесь сейчас сказано","title":"Short passive participle «сказано»","body":"«сказано» is the short neuter past passive participle of «сказать», joined to «было» to make the periphrastic passive — 'what was said'. The short form states a result; the agent is suppressed, the focus on the saying itself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы … наступил … обратилось … то не только … но … уменьшились бы","title":"Extended counterfactual with «не только … но»","body":"A long irrealis period: the «если бы» protasis («наступил», «обратилось» — perfective past + «бы») leads to an apodosis structured by «не только … но» and capped by «уменьшились бы». Every result verb carries «бы», sustaining the hypothetical across the whole sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обратилось лишь в церковь","title":"Reflexive «обратиться в» + accusative","body":"«обратиться в» ('to turn into') is an «-ся» verb of change governing «в» + accusative «в церковь» — 'if all of society were transformed into nothing but the Church'. The «-ся» marks the intransitive change-of-state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Справедливо","lemma":"справедливый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Справедливо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive сказано","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of сказано","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказано","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказано","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"сказано","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of повлиял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of наступил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of наступил","gloss":"(would)"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наступил","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"наступил","lemma":"наступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on повлиял","gloss":"came about"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наступил","gloss":"the court"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies суд","gloss":"of the Church"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силе","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силе","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"силе","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies наступил","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то есть (\"that is\")","gloss":"that is","note":"Idiom \"то есть\" = \"that is.\""},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"(that is)"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обратилось","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of обратилось","gloss":"(would)"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of общество","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"общество","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обратилось","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"обратилось","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel restatement of наступил (то есть clause)","gloss":"were transformed"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies церковь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церковь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратилось","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не только...но (\"not only\")","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повлиял","gloss":"the court"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies суд","gloss":"of the Church"},{"surface":"повлиял","lemma":"повлиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the apodosis clause","gloss":"would influence"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of повлиял","gloss":"(would)"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исправление","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"исправление","lemma":"исправление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повлиял","gloss":"the reform"},{"surface":"преступника","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies исправление","gloss":"of the criminal"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повлиял","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of влияет","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влияет","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies влияет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"влияет","lemma":"влиять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on так","gloss":"influences"},{"surface":"ныне","lemma":"ныне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влияет","gloss":"nowadays"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of the idiom может быть (\"perhaps\")","gloss":"perhaps","note":"Idiom \"может быть\" = \"perhaps.\""},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"(perhaps)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вправду","lemma":"вправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уменьшились","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самые","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies преступления","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"преступления","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of уменьшились","gloss":"crimes"},{"surface":"уменьшились","lemma":"уменьшиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with повлиял (contrasted by но)","gloss":"would diminish"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of уменьшились","gloss":"(would)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking долю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"невероятную","lemma":"невероятный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies долю","gloss":"incredible"},{"surface":"долю","lemma":"доля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уменьшились","gloss":"degree"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b2-c5-s115","source":"Да и церковь, сомнения нет, понимала бы будущего преступника и будущее преступление во многих случаях совсем иначе, чем ныне, и сумела бы возвратить отлученного, предупредить замышляющего и возродить падшего.","translation":"And the Church too, there is no doubt, would understand the future criminal and the future crime in many cases quite differently than it does now, and would be able to bring back the excommunicated, to forestall the one who plotted evil, and to regenerate the fallen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"понимала бы … и сумела бы возвратить … предупредить … возродить","title":"Conditional «бы» + a chain of perfective infinitives","body":"«понимала бы», «сумела бы» continue the counterfactual, and «сумела бы» governs three perfective infinitives — «возвратить», «предупредить», «возродить» ('bring back, forestall, regenerate'). The perfectives present each as a single achieved result the future Church could accomplish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"предупредить замышляющего и возродить падшего","title":"Substantivised participles as objects","body":"«замышляющего» (present active participle, 'the one plotting [evil]') and «падшего» (past active/adjectival, 'the fallen one') are participles used as animate nouns, in the accusative-equals-genitive form. Each compresses a whole human type into a single word — the would-be criminal, the fallen man."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom да и","gloss":"(also)"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of понимала","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"сомнения","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"negative existential particle, present","role":"parenthetical predicate (\"no doubt\")","gloss":"there is none"},{"surface":"понимала","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with сумела","gloss":"would understand"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of понимала","gloss":"(would)"},{"surface":"будущего","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies преступника","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"преступника","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of понимала","gloss":"the criminal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будущее","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies преступление","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"преступление","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with преступника","gloss":"the crime"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies случаях","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of понимала","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иначе","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимала","gloss":"differently"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ныне","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ныне","lemma":"ныне","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on понимала","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сумела","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with понимала","gloss":"would be able"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of сумела","gloss":"(would)"},{"surface":"возвратить","lemma":"возвратить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумела","gloss":"to bring back"},{"surface":"отлученного","lemma":"отлученный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возвратить","gloss":"the excommunicated"},{"surface":"предупредить","lemma":"предупредить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with возвратить","gloss":"to forestall"},{"surface":"замышляющего","lemma":"замышляющий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"direct object of предупредить","gloss":"the one plotting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возродить","lemma":"возродить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with возвратить","gloss":"to regenerate"},{"surface":"падшего","lemma":"падший","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возродить","gloss":"the fallen"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b2-c5-s116","source":"Правда, — усмехнулся старец, — теперь общество христианское пока еще само не готово и стоит лишь на семи праведниках; но так как они не оскудевают, то и пребывает всё же незыблемо, в ожидании своего полного преображения из общества как союза почти еще языческого во единую вселенскую и владычествующую церковь.","translation":"True,\" the elder smiled, \"now Christian society itself is as yet not ready, and stands only upon seven righteous men; but since they do not fail, it abides nonetheless unshaken, awaiting its full transfiguration from a society that is still an almost pagan union into the one universal and sovereign Church.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не оскудевают","title":"«оскудевать» — to grow scarce, fail","body":"«оскудевают» (from «оскудевать», 'to dwindle, run dry, fail') is an elevated, scriptural-sounding verb. Echoing the proverb «не оскудеет рука дающего», it says the righteous 'do not run out' — the few never give out."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"незыблемо … преображения … владычествующую","title":"Solemn high-register lexis","body":"«незыблемо» ('unshakably'), «преображение» ('transfiguration'), and «владычествующая» ('sovereign, holding dominion', a present active participle of «владычествовать») are all elevated, churchly words. They lift the closing vision into the language of liturgy and prophecy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в ожидании своего полного преображения","title":"Reflexive possessive «своего»","body":"«своего» ('its own') refers back to the subject «общество», the transfiguration belonging to society itself rather than another's. Using «его» instead would point to someone else's — the reflexive «свой» keeps the reference inside the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда,","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular, used as discourse particle","role":"parenthetical, affirms the following statement","gloss":"True,","note":"\"Правда\" opens the elder's reply as an interjection (\"true,\"/\"it's true\"), not a grammatical subject."},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the interjected clause, subject старец","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"старец,","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies готово","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"общество","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of готово","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"христианское","lemma":"христианский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общество","gloss":"Christian"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies готово","gloss":"as yet"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies готово","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"само","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"emphasizes общество","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies готово","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"готово","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, describes общество","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel predicate, describes общество","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking праведниках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"семи","lemma":"семь","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies праведниках","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"праведниках","lemma":"праведник","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоит","gloss":"righteous men"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так как (since)","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of оскудевают","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оскудевают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оскудевают","lemma":"оскудевать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the так как clause","gloss":"fail"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumes main clause, introduces пребывает","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пребывает","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"пребывает","lemma":"пребывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"abides"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase всё же, modifies пребывает","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"незыблемо","lemma":"незыблемо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пребывает","gloss":"unshaken"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ожидании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ожидании","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пребывает","gloss":"awaiting"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of преображения","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"полного","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies преображения","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"преображения","lemma":"преображение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ожидании","gloss":"transfiguration"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking общества","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"общества","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of преображения","gloss":"a society"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces союза as a comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"союза","lemma":"союз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to общества","gloss":"a union"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies языческого","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"языческого","lemma":"языческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies союза","gloss":"pagan"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церковь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"единую","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies церковь","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"вселенскую","lemma":"вселенский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies церковь","gloss":"universal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"владычествующую","lemma":"владычествовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вселенскую","gloss":"sovereign"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of во, complement of преображения","gloss":"Church"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b2-c5-s117","source":"Сие и бу́ди, бу́ди хотя бы и в конце веков, ибо лишь сему предназначено совершиться!","translation":"So be it, then; so be it, though it be even at the end of the ages, for to this alone is it appointed to come to pass!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Сие и бу́ди, бу́ди","title":"The refrain returns","body":"The chapter's title-refrain recurs: «сие» ('this', archaic «сей») plus the doubled Church-Slavonic imperative «буди» ('be it', for modern «будь»). It functions as a solemn liturgical 'so be it, Amen', the elder sealing his vision in the cadence of prayer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лишь сему предназначено совершиться","title":"Impersonal short passive + dative «сему»","body":"«предназначено» is a short neuter passive participle used impersonally ('it is destined / appointed'), with the dative «сему» ('to this', archaic dative of «сей') as the thing appointed and the perfective infinitive «совершиться» as what is to come to pass."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в конце веков","title":"«в конце веков» — at the end of the ages","body":"A solemn eschatological phrase ('at the end of the ages / of time'), with «веков» the genitive plural of «век» ('age, century'). It places the Church's full triumph at the very end of history — 'though it be even at the end of the ages'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сие","lemma":"сие","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бу́ди","gloss":"this","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic demonstrative (\"сей/сия/сие\"), fitting the elder's liturgical register."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"бу́ди","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative, archaic, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate, main verb (let it be)","gloss":"be it so"},{"surface":"бу́ди","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative, archaic, third, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with бу́ди","gloss":"so be it"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конце","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конце","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the concessive clause","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies конце","gloss":"of the ages"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предназначено","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сему","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"сему","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of предназначено","gloss":"to this"},{"surface":"предназначено","lemma":"предназначить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (predicate)","gloss":"is appointed"},{"surface":"совершиться","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, infinitive, middle, perfective","role":"depends on предназначено","gloss":"to come to pass"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b2-c5-s118","source":"И нечего смущать себя временами и сроками, ибо тайна времен и сроков в мудрости божией, в предвидении его и в любви его.","translation":"And there is no need to trouble ourselves over times and seasons, for the mystery of times and seasons rests in the wisdom of God, in his foresight, and in his love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нечего смущать себя","title":"Impersonal «нечего» + reflexive «себя»","body":"«нечего» ('there is nothing to / no need to') is a negative impersonal predicate taking an infinitive — «смущать себя» ('to trouble oneself'). «себя» is the reflexive object pointing to the implied 'we'. The whole construction is subjectless, an exhortation framed as 'there's no point in…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"божией … его","title":"Possessive adjective «божий»","body":"«божией» is the feminine prepositional of «божий» ('God's, divine'), a possessive adjective rather than the genitive «Бога». Lowercase «божией» and «его» (of God) here keep the reverent yet plain tone of the elder's speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative, negative pronoun","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"there is no need"},{"surface":"смущать","lemma":"смущать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"to trouble"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of смущать","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"временами","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of смущать","gloss":"with times"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сроками","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with временами","gloss":"seasons"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тайна","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тайна","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (rests in wisdom)","gloss":"the mystery"},{"surface":"времен","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies тайна","gloss":"of times"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сроков","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with времен","gloss":"seasons"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мудрости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мудрости","lemma":"мудрость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тайна","gloss":"the wisdom"},{"surface":"божией","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мудрости","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предвидении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"предвидении","lemma":"предвидение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with мудрости, oblique complement of тайна","gloss":"his foresight"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies предвидении","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with предвидении","gloss":"his love"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b2-c5-s119","source":"И что по расчету человеческому может быть еще и весьма отдаленно, то по предопределению божьему, может быть, уже стоит накануне своего появления, при дверях.","translation":"And what by human reckoning may yet be very far off, by God's predestination may, perhaps, already stand on the eve of its coming, at the very doors.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что … может быть … отдаленно, то … уже стоит накануне","title":"Correlative «что … то»","body":"The bookish correlative «что …, то …» ('what …, that …') pairs the human reckoning with the divine: 'what by human reckoning may be far off, by God's predestination already stands near'. «что» and «то» set up the balanced antithesis at the sentence's core."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"при дверях","title":"«при дверях» — at the very doors","body":"An archaic, scriptural idiom ('at the doors, near at hand'), echoing the Gospel's 'know that it is near, even at the doors' (Matthew 24:33). «при» + prepositional «дверях» renders the nearness of the awaited end with biblical resonance."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topicalized subject, resumed by то","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расчету","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"расчету","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the что-clause","gloss":"reckoning"},{"surface":"человеческому","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies расчету","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to отдаленно","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдаленно","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies весьма","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдаленно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"отдаленно","lemma":"отдалённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть, describes что","gloss":"far off"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumes the что-clause, introduces стоит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предопределению","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"предопределению","lemma":"предопределение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоит","gloss":"predestination"},{"surface":"божьему","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies предопределению","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be","note":"\"может быть\" here is the parenthetical \"perhaps.\""},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"накануне","lemma":"накануне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking появления","gloss":"on the eve of"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of появления","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"появления","lemma":"появление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоит","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверях","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"дверях","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоит","gloss":"the doors"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b2-c5-s120","source":"Сие последнее бу́ди, бу́ди.","translation":"And this last too — so be it, so be it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Сие последнее бу́ди, бу́ди","title":"The closing 'so be it'","body":"The chapter ends on its refrain a third time: «сие последнее» ('this last [thing]', archaic «сей») plus the doubled Church-Slavonic «буди, буди» ('so be it, so be it'). The triple repetition across the chapter gives the elder's vision the binding force of a liturgical Amen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сие","lemma":"сие","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бу́ди","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Сие","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"бу́ди","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative, archaic, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"let it be"},{"surface":"бу́ди","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative, archaic, third, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with бу́ди","gloss":"so be it"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b2-c5-s121","source":"— Бу́ди! бу́ди! — благоговейно и сурово подтвердил отец Паисий.","translation":"\"So be it! So be it!\" Father Paisy confirmed, reverently and sternly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Бу́ди! бу́ди!","title":"\"So be it!\" — an archaic imperative","body":"«Буди» is the old, Church-Slavonic imperative of «быть» (to be), where modern Russian says «будь». Doubled and solemn, it functions like the liturgical «аминь» — 'so be it, amen' — and gives the chapter its title. The accent mark on «бу́ди» is the reader's prompt to stress the first syllable."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благоговейно","title":"«благоговейно» — with reverent awe","body":"A bookish adverb from «благоговение» (reverence, pious awe), itself a Church-Slavonic compound of «благо» (good) + a root for awe. Paired with «сурово» (sternly) it captures the monk's blend of devotion and gravity — the word belongs to the sacred, not the everyday, register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бу́ди","lemma":"буди","morphology":"verb, imperative, archaic, third, singular, imperfective","role":"quoted exclamation","gloss":"So be it!"},{"surface":"бу́ди!","lemma":"буди","morphology":"verb, imperative, archaic, third, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated exclamation","gloss":"so be it!"},{"surface":"благоговейно","lemma":"благоговейно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подтвердил","gloss":"reverently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сурово","lemma":"сурово","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with благоговейно","gloss":"sternly"},{"surface":"подтвердил","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confirmed"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подтвердил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paisy"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b2-c5-s122","source":"— Странно, в высшей степени странно! — произнес Миусов, и не то что с горячностью, а как бы с затаенным каким-то негодованием.","translation":"\"Strange — strange in the highest degree!\" pronounced Miusov, not exactly with heat, but as though with some sort of suppressed indignation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в высшей степени","title":"«в высшей степени» — superlative by phrase","body":"«Высшей» is the superlative of «высокий» built with the bookish suffix -ш-/-айш-, here frozen into the set phrase «в высшей степени» ('in the highest degree', i.e. extremely). Russian forms its emphatic superlatives either periphrastically with «самый» or, in elevated style, with this suffixed form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы с затаенным каким-то негодованием","title":"«с ... негодованием» — instrumental of manner","body":"«С негодованием» (with indignation) uses «с» + the instrumental to express the manner of speaking, modified by «затаенным» (suppressed, a past passive participle) and the indefinite «каким-то». The hedging «как бы» ('as it were') and «какой-то» soften the narrator's claim into impression rather than fact."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"негодование","title":"«негодование» — indignation","body":"A morally charged noun for indignation or righteous anger, more elevated than ordinary «злость» (spite). Built on «годный/негодный» (fit / unfit), it originally implies finding something unworthy — the perfect word for Miusov's offended liberal sensibility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate exclamation","gloss":"Strange"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"высшей","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of странно","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"странно!","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with  Странно","gloss":"strange!"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то что (not exactly)","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горячностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"горячностью","lemma":"горячность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of the idiom не то что","gloss":"heat"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы (as if)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking негодованием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"затаенным","lemma":"затаённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies негодованием","gloss":"suppressed"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of негодованием, part of каким-то","gloss":"some sort of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite suffix -то","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"негодованием","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with горячностью","gloss":"indignation"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b2-c5-s123","source":"— Что же кажется вам столь странным? — осторожно осведомился отец Иосиф.","translation":"\"And what is it that strikes you as so strange?\" Father Iosif inquired cautiously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же кажется вам столь странным?","title":"«же» — the insisting particle","body":"The modal particle «же» fastens onto the question word «что» to press and challenge: 'what exactly...?' / 'what on earth...?'. It carries no dictionary meaning, only the speaker's pointed insistence — one of the small words that give Dostoevsky's dialogue its live, conversational edge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кажется вам ... странным","title":"«кажется вам» — dative experiencer + instrumental complement","body":"«Казаться» (to seem) takes the person it seems-to in the dative («вам», to you) and the quality in the instrumental («странным», strange). This is the impersonal-leaning experiencer pattern so common in Russian: the perception is framed around the one who has it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осведомился","title":"«осведомиться» — to inquire (formally)","body":"A formal, slightly officialese verb for 'to inquire/ask', loftier than plain «спросить». Together with the adverb «осторожно» (cautiously), it paints Father Iosif as measured and ceremonious — the diction itself is courteous."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, introduces the question","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies  Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of кажется","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies странным?","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"странным?","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of кажется","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"осторожно","lemma":"осторожно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осведомился","gloss":"cautiously"},{"surface":"осведомился","lemma":"осведомиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"inquired"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осведомился","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Иосиф","lemma":"иосиф","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Iosif"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b2-c5-s124","source":"— Да что же это в самом деле такое? — воскликнул Миусов, как бы вдруг прорвавшись, — устраняется на земле государство, а церковь возводится на степень государства!","translation":"\"But what on earth is this, really?\" exclaimed Miusov, as if suddenly breaking loose. \"The state is abolished on earth, and the Church is raised to the rank of the state!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да что же это в самом деле такое?","title":"Stacked particles: «да ... же ... в самом деле»","body":"Three intensifiers pile up: the opening «да» (here an exasperated 'but, well'), the insisting «же», and the phrase «в самом деле» ('really, indeed'). Russian colours an outburst by accumulating such particles where English would lean on intonation alone — 'But what on earth is this, really?'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы вдруг прорвавшись","title":"«прорвавшись» — perfective gerund (деепричастие)","body":"«Прорвавшись» is a past adverbial participle (deeprichastie) in -вши- from perfective «прорваться» (to burst through, break loose), describing the manner attending the main verb «воскликнул»: he exclaimed, having suddenly burst out. The reflexive -ся makes it intransitive — the dam breaks of itself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"устраняется ... возводится","title":"Reflexive -ся as passive","body":"Both verbs carry -ся to form an imperfective passive with no named agent: «устраняется» (is abolished/removed) and «возводится... на степень» (is raised to the rank of). The construction lets Miusov state the alleged doctrine impersonally, as a process happening to the state and the Church."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of такое?","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive subject alongside что","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies такое?","gloss":"in fact","note":"\"в самом деле\" is the fixed idiom \"in fact/really.\""},{"surface":"такое?","lemma":"такой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement (что...такое = what is this)","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы (as if)","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прорвавшись","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"прорвавшись,","lemma":"прорваться","morphology":"verb, adverbial participle (gerund), past, perfective","role":"adverbial participle modifying воскликнул","gloss":"breaking loose"},{"surface":"устраняется","lemma":"устраняться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"is abolished"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устраняется","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"государство","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of устраняется","gloss":"the state"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of возводится","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"возводится","lemma":"возводиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with устраняется","gloss":"is raised"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степень","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"степень","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возводится","gloss":"the rank"},{"surface":"государства","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies степень","gloss":"of the state"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b2-c5-s125","source":"Это не то что ультрамонтанство, это архиультрамонтанство!","translation":"This is not ultramontanism — this is arch-ultramontanism!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это не то что ... это ...","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"Russian uses no verb 'to be' in the present, so the equation runs on bare nominatives joined by «это» ('this is'): 'this is not ultramontanism, this is arch-ultramontanism'. The repeated «это» does the linking work English assigns to 'is'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ультрамонтанство","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то что","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ультрамонтанство","lemma":"ультрамонтанство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"ultramontanism"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of архиультрамонтанство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"архиультрамонтанство","lemma":"архиультрамонтанство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"arch-ultramontanism"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b2-c5-s126","source":"Это папе Григорию Седьмому не мерещилось!","translation":"Pope Gregory the Seventh never even dreamed of such a thing!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"папе Григорию Седьмому не мерещилось","title":"Dative + impersonal «мерещилось»","body":"The impersonal verb «мерещиться» (to seem, to be imagined, to appear in fancy) takes its experiencer in the dative: «папе Григорию» (to Pope Gregory) — and all three words, name + name + ordinal, decline alike into the dative. There is no nominative subject: 'it never even appeared to him in fancy'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мерещилось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"папе","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of мерещилось","gloss":"to Pope"},{"surface":"Григорию","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to папе","gloss":"Gregory"},{"surface":"Седьмому","lemma":"седьмой","morphology":"numeral, ordinal, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григорию","gloss":"the Seventh"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мерещилось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мерещилось","lemma":"мерещиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"occurred (even in a dream)"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b2-c5-s127","source":"— Совершенно обратно изволите понимать! — строго проговорил отец Паисий, — не церковь обращается в государство, поймите это.","translation":"\"You are pleased to understand it exactly backwards!\" Father Paisy said severely. \"It is not the Church that turns into the state — understand that.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изволите понимать","title":"«изволите» — courteous-ironic 'are pleased to'","body":"«Изволить» + infinitive ('to be pleased to', 'to deign to') is an elaborately polite auxiliary of older etiquette. In Paisy's mouth — 'you are pleased to understand it backwards' — the courtesy curdles into cold irony: formally deferential, actually a rebuke."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не церковь обращается в государство","title":"Negation scoped on the subject; word order","body":"The negator «не» here denies not the verb but the noun «церковь» — 'it is not the CHURCH that turns into the state' — fronting the contrasted element. This focus-negation, where «не» sits before the word it singles out, drives the whole rhetorical correction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поймите это","title":"«поймите» — perfective imperative","body":"A perfective imperative from «понять» (to understand), with the plural/polite ending -те: 'understand this!'. The perfective demands the single, decisive act of grasping the point, not an ongoing process — fitting for Paisy's curt command."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратно","gloss":"Quite"},{"surface":"обратно","lemma":"обратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимать!","gloss":"backwards"},{"surface":"изволите","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you are pleased to"},{"surface":"понимать!","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of изволите","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"severely"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий,","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies церковь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of обращается","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"обращается","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"turns"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking государство","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"государство","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращается","gloss":"the state"},{"surface":"поймите","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"separate imperative clause addressed to the listener","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поймите","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b2-c5-s128","source":"То Рим и его мечта.","translation":"That is Rome and its dream.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"То Рим и его мечта.","title":"«то» as demonstrative subject","body":"Sentence-initial «то» ('that') is the neuter demonstrative standing as subject, with the copula again zero: 'That [is] Rome and its dream'. Paired across s128–s130 with «А, напротив» it sets up a sharp 'that, by contrast this' antithesis."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"copula-like subject, refers to the previous statement","gloss":"That is"},{"surface":"Рим","lemma":"рим","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun after То","gloss":"Rome"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, possessive","role":"determiner of мечта","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"мечта","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Рим","gloss":"dream"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b2-c5-s129","source":"То третье диаволово искушение!","translation":"That is the third temptation of the devil!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"диаволово","title":"«диаволово» — archaic possessive of the devil","body":"«Диаволово» is a possessive adjective ('the devil's') formed with the old suffix -ов from «диавол» — itself the Church-Slavonic spelling of «дьявол». Both the spelling and the -ово possessive (rather than a genitive «дьявола») lend the phrase a scriptural, archaic colouring."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"copula-like subject, refers to the previous statement","gloss":"That is"},{"surface":"третье","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, ordinal, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies искушение","gloss":"the third"},{"surface":"диаволово","lemma":"диаволов","morphology":"adjective, possessive, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies искушение","gloss":"the devil's"},{"surface":"искушение","lemma":"искушение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of То","gloss":"temptation"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b2-c5-s130","source":"А, напротив, государство обращается в церковь, восходит до церкви и становится церковью на всей земле, что совершенно уже противоположно и ультрамонтанству, и Риму, и вашему толкованию, и есть лишь великое предназначение православия на земле.","translation":"On the contrary, it is the state that turns into the Church, that rises up to the Church and becomes the Church over all the earth — which is something altogether opposite to ultramontanism, and to Rome, and to your interpretation, and is nothing other than the great destiny of Orthodoxy upon the earth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обращается ... восходит ... становится церковью","title":"A triad of present-tense verbs; instrumental predicate","body":"Paisy stacks three imperfective presents — «обращается в» (turns into), «восходит до» (rises up to), «становится» (becomes) — to render the doctrine as an unfolding process. «Становится церковью» puts the predicate noun in the instrumental, as «стать/становиться» requires: the state becomes the Church."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"противоположно и ... и ... и ...","title":"«и ... и ... и ...» — correlative 'both ... and'","body":"Repeated «и» before each item is the correlative 'both...and / and...and', here listing everything the Orthodox idea is opposite to: «и ультрамонтанству, и Риму, и вашему толкованию» — all in the dative governed by «противоположно» (opposite to). The piling-up is deliberately oratorical."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"предназначение православия","title":"«предназначение» — destiny, appointed purpose","body":"«Предназначение» is an elevated, abstract noun in -ение for 'destiny / appointed purpose / vocation', built on «назначить» (to appoint) with the prefix «пред-» (fore-). «Православие» is 'Orthodoxy' (literally 'right-glorifying') — the word for the Eastern Church as both faith and civilization, central to Paisy's vision."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies the sentence","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"государство","lemma":"государство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обращается","gloss":"the state"},{"surface":"обращается","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turns"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церковь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращается","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"восходит","lemma":"восходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обращается","gloss":"rises"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церкви","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of восходит","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"становится","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обращается","gloss":"becomes"},{"surface":"церковью","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of становится","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of земле","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of становится","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of противоположно","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies противоположно","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies противоположно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"противоположно","lemma":"противоположный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ультрамонтанству","lemma":"ультрамонтанство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of противоположно","gloss":"ultramontanism"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Риму","lemma":"рим","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of противоположно","gloss":"Rome"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вашему","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of толкованию","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"толкованию","lemma":"толкование","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of противоположно","gloss":"interpretation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, coordinated with противоположно","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies великое","gloss":"nothing but"},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies предназначение","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"предназначение","lemma":"предназначение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть (что remains the subject)","gloss":"destiny"},{"surface":"православия","lemma":"православие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies предназначение","gloss":"of Orthodoxy"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies предназначение","gloss":"the earth"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b2-c5-s131","source":"От Востока звезда сия воссияет.","translation":"From the East shall this star arise.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"От Востока звезда сия воссияет.","title":"Archaic «сия» and inverted, prophetic word order","body":"«Сия» is the bookish/Church-Slavonic demonstrative 'this' (modern «эта»), placed after its noun «звезда» (star) in solemn fashion. The fronted «От Востока» (From the East) and clause-final verb «воссияет» (shall shine forth) give the line the cadence of prophecy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воссияет","title":"«воссиять» — to shine forth (Slavonic)","body":"A solemn perfective verb 'to shine forth, blaze up' built on «сиять» (to shine) with the prefix «вос-» (the Church-Slavonic form of «вз-», an upward/sudden motion). The simple-future ending names a single decisive event — the rising of the star — in the high scriptural register that closes Paisy's speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Востока","gloss":"From"},{"surface":"Востока","lemma":"восток","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воссияет","gloss":"the East"},{"surface":"звезда","lemma":"звезда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воссияет","gloss":"star"},{"surface":"сия","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, demonstrative, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies звезда","gloss":"this","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic demonstrative, feminine form of сей."},{"surface":"воссияет","lemma":"воссиять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall arise"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b2-c5-s132","source":"Миусов внушительно помолчал.","translation":"Miusov fell silent with an air of weight.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"помолчал","title":"«помолчать» — the delimitative «по-»","body":"«Помолчал» is perfective «помолчать», the prefix «по-» here giving the delimitative sense 'to be silent for a while': Miusov kept silent for a measured moment. This «по-» of bounded duration is distinct from its directional uses, and the perfective frames the silence as a single, completed beat."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"внушительно","title":"«внушительно» — impressively, with weight","body":"An adverb from «внушать» (to instil, impress upon), meaning 'impressively, with an air of weight'. Repeated of Miusov here and at s139, it quietly characterizes his self-conscious gravity — he performs significance as much as feels it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помолчал","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"внушительно","lemma":"внушительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помолчал","gloss":"with an air of weight"},{"surface":"помолчал","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b2-c5-s133","source":"Вся фигура его выразила собою необыкновенное собственное достоинство.","translation":"His whole figure expressed an extraordinary sense of his own dignity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выразила собою","title":"«собою» — instrumental of the reflexive","body":"«Собою» is the instrumental of the reflexive pronoun «себя» (self), in the idiom «выразить собою» — literally 'expressed by means of itself', i.e. embodied/manifested. The reflexive points back to the subject «фигура»: his whole figure was the very thing that expressed the dignity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"собственное достоинство","title":"«собственное достоинство» — self-worth / dignity","body":"«Достоинство» is 'dignity, worth'; with «собственное» ('one's own') the phrase means a (sometimes inflated) sense of personal dignity. The note is faintly ironic — Dostoevsky lets Miusov's body broadcast a vanity his words try to dignify."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of фигура","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"фигура","lemma":"фигура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выразила","gloss":"figure"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"modifies фигура","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"выразила","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expressed"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"modifies выразила","gloss":"in itself"},{"surface":"необыкновенное","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies достоинство","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"собственное","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies достоинство","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"достоинство","lemma":"достоинство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выразила","gloss":"dignity"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b2-c5-s134","source":"Свысока-снисходительная улыбка показалась на его губах.","translation":"A loftily condescending smile appeared on his lips.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"показалась","title":"«показаться» — reflexive 'to appear'","body":"«Показалась» is perfective «показаться» with -ся meaning 'to appear, come into view' (here, the smile appeared on his lips). The -ся makes the verb intransitive and middle: the smile shows itself, no one is said to make it appear — the feminine -лась agrees with «улыбка» (smile)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Свысока-снисходительная","title":"«свысока-снисходительная» — a loftily condescending smile","body":"A vivid hyphenated compound: «свысока» ('from on high', haughtily) fused with «снисходительная» (condescending, indulgent). The doubling intensifies the down-the-nose superiority of Miusov's smile — Dostoevsky coins the pairing for one exact shade of conceit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Свысока","lemma":"свысока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies снисходительная","gloss":"loftily"},{"surface":"снисходительная","lemma":"снисходительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбка","gloss":"condescending"},{"surface":"улыбка","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of показалась","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"показалась","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, possessive","role":"determiner of губах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"губах","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of показалась","gloss":"lips"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b2-c5-s135","source":"Алеша следил за всем с сильно бьющимся сердцем.","translation":"Alyosha watched it all with a violently pounding heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"следил за всем","title":"«следить за» + instrumental","body":"«Следить» (to watch, follow, keep track of) governs its object through «за» + the instrumental: «за всем» (over everything, all of it). The imperfective gives the continuous sense — Alyosha was watching it all unfold throughout."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с сильно бьющимся сердцем","title":"«бьющимся» — present active participle","body":"«Бьющимся» is the present active participle of «биться» (to beat, of a heart), in -щ-, declined to agree with «сердцем» (instrumental) after «с»: 'with a heart that was beating'. The participle compresses a whole clause ('a heart that beat strongly') into one modifier — a hallmark of literary description."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of следил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"следил","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of следил","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердцем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бьющимся","gloss":"violently"},{"surface":"бьющимся","lemma":"биться","morphology":"verb, present active participle, instrumental, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies сердцем","gloss":"pounding"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of следил","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b2-c5-s136","source":"Весь этот разговор взволновал его до основания.","translation":"This whole conversation had stirred him to his very foundations.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взволновал его до основания","title":"«взволновать» — perfective of a single result","body":"«Взволновал» (perfective of «волновать», to stir/agitate) registers the conversation as having decisively unsettled him — a completed effect, not a process. The phrase «до основания» ('to the foundation, to the very root') marks how total that effect was."}],"words":[{"surface":"Весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разговор","gloss":"This whole"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разговор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взволновал","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"взволновал","lemma":"взволновать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had stirred"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взволновал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking основания","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"основания","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of взволновал","gloss":"his very foundations"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b2-c5-s137","source":"Он случайно взглянул на Ракитина; тот стоял неподвижно на своем прежнем месте у двери, внимательно вслушиваясь и всматриваясь, хотя и опустив глаза.","translation":"By chance he glanced at Rakitin; the latter was standing motionless in his former place by the door, listening and watching intently, though with his eyes lowered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот стоял неподвижно","title":"«тот» tracking a referent","body":"«Тот» ('that one, the latter') picks Rakitin back up as topic after «взглянул на Ракитина», the way English uses 'the latter'. The demonstrative is Russian's device for re-identifying a participant when free word order could otherwise blur who is meant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"внимательно вслушиваясь и всматриваясь ... опустив глаза","title":"Three gerunds, two aspects","body":"Three adverbial participles describe Rakitin's stance: imperfective present «вслушиваясь» and «всматриваясь» (listening / peering intently, ongoing) versus perfective past «опустив» (having lowered his eyes, completed and prior). The contrast of -ясь vs -в neatly stages a finished act against two continuing ones."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вслушиваясь и всматриваясь","title":"«вслушиваться» / «всматриваться» — to listen/look intently INTO","body":"The prefix «в-» ('into') deepens plain «слушать»/«смотреть» into 'to listen hard, strain to catch' and 'to peer, scrutinize'. The matched pair, both reflexive, conveys total absorption — Rakitin drinks in every word and gesture while feigning detachment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взглянул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"случайно","lemma":"случайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взглянул","gloss":"by chance"},{"surface":"взглянул","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ракитина","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглянул","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"was standing"},{"surface":"неподвижно","lemma":"неподвижно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоял","gloss":"motionless"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"прежнем","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"внимательно","lemma":"внимательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вслушиваясь","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"вслушиваясь","lemma":"вслушиваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on стоял","gloss":"listening"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всматриваясь","lemma":"всматриваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вслушиваясь","gloss":"watching"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of опустив","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies опустив (concessive хотя и)","gloss":"even","note":"хотя и + verb is a concessive pattern: 'even though'."},{"surface":"опустив","lemma":"опустить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on всматриваясь","gloss":"lowered"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of опустив","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b2-c5-s138","source":"Но по оживленному румянцу на его щеках Алеша догадался, что и Ракитин взволнован, кажется, не меньше его, Алеша знал, чем он взволнован.","translation":"But from the lively flush on his cheeks Alyosha guessed that Rakitin too was stirred, and, it seemed, no less than he was himself; and Alyosha knew what it was that stirred him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по оживленному румянцу ... Алеша догадался","title":"«по» + dative of evidence","body":"«По» here governs the dative «румянцу» (flush) in its sense 'by, judging from': Alyosha guessed 'from / by the flush' on Rakitin's cheeks. This «по» of basis or evidence is one of the preposition's many uses, all built on the dative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что и Ракитин взволнован ... чем он взволнован","title":"«что» reporting + short passive participle","body":"«Догадался, что...» opens a reported-fact clause with «что» (that). «Взволнован» is the short-form past passive participle of «взволновать», predicating a state — 'is stirred / agitated'. The additive «и» before «Ракитин» means 'Rakitin too'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking румянцу","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"оживленному","lemma":"оживлённый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies румянцу","gloss":"lively"},{"surface":"румянцу","lemma":"румянец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of догадался","gloss":"flush"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking щеках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of щеках","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"щеках","lemma":"щека","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies румянцу","gloss":"cheeks"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of догадался","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"guessed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взволнован","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ракитин","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive взволнован","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"взволнован","lemma":"взволновать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of догадался","gloss":"was stirred"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies не меньше его","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меньше","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"меньше","lemma":"меньше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"depends on его","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison with меньше","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with догадался","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of взволнован","gloss":"by what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive взволнован","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"взволнован","lemma":"взволновать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"stirred"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b2-c5-s139","source":"— Позвольте мне сообщить вам один маленький анекдот, господа, — внушительно и с каким-то особенно осанистым видом проговорил вдруг Миусов.","translation":"\"Allow me to relate to you one little anecdote, gentlemen,\" Miusov suddenly brought out, with weight and with a peculiarly stately air.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Позвольте мне сообщить вам","title":"«позвольте» — polite imperative + dative","body":"«Позвольте» is the perfective polite imperative of «позволить» (to permit): 'allow [me]'. It is followed by the dative of the one permitted («мне», me) and the infinitive «сообщить», with a second dative «вам» (to you) as the indirect object of telling — a doubly courteous, formal opening."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"анекдот","title":"«анекдот» — anecdote, not 'joke'","body":"A false friend for English speakers: 19th-c. «анекдот» means a short true-to-life story or curious incident (as here, 'a little anecdote'), not a punch-line joke. The modern colloquial 'joke' sense came later; Miusov promises a piquant real episode."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осанистым видом","title":"«осанистый» — stately of bearing","body":"«Осанистый» (from «осанка», carriage/posture) means 'of imposing, stately bearing'. In the instrumental of manner here — «с осанистым видом», 'with a stately air' — it again underlines the studied dignity with which Miusov stages himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second person, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"Allow","note":"Позвольте + infinitive is a formal polite imperative: 'allow me to...'."},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сообщить","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of Позвольте","gloss":"to relate"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сообщить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies анекдот","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies анекдот","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"анекдот","lemma":"анекдот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сообщить","gloss":"anecdote"},{"surface":"господа,","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, addresses the listeners","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"внушительно","lemma":"внушительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"with weight"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of видом (with то forms каким-то)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle forming каким-то with каким","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осанистым","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"осанистым","lemma":"осанистый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"stately"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted-speech clause","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Miusov"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b2-c5-s140","source":"— В Париже, уже несколько лет тому, вскоре после декабрьского переворота, мне пришлось однажды, делая по знакомству визит одному очень-очень важному и управляющему тогда лицу, повстречать у него одного прелюбопытнейшего господина.","translation":"\"In Paris, some several years ago now, soon after the coup of December, I happened once, while paying a call as an acquaintance upon a certain very, very important personage who was then in charge of affairs, to come upon a most exceedingly curious gentleman there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне пришлось ... повстречать","title":"«пришлось» + dative — 'I happened to / had to'","body":"The impersonal «пришлось» (past of «прийтись») takes the dative «мне» and an infinitive to mean 'it fell to me / I happened to / I had occasion to'. There is no nominative subject — the event is framed as befalling Miusov, the classic dative-experiencer construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"делая ... визит","title":"«делая» — present gerund of attendant action","body":"«Делая» is the imperfective present gerund of «делать», setting the simultaneous circumstance: 'while paying a call'. It shares the subject of the main verb and stacks with the prepositional phrases into one long, qualifying period — typical of Miusov's elaborate, parenthesis-laden style."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прелюбопытнейшего","title":"«прелюбопытнейший» — a most exceedingly curious...","body":"Two intensifiers fuse onto «любопытный» (curious): the augmentative prefix «пре-» ('very, exceedingly') and the bookish superlative suffix -ейш-. The result, 'a most exceedingly curious gentleman', is doubly emphatic and faintly precious — exactly Miusov's relish for his own tale."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Париже","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"Париже","lemma":"париж","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"temporal adjunct, modifies пришлось","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the temporal idiom лет тому (=years ago), modifies лет","gloss":"ago","note":"несколько лет тому = 'several years ago' (idiomatic, назад implied)."},{"surface":"вскоре","lemma":"вскоре","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришлось","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переворота","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"декабрьского","lemma":"декабрьский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies переворота","gloss":"December"},{"surface":"переворота","lemma":"переворот","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of после, temporal adjunct on пришлось","gloss":"coup"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer subject of пришлось","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пришлось","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришлось","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"делая","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пришлось","gloss":"paying"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знакомству","gloss":"as an"},{"surface":"знакомству","lemma":"знакомство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of делая","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"визит","lemma":"визит","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of делая","gloss":"a visit"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицу","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важному","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важному","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"важному","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицу","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"управляющему","lemma":"управляющий","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with важному","gloss":"in charge"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies управляющему","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"лицу","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of визит","gloss":"personage"},{"surface":"повстречать","lemma":"повстречать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of пришлось","gloss":"to come upon"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повстречать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies господина","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"прелюбопытнейшего","lemma":"прелюбопытный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies господина","gloss":"most curious"},{"surface":"господина","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of повстречать","gloss":"gentleman"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b2-c5-s141","source":"Был этот индивидуум не то что сыщиком, а вроде управляющего целою командой политических сыщиков, — в своем роде довольно влиятельная должность.","translation":"This individual was not exactly a detective, but something like the supervisor of a whole squad of political detectives — a fairly influential post of its kind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Был этот индивидуум не то что сыщиком","title":"Predicate instrumental «сыщиком»","body":"After «был» (was), the predicate noun «сыщиком» (detective) stands in the instrumental, not the nominative — the rule for noun complements of «быть» in the past tense. The hedging «не то что...а вроде» ('not exactly... but something like') keeps the man's role deliberately blurry."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сыщик","title":"«сыщик» — detective, sleuth","body":"«Сыщик» (from «сыскать», to track down) is the period word for a detective or police agent — here a 'political detective' of the imperial-French secret police. The diminutive-tinged familiarity of the term sits against the menacing reality of surveillance Miusov is describing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of индивидуум","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"индивидуум","lemma":"индивидуум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Был","gloss":"individual"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom не то что (=not exactly)","gloss":"exactly","note":"не то что X, а Y = 'not exactly X, but Y'."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of idiom не то что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сыщиком","lemma":"сыщик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement (instrumental), parallel to Был","gloss":"a detective"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking управляющего (вроде governs the genitive noun, not целою)","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"управляющего","lemma":"управляющий","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition вроде","gloss":"supervisor"},{"surface":"целою","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies командой","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"командой","lemma":"команда","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of управляющего","gloss":"squad"},{"surface":"политических","lemma":"политический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies сыщиков,","gloss":"political"},{"surface":"сыщиков,","lemma":"сыщик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies командой","gloss":"detectives"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies должность (=of its kind)","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влиятельная","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"влиятельная","lemma":"влиятельный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies должность","gloss":"influential"},{"surface":"должность","lemma":"должность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun (elided была), parallel to индивидуум","gloss":"post"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b2-c5-s142","source":"Придравшись к случаю, я, из чрезвычайного любопытства, разговорился с ним; а так как он принят был не по знакомству, а как подчиненный чиновник, пришедший с известного рода рапортом, то, видя, с своей стороны, как я принят у его начальника, он удостоил меня некоторою откровенностию, — ну, разумеется, в известной степени, то есть скорее был вежлив, чем откровенен, именно как французы умеют быть вежливыми, тем более что видел во мне иностранца.","translation":"Seizing the occasion, out of extraordinary curiosity, I struck up a conversation with him; and since he had been received not as an acquaintance but as a subordinate official who had come with a report of a certain sort, then, seeing for his part how I was received by his superior, he honored me with a certain candor — well, of course, only within certain bounds; that is, he was sooner courteous than candid, courteous in just the way the French know how to be, the more so since he saw in me a foreigner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Придравшись к случаю ... видя ... пришедший","title":"A chain of participles and gerunds","body":"This sprawling sentence is held together by non-finite forms: the perfective gerund «придравшись» (having seized on the occasion), the imperfective gerund «видя» (seeing), and the past active participle «пришедший» ('who had come'). Packing several such forms into one period is the signature density of 19th-c. literary Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он принят был ... как подчиненный чиновник","title":"Short passive participle «принят»","body":"«Принят» is the short-form past passive participle of «принять» (to receive), forming a passive with «был»: 'he had been received'. The agent is unnamed; «как подчиненный чиновник» ('as a subordinate official') gives the capacity in which he was received."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"удостоил меня некоторою откровенностию","title":"Archaic instrumental endings «-ою / -ию»","body":"«Некоторою откровенностию» shows the older literary instrumental endings -ою (for modern -ой) and -ию (for modern -ью). The verb «удостоить» ('to deign to grant, to honour with') governs the instrumental of the thing granted — 'he honoured me with a certain candor'. The endings are pure period flavour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Придравшись","lemma":"придраться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on разговорился","gloss":"seizing"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаю","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"случаю","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Придравшись","gloss":"the occasion"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of разговорился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытства","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"чрезвычайного","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытства","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"любопытства","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of разговорился","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"разговорился","lemma":"разговориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck up a conversation"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разговорился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the correlative так как (=since)","gloss":"since","note":"так как = 'since/because'."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the correlative так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive принят","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"принят","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of causal clause (так как)","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of принят","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates по знакомству","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знакомству","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"знакомству","lemma":"знакомство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of принят","gloss":"an acquaintance"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking чиновник","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"подчиненный","lemma":"подчинённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чиновник","gloss":"subordinate"},{"surface":"чиновник","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun after как, describes он","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"пришедший","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying чиновник","gloss":"who had come"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рапортом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"известного","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рода","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"рода","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рапортом","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"рапортом","lemma":"рапорт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришедший","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"resumes the main clause (он удостоил) after так как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"видя","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on удостоил","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видя","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принят","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of passive принят","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"принят","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of clause introduced by как (object of видя)","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начальника","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies начальника","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"начальника","lemma":"начальник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принят","gloss":"superior"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удостоил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"удостоил","lemma":"удостоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"honored"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of удостоил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"некоторою","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies откровенностию,","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"откровенностию,","lemma":"откровенность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удостоил","gloss":"candor"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разумеется","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"известной","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вежлив","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of idiom то есть (=that is)","gloss":"that","note":"то есть = 'that is'."},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вежлив","gloss":"sooner"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to вежлив","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вежлив","lemma":"вежливый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, subject он (implied)","gloss":"courteous"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause (than)","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"откровенен","lemma":"откровенный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective in the чем-clause, compared to вежлив","gloss":"candid"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes как французы умеют","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause как французы умеют быть вежливыми","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"французы","lemma":"француз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of умеют","gloss":"the French"},{"surface":"умеют","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"comparative clause modifying вежлив","gloss":"know how"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to вежливыми","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"вежливыми","lemma":"вежливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of умеют","gloss":"courteous"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom тем более что (=all the more since)","gloss":"all","note":"тем более что = 'all the more so because'."},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom тем более","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause (что видел)","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"causal clause modifying the preceding statement","gloss":"he saw"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"иностранца","lemma":"иностранец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"a foreigner"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b2-c5-s143","source":"Но я его очень понял.","translation":"But I understood him very well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но я его очень понял.","title":"Word order: fronted object, end-weighted adverb","body":"The object «его» (him) precedes the verb, and «очень» (very, very well) sits just before «понял» for emphasis — 'But I understood him very well'. The flexible order, licensed by case marking, lets Miusov lay the stress on how thoroughly he saw through the man."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of понял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b2-c5-s144","source":"Тема шла о социалистах-революционерах, которых тогда, между прочим, преследовали.","translation":"The subject turned on the socialist-revolutionaries, who at that time, among other things, were being persecuted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которых тогда ... преследовали","title":"«который» in the accusative + agentless «они»","body":"The relative «которых» agrees with its antecedent «социалистах-революционерах» in number but takes the accusative (animate plural = genitive form) as object of «преследовали». The bare 3rd-plural verb with no subject ('they persecuted') is Russian's standard impersonal-passive equivalent — 'were being persecuted'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тема","lemma":"тема","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of шла","gloss":"the subject"},{"surface":"шла","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking социалистах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"социалистах","lemma":"социалист","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of шла","gloss":"socialists"},{"surface":"революционерах","lemma":"революционер","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"compound with социалистах, oblique complement of шла","gloss":"revolutionaries"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of преследовали","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies преследовали","gloss":"at that time"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прочим","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"прочим","lemma":"прочий","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, modifies преследовали","gloss":"other things"},{"surface":"преследовали","lemma":"преследовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on революционерах","gloss":"were being persecuted"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b2-c5-s145","source":"Опуская главную суть разговора, приведу лишь одно любопытнейшее замечание, которое у этого господчика вдруг вырвалось: «Мы, — сказал он, — собственно этих всех социалистов — анархистов, безбожников и революционеров — не очень-то и опасаемся; мы за ними следим, и ходы их нам известны.","translation":"Passing over the main substance of the conversation, I will cite only one most curious remark that this little gentleman suddenly let slip: 'We,' he said, 'are not, strictly speaking, so very much afraid of all these socialists — the anarchists, the godless, and the revolutionaries; we keep watch on them, and their movements are known to us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приведу лишь одно ... замечание","title":"«приведу» — perfective future","body":"«Приведу» is the perfective future of «привести» ('to cite, adduce') — a perfective verb conjugated with present-type endings yields future meaning: 'I will cite'. The limiting particle «лишь» ('only, merely') narrows it to the one remark worth quoting."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которое ... вырвалось","title":"«вырваться» — reflexive 'to escape, slip out'","body":"«Вырвалось» (perfective, -ся) means the remark 'burst / slipped out of him' of its own accord — the reflexive frames involuntary speech, as if the words tore loose without his willing it. The relative «которое» agrees with neuter «замечание»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"господчика","title":"«господчик» — pejorative diminutive of 'gentleman'","body":"«Господчик» adds the belittling suffix -чик to «господин», turning a respectful 'gentleman' into a faintly contemptuous 'little gentleman / fellow'. Miusov's word choice quietly looks down on the police official even as he quotes him at length."}],"words":[{"surface":"Опуская","lemma":"опускать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on приведу","gloss":"passing over"},{"surface":"главную","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies суть","gloss":"main"},{"surface":"суть","lemma":"суть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Опуская","gloss":"gist"},{"surface":"разговора","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суть","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"приведу","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will cite"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"одно","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies замечание","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"любопытнейшее","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies замечание","gloss":"most curious"},{"surface":"замечание","lemma":"замечание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of приведу","gloss":"remark"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вырвалось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господчика","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of господчика","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"господчика","lemma":"господчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"little gentleman"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on замечание","gloss":"slipped out"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical attribution within the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он,","lemma":"он","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"собственно","lemma":"собственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies социалистов","gloss":"strictly speaking"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of социалистов","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of социалистов","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"социалистов","lemma":"социалист","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of опасаемся","gloss":"socialists"},{"surface":"анархистов","lemma":"анархист","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to социалистов , coordinated with безбожников","gloss":"anarchists"},{"surface":"безбожников","lemma":"безбожник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with анархистов","gloss":"the godless"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"революционеров","lemma":"революционер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with анархистов","gloss":"revolutionaries"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опасаемся","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifying particle with очень (не очень-то = 'not really')","gloss":"really","note":"не очень-то = colloquial 'not really/not all that'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphatic particle intensifying опасаемся (не очень-то и опасаемся = 'not really even afraid'), not a coordinating conjunction","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"опасаемся","lemma":"опасаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of следим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of следим","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"следим","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"keep watch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ходы","lemma":"ход","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of известны","gloss":"movements"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ходы","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of известны","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"известны","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with следим","gloss":"known"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b2-c5-s146","source":"Но есть из них, хотя и немного, несколько особенных людей: это в бога верующие и христиане, а в то же время и социалисты.","translation":"But there are among them, though not many, a few of a special sort: these are men who believe in God and are Christians, and at the very same time are socialists.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"есть из них ... несколько особенных людей","title":"«есть» + genitive partitive after «несколько»","body":"The existential «есть» ('there are') is rare in the present and signals emphasis here. «Несколько особенных людей» puts the counted noun in the genitive plural as the quantifier «несколько» (a few/several) requires, and «из них» (of them) is a partitive 'among them'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это в бога верующие и христиане","title":"«верующие» — substantivized participle","body":"«Верующие» is the present active participle of «веровать» (to believe) used as a noun, 'believers / those who believe', here governing «в бога» (in God, accusative of direction after «в»). Russian readily turns such participles into standing nouns, condensing 'people who believe in God' to one word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of немного","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies немного (concessive хотя и)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on есть","gloss":"not many"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on людей","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"особенных","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"special"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with немного","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the predicate верующие/христиане/социалисты","gloss":"these are"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, complement of верующие","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"верующие","lemma":"верующий","morphology":"participle used as noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun after это, parallel to христиане","gloss":"believers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"христиане","lemma":"христианин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with верующие","gloss":"Christians"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies социалисты","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies социалисты","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"социалисты","lemma":"социалист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun after это, coordinated with верующие/христиане","gloss":"socialists"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b2-c5-s147","source":"Вот этих-то мы больше всех опасаемся, это страшный народ!","translation":"It is precisely these we fear more than all the rest — a terrible breed of people!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот этих-то мы больше всех опасаемся","title":"«вот ... -то» and fronted object for focus","body":"The object «этих» (these) is thrown to the front, framed by presentative «вот» and the emphatic clitic «-то», to spotlight it: 'It is precisely THESE we fear'. «-то» here is the topic-stressing clitic (not the indefinite -то), pinning emphasis on a known referent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"опасаемся","title":"«опасаться» — -ся verb + genitive","body":"«Опасаться» (to fear, be wary of) exists only in the reflexive -ся form and governs its object in the genitive (here «этих»). It belongs to the class of verbs of fear and avoidance that, like «бояться», take a genitive rather than an accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies опасаемся","gloss":"it is"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of этих-то, object of опасаемся","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to этих","gloss":"precisely","note":"этих-то = 'precisely these'."},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of опасаемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"depends on всех","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of comparison with больше (=than all)","gloss":"than all"},{"surface":"опасаемся","lemma":"опасаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of народ","gloss":"these are"},{"surface":"страшный","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies народ","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to опасаемся","gloss":"breed"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b2-c5-s148","source":"Социалист-христианин страшнее социалиста-безбожника».","translation":"A Christian socialist is more terrible than a godless socialist.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"страшнее социалиста-безбожника","title":"Comparative «страшнее» + genitive of comparison","body":"«Страшнее» is the predicative comparative of «страшный» (terrible), in -ее. Russian can express the standard of comparison by simply putting it in the genitive — «страшнее социалиста-безбожника», 'more terrible than a godless socialist' — with no word for 'than'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безбожник","title":"«безбожник» — godless one, atheist","body":"«Безбожник» literally 'one-without-God' (без + бог + the agentive -ник), a stronger, more morally loaded word than neutral «атеист». It frames atheism as a defiant condition of soul — the very axis on which this exchange about Christian vs godless socialists turns."}],"words":[{"surface":"Социалист","lemma":"социалист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of страшнее","gloss":"a socialist"},{"surface":"христианин","lemma":"христианин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"compound with Социалист, subject of страшнее","gloss":"Christian"},{"surface":"страшнее","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"more terrible"},{"surface":"социалиста","lemma":"социалист","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison with страшнее (genitive)","gloss":"a socialist"},{"surface":"безбожника","lemma":"безбожник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"compound with социалиста, object of comparison with страшнее","gloss":"godless"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b2-c5-s149","source":"Слова эти и тогда меня поразили, но теперь у вас, господа, они мне как-то вдруг припомнились...","translation":"Those words struck me even then, but now, here among you, gentlemen, they have somehow suddenly come back to my mind...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слова эти ... меня поразили","title":"Postposed «эти» and fronted object","body":"«Слова эти» places the demonstrative after its noun for a measured, slightly formal rhythm, and the object «меня» precedes its verb «поразили» (struck). The free order lets the words themselves stand first as topic — 'Those words... struck me'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"они мне ... припомнились","title":"«припомниться» + dative — they came back to me","body":"«Припомнились» (perfective, -ся) with the dative «мне» means the words 'came back to my mind' of themselves — the dative names the one to whom they recurred, and the -ся makes the recollection happen to him rather than be done by him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of поразили","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of Слова","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразили","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поразили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"поразили","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припомнились","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of припомнились","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, in apposition to вас","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of припомнились","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of припомнились","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"first part of как-то (=somehow)","gloss":"somehow","note":"как-то (split by tokenization) = 'somehow'."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"second part of как-то (=somehow)","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припомнились","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"припомнились","lemma":"припомниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with поразили","gloss":"came back to mind"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b2-c5-s150","source":"— То есть вы их прикладываете к нам и в нас видите социалистов? — прямо и без обиняков спросил отец Паисий.","translation":"\"That is, you are applying them to us and see socialists in us?\" Father Paisy asked, directly and without circumlocution.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы их прикладываете к нам и в нас видите социалистов","title":"«к» + dative vs «в» + accusative","body":"Two prepositions show their cases: «прикладываете к нам» (apply to us) takes «к» + dative «нам», while «в нас видите» (see in us) takes «в» + accusative «нас». «Видеть... в ком социалистов» is the idiom 'to see socialists in someone', the predicate noun «социалистов» in the accusative plural."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"без обиняков","title":"«без обиняков» — without beating about the bush","body":"A fixed idiom 'plainly, bluntly, without circumlocution', from the archaic «обиняк» (an indirect hint, evasion) in the genitive plural after «без». Paired with «прямо» (directly), it marks Father Paisy's refusal to let Miusov's insinuation stay veiled — he names it outright."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прикладываете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of прикладываете","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"прикладываете","lemma":"прикладывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видите","gloss":"are applying"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of прикладываете","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of видите","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прикладываете","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"социалистов?","lemma":"социалист","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of видите","gloss":"socialists"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links прямо and без обиняков","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обиняков","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"обиняков","lemma":"обиняк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of спросил","gloss":"circumlocution","note":"«без обиняков» is an idiom meaning bluntly, straight out."},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the attribution clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paisy"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b2-c5-s151","source":"Но прежде чем Петр Александрович сообразил дать ответ, отворилась дверь и вошел столь опоздавший Дмитрий Федорович.","translation":"But before Pyotr Alexandrovich could think how to give an answer, the door opened and in came Dmitri Fyodorovich, who had been so long awaited.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прежде чем ... сообразил","title":"«прежде чем» + perfective — 'before he could'","body":"The subordinator «прежде чем» ('before') introduces the time clause, and the perfective «сообразил» ('managed to figure out, work out') stresses that the act was not completed: before Pyotr Alexandrovich could grasp how to answer, the door opened."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отворилась дверь и вошел ... Дмитрий Федорович","title":"Verb-first order for new arrivals","body":"Both clauses front the verb — «отворилась дверь», «вошел... Дмитрий Федорович» — putting the subject last as the new, stressed information. This presentative order ('opened the door... entered Dmitri') is how Russian stages a dramatic entrance, holding back the newcomer's name to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of сообразил","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase прежде","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сообразил","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"Александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"сообразил","lemma":"сообразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the прежде чем clause","gloss":"could think"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сообразил","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дать","gloss":"an answer"},{"surface":"отворилась","lemma":"отвориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отворилась","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отворилась","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опоздавший","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"опоздавший","lemma":"опоздать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Дмитрий","gloss":"long-belated","note":"опоздавший literally means 'who had been late'; the translation renders it as 'long awaited'."},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b2-c5-s152","source":"Его и вправду как бы перестали ждать, и внезапное появление его произвело в первый момент даже некоторое удивление.","translation":"They had indeed all but given up expecting him, and his sudden appearance produced, for the first moment, even a certain astonishment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы перестали ждать","title":"«перестать» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Перестать» (to cease, perfective) requires an imperfective infinitive — «ждать» (to wait) — since one can only stop an ongoing process. The 3rd-plural «перестали» with no subject means 'they had ceased' / 'everyone had stopped', and «как бы» hedges it to 'all but, as it were'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"появление его произвело ... некоторое удивление","title":"«произвести» + accusative — to produce an effect","body":"Perfective «произвело» ('produced, caused') takes the accusative «некоторое удивление» (a certain astonishment) as the effect produced. The neuter agreement (-ло) matches the subject «появление» (appearance), and «в первый момент» localizes the effect to that first instant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ждать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase и вправду","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вправду","lemma":"вправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase и вправду","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"перестали","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had stopped"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестали","gloss":"waiting for him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"внезапное","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies появление","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"появление","lemma":"появление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произвело","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies появление","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"произвело","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перестали","gloss":"produced"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момент","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произвело","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies некоторое","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of удивление","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"удивление","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвело","gloss":"astonishment"}]}]}